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(Do IPv4 Addresses have a Value?)Tj
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(Do Internet Addresses have a Value?)Tj
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( )Tj
36.48671 -2.55714 Td
(Geoff Huston)Tj
-1.08701 -1.2 Td
(Telstra Internet)Tj
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(January 1997)Tj
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(Introduction)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
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(Within the Classless Inter-Domain Routing protocol Deployment \(CIDRD\) \
Working )Tj
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(Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force \(IETF\) during 1995 and 19\
96 the )Tj
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(assertion has been made that Internet addresses are in themselves withou\
t )Tj
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(intrinsic value, and it is the addition of routing onto these addresses,\
within the )Tj
T*
(context of the global Internet, which is the process which adds value to\
the )Tj
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(underlying numeric address. In other words the address itself just a num\
eric )Tj
T*
(value, and as a numeric value it has no special significance or economic\
value.)Tj
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(The contrary view is that this assertion reflects an incomplete model of\
the role of )Tj
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(the address space within the Internet domain, and that it does not intri\
nsically )Tj
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(match the wide diversity of demand for address components of the global \
)Tj
T*
(Internet address space. The argument presented here is that Internet add\
resses )Tj
T*
(drawn from the global Internet address space do have an intrinsic econom\
ic )Tj
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(value, and that the task of public distribution of this common resource \
should )Tj
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(take this into account.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(How much are IP Addresses Worth?)Tj
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(If the assertion of intrinsic value is accepted, then the immediate coro\
llary is the )Tj
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(quest to establish the particular value of a particular address componen\
t drawn )Tj
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(from the global Internet address pool. It is not however possible to mak\
e such an )Tj
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(assertion of economic value and map this to a constant unit value to whi\
ch all )Tj
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(parties will subscribe. The major point highlighted here is that each pa\
rty's )Tj
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(estimation of the economic value will vary depending on their ultimate )Tj
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(requirement for the address space, given that address space is not an en\
d in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(itself, but a means to exploit the associated internet technology and In\
ternet )Tj
T*
(connectivity environment, and the estimated value of that activity relat\
es to the )Tj
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(estimation of economic value of the address space itself for that party.\
)Tj
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(Accordingly the valuation of any particular address component will vary.\
)Tj
0 -2.37619 TD
(One way to express this valuation is by the relationship:)Tj
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(Value of an Address Component = \(Value of Uniqueness + Value of Routeab\
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(Contiguous Size\) * Perceived Utility Factor)Tj
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(This relationship attempts to capture the value components which must be\
)Tj
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(considered, which include:)Tj
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(Value of Uniqueness:)Tj
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(The value ascribed to the uniqueness attribute of the address block. Her\
e )Tj
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(uniqueness is not only uniqueness across the global Internet, but )Tj
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(uniqueness across the global registry environment, such that any two )Tj
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(parties can interconnect privately or publicly and use distinct addresse\
s as )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(long as both parties are effective clients of the registries' service of\
the )Tj
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(allocation of unique addresses.)Tj
-2.4762 -2.37619 Td
(Value of Routeability:)Tj
2.4762 -2.37619 Td
(Recent discussions within the IETF CIDRD Working Group relating to the )Tj
T*
(identification of the critical resource of scaling the Internet have hig\
hlighted:)Tj
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(1. )Tj
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(the issue of the efficiency of the so called "core" - or more appropriat\
e )Tj
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(described as "default-free" - routers in undertaking both the support of\
a )Tj
T*
(default-free address prefix forwarding table, and )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
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(2. )Tj
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(the support of allowing dynamic updates to the forwarding table through \
)Tj
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(the actions of the deployed routing protocols. )Tj
0 -2.37619 TD
(The conclusions from these observations are that it is no longer the cas\
e )Tj
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(that any arbitrary address prefix can be routed across the global Intern\
et )Tj
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(from any arbitrary location, and that there are a set of thresholds, def\
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(by available technologies, which limit both the number of distinct addre\
ss )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(prefixes, and which also limit the aggregate number of updates within a \
unit )Tj
T*
(of time to the table of all such distinct prefixes. Thus the value place\
d on )Tj
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(routing within the global Internet environment is dependant both on the \
)Tj
T*
(importance \(or value\) of connectivity to the global Internet while usi\
ng the )Tj
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(address block as the routed entity and also the capability of the Intern\
et )Tj
T*
(routing environment to add this entry into the global routing tables.)Tj
-2.4762 -2.37619 Td
(Value of Contiguous Size:)Tj
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(The size of the address block also effects the ultimate value calculatio\
n. A )Tj
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(large contiguous block can be used to service a large end client base wi\
th )Tj
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(relative ease, while sets of small discontiguous address blocks may enta\
il )Tj
T*
(continuous renumbering or the deployment of a significantly more complex\
)Tj
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(routing environment in order to achieve comparable functional outcomes. \
)Tj
-2.4762 -2.37619 Td
(Utility Factor:)Tj
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(The above-described value factors are concerned with the address space )Tj
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(itself. For any party the ultimate value calculation also includes )Tj
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(consideration of the nature of the ultimate function or service for whic\
h the )Tj
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(address space is required, and this utility factor can be regarded as a \
)Tj
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(multiplicative factor applied to the intrinsic value calculation for the\
address )Tj
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(space itself.)Tj
-2.4762 -2.37621 Td
(The outcome of this examination of the value factors for an address comp\
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(that although a method of deriving the value of address space for any in\
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(exists, there is no underlying constant value, in the sense that many go\
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(a quantifiable cost of production which can be equated to an intrinsic v\
alue of the )Tj
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(goods. In the case of Internet addresses there is no readily quantifiabl\
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(production", although there are quantifiable values of exploitation. Acc\
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(the local circumstances of routing configurability, connectivity cost, u\
tilisation )Tj
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(value, and similar deployment cost factors will determine the value of a\
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(address component within that context, and moving to another context wit\
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(constant address prefix, or considering a different address prefix in a \
constant )Tj
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(environment may well result in a different value outcome.)Tj
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(Thus these factors of valuation of an address component will vary for ea\
ch party, )Tj
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(and to assert that an address component has a particular value for one p\
arty )Tj
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(does not imply the same valuation for all parties.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(A Market Determination of Value)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
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(The market approach to valuation of a commodity indicates that market va\
lue is )Tj
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(established by selling the commodity within an open marketplace. The cur\
rent )Tj
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(value of the commodity is effectively determined by the selling price ob\
tained at )Tj
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(the market.)Tj
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(This scenario of market-determined value is not uncommon for many market\
ed )Tj
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(commodities. The value determined in a trading market will show some var\
iation )Tj
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(in line with individual trading transactions, where the individual trans\
action )Tj
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(exhibits some of the valuation factors as seem in the circumstances of t\
he seller )Tj
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(and the buyer. In this environment the overall average trading price lev\
els have )Tj
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(some relationship to perceived levels of supply and demand within the ma\
rket. In )Tj
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(general the current price of the commodity is determined by the dynamic \
trading )Tj
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(environment. In a truly open and non-manipulated market the price exhibi\
ts the )Tj
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(basic cost of production, and also reflects the secondary factors of dem\
and over )Tj
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(supply and possibly exhibits scarcity factors. In such a marketplace ris\
ing demand )Tj
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(is initially reflected in high prices which then trigger increased suppl\
y which in )Tj
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(turn brings the price back to the basic trading cost which is directly r\
elated to the )Tj
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(production cost of the commodity. Within this environment there is no se\
t price )Tj
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(for a commodity - the market transactions set a level of expectation for\
the )Tj
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(trading price of future transactions, but the ultimate determinate of va\
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(closure of a transaction at a nominated price.)Tj
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(So if I could sell addresses maybe I should hoard them instead?)Tj
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(In a finite resource market with escalating demand the market price star\
ts to )Tj
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(exhibit a scarcity premium, where the scarcity premium is related to the\
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(demand over supply.)Tj
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(The major characterisation of the Internet address space is the visibly \
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(nature of the resource. Some 25 percent of the address space has been al\
located )Tj
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(to serviced entities, and with the exponential nature of the demand for \
the )Tj
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(resource some administrative control are essential to prevent a perceive\
d scarcity-)Tj
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(induced hoarding run on the remaining resource. )Tj
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(Hoarding takes the from of buying early and controlled selling the commo\
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(when the market rises. Such market manipulation is by no means a novel )Tj
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(practice, and various attempts to control market supply have met with va\
rious )Tj
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(levels of success and failure in other commodities in the past. Hoarding\
and )Tj
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(speculative buying can be used to establish a monopoly position and ther\
eby )Tj
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(exert complete control over supply and hence control over the market pri\
ce. As )Tj
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(an example, this has been an historical feature of the wholesale diamond\
market. )Tj
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(However the an Internet address market would be somewhat resilient again\
st this )Tj
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(type of attempt to exert control over supply. The relevant feature of th\
e Internet )Tj
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(environment is that the use of a single IP address can be multiplexed ac\
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(multiple systems and applications through the deployment of application \
)Tj
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(gateways and address translation technologies.)Tj
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(Such alternative approaches also have a cost, and do not admit to the sa\
me level )Tj
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(address market if the market valuation of address space exceeds the valu\
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(the cost of deployment of alternative technologies, then the alternative\
access )Tj
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)Tj
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(approach.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(However this market-based approach to the issue of fair distribution of \
the public )Tj
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(Internet address space is certainly at odds with the current administrat\
ive )Tj
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(structures used within the Internet. Three registries, in North America,\
Europe )Tj
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(and Asia assign addresses to applicants without direct cost to the appli\
cant. From )Tj
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(a market perspective this practice essentially prevents the formation of\
a market )Tj
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(in addresses, and, perhaps, oddly, leads to a suppression of the use of \
alternative )Tj
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(technologies through this administrative structure. But as the address p\
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(applicants the inevitable result through the increased demand is one of \
inevitable )Tj
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(exhaustion of the registries\222 pool of allocatable addresses. Once thi\
s occurs a )Tj
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(market in Internet addresses will inevitably open, and there will be a s\
omewhat )Tj
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(turbulent period while the market stabilises into a steady state of trad\
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(supplemented by more widespread use of alternative address translation )Tj
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(technologies.)Tj
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(This transitional instability can be eased, or possibly completely circu\
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(a graduated introduction of a market approach to address distribution us\
ing )Tj
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(components of the currently allocated address space as the initial marke\
t pool.)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
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(Will the next version of the Internet protocol get around this problem?)Tj
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(Of course there is the view that the efforts to transition to the next v\
ersion of IP, )Tj
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(version 6, will circumvent these issues through the use of a significant\
ly larger )Tj
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(address pool \(as the address space is a 128 bit numeric value\) where e\
xhaustion )Tj
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(issue remains that in the current Internet market this version of the In\
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(above the market for alternative technologies will not mature sufficient\
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(And although it may appear to be contradictory at first glance, the wide\
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(Postscript)Tj
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(This topic has been the subject of a number of Internet documents and re\
lated )Tj
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(activity within the venue of the IETF. The Internet Request For Comment \
)Tj
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(document RFC 1744 discusses these issues in greater depth, and the IETF \
)Tj
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( )Tj
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( )Tj
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(Geoff Huston)Tj
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( was an inaugural Trustee of the Internet Society, and currently )Tj
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(withiin Australia. )Tj
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