Internet DRAFT - draft-zhang-hebeu-hma-dsin
draft-zhang-hebeu-hma-dsin
Internet-Draft Long Zhang
Intended status: Experimental Xinxin Zhang
Expires: October 18, 2014 Wenjing Cao
Hebei University of Engineering
Wei Huang
China Electric Power Research Institute
Yan Ding
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
April 18, 2014
Hypernetwork Model and Architecture
for Deep Space Information Networks
draft-zhang-hebeu-hma-dsin-00
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Abstract
The increasing world-wide demands in deep space scientific missions,
such as Lunar, Mars and other Planetary Exploration, along with the
rapidly growing advances in space communication technologies have
triggered the vision of so called future Deep Space Information
Networks (DSINs). The coined DSIN paradigm is envisioned to be an
integrated high speed self-organizing hypernetwork consisting of the
terrestrial ground-based information networks and the outer space-
based entities to provide maximum network capacity. In this document,
the problem of network infrastructure and architecture for DSINs is
investigated. Taking into account the major challenges or
characteristics affecting link, networking, transport, and security
design of DSINs, this document employs hypergraph theory to construct
network infrastructure and node architecture of space optical
switching, and further presents a five-layered hypernetwork model of
DSINs to enhance network connectivity. Combining with the benefits
in interconnection and interoperability of heterogeneous challenged
networks, brought by the well-known Delay-and Disruption-Tolerant
Networking (DTN) architecture, this document proposes a novel
architecture of DSINs from two levels including Layered Protocol
Stack and Management Plane. The proposed architecture preliminarily
achieves the basic concepts and the relevant mechanisms of wisdom
network, and the performance and quality of service (QoS) of DSINs
are thereby improved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1. Network Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2. Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Hypernetwork Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1. Preliminaries of Hypergraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Hypernetwork Model of DSINs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. Layered Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2. Management Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Conclusions and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
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1. Introduction
With the rapid growth of world-wide demands in deep space scientific
missions such as Lunar, Mars and other Planetary Exploration, and the
recent technological advances in space communications, in-site
communications and navigation, spacecraft radio systems, crew
transport vehicles, and so on, there has been increasing amount of
scientific data to be generated from deep space exploration missions
to be transmitted back to the Earth [1]. In addition, these missions
require high data rates on interplanetary links, e.g., 10 Gb/s of
NASA's Kepler mission beyond 2020 [2], seamless end-to-end
information flow across the solar system and beyond, real time data
delivery, and integrated communications, navigation, and operations
services, and so on [3]. The growing demand for outer space
exploration and scientific missions of the future has given rise to
the vision of next-generation space network infrastructure. One
prominent next-generation space network infrastructure is the
InterPlaNetary (IPN) Internet [1], outlined by NASA, an extension
of the terrestrial Internet into outer space, focusing on providing
communication and navigation services for the future deep space
missions.
In light of the above ever-growing requirements, the vision of so
called future Deep Space Information Networks (DSINs) will be
gradually formed through the terrestrial communication
infrastructures, and such large number of nodes in outer space, i.e.,
satellites, robotic spacecrafts, crewed vehicles, rovers, landers,
sensors, etc. The coined DSIN paradigm is an integrated high speed
self-organizing hypernetwork consisting of the terrestrial
ground-based information networks, e.g., Internet, mobile
communication networks, and sensor networks, etc, and the space-and
deep space-based entities, e.g., satellites, robotic spacecrafts,
crewed vehicles, rovers, landers, sensors, etc, within outer space,
to provide maximum network capacity. The DSINs are envisioned to
offer reliable communications for scientific data deliveries between
Earth and other planets, and also navigation service for outer
space-based entities of future deep space exploration.
The main challenges affect link, networking, transport, and security
design of DSINs can be summarized as follows [1]-[7]:
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Interconnection of layered heterogeneous networks: There are
several different architectures used in DSINs due to the
coexistence of several layered distinct network components, e.g.,
terrestrial Internet, sensor networks, and satellite networks in
outer space. Therefore, the DSINs can be considered as "network
of networks" and need to cope with the interconnection of
heterogeneous networks.
Intermittent connectivity and frequent partitioning: Link outage
may occur for the reasons such as moving planetary bodies, harsh
natural environment and interference. Moreover, in light of
economical reasons, radio transceivers for space communications
are shared, and link connectivity is scheduled to be episodic. The
network topology may be frequently partitioned due to intermittent
connectivity of links.
Long and variable propagation delay: The deep space links may have
extremely long propagation delays caused by long transmission
distances. The movement of deep space nodes adds to the
variability of delay, and the movement of nodes during propagation
must be considered while computing the routes or scheduling the
packet, e.g., one-way propagation delays of the Cassini mission to
Saturn are in the range of 68 minutes and 84 minutes [6].
Link bandwidth asymmetry: The asymmetry in the bandwidth capacities
of the uplink and downlink channels is typically on the order of
1:1000 in scientific missions.
High link error rates: The bit error rate for deep space links is
very high (usually in the order of 10-1 [8]) because of harsh
natural environment and long propagation distances.
Security: The spacecraft is operated completely isolated in space
and only connected to several ground stations or other spacecrafts
via deep space links. Hence, this property nullifies the
advantages of asymmetric key management systems for key exchange
[4]. Moreover, spacecraft on-board computers and processors
generally have limited computational power and capabilities.
Therefore, complex cryptographic operations such as asymmetric
cryptography should be avoided [4].
Based on the above, most of these characteristics are unique to DSINs
in contrast to those in terrestrial networks, and especially, there
are no guaranteed continuous end-to-end paths between sources and
destinations in DSINs due to the intermittently or partially
connected dynamic topologies. Thus, the existing TCP/IP protocol
suite over the Internet can not be efficiently used in DSINs. In
recent years, the architecture of a class of challenged networks,
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known as the Delay-and Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN)
architecture [9]-[11] has emerged as a promising solution to
provide an overlay network for highly challenged networks that
experience high latency, high error rates, intermittent connectivity,
frequent partitions, asymmetric data rates, and different
heterogeneous network architectures. It can be naturally observed
that the DSIN is a typical scenario of DTN.
This document studies the issue of network infrastructure and
architecture of DSINs. Considering the major challenges or
characteristics affecting link, networking, transport, and security
design of DSINs, this document uses hypergraph theory to model the
network infrastructure, in which node architecture of space optical
switching is applied, and also presents a novel hypernetwork model of
DSINs in order to enhance network connectivity. Furthermore, this
document discusses the methods of constructing the hyperchannels in
hypernetwork model. Based on the benefits of DTN architecture and
service requirements of future networks, this document proposes a
novel architecture of DSINs at two levels, i.e., Layered Protocol
Stack and Management Plane.
2. Related Work
In this section, the document gives a brief review of related work in
network infrastructure and architecture of space associated networks
to propose the ideas of this document for hypernetwork model and
architecture of DSINs
2.1. Network Infrastructure
The general network infrastructure of NASAs space Internet contains
four architectural elements [1], [12], i.e., backbone network, access
network, inter-spacecraft network, and proximity network. The authors
in [1] presented the infrastructure of IPN Internet, which includes
Interplanetary Backbone Network, Interplanetary External Networks,
and Planetary Networks. The Interplanetary Backbone Network [1]
provides a common infrastructure for communications among the Earth,
outer-space planets, and relay spacecrafts placed at gravitationally
stable Lagrangian points of planets, etc. The Interplanetary External
Networks [1] focus inherently on the communications among nodes of
outer space between planets. The Planetary Networks [1] can be
further divided into Planetary Satellite Network and Planetary
Surface Network, aiming to offer communications among satellites and
surface nodes of single planet. However, the network infrastructure
of IPN Internet is still a normal partitioning and structure.
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The IP-based communication infrastructure of Global Information Grid
(GIG) generally includes terrestrial, space based, airborne, and
wireless or radio segments [13]. With the enabling underlying
infrastructure for "network-centric" military communications, the
authors in [14] defined four layers that constitute the
infrastructure of the GIG, for the purpose of support seamless global
communications. These four layers can be specifically classified into
surface layer, aerospace layer, near-space layer, and satellite layer
in light of bottom-up approach. However, although the satellite layer
was considered to enhance the overall performance of GIG, the
benefits brought by deep space networking was not taken into account.
2.2. Architecture
Due to the primary challenges introduced by DSINs, conventional
TCP/IP protocol suite-based network architectures are not applicable
to the DSIN scenario. Generalized from design work for IPN Internet
[15], the DTN architecture is a novel store-and-forward architecture
and protocol suite intended for challenged networks that may suffer
from frequent partitions and high delays. A store-and-forward message
switching is implemented within DTN architecture through defining an
end-to-end message-oriented overlay known as the "bundle layer"
[16], [17] on top of lower layers of heterogeneous networks. In
particular, the bundle layer lies between transport layer and
application layer and forms an overlay that employs persistent
storage to deal with network interruption [16]. In addition, the
bundle layer includes a hop-by-hop transfer of reliable delivery
responsibility and optional end-to-end acknowledgement [16]. For
interoperability of heterogeneous networks, the bundle layer applies
a flexible Uniform Resource Identifiers-based naming scheme capable
of encapsulating distinct naming and addressing schemes in the same
overall naming syntax [16].
In order to meet the requirements of future networks, the authors in
[18] describe the concept of wisdom networks to provide the
wisdom-based ultimate services for network users. However, for that
matter, the DTN architecture does not properly define management
planes to suit service requirements of future networks.
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3. Hypernetwork Model
3.1. Preliminaries of Hypergraph
According to Berge's pioneer work [19], a hypergraph H is an ordered
pair H =(V,E)consisting of a non-empty finite set of vertices
V ={v1,v2,...,vp}and a set family E ={E1,E2,...,Ep}of distinct
finite subsets of the sets of vertices V . Each Ej for j = 1,2,...,q
is called edge of a hypergraph or hyperedge and the union of all Ej
is V .The size of a hypergraph is the sum of the cardinalities of its
hyperedges.
3.2. Hypernetwork Model of DSINs
In order to enhance network connectivity and resolve existing issues
in network infrastructures, this document models a DSIN as a
hypernetwork H =(V,E), in which the non-empty finite set of vertices
V denotes the nodes of DSIN, and the set family E denotes the
non-empty finite set of hyperchannels of DSIN. The construction of
hyperchannels is an open problem, and yet there have been several
schemes or strategies to build up hyperchannels in the literature,
such as TDM-based schedule [20], forbidden subsets [21], frequency
assignment [22], and bundle transport model [23], protein-protein
interaction network [24] and so on. In this section, from network
connectivity's point of view, this document preliminarily creates
the hyperchannels that can provide full connectivity or
communications among all the nodes within the corresponding
hyperchannels.
Based on the above ideas, within a time interval [t0,T], a typical
structural sample scenario of hypernetwork model of DSIN is
illustrated in Figure 1. From top to bottom in an orderly way, the
hypernetwork model can be divided into five layers: a) Planetary
Exploration Sensor Layer, consisting of planetary exploration nodes;
b) Deep Space Planetary Layer, consisting of deep space planetary
spacecraft nodes; c) Deep Space Backbone Layer, consisting of deep
space backbone spacecraft nodes; d) Space-Based Layer, consisting of
space-based nodes; and e) Ground-Based Layer, consisting of
ground-based nodes.
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+----------------------+
/ /|
/ / |
/ /--|----Planetary Exploration
/ / /| Sensor Node
/ / / |
/ / /--|---- Deep Space Planetary
/ / / /| Spacecraft Node
/ / / / |
/ / / /--|----Deep Space Backbone
/ / / / /| Spacecraft Node
/ / / / / |
/ / / / /--|-----Space-Based Node
/ / / / / /|
/ / / / / / |
/ / / / / / +
/ / / / / / /
/ / / / / /--/-----Ground-Based Networks
+----------------------+ / / / / /
|Planetary Exploration | / / / / /
| Sensor Layer |/ / / / /
+----------------------+ / / / /
| Deep Space | / / / /
| Planetary Layer |/ / / /
+----------------------+ / / /
| Deep Space | / / /
| Backbone Layer |/ / /
+----------------------+ / /
| Space-Based | / /
| Layer |/ /
+----------------------+ /
| Ground-Based | /
| Layer |/
+----------------------+
Figure 1. Within time interval [t0,T],
the hypernetwork model of DSIN.
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To better realize high-speed transmission and maximum network
capacity of DSINs, this document assumes that the state of the art
space optical switching techniques are employed in both deep space
backbone spacecraft nodes and deep space planetary spacecraft nodes.
The node architecture of space optical switching is designed via
novel hypergraph model for the sake of high-speed data transfer and
on-board switching. Note that the ground-based layer embraces
terrestrial heterogeneous networks, e.g., Internet, sensor networks,
and mobile communication networks, etc, and the space-based layer
covers various satellite networks.
4. Architecture
In this section, the document proposes a novel architecture for DSINs
As shown in Figure 2, the architecture of DSINs is composed of
Layered Protocol Stack and Management Plane.
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+---------------------+
/ / |
/ / |
/ / |
/ / |
/ / |
/ /| |
/ / | |
/ / | |
/ / | |
/ / | |
/ / |Ser- |
/ /| |vice |
/ / | | |
/ / | |Plane|
/ / | | |
/ / |Wis- | |
/ / |dom | |
/ /| | | +----
/ / | |Plane| / /
/ / | | | / /
/ / | | | / /
/ / |Know-| | / /
---- +--------------------+ |ledge| |/ /
| | Application Layer | | | / /
| | | |Plane| / /
| +--------------------+ | | / /
| | Bundle Layer | | | / /
| | | | | / /
| +--------------------+Map- | /Management
Layered | Transport Layer |ping | / Plane
Protocol| | | / /
Suite +--------------------+Plane| / /
| | Hypernetwork Layer | | / /
| | | | / /
| +--------------------+ / /
| |Data Hyperlink Layer| / /
| | | / /
| +--------------------+ / /
| | Physical Layer | / /
| | | / /
---- +--------------------+ ----
Figure 2. The architecture of DSINs
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4.1. Layered Protocol Stack
The Layered Protocol Stack is made up of six layers, i.e., Physical
Layer, Data Hyperlink Layer, Hypernetwork Layer, Transport Layer,
Bundle Layer, and Application Layer. The Physical Layer, Transport
Layer, Bundle Layer, and Application Layer are usually considered no
distinction to those in conventional DTN architecture. In the
proposed Layered Protocol Stack, this document emphasizes primarily
on the Hypernetwork Layer and Data Hyperlink Layer, which perform the
following functions:
Hypernetwork Layer: The messages in Hypernetwork Layer are termed
as hyperdatagrams. In addition, the hyperchannel is bulidt up in
terms of specific rules or algorithms and the source-to-
destination hyperpaths or hyperroutes are discovered, repaired,
and established.
Data Hyperlink Layer: The messages in Data Hyperlink Layer are
termed as hyperframes. The Data Hyperlink Layer provides the
functional means to detect hyperframe and possibly correct errors
that may occur in the Physical Layer. Moreover, the hyperlink-to-
hyperlink fragmentation of hyperframes into hyperframe pieces and
reassembly into complete hyperframes are also carried out.
4.2. Management Plane
The Management Plane comprises four functional planes, i.e., Mapping
Plane, Knowledge Plane, Wisdom Plane, and Service Plane. The Mapping
Plane offers the capability to shield the heterogeneity of various
underlying networks for the purpose of logical coexistence and
resource sharing among diverse heterogeneous networks. In addition,
the Service Plane performs schedule and quality of service (QoS)
management of services based on the process of abstracting. In this
section, the document introduces the following definitions to explain
the coined Knowledge Plane and Wisdom Plane.
The Knowledge Cycle of DSINs - It is defined as a feasible closed
flow based on DSIN infrastructure to acquire, store, share, and
process knowledge.
As depicted in Figure 3, the Knowledge Cycle contains four logical
steps, namely, Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Storage, Knowledge
Sharing, and Knowledge Processing.
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+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| +----------+ +---------+ +---------+ +-----------+ |
| | Knowledge|<<<<|Knowledge|<<<<|Knowledge|<<<<| Knowledge | |
| |Processing| | Sharing | | Storage | |Acquisition| |
| +------v---+ +---------+ +---------+ +--^--------+ |
| v ^ |
+---------v-----------------------------------------^ ---------+
v ^
v ^
+-v---------->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>----------------^--+
| |
| DSIN Infrastructure |
| |
+----------------------------------------------+
Figure 3. The Knowledge Cycle of DSINs
The Knowledge Plane - It is a logical function entity to implement
Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Storage, Knowledge Sharing, and
Knowledge Processing in each layer within the Layered Protocol
Stack by the Knowledge Cycle of DSINs.
The Wisdom Chain of DSINs - It is defined as a feasible open flow to
transform Data, Information, and Knowledge to Wisdom by the means
of Analysis, Imagination and Game.
As illustrated in Figure 4, the Wisdom is generated through
competition or interactive decision making of each layer within the
Layered Protocol Stack in the Wisdom Chain of DSINs. Note that the
competition inherently indicates a multi-player dynamic game. Thus,
this document models the transformation from Knowledge to Wisdom
using stochastic differential game [25].
+----+ +-----------+ +---------+ +------+
| |Analysis | |Imagination | |Game | |
|Data|-------->|Information|----------->|Knowledge|---->|Wisdom|
| | | | | | | |
+----+ +-----------+ +---------+ +------+
Figure 4. The Wisdom Chain of DSINs
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5. Conclusions and Future Work
In this document, we have investigated the issue of network
infrastructure and architecture of DSINs. Considering the major
challenges or characteristics affecting link, networking and
transport design of DSINs, we apply the so called hypergraph theory
to study the network infrastructure and node architecture of space
optical switching, and present a hypernetwork model of DSINs for the
purpose of enhancing network connectivity. In addition, this document
explores the schemes to build up the hyperchannels of hypernetwork
model. According to the benefits of store-and-forward DTN
architecture and service requirements of future networks, this
document proposes a novel architecture of DSINs at two levels, i.e.,
Layered Protocol Stack and Management Plane, to provide the
wisdom-based ultimate services for network nodes. Therefore, the
vision of wisdom network has been preliminarily realized.
This document provides the fundamental framework for network
infrastructure and architecture of DSINs. As a part of future work,
we will aim to research on the specific schemes of constructing the
efficient hyperchannels through different strategies. As another
future work, we will build up the hyperrouting model and node
architecture in DSINs.
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6. Security Considerations
Security is an integral concern for the design of the Architecture of
Deep Space Information Networks (DSINs), but its use is optional.
Sections 1 of this document present some factors to consider for
securing the design of DSINs, but separate documents [4] and [7]
provide the security schemes in much more detail.
7. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA considerations.
8. Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the
Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China under Grant
No. F2013402039 and No. F2012402046, the Scientific Research
Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Hebei Province of
China under Grant No. QN20131048, and the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grants No. 61309033 and No. 61304131
Work on this document was performed at the Handan Key Laboratory of
Optical Communications and Broadband Access Technologies.
The authors would also like to acknowledge and thank the members of
the Handan Key Laboratory of Optical Communications and Broadband
Access Technologies, who have provided invaluable insight.
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Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014
Author's Address:
Long Zhang
School of Information and Electrical Engineering
Hebei University of Engineering
Guangming South Street No.199
Handan 056038, P.R.China
Phone: +86 (310) 8579325
Email: zhanglong@hebeu.edu.cn
Xinxin Zhang
School of Information and Electrical Engineering
Hebei University of Engineering
Guangming South Street, No.199
Handan 056038, P.R.China
Phone: +86 (310) 8579329
Email: luqieranya@163.com
Wenjing Cao
School of Information and Electrical Engineering
Hebei University of Engineering
Guangming South Street, No.199
Handan 056038, P.R.China
Phone: +86 (310) 8579329
Email: cwjhome@126.com
Wei Huang
Institute of Power and Energy Efficiency
China Electric Power Research Institute
West Chang'an Street, No.86
Beijing 100192, P.R.China
Phone: +86 (10) 82812761-8014
Email: huangwei2@epri.sgcc.com.cn
Yan Ding
School of Computer Science & Technology
School of Software
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Wenyuan Road, No.9
Nanjing 210046, P.R.China
Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014
Phone: +86 (10) 15210567179
Email: dingyan020213@163.com
Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 19]
