Transport Layer Security B. Beck
Internet-Draft D. Benjamin
Intended status: Standards Track D. O'Brien
Expires: 9 March 2025 Google LLC
5 September 2024
TLS Trust Anchor Identifiers
draft-beck-tls-trust-anchor-ids-01
Abstract
This document defines the TLS Trust Anchors extension, a mechanism
for relying parties and subscribers to convey trusted certification
authorities. It describes individual certification authorities more
succinctly than the TLS Certificate Authorities extension.
Additionally, to support TLS clients with many trusted certification
authorities, it supports a mode where servers describe their
available certification paths and the client selects from them.
Servers may describe this during connection setup, or in DNS for
lower latency.
About This Document
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
The latest revision of this draft can be found at
https://davidben.github.io/tls-trust-expressions/draft-beck-tls-
trust-anchor-ids.html. Status information for this document may be
found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-beck-tls-trust-
anchor-ids/.
Discussion of this document takes place on the Transport Layer
Security Working Group mailing list (mailto:tls@ietf.org), which is
archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/tls/. Subscribe
at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls/.
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
https://github.com/davidben/tls-trust-expressions.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Terminology and Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Trust Anchor Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Certificate Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2. Relying Party Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. Subscriber Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. TLS Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Certificate Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. Retry Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. DNS Service Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.1. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2. Configuring Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3. Client Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6. ACME Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Media Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1. Key Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.2. Adding CAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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8.3. Removing CAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.4. Other Root Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.5. Intermediate Elision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.6. Conflicting Relying Party Requirements . . . . . . . . . 18
8.7. Backup Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.8. Public Key Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9.1. Relying Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9.2. Subscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10.1. Relying Party Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10.2. Agility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10.3. Incorrect Selection Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10.4. Serving Multiple Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10.5. Targeting TLS Interception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
11.1. TLS ExtensionType Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
11.2. Media Type Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
11.3. CertificatePropertyType Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Appendix A. Comparison to TLS Trust Expressions . . . . . . . . 27
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1. Introduction
TLS [RFC8446] authentication uses X.509 certificates [RFC5280] to
associate the authenticating party's, or _subscriber's_, TLS key with
its application identifiers, such as DNS names. These associations
are signed by some certificate authority (CA). The peer, or _relying
party_, curates a set of CAs that are trusted to only sign correct
associations, which allows it to rely on the TLS to authenticate
application identifiers. Typically the subscriber is the server and
the relying party is the client.
A single subscriber may need to interoperate with relying parties
that trust different sets of CAs. Section 4.2.4 of [RFC8446] defines
the certificate_authorities extension to accommodate this. It allows
the subscriber to provision multiple certificates and select the one
that will allow the relying party to accept its TLS key. This is
analogous to parameter negotiation elsewhere in TLS.
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However, certificate_authorities's size is impractical for some
applications. Existing PKIs may have many CAs, and existing CAs may
have long X.509 names. As of August 2023, the Mozilla CA Certificate
Program [MOZILLA-ROOTS] contained 144 CAs, with an average name
length of around 100 bytes. Such TLS deployments often do not use
trust anchor negotiation at all.
Without a negotiation mechanism, the subscriber must obtain a single
certificate that simultaneously satisfies all relying parties. This
is challenging when relying parties are diverse. PKI transitions,
including those necessary for user security, naturally lead to
relying party diversity, so the result is that service availability
conflicts with security and overall PKI evolution:
* For a subscriber to use a CA in its single certificate, all
supported relying parties must trust the CA. PKI transitions then
become difficult when subscribers support older, unupdated relying
parties. This impacts both new keys from existing CA operators
and new CA operators.
* When a relying party must update its policies to meet new security
requirements, it adds to relying party diversity and the
challenges that subscribers and CAs face. The relying party must
then choose between compromising on user security or burdening the
rest of the ecosystem, potentially impacting availability in the
process.
To address this, this document introduces Trust Anchor Identifiers.
There are four parts to this mechanism:
1. Section 3 defines _trust anchor identifiers_, which are short,
unique identifiers for X.509 trust anchors.
2. Section 4 defines a TLS extension that communicates the relying
party’s requested trust anchors, and the subscriber’s available
ones. When the relying party is a TLS client, it can mitigate
large lists by sending a, possibly empty, subset of its trust
anchors to the TLS server. The server provides its list of
available trust anchors in response so that the client can retry
on mismatch.
3. Section 5 allows TLS servers to advertise their available trust
anchors in HTTPS or SVCB [RFC9460] DNS records. TLS clients can
then request an accurate initial subset and avoid a retry
penalty.
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4. Section 6 defines an ACME [RFC8555] extension for provisioning
multiple certification paths, each with an associated trust
anchor identifier.
Together, they reduce the size costs of trust anchor negotiation,
supporting flexible and robust PKIs for more applications.
2. Conventions and Definitions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
This document additionally uses the TLS presentation language,
defined in Section 3 of [RFC8446], and ASN.1, defined in [X680].
2.1. Terminology and Roles
This document discusses three roles:
Subscriber: The party whose identity is being validated in the
protocol. In TLS, this is the side sending the Certificate and
CertificateVerify message.
Relying party: The party authenticating the subscriber. In TLS,
this is the side that validates a Certificate and
CertificateVerify message.
Certification authority (CA): The service issuing certificates to
the subscriber.
Additionally, there are several terms used throughout this document
to describe this proposal:
Trust anchor: A pre-distributed public key or certificate that
relying parties use to determine whether a certification path is
trusted.
Certification path: An ordered list of X.509 certificates starting
with the target certificate. Each certificate is issued by the
next certificate, except the last, which is issued by a trust
anchor.
CertificatePropertyList: A structure associated with a certification
path, containing additional information from the CA, for use by
the subscriber when presenting the certification path.
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3. Trust Anchor Identifiers
This section defines trust anchor identifiers, which are short,
unique identifiers for a trust anchor. To simplify allocation, these
identifiers are defined with object identifiers (OIDs) [X680] and
IANA-registered Private Enterprise Numbers (PENs) [RFC9371]:
A trust anchor identifier is defined with a OID under the OID arc of
some PEN. For compactness, they are represented as relative object
identifiers (see Section 33 of [X680]), relative to the OID prefix
1.3.6.1.4.1. For example, an organization with PEN 32473 might
define a trust anchor identifier with the OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.32473.1.
As a relative object identifier, it would be the OID 32473.1.
Depending on the protocol, trust anchor identifiers may be
represented in one of three ways:
* For use in ASN.1-based protocols, a trust anchor identifier's
ASN.1 representation is the relative object identifier described
above. This may be encoded in DER [X690], or some other ASN.1
encoding. The example identifier's DER encoding is the six-octet
sequence {0x0d, 0x04, 0x81, 0xfd, 0x59, 0x01}.
* For use in binary protocols such as TLS, a trust anchor
identifier's binary representation consists of the contents octets
of the relative object identifier's DER encoding, as described in
Section 8.20 of [X690]. Note this omits the tag and length
portion of the encoding. The example identifier's binary
representation is the four-octet sequence {0x81, 0xfd, 0x59,
0x01}.
* For use in ASCII-compatible text protocols, a trust anchor
identifier's ASCII representation is the relative object
identifier in dotted decimal notation. The example identifier's
ASCII representation is 32473.1.
Trust anchor identifiers SHOULD be allocated by the CA operator and
common among relying parties that trust the CA. They MAY be
allocated by another party, e.g. when bootstrapping an existing
ecosystem, if all parties agree on the identifier. In particular,
the protocol requires relying parties and subscribers to agree, and
subscriber configuration typically comes from the CA.
The length of a trust anchor identifier's binary representation MUST
NOT exceed 255 bytes. It SHOULD be significantly shorter, for
bandwidth efficiency.
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3.1. Certificate Properties
This document introduces an extensible CertificatePropertyList
structure for CAs to communicate additional information to
subscribers, such as associated trust anchor identifiers. A
CertificatePropertyList is defined using the TLS presentation
language (Section 3 of [RFC8446]) below:
enum { trust_anchor_identifier(0), (2^16-1) } CertificatePropertyType;
struct {
CertificatePropertyType type;
opaque data<0..2^16-1>;
} CertificateProperty;
CertificateProperty CertificatePropertyList<0..2^16-1>;
The entries in a CertificatePropertyList MUST be sorted numerically
by type and MUST NOT contain values with a duplicate type. Inputs
that do not satisfy these invariants are syntax errors and MUST be
rejected by parsers.
This document defines a single property, trust_anchor_identifier.
The data field of the property contains the binary representation of
the trust anchor identifier of the certification path’s trust anchor,
as described in Section 3. Future documents may define other
properties for use with other mechanisms.
Subscribers MUST ignore unrecognized properties with
CertificatePropertyType values. If ignoring a property would cause
such subscribers to misinterpret the structure, the document defining
the CertificatePropertyType SHOULD include a mechanism for CAs to
negotiate the new property with the subscriber in certificate
management protocols such as ACME [RFC8555].
3.2. Relying Party Configuration
Relying parties are configured with one or more supported trust
anchors. Each trust anchor which participates in this protocol must
have an associated trust anchor identifier.
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When trust anchors are self-signed X.509 certificates, the X.509
trust anchor identifier extension MAY be used to carry this
identifier. The trust anchor identifier extension has an extnID of
id-trustAnchorIdentifier and an extnValue containing a DER-encoded
TrustAnchorIdentifier structure, defined below. The
TrustAnchorIdentifier is the trust anchor identifier's ASN.1
representation, described in Section 3. This extension MUST be non-
critical.
id-trustAnchorIdentifier OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { TBD }
TrustAnchorIdentifier ::= RELATIVE-OID
Relying parties MAY instead or additionally configure trust anchor
identifiers via some application-specific out-of-band information.
Relying parties MAY support trust anchors without associated trust
anchor identifiers, but such trust anchors will not participate in
this protocol. Those trust anchors MAY participate in other trust
anchor negotiation protocols, such as the certificate_authorities
extension.
3.3. Subscriber Configuration
Subscribers are configured with one or more candidate certification
paths to present in TLS, in some preference order. This preference
order is used when multiple candidate paths are usable for a
connection. For example, the subscriber may prefer candidates that
minimize message size or have more performant private keys.
Each candidate path which participates in this protocol must be
provisioned with the trust anchor identifier for its corresponding
trust anchor in the CertificatePropertlyList.
Subscribers MAY have candidate certification paths without associated
trust anchor identifiers, but such paths will not participate in this
protocol. Those paths MAY participate in other trust anchor
negotiation protocols, such as the certificate_authorities extension.
4. TLS Extension
This section defines the trust_anchors extension, which is sent in
the ClientHello, EncryptedExtensions, CertificateRequest, and
Certificate messages in TLS 1.3 or later.
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4.1. Overview
The trust_anchors extension is defined using the structures below:
enum { trust_anchors(TBD), (2^16-1) } ExtensionType;
opaque TrustAnchorIdentifier<1..2^8-1>;
TrustAnchorIdentifier TrustAnchorIdentifierList<0..2^16-1>;
When the extension is sent in the ClientHello or CertificateRequest
messages, the extension_data is a TrustAnchorIdentifierList and
indicates that the sender supports the specified trust anchors. The
list is unordered, and MAY be empty. Each TrustAnchorIdentifier uses
the binary representation, as described in Section 3.
When the extension is sent in EncryptedExtensions, the extension_data
is a TrustAnchorIdentifierList containing the list of trust anchors
that server has available, in the server’s preference order, and MUST
NOT be empty.
When the extension is sent in Certificate, the extension_data MUST be
empty and indicates that the sender sent the certificate because the
certificate matched a trust anchor identifier sent by the peer. When
used in this form, the extension may only be sent in the first
CertificateEntry. It MUST NOT be sent in subsequent ones.
4.2. Certificate Selection
A trust_anchors extension in the ClientHello or CertificateRequest is
processed similarly to the certificate_authorities extension. The
relying party indicates some set of supported trust anchors in the
ClientHello or CertificateRequest trust_anchors extension. The
subscriber then selects a certificate from its candidate
certification paths (see Section 3.3), as described in
Section 4.4.2.2 of [RFC8446] and Section 4.4.2.3 of [RFC8446]. This
process is extended as follows:
If the ClientHello or CertificateRequest contains a trust_anchors
extension, the subscriber SHOULD send a certification path whose
trust anchor identifier appears in the relying party’s trust_anchors
extension.
If the ClientHello or CertificateRequest contains both trust_anchors
and certificate_authorities, certification paths that satisfy either
extension’s criteria may be used. This additionally applies to
future extensions which play a similar role.
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If no certification paths satisfy either extension, the subscriber
MAY return a handshake_failure alert, or choose among fallback
certification paths without considering trust_anchors or
certification_authorities. See Section 4.3 for additional guidance
on selecting a fallback when the ClientHello contains trust_anchors.
Sending a fallback allows the subscriber to retain support for
relying parties that do not implement any form of trust anchor
negotiation. In this case, the subscriber must find a sufficiently
ubiquitous trust anchor, if one exists. However, only those relying
parties need to be considered in this ubiquity determination.
Updated relying parties may continue to evolve without restricting
fallback certificate selection.
If the subscriber sends a certification path that matches the relying
party’s trust_anchors extension, as described in Section 4.2, the
subscriber MUST send an empty trust_anchors extension in the first
CertificateEntry of the Certificate message. In this case, the
certificate_list flexibility described in Section 4.4.2 of [RFC8446]
no longer applies. The certificate_list MUST contain a complete
certification path, issued by the matching trust anchor, correctly
ordered and with no extraneous certificates. That is, each
certificate MUST certify the one immediately preceding it, and the
trust anchor MUST certify the final certificate. The subscriber MUST
NOT send the trust_anchors extension in the Certificate message in
other situations.
If a relying party receives this extension in the Certificate
message, it MAY choose to disable path building [RFC4158] and
validate the peer's certificate list as pre-built certification path.
Doing so avoids the unpredictable behavior of path-building, and
helps ensure CAs and subscribers do not inadvertently provision
incorrect paths.
4.3. Retry Mechanism
When the relying party is a client, it may choose not to send its
full trust anchor identifier list due to fingerprinting risks (see
Section 9), or because the list is too large. The client MAY send a
subset of supported trust anchors, or an empty list. This subset may
be determined by, possibly outdated, prior knowledge about the
server, such as Section 5 or past connections.
To accommodate this, when receiving a ClientHello with trust_anchors,
the server collects all candidate certification paths which:
* Have a trust anchor identifier, and
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* Satisfy the conditions in Section 4.4.2.2 of [RFC8446], with the
exception of certification_authorities, and any future extensions
that play a similar role
If this collection is non-empty, the server sends a trust_anchors
extension in EncryptedExtensions, containing the corresponding trust
anchor identifiers in preference order.
When a client sends a subset or empty list in trust_anchors, it
SHOULD implement the following retry mechanism:
If the client receives either a connection error or an untrusted
certificate, the client looks in server’s EncryptedExtensions for a
trust anchor identifier that it trusts. If there are multiple, it
selects an option based on the server’s preference order and its
local preferences. It then makes a new connection to the same
endpoint, sending only the selected trust anchor identifier in the
ClientHello trust_anchors extension. If the EncryptedExtensions had
no trust_anchor extension, or no match was found, the client returns
the error to the application.
Clients SHOULD retry at most once per connection attempt.
[[TODO: Retrying in a new connection is expensive and cannot be done
from within the TLS stack in most implementations. Consider
handshake modifications to instead retry within the same connection.
https://github.com/davidben/tls-trust-expressions/issues/53 ]]
This mechanism allows the connection to recover from a certificate
selection failure, e.g. due to the client not revealing its full
preference list, at additional latency cost. Section 5 describes an
optimization which can avoid this cost.
This mechanism also allows servers to safely send fallback
certificates that may not be as ubiquitously acceptable. Without
some form of trust anchor negotiation, servers are limited to
selecting certification paths that are ubiquitously trusted in all
supported clients. This often means sending extra cross-certificates
to target the lowest common denominator at a bandwidth cost. If the
ClientHello contains trust_anchors, the server MAY opportunistically
send a less ubiquitous, more bandwidth-efficient path based on local
heuristics, with the expectation that the client will retry when the
heuristics fail.
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5. DNS Service Parameter
This section defines the tls-trust-anchors SvcParamKey [RFC9460].
TLS servers can use this to advertise their available trust anchors
in DNS, and aid the client in formulating its trust_anchors extension
(see Section 4.3). This allows TLS deployments to support clients
with many trust anchors without incurring the overhead of a
reconnect.
5.1. Syntax
The tls-trust-anchors parameter contains an ordered list of one or
more trust anchor identifiers, in server preference order.
The presentation value of the SvcParamValue is a non-empty comma-
separated list (Appendix A.1 of [RFC9460]). Each element of the list
is a trust anchor identifier in the ASCII representation defined in
Section 3. Any other value is a syntax error. To enable simpler
parsing, this SvcParam MUST NOT contain escape sequences.
The wire format of the SvcParamValue is determined by prefixing each
trust anchor identifier with its length as a single octet, then
concatenating each of these length-value pairs to form the
SvcParamValue. These pairs MUST exactly fill the SvcParamValue;
otherwise, the SvcParamValue is malformed.
For example, if a TLS server has three available certification paths
issued by 32473.1, 32473.2.1, and 32473.2.2, respectively, the DNS
record in presentation syntax may be:
example.net. 7200 IN SVCB 3 server.example.net. (
tls-trust-anchors=32473.1,32473.2.1,32473.2.2 )
The wire format of the SvcParamValue would be the 17 octets below.
In the example, the octets comprising each trust anchor identifier
are placed on separate lines for clarity
0x04, 0x81, 0xfd, 0x59, 0x01,
0x05, 0x81, 0xfd, 0x59, 0x02, 0x01,
0x05, 0x81, 0xfd, 0x59, 0x02, 0x02,
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5.2. Configuring Services
Services SHOULD include the trust anchor identifier for each of their
available certification paths, in preference order, in the tls-trust-
anchors of their HTTPS or SVCB endpoints. As TLS configuration is
updated, services SHOULD update the DNS record to match. The
mechanism for this is out of scope for this document, but services
are RECOMMENDED to automate this process.
Services MAY have certification paths without trust anchor
identifiers, but those paths will not participate in this mechanism.
5.3. Client Behavior
When connecting to a service endpoint whose HTTPS or SVCB record
contains the tls-trust-anchors parameter, the client first computes
the intersection between its configured trust anchors and the
server’s provided list. If this intersection is non-empty, the
client MAY use it to determine the trust_anchors extension in the
ClientHello (see Section 4.3).
If doing so, the client MAY send a subset of this intersection to
meet size constraints, but SHOULD offer multiple options. This
reduces the chance of a reconnection if, for example, the first
option in the intersection uses a signature algorithm that the client
doesn’t support, or if the TLS server and DNS configuration are out
of sync.
Although this service parameter is intended to reduce trust anchor
mismatches, mismatches may still occur in some scenarios. Clients
and servers MUST continue to implement the provisions described in
Section 4.3, even when using this service parameter.
6. ACME Extension
This section extends ACME [RFC8555] to be able to issue certificate
paths, each with an associated CertificatePropertyList by defining a
new media type in Section 7.
When an ACME server processes an order object, it MAY issue multiple
certification paths, each with an associated Trust Anchor Identifier.
The ACME server encodes each certification path using the
application/pem-certificate-chain-with-properties format, defined in
Section 7). Note this format is required to form a complete
certification path. The CA MUST return a result that may be verified
by relying parties without path building [RFC4158].
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The ACME server provides additional results to the client with the
link relation header fields described in Section 7.4.2 of [RFC8555].
When fetching certificates, the ACME client includes application/pem-
certificate-chain-with-properties in its Accept header to indicate it
supports the new format. Unlike the original mechanism described in
[RFC8555], these certification paths do not require heuristics to be
used. Instead, the server uses the associated Trust Anchor
Identifiers to select a path when requested.
When the ACME client wishes to renew any of the certification paths
issued in this order, it repeats this process to renew each path
concurrently. Thus this extension is suitable when the CA is willing
to issue and renew all paths together. It may not be appropriate if
the paths have significantly different processing times or lifetimes.
Future enhancements to ACME may be defined to address these cases,
e.g. by allowing the ACME client to make independent orders.
7. Media Type
A certification path with its associated CertificationPropertyList
may be represented in a PEM [RFC7468] structure in a file of type
"application/pem-certificate-chain-with-properties". Files of this
type MUST use the strict encoding and MUST NOT include explanatory
text. The ABNF [RFC5234] for this format is as follows, where
"stricttextualmsg" and "eol" are as defined in Section 3 of
[RFC7468]:
certchainwithproperties = stricttextualmsg eol stricttextualmsg
*(eol stricttextualmsg)
The first element MUST be the encoded CertificatePropertyList. The
second element MUST be an end-entity certificate. Each following
certificate MUST directly certify the one preceding it. The
certificate representing the trust anchor MUST be omitted from the
path.
CertificatePropertyLists are encoded using the "CERTIFICATE
PROPERTIES" label. The encoded data is a serialized
CertificatePropertyList, defined in Section 3.1.
Certificates are encoded as in Section 5.1 of [RFC7468], except DER
[X690] MUST be used.
The following is an example file with a certification path containing
an end-entity certificate and an intermediate certificate.
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-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE PROPERTIES-----
TODO fill in an example
-----END CERTIFICATE PROPERTIES-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
TODO fill in an example
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
TODO fill in an example
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
The IANA registration for this media type is described in
Section 11.2.
8. Use Cases
8.1. Key Rotation
In most X.509 deployments, a compromise of _any_ root CA's private
key compromises the entire PKI. Yet key rotation in PKIs is rare.
In 2023, the oldest root in [CHROME-ROOTS] and [MOZILLA-ROOTS] was 25
years old, dating to 1998. Key rotation is challenging in a single-
certificate deployment model. As long as any older relying party
requires the old root, subscribers cannot switch to the new root,
which in turn means relying parties cannot distrust the old root,
leaving them vulnerable.
A multi-certificate deployment model avoids these transition
problems. Key rotation may proceed as follows:
1. The CA operator generates a new root CA with a separate key, but
continues operating the old root CA.
2. Root programs begin trusting the new root CA alongside the old
one, as a transition state. Both root CAs are configured to
participate in trust anchor negotiation.
3. When subscribers request certificates, the CA operator issues
certificates from both roots and provisions the subscriber with
both certificates.
4. Trust anchor negotiation selects the old root for relying parties
that only trust the old root, and the new root for relying
parties that only trust the new root. In transition, relying
parties that trust both may be served either, but prioritizing
the new root helps monitor the transition.
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5. Once subscribers have been provisioned with new certificates,
root programs can safely distrust the old root in new relying
parties. The CA operator may continue to operate the old root CA
for as long as it wishes to serve subscribers that, in turn, wish
to serve older relying parties.
This process requires no configuration changes to the subscriber,
given an automated, multi-certificate-aware certificate issuance
process. The subscriber does not need to know why it received two
certificates, only how to select between them for each relying party.
8.2. Adding CAs
In the single-certificate model, subscribers cannot use TLS
certificates issued from a new root CA until all supported relying
parties have been updated to trust the new root CA. This can take
years or more. Some relying parties, such as IoT devices, may never
receive trust store updates at all.
As a result, it is very difficult for subscribers that serve a wide
variety of relying parties to use a newly-trusted root CA. When
trust stores diverge too far, subscribers often must partition their
services into multiple TLS endpoints (i.e. different DNS names) and
direct different relying parties to different endpoints. Subscribers
sometimes resort to TLS fingerprinting, to detect particular relying
parties. But, as this repurposes other TLS fields for unintended
purposes, this is unreliable and usually requires writing custom
service-specific logic.
In a multi-certificate deployment model, subscribers can begin
serving certificates from new root CAs without interrupting relying
parties that depend on existing ones.
In some contexts, it may be possible to use other fields to select
the new CA. For example, post-quantum-capable clients may be
detected with the signature_algorithms and signature_algorithms_cert
extensions. However, this assumes all post-quantum CAs are added at
the same time. A multi-certificate model avoids this problem and
allows for a more gradual deployment of post-quantum CAs.
8.3. Removing CAs
Subscribers in a single-certificate model are limited to CAs in the
intersection of their supported relying parties. As newer relying
parties remove untrusted CAs over time,the intersection with older
relying parties shrinks. Moreover, the subscriber may not even know
which CAs are in the intersection. Often, the only option is to try
the new certificate and monitor errors. For subscribers that serve
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many diverse relying parties, this is a disruptive and risky process.
The multi-certificate model removes this constraint. If a
subscriber's CA is distrusted, it can continue to use that CA, in
addition to a newer one. This removes the risk that some older
relying party required that CA and was incompatible with the new one.
The mechanisms in this document will select an appropriate
certificate for each relying party.
8.4. Other Root Transitions
The mechanisms in this document can aid PKI transitions beyond key
rotation. For example, a CA operator may generate a postquantum root
CA and use the mechanism in Section 6 to issue from the classical and
postquantum roots concurrently. The subscriber will then,
transparently and with no configuration change, serve both. As in
Section 8.1, newer relying parties can then remove the classical
roots, while older relying parties continue to function.
This same procedure may also be used to transition between newer,
more size-efficient signature algorithms, as they are developed.
[[TODO: There's one missing piece, which is that some servers may
attempt to parse the signature algorithms out of the certificate
chain. See https://github.com/davidben/tls-trust-expressions/
issues/9 ]]
8.5. Intermediate Elision
Today, root CAs typically issue shorter-lived intermediate
certificates which, in turn, issue end-entity certificates. The
long-lived root key is less exposed to attack, while the short-lived
intermediate key can be more easily replaced without changes to
relying parties.
This operational improvement comes at a bandwidth cost: the TLS
handshake includes an extra certificate, which includes a public key,
signature, and X.509 metadata. An average X.509 name in the Chrome
Root Store [CHROME-ROOTS] or Mozilla CA Certificate Program
[MOZILLA-ROOTS] is around 100 bytes alone. Post-quantum signature
algorithms will dramatically shift this tradeoff. Dilithium3
[Dilithium], for example, has a total public key and signature size
of 5,245 bytes.
[I-D.ietf-tls-cert-abridge] proposes to predistribute known
intermediate certificates to relying parties, as a compression
scheme. A multi-certificate deployment model provides another way to
achieve this effect. To relying parties, a predistributed
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intermediate certificate is functionally equivalent to a root
certificate. PKIs use intermediate certificates because changing
root certificates requires updating relying parties, but
predistributed intermediates already presume updated relying parties.
A CA operator could provide subscribers with two certification paths:
a longer path ending at a long-lived trust anchor and shorter path
the other ending at a short-lived, revocable root. Relying parties
would be configured to trust both the long-lived root and the most
recent short-lived root. A server that prioritizes the shorter path
would then send the shorter path to up-to-date relying parties and
the longer path to older relying parties.
This achieves the same effect with a more general-purpose multi-
certificate mechanism. It is also more flexible, as the two paths
need not be related. For example, root CA public keys are not
distributed in each TLS connection, so a post-quantum signature
algorithm that optimizes for signature size may be preferable. In
this model, both the long-lived and short-lived roots may use such an
algorithm. In a compression-based model, the same intermediate must
optimize both its compressed and uncompressed size, so such an
algorithm may not be suitable.
8.6. Conflicting Relying Party Requirements
A subscriber may need to support relying parties with different
requirements. For example, in contexts where online revocation
checks are expensive, unreliable, or privacy-sensitive, user security
is best served by short-lived certificates. In other contexts, long-
lived certificates may be more appropriate for, e.g., systems that
are offline for long periods of time or have unreliable clocks.
A single-certificate deployment model forces subscribers to find a
single certificate that meets all requirements. User security then
suffers in all contexts, as the PKI may not quite meet anyone's
needs. In a multi-certificate deployment model, different contexts
may use different trust anchors. A subscriber that supports multiple
contexts would provision certificates for each, with certificate
negotiation logic directing the right one to each relying party.
8.7. Backup Certificates
A subscriber may obtain certificate paths from multiple CAs for
redundancy in the face of future CA compromises. If one CA is
compromised and removed from newer relying parties, the TLS server
software will transparently serve the other one.
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To support this, TLS serving software SHOULD permit users to
configure multiple ACME endpoints and select from the union of the
certificate paths returned by each ACME server.
8.8. Public Key Pinning
To reduce the risk of attacks from misissued certificates, relying
parties sometimes employ public key pinning [RFC7469]. This enforces
that one of some set of public keys appear in the final certificate
path. This effectively reduces a relying party's trust anchor list
to a subset of the original set.
As other relying parties in the PKI evolve, the pinning relying party
limits the subscriber to satisfy both the pinning constraint and
newer constraints in the PKI. This can lead to conflicts if, for
example, the pinned CA is distrusted by a newer relying party. The
subscriber is then forced to either break the pinning relying party,
or break the newer ones.
This protocol reduces this conflict if the pinning relying party uses
its effective, reduced trust anchor list. The subscriber can then,
as needed, use a certificate from the pinned CA with the pinning
relying party, and another CA with newer relying parties.
9. Privacy Considerations
9.1. Relying Parties
The negotiation mechanism described in this document is analogous to
the certificate_authorities extension (Section 4.2.4 of [RFC8446]),
but more size-efficient. Like that extension, it presumes the
requested trust anchor list is not sensitive.
The privacy implications of this are determined by how a relying
party uses this extension. Trust anchors supported by a relying
party may be divided into three categories:
1. Trust anchors whose identifiers the relying party sends
_unconditionally_, i.e. not in response to the server’s HTTPS/
SVCB record, trust anchor list in EncryptedExtensions, etc.
2. Trust anchors whose identifiers the relying party sends
_conditionally_, i.e. only if the server offers them. For
example, the relying party may indicate support for a trust
anchor if its identifier is listed in the server’s HTTPS/SVCB
record or trust anchor list in EncryptedExtensions.
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3. Trust anchors whose identifiers the relying party never sends,
but still trusts. These are trust anchors which do not
participate in this mechanism.
Each of these categories carries a different fingerprinting exposure:
Trust anchor identifiers sent unconditionally can be observed
passively. Thus, relying parties SHOULD NOT unconditionally
advertise trust anchor lists which are unique to an individual user.
Rather, such lists SHOULD be either empty or computed only from the
trust anchors common to the relying party's anonymity set
(Section 3.3 of [RFC6973]).
Trust anchor identifiers sent in response to the subscriber can only
be observed actively. That is, the subscriber could vary its list
and observe how the client responds, in order to probe for the
client’s trust anchor list.
This is similar to the baseline exposure for trust anchors that do
not participate in negotiation. A subscriber in possession of a
certificate can send it and determine if the relying party accepts or
rejects it. Unlike this baseline exposure, trust anchors that
participate in this protocol can be probed by only knowing the trust
anchor identifier.
Relying parties SHOULD determine which trust anchors participate in
this mechanism, and whether to advertise them unconditionally or
conditionally, based on their privacy goals. PKIs that reliably use
the DNS service parameter (Section 5) can rely on conditional
advertisement for stronger privacy properties without a round-trip
penalty.
Additionally, a relying party that computes the trust_anchors
extension based on prior state may allow observers to correlate
across connections. Relying parties SHOULD NOT maintain such state
across connections that are intended to be uncorrelated. As above,
implementing the DNS service parameter can avoid a round-trip penalty
without such state.
9.2. Subscribers
If the subscriber is a server, the mechanisms in Section 5 and
Section 4.3 enumerate the trust anchors for the server’s available
certification paths. This mechanism assumes they are not sensitive.
Servers SHOULD NOT use this mechanism to negotiate certification
paths with sensitive trust anchors.
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In servers that host multiple services, this protocol only enumerates
certification paths for the requested service. If, for example, a
server uses the server_name extension to select services, the
addition to EncryptedExtensions in Section 4.3 is expected to be
filtered by server_name. Likewise, the DNS parameter in Section 5
only contains information for the corresponding service. In both
cases, co-located services are not revealed.
The above does not apply if the subscriber is a client. This
protocol does not enumerate the available certification paths for a
client.
10. Security Considerations
10.1. Relying Party Policies
PKI-based TLS authentication depends on the relying party's
certificate policies. If the relying party trusts an untrustworthy
CA, that CA can intercept TLS connections made by that relying party
by issuing certificates associating the target name with the wrong
TLS key.
This attack vector is available with or without trust anchor
negotiation. The negotiation mechanism described in this document
allows certificate selection to reflect a relying party's certificate
policies. It does not determine the certificate policies themselves.
Relying parties remain responsible for trusting only trustworthy CAs,
and untrustworthy CAs remain a security risk when trusted.
10.2. Agility
As with other TLS parameters, negotiation reduces a conflict between
availability and security, which allows PKIs to better mitigate
security risks to users. When relying parties in an existing TLS
ecosystem improve their certificate policies, trust anchor
negotiation helps subscribers navigate differences between those
relying parties and existing relying parties. Each set of
requirements may be satisfied without compatibility risk to the
other. Section 8 discusses such scenarios in more detail.
Negotiation also reduces pressures on relying parties to sacrifice
user security for compatibility. Suppose a subscriber currently uses
some CA, but a relying party deems trusting that CA to pose an
unacceptable security risk to its users. In a single-certificate
deployment, those subscribers may be unwilling to adopt a CA trusted
by the relying party, as switching CAs risks compatibility problems
elsewhere. The relying party then faces compatibility pressure and
adds this CA, sacrificing user security. However, in a multi-
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certificate deployment, the subscriber can use its existing CA _in
addition to_ another CA trusted by relying party B. This allows the
ecosystem to improve interoperability, while still meeting relying
party B's user-security goals.
10.3. Incorrect Selection Metadata
If the subscriber has incorrect information about trust anchor
identifiers, it may send an untrusted certification path. This will
not result in that path being trusted, but does present the
possibility of a degradation of service. However, this information
is provisioned by the CA, which is already expected to provide
accurate information.
10.4. Serving Multiple Certificates
Negotiation reduces compatibility pressures against subscribers
choosing to serve certificates from a less common CA, as the
subscriber can serve it in addition to other CAs that, together,
satisfy all supported relying parties. The CA may even have been
distrusted by some relying parties, e.g. if it is needed for older,
unupdated relying parties that are still important for the subscriber
to support. As discussed in Section 8 and Section 10.2, this
deployment model avoids compatibility risks during PKI transitions
which mitigate security risks to users.
Serving such certificates does not enable the CA to decrypt or
intercept the connection. If a certificate asserts the correct
information about the subscriber, notably the correct public key, the
subscriber can safely present it, whether or not the issuing CA is
otherwise trustworthy. Issuing a certificate for the subscriber's
public key does not grant the CA access to the corresponding private
key. Conversely, if the attacker already has access to the
subscriber's private key, they do not need to be in control of a CA
to intercept a connection.
While the choice of CA is a security-critical decision in a PKI, it
is the relying party's choice of trusted CAs that determines
interceptibility, not the subscriber's choice of certificates to
present. If the relying party trusts an attacker-controlled CA, the
attacker can intercept the connection independent of whether the
subscriber uses that CA or another CA. In both cases, the attacker
would need to present a different certificate, with a different
public key. Conversely, if the relying party does not trust the
attacker's CA, the subscriber's correct but untrusted attacker-issued
certificate will not enable the attacker to substitute in a different
public key. The ability to intercept a connection via the PKI is
determined solely by relying party trust decisions.
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Relying parties thus SHOULD NOT interpret the subscriber's choice of
CA list as an endorsement of the CA. The subscriber's role is to
present a certificate which will convince the relying party of the
correct subscriber information. Subscribers do not vet CAs for
trustworthiness, only the correctness of their specific, configured
certificates and the CA's ability to meet the subscriber's
requirements, such as availability, compatibility, and performance.
It is the responsibility of the relying party, and its corresponding
root program, to determine the set of trusted CAs. Trusting a CA
means trusting _all_ certificates issued by that CA, so it is not
enough to observe subscribers serving correct certificates. An
untrustworthy CA may sign one correct certificate, but also sign
incorrect certificates, possibly in the future, that can attack the
relying party. Root program management is a complex, security-
critical process, the full considerations of which are outside the
scope of this document.
10.5. Targeting TLS Interception
Trust Anchor Identifiers, like certificate_authorities, enables a TLS
server to differentiate between clients that do and do not trust some
CA. If this CA mis-issued a certificate, this could be used by a
network attacker to only enable TLS interception with clients that
trust the CA. The network attacker may wish to do this reduce the
odds of detection. Clients which do not trust the CA will not accept
the mis-issued certificate, which may be user-visible.
However, the attacker could also use any existing mechanism for
differentiating clients. In TLS parameter negotiation, the client
offers all its available TLS features, including cipher suites and
other extensions, in the TLS ClientHello. This means any variation
in any client TLS policies, related or unrelated to trust anchors,
may be used as an implementation fingerprint to differentiate
clients. While fingerprinting's heuristic nature makes it not viable
for a broad, diverse set of TLS servers, it is viable for a network
attacker's single interception service. Trust Anchor Identifiers
only impacts detection where this differentiation was not already
possible.
If the attacker targets any clients that enforce Certificate
Transparency [RFC6962], the mis-issued certificates will need to be
publicly logged. In this case, detection is more robust, and client
differentiation, with or without Trust Anchor Identifiers, has no
significant impact.
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11. IANA Considerations
11.1. TLS ExtensionType Updates
IANA is requested to create the following entry in the TLS
ExtensionType Values registry, defined by [RFC8446]:
+=======+===============+===+===========+=============+============+
| Value | Extension |TLS| DTLS-Only | Recommended | Reference |
| | Name |1.3| | | |
+=======+===============+===+===========+=============+============+
| TBD | trust_anchors |CH,| N | Y | [this-RFC] |
| | |EE,| | | |
| | |CR,| | | |
| | |CT | | | |
+-------+---------------+---+-----------+-------------+------------+
Table 1
11.2. Media Type Updates
IANA is requested to create the following entry in the "Media Types"
registry, defined in [RFC6838]:
Type name: application
Subtype name: pem-certificate-chain-with-properties
Required parameters: None
Optional parameters: None
Encoding considerations: 7bit
Security considerations: Carries a cryptographic certificate and its
associated certificate chain and additional properties. This
media type carries no active content.
Interoperability considerations: None
Published specification: [this-RFC, Section 7]
Applications that use this media type: ACME clients and servers,
HTTP servers, other applications that need to be configured with a
certificate chain
Additional information: Deprecated alias names for this type: n/a
Magic number(s): n/a
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File extension(s): .pem
Macintosh file type code(s): n/a
Person & email address to contact for further information: See
Authors' Addresses section.
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: n/a
Author: See Authors' Addresses section.
Change controller: IETF
11.3. CertificatePropertyType Registry
[[TODO: Establish a CertificatePropertyType registry.]]
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC4158] Cooper, M., Dzambasow, Y., Hesse, P., Joseph, S., and R.
Nicholas, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure:
Certification Path Building", RFC 4158,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4158, September 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4158>.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5234>.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
(CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280>.
[RFC6838] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6838>.
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[RFC6973] Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J.,
Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy
Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6973, July 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6973>.
[RFC7468] Josefsson, S. and S. Leonard, "Textual Encodings of PKIX,
PKCS, and CMS Structures", RFC 7468, DOI 10.17487/RFC7468,
April 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7468>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8446>.
[RFC8555] Barnes, R., Hoffman-Andrews, J., McCarney, D., and J.
Kasten, "Automatic Certificate Management Environment
(ACME)", RFC 8555, DOI 10.17487/RFC8555, March 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8555>.
[RFC9371] Baber, A. and P. Hoffman, "Registration Procedures for
Private Enterprise Numbers (PENs)", RFC 9371,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9371, March 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9371>.
[RFC9460] Schwartz, B., Bishop, M., and E. Nygren, "Service Binding
and Parameter Specification via the DNS (SVCB and HTTPS
Resource Records)", RFC 9460, DOI 10.17487/RFC9460,
November 2023, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9460>.
[X680] ITU-T, "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation
One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", ISO/
IEC 8824-1:2021, 2021.
[X690] ITU-T, "Information technology - ASN.1 encoding Rules:
Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical
Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules
(DER)", ISO/IEC 8825-1:2021, 2021.
12.2. Informative References
[CHROME-ROOTS]
Chromium, "Chrome Root Store", 30 August 2023, <https://ch
romium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/net/data/ssl/
chrome_root_store>.
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[Dilithium]
Bai, S., Ducas, L., Kiltz, E., Lepoint, T., Lyubashevsky,
V., Schwabe, P., Seiler, G., and D. Stehlé, "CRYSTALS-
Dilithium Algorithm Specifications and Supporting
Documentation", 8 February 2021, <https://pq-
crystals.org/dilithium/data/dilithium-specification-
round3-20210208.pdf>.
[I-D.davidben-tls-trust-expr]
Benjamin, D., O'Brien, D., and B. Beck, "TLS Trust
Expressions", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
davidben-tls-trust-expr-04, 28 June 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-davidben-tls-
trust-expr-04>.
[I-D.ietf-tls-cert-abridge]
Jackson, D., "Abridged Compression for WebPKI
Certificates", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-tls-cert-abridge-01, 16 March 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-tls-
cert-abridge-01>.
[I-D.ietf-tls-wkech]
Farrell, S., Salz, R., and B. M. Schwartz, "A well-known
URI for publishing ECHConfigList values.", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-tls-wkech-05, 7 July
2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
tls-wkech-05>.
[MOZILLA-ROOTS]
Mozilla, "Mozilla Included CA Certificate List", 30 August
2023, <https://wiki.mozilla.org/CA/Included_Certificates>.
[RFC6962] Laurie, B., Langley, A., and E. Kasper, "Certificate
Transparency", RFC 6962, DOI 10.17487/RFC6962, June 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6962>.
[RFC7469] Evans, C., Palmer, C., and R. Sleevi, "Public Key Pinning
Extension for HTTP", RFC 7469, DOI 10.17487/RFC7469, April
2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7469>.
Appendix A. Comparison to TLS Trust Expressions
[I-D.davidben-tls-trust-expr] describes Trust Expressions, another
trust anchor negotiation mechanism that aims to solve similar
problems. The mechanisms differ in the following ways:
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* trust_anchors is usable by more kinds of PKIs. Trust Expressions
express trust anchor lists relative to named “trust storesâ€,
maintained by root programs. Arbitrary lists may not be easily
expressible. trust_anchors does not have this restriction.
* When used with large trust stores, the retry mechanism in
trust_anchors requires a new connection. In most applications,
this must be implemented outside the TLS stack, so more components
must be changed and redeployed. In deployments that are limited
by client changes, this may be a more difficult transition.
[[TODO: See Section 4.3 for an alternate retry scheme that avoids
this.]]
* Trust Expressions works with static server configuration. An
ideal trust_anchors deployment requires automation to synchronize
a server’s DNS and TLS configuration. [I-D.ietf-tls-wkech] could
be a starting point for this automation. In deployments that are
limited by server changes, this may be a more difficult
transition.
* Trust Expressions require that CAs continually fetch information
from manifests that are published by root programs, while
trust_anchors relies only on static pre-assigned trust anchor
identifiers.
* trust_anchors, when trust anchors are conditionally sent, has
different fingerprinting properties. See Section 9.
* trust_anchors can only express large client trust stores (for
server certificates), not large server trust stores. Large trust
stores rely on the retry mechanism described in Section 4.3, which
is not available to client certificates.
The two mechanisms can be deployed together. A subscriber can have
metadata for both mechanisms available, and a relying party can
advertise both.
[[TODO: remove this or move to supporting documentation after more
working group consensus]]
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Nick Harper, and Emily Stark for many valuable
discussions and insights which led to this document.
Authors' Addresses
Beck, et al. Expires 9 March 2025 [Page 28]
Internet-Draft TLS Trust Anchor Identifiers September 2024
Bob Beck
Google LLC
Email: bbe@google.com
David Benjamin
Google LLC
Email: davidben@google.com
Devon O'Brien
Google LLC
Email: asymmetric@google.com
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