Network Working Group R. Housley Internet-Draft Vigil Security Intended status: Standards Track T. Okubo Expires: 17 September 2024 DigiCert J. Mandel SecureG 16 March 2024 No Revocation Available for X.509 Public Key Certificates draft-ietf-lamps-norevavail-02 Abstract X.509v3 public key certificates are profiled in RFC 5280. Short- lived certificates are seeing greater use in the Internet. The Certification Authority (CA) that issues these short-lived certificates do not publish revocation information because the certificate lifespan that is shorter than the time needed to detect, report, and distribute revocation information. Some long-lived X.509v3 public key certificates never expire, and they are never revoked. This specification defines the noRevAvail certificate extension so that a relying party can readily determine that the CA does not publish revocation information for the certificate. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 17 September 2024. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 1] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2. ASN.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. The noRevAvail Certificate Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Other X.509 Certificate Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Certification Path Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. ASN.1 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6.1. Short-lived Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.2. Long-lived Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. Introduction X.509v3 public key certificates [RFC5280] with short validity periods are seeing greater use in the Internet. For example, Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME) [RFC8555] provides a straightforward way to obtain short-lived certificates. In many cases, no revocation information is made available for short-lived certificates by the Certification Authority (CA). This is because short-lived certificates have a validity period that is shorter than the time needed to detect, report, and distribute revocation information. As a result, revoking a short-lived certificate that is used for authentication or key management is unnecessary and pointless. On the other hand, revoking a certificate associated with a long-lived signature, such as document signing or code signing, provides some important information about when a compromise was discovered. Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 2] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 Some long-lived X.509v3 public key certificates never expire, and they are never revoked. For example, a factory might include an IDevID certificate [IEEE802.1AR] to bind the factory-assigned device identity to a factory-installed public key. This identity might include the manufacturer, model, and serial number of the device, which never change. To indicate that a certificate has no well- defined expiration date, the notAfter date in the certificate validity period is set to "99991231235959Z" [RFC5280]. This specification defines the noRevAvail certificate extension so that a relying party can readily determine that the CA does not publish revocation information for the end-entity certificate. Note that the noRevAvail certificate extension provides similar functionality to the ocsp-nocheck certificate extension [RFC6960]. The ocsp-nocheck certificate extension is appropriate for inclusion only in certificates issued to OCSP Responders, whereas noRevAvail certificate extension is appropriate in any end-entity certificate for which the CA will not publish revocation information. To avoid disruption to the OCSP ecosystem, implementers should not think of the noRevAvail certificate extension a substitute for the ocsp- nocheck certificate extension; however, the noRevAvail certificate extension could be included in certificates issued to OCSP Responders in addition to the ocsp-nocheck certificate extension. 1.1. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 1.2. ASN.1 X.509 certificates are generated using ASN.1 [X.680], using the Basic Encoding Rules (BER) and the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) [X.690]. 1.3. History In 1988, CCITT defined the X.509v1 certificate [X.509-1988]. In 1997, ITU-T defined the X.509v3 certificate and the attribute certificate [X.509-1997]. In 1999, the IETF first profiled the X.509v3 certificate for use in the Internet [RFC2459]. Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 3] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 In 2000, ITU-T defined the noRevAvail certificate extension for use with attribute certificates [X.509-2000]. In 2002, the IETF first profiled the attribute certificate for use in the Internet [RFC3281], and this profile included support for the noRevAvail certificate extension. In 2019, ITU-T published an update to ITU-T Recommendation X.509 [X.509-2019]. With greater use of short-lived certificates in the Internet, the recent Technical Corrigendum to ITU-T Recommendation X.509 [X.509-2019-TC2] allows the noRevAvail certificate extension to be used with public key certificates as well as attribute certificates. 2. The noRevAvail Certificate Extension The noRevAvail extension, defined in [X.509-2019-TC2], allows an CA to indicate that no revocation information will be made available for this certificate. This extension MUST NOT be present in CA public key certificates. Conforming CAs MUST include this extension in certificates for which no revocation information will be published. When present, conforming CAs MUST mark this extension as non-critical. name id-ce-noRevAvail OID { id-ce 56 } syntax NULL (i.e. '0500'H is the DER encoding) criticality MUST be FALSE A relying party that does not understand this extension might be able to find a certificate revocation list (CRL) from the CA, but the CRL will never include an entry for the certificate containing this extension. 3. Other X.509 Certificate Extensions Certificates for CAs MUST NOT include the noRevAvail extension. Certificates that include the noRevAvail extension MUST NOT include certificate extensions that point to Certificate Revocation List (CRL) repositories or provide locations of Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) Responders. If the noRevAvail extension is present in a certificate, then: Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 4] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 * The certificate MUST NOT also include the basic constraints certificate extension with the cA BOOLEAN set to TRUE; see Section 4.2.1.9 of [RFC5280]. * The certificate MUST NOT also include the CRL Distribution Points certificate extension; see Section 4.2.1.13 of [RFC5280]. * The certificate MUST NOT also include the Freshest CRL certificate extension; see Section 4.2.1.15 of [RFC5280]. * The Authority Information Access certificate extension, if present, MUST NOT include an id-ad-ocsp accessMethod; see Section 4.2.2.1 of [RFC5280]. If any of the above bullets is violated in a certificate, then the relying party MUST consider the certificate invalid. 4. Certification Path Validation Section 6.1.3 of [RFC5280] describes basic certificate processing within the certification path validation procedures. In particular, Step (a)(3) says: At the current time, the certificate is not revoked. This may be determined by obtaining the appropriate CRL (Section 6.3), by status information, or by out-of-band mechanisms. If the noRevAvail certificate extension that is specified in this document is present or the ocsp-nocheck certificate extension [RFC6960] is present, then Step (a)(3) is skipped. Otherwise, revocation status determination of certificate is performed. 5. ASN.1 Module This section provides an ASN.1 module [X.680] for the noRevAvail certificate extension, and it follows the conventions established in [RFC5912] and [RFC6268]. Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 5] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 NoRevAvailExtn { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-noRevAvail(TBD) } DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN IMPORTS EXTENSION FROM PKIX-CommonTypes-2009 -- RFC 5912 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkixCommon-02(57) } ; -- noRevAvail Certificate Extension ext-noRevAvail EXTENSION ::= { SYNTAX NULL IDENTIFIED BY id-ce-noRevAvail CRITICALITY { FALSE } } -- noRevAvail Certificate Extension OID id-ce OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-ccitt(2) ds(5) 29 } id-ce-noRevAvail OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ce 56 } END 6. Security Considerations The Security Considerations in [RFC5280] are relevant. When the noRevAvail certificate extension is included in a certificate, all revocation checking is bypassed, even if the CRL Distribution Points, Freshest CRL, or Authority Information Access (pointing to an OCSP Responder) certificate extensions are present. CA policies and practices MUST ensure that the noRevAvail is included only when appropriate, as any misuse or misconfiguration could result in a relying party continuing to trust a revoked certificate. When such mis-use is discovered, the only possible remediation is the revocation of the CA. Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 6] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 Some applications may have dependencies on revocation information or assume its availability. The absence of revocation information may require modifications or alternative configuration settings to ensure proper application security and functionality. The absence of revocation information limits the ability of relying parties to detect compromise of end-entity keying material or malicious certificates. It also limits the ability to detect CAs not following the security practices, certificate issuance policies, and operational controls that are specified in the Certificate Policy (CP) or the Certification Practices Statement (CPS) [RFC3647]. Since the absence of revocation information may limit the ability to detect compromised keying material or malicious certificates, relying parties need confidence that the CA is following security practices, implementing certificate issuance policies, and properly using operational controls. Relying parties may evaluate CA reliability, monitoring CA performance, and observe CA incident response capabilities. 6.1. Short-lived Certificates No revocation information is made available for short-lived certificates because the certificate validity period is shorter than the time needed to detect, report, and distribute revocation information. If the noRevAvail certificate extension is incorrectly used for a certificate validity period that is not adequately short, it creates a window of opportunity for attackers to exploit a compromised private key. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully assess and set an appropriate certificate validity period before implementing the noRevAvail certificate extension. 6.2. Long-lived Certificates No revocation information is made available for some long-lived certificates that contain information that never changes. For example, IDevID certificates [IEEE802.1AR] are included in devices at the factory, and they are used to obtain LDevID certificates [IEEE802.1AR] in an operational environment. In this case, cryptographic algorithms need to be chosen that are expected to remain secure to the expected lifetime of the device. If the noRevAvail certificate extension is used, the CA has no means of notifying the relying party about compromise of the factory-installed keying material. Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 7] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 7. IANA Considerations For the ASN.1 Module in Section 5, IANA is requested to assign an object identifier (OID) for the module identifier. The OID for the module should be allocated in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifier" registry (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0), and the Description for the new OID should be set to "id-mod-noRevAvail". 8. Acknowledgements Many thanks to Erik Anderson for his efforts to make the noRevAvail certificate extension available for use with public key end-entity certificates as well as attribute certificates. Many thanks to (in alphabetical order) Corey Bonnell, Hendrik Brockhaus, Tim Hollebeek, Mike Ounsworth, Seo Suchan, and Carl Wallace for their review and insightful comments. 9. References 9.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . [X.509-2019-TC2] ITU-T, "Information Technology -- Open Systems Interconnection -- The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks -- Technical Corrigendum 2", ITU-T Recommendation X.509-2019/Cor.2-2023, October 2023, . [X.680] ITU-T, "Information technology -- Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", ITU-T Recommendation X.680, ISO/IEC 8824-1:2021, February 2021, . Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 8] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 [X.690] ITU-T, "Information technology -- ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, ISO/IEC 8825-1-2021, February 2021, . 9.2. Informative References [IEEE802.1AR] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Secure Device Identity", IEEE 802.1AR-2018, 31 July 2018, . [RFC2459] Housley, R., Ford, W., Polk, W., and D. Solo, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile", RFC 2459, DOI 10.17487/RFC2459, January 1999, . [RFC3281] Farrell, S. and R. Housley, "An Internet Attribute Certificate Profile for Authorization", RFC 3281, DOI 10.17487/RFC3281, April 2002, . [RFC3647] Chokhani, S., Ford, W., Sabett, R., Merrill, C., and S. Wu, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Policy and Certification Practices Framework", RFC 3647, DOI 10.17487/RFC3647, November 2003, . [RFC5912] Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 5912, DOI 10.17487/RFC5912, June 2010, . [RFC6268] Schaad, J. and S. Turner, "Additional New ASN.1 Modules for the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) and the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 6268, DOI 10.17487/RFC6268, July 2011, . [RFC6960] Santesson, S., Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A., Galperin, S., and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP", RFC 6960, DOI 10.17487/RFC6960, June 2013, . Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 9] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 [RFC8555] Barnes, R., Hoffman-Andrews, J., McCarney, D., and J. Kasten, "Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME)", RFC 8555, DOI 10.17487/RFC8555, March 2019, . [X.509-1988] CCITT, "Series X: Data Communication Networks: Directory -- The Directory -- Authentication Framework", CCITT Recommendation X.509-1988, November 1988, . [X.509-1997] ITU-T, "Information Technology -- Open Systems Interconnection -- The Directory: Authentication framework", ITU-T Recommendation X.509-1997, August 1997, . [X.509-2000] ITU-T, "Information Technology -- Open Systems Interconnection -- The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks", ITU-T Recommendation X.509-2000, March 2000, . [X.509-2019] ITU-T, "Information Technology -- Open Systems Interconnection -- The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks", ITU-T Recommendation X.509-2019, October 2019, . Authors' Addresses Russ Housley Vigil Security, LLC Herndon, VA, United States of America Email: housley@vigilsec.com Tomofumi Okubo DigiCert, Inc. Fairfax, VA, United States of America Email: tomofumi.okubo+ietf@gmail.com Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 10] Internet-Draft NoRevAvail for Public Key Certificates March 2024 Joseph Mandel SecureG Inc. Tacoma, WA, United States of America Email: joe.mandel@secureg.io Housley, et al. Expires 17 September 2024 [Page 11]