Internet DRAFT - draft-viswanathan-dtn-pkdn

draft-viswanathan-dtn-pkdn







Network Working Group                                     K. Viswanathan
Internet-Draft                                                F. Templin
Intended status: Standards Track            Boeing Research & Technology
Expires: September 9, 2016                                 March 8, 2016


Architecture for a Delay-and-Disruption Tolerant Public-Key Distribution
                             Network (PKDN)
                   draft-viswanathan-dtn-pkdn-00.txt

Abstract

   Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) introduces a network model
   in which communications can be subject to long delays and/or
   intermittent connectivity.  DTN specifies the use of public-key
   cryptography to secure the confidentiality and integrity of messages
   in transit.  The use of public-key cryptography posits the need for
   certification of public keys and revocation of certificates.  This
   document formally defines the DTN key management problem and then
   provides a high-level design solution for delay and disruption
   tolerant distribution and revocation of public-key certificates along
   with relevant design options and recommendations for design choices.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 9, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  DTN Key Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.1.  The DTN-Key-Management Problem Statement  . . . . . . . .   6
     2.2.  Communication patterns for solving the DTN problem  . . .   7
   3.  PKDN Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.1.  PKDN Architectural elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.2.  Root Key Configuration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.3.  Distributed Relationship Management . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.4.  PKDN Data Structures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.5.  Relationship Service Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.5.1.  Distribution of CRL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     3.6.  Reliability and Availability  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.6.1.  Reliability against misconfiguration  . . . . . . . .  16
       3.6.2.  Availability  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   6.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     6.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

1.  Introduction

   The interactions in a public-key management system are between: (a)
   the sender and the receiver; and, (b) the receiver/sender and a
   trusted authority (Certificate Authority or CA).  Although there are
   public key management systems without any trusted authority, like PGP
   and block-chain based certification, revocation of public keys in
   such systems are either impossible or complex.  The certification
   process in such systems usually require many to and fro message
   transmissions, which is not suitable for delay and disruption
   tolerant conditions.  For these reasons, the subsequent discussions
   in this document shall assume a trusted authority.

   In any public-key cryptographic system, the sender must have an
   authentic copy of the receiver's public key for sending confidential
   communications.  The receiver must have an authentic copy of the



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   sender's public key for receiving authentic communications.  Key
   management protocols have required the sender/receiver to interact in
   near-real-time with the trusted authority to determine if a public
   key certificate has not been revoked.  Such handshake communications
   usually use TCP [RFC0793].  But, near-real-time messaging is not
   feasible on DTN.  Therefore, terrestrial key management protocols may
   not always function as intended on DTN.

   The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) [RFC6960], for example,
   requires the receiver of a public key certificate to have on-demand
   interactions with a Certification Authority (CA) in order to get the
   current status information for the certificate.  Three status
   responses may be received by the receiver from the CA, namely: good,
   revoked, and unknown.  The receiver needs to accept good certificates
   and reject revoked certificates.  The CA sends a response indicating
   the unknown state usually when it does not recognize the issuer of
   the certificate.  In this case, the receiver is expected to interact
   on-demand with other CAs for determining if the certificate was
   revoked.  When the status in the response is good, since the CA does
   not remember the receiver's interest in the certificate, the receiver
   is required to periodically request the status before every use of
   the certificate.

   OCSP is a resource intensive protocol.  In order to reduce the round-
   trip costs for the temporal validation of the certificates,
   especially in constrained clients (receivers), a provision in TLS
   Extensions (see Section 8) [RFC6066] has been proposed so that the
   senders shall send what is called a "stapled Certificate Status" to
   the receivers.  The stapled Certificate Status is a time-stamped
   certificate-status certificate obtained from a trusted authority by
   the sender.  If the constrained receiver (client) accepts the stapled
   Certificate Status, then it need not interact with any CA to
   ascertain the temporal validity of the certificate -- thus reducing
   communication costs on the receiver side.  Although such proposals
   are useful when dealing with constrained clients (or receivers of
   certificate), they only transfer the burden of certificate-status
   queries towards the senders and away from the receivers.  Such
   mechanisms do not obviate the need for on-demand interactions.

   The Secure/Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) [RFC5751]
   allows a sender to encapsulate its certificate as a meta-data (in the
   message header) for processing an email message.  The receiver is
   expected to consult with a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) or other
   certificate status verification mechanisms to validate the temporal
   validity of the certificate.  Thus, S/MIME does not obviate the need
   for on-demand interactions with remote trusted authorities.





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   As mentioned earlier, on-demand interactions with any party, trusted
   or otherwise, is not feasible in the network model for DTN.
   Therefore, existing terrestrial key management protocols are not
   suitable for DTN.  This proposal describes the high-level design
   choices for a mechanism, which can satisfy the requirements for DTN
   Key Management [I-D.templin-dtnskmreq], that does not require on-
   demand interactions with remote parties.

1.1.  Related Documents

   The following documents provide the necessary context for the high-
   level design described in this document.

      RFC 4838 [RFC4838] describes the architecture for DTN and is
      titled, "Delay-Tolerant Networking Architecture."  That document
      provides a high-level overview of DTN architecture and the
      decisions that underpin the DTN architecture.

      RFC 5050 [RFC5050] describes the protocol and message formats for
      DTN and is titled, "Bundle Protocol Specification."  That document
      provides details for the protocol message format for DTN, which is
      called as Bundle, along with the description of processes for
      generating, sending, forwarding, and receiving Bundles.  It also
      specifies an encoding format called SDNV (Self-Delimiting Numeric
      Values) for use in DTN.

      RFC 6257 [RFC6257] is titled, "Bundle Security Protocol
      Specification."  It specifies the message formats and processing
      rules for providing three types of security services to bundles,
      namely: confidentiality, integrity, and authentication.  It does
      not specify mechanisms for key management.  Rather, it assumes
      that cryptographic keys are somehow in place and then specifies
      how the keys shall be used to provide the security services.
      Additionally, it attempts to standardize the cipher suite in DTN.

      5050bis [I-D.ietf-dtn-bpbis] is an Internet Draft on standards
      track that intends to update RFC 5050.  It introduces a new
      concept called "node ID" and relates it with an existing concept
      called "endpoint ID."  A DTN endpoint is envisioned to contain one
      or more nodes.  It also excludes extension blocks defined in RFC
      5050 to be external to the primary block, which makes the primary
      block immutable by intermediary nodes.  Thus, in 5050bis it is
      allowed that a node receives the primary block with extension
      blocks but without the capability to process the extension blocks.
      In the Security Considerations section, 5050bis explicitly
      describes end-to-end security using Bundle-Integrity-Block (BIB)
      and Bundle-Confidentiality-Block (BCB).  It does not specify link-
      by-link security considerations to be part of the bundle protocol



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      level using the Bundle-Authenticity-Block (BAB), which was
      described in RFC 6257.  The convergence layers may provide link-
      by-link authentication instead of bundle protocol agent.

      The Internet Draft [I-D.ietf-dtn-bpsec] for DTN communication
      security is titled, "Streamlined Bundle Security Protocol
      Specification (SBSP)."  When compared with RFC 6257, it is silent
      on concepts such as Security Regions, at-most-once-delivery
      option, and cipher suite specification.  It provides more detailed
      specification for bundle canonicalization and rules for processing
      bundles received from other nodes.  Like RFC 6257, the draft does
      not describe any key management mechanisms for DTN but assumes
      that suitable key management mechanism shall be in place.

      The Internet Draft for specifying requirements for DTN Key
      Management [I-D.templin-dtnskmreq] is titled, "DTN Security Key
      Management - Requirements and Design."  It sketches nine
      requirements and four design criteria for DTN Key Management
      system.  The last two requirements are the need to support
      revocation in a delay tolerant manner.  It also specifies the
      requirements for avoiding single points of failure and
      opportunities for the presence of multiple key management
      authorities.

1.2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
   NOT","SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
   this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].  Lower
   case uses of these words are not to be interpreted as carrying
   RFC2119 significance.

   This draft uses the following terminologies.

   Sender
      has a public-key certificate.  It must pass a message to the
      receiver via a validator in order to install its public-key
      certificate on the receiver.

   Receiver
      receives messages from senders via validators and stores the
      sender's public-key certificate, if the certificate is valid and
      has not been revoked.

   Validator
      provides store-validate-and-forward service for public-key
      certificates from the sender to designated receivers.
      Additionally, it pushes revocation updates to the receivers for



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      public-key certificates, which were previously forwarded to the
      receivers by that validator.

   Client
      consumes the services of the validator.  Client must include the
      logic for sender and receiver.  Therefore, a client must be able
      to send its certificates to others or receive certificates from
      other clients via the validator.  The client must be able to
      receive revocation updates from validators.

   Certificate Revocation Manager (CRM)
      is a trust authority that sends signed revocation notices to the
      validators so as to revoke public-key certificates.

   Public Key Distribution Network (PKDN)
      is a strict DTN overlay network that acts as:

      1.  a store-validate-and-forward communication medium for
          communications from the senders to the receiver via the
          validators; and,

      2.  a multicast communication medium for communications from the
          CRM to the validators.  The communication medium can be
          implemented using either DTN multicast communications or
          application-level message-propagation networks using recursive
          publish-subscribe relationships.

2.  DTN Key Management

   This section shall introduce the problem statement for DTN Key
   Management problem followed by an enumeration of communication-
   patterns that can be used for potential solutions and a proposed
   solution for the problem that is called a Public-Key Distribution
   Network.

2.1.  The DTN-Key-Management Problem Statement

   The problem of DTN Key Management can be visualized as shown in
   Figure 1.  The Receiver receives a public key certificate from the
   Sender.  Since the Sender is not trusted to share timely revocation
   information, the Receiver needs to receive timely revocation
   information from a Trusted Authority.  A basic problem is: (a) how
   can the Trusted Authority know when the Receiver needs the revocation
   information for a Public-Key Certificate; and, (b) how can periodic
   and consistent revocation information be availability in timely and
   delay-and-disruption tolerant manner?  The second question gains
   importance in DTN because the delay and disruption in the
   communication path between the Sender and Receiver may not be



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   correlatable with that between the Receiver and the Trusted
   Authority.  This makes the DTN Key Management problem different from
   terrestrial key management systems, where communication paths are
   assumed to be uniform, interactive, on-demand, and similar.

      +---------+  Revocation     +--------+   Public-Key    +-------+
      |         |  Information    |        |   Certificate   |       |
      | Trusted |--(disruption/-->|Receiver|<--(disruption/--|Sender |
      |Authority|  delay)         |        |   delay)        |       |
      +---------+                 +--------+                 +-------+

                   Figure 1: DTN Key Management Problem

   An analysis of the above problem using CAP theorem [CAP] suggests
   that when network partition occurs, due to delay or disruption, the
   receiver needs to make a local decision in favour of either
   availability of its service for the received message or consistency
   of its operations in not accepting revoked certificate, which was
   used to provide integrity service to the received message.  In other
   words, when the Receiver has received the public key certificate but
   has not received any revocation information as yet, it needs to vote
   in favour of either: (a) availability, by accepting the certificate
   without waiting for revocation information; or, (b) consistency, by
   waiting for the receipt of revocation information.  If it votes in
   favour of availability, it risks the use of inconsistent information.
   If it votes in favour of consistency, it risks lack of availability
   of the public-key for some dependent information processing, which
   must be paused.  Clearly, in the presence of delay and disruption,
   both consistency and availability cannot be achieved.

   DTN Key Management solutions must be partition tolerant and provide
   trade-off options for their applications between availability and
   security consistency.  Such a trade-off may be realized in an
   application-agnostic manner by aiming for eventual consistency
   instead of immediate consistency.  Eventual consistency means that
   all DTN nodes will eventually reject revoked keys but until such an
   eventuality some DTN nodes are allowed to work with stale revocation
   information depending on their application security sensitivity.
   Immediate consistency is not possible in DTN but is possible in the
   terrestrial Internet.  The time available for accepting or rejecting
   the certificate (and the message) will be decided by the
   application's security threshold.

2.2.  Communication patterns for solving the DTN problem

   As mentioned previously, the two-fold problem of DTN Key Management
   Problem is:(a) how can the Trusted Authority know when the Receiver
   needs the revocation information for a Public-Key Certificate; and,



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   (b) how can periodic and consistent revocation information be made
   available in timely and delay-and-disruption tolerant manner?

   Five communication patterns can provide solutions to the first
   question (Question a), namely:

   Pattern 1:  (Request-response) The Receiver informs the Trusted
               Authority every time when it needs fresh revocation
               information for a certificate by sending a request.  The
               Trust Authority responds with a fresh status information
               for that certificate.

   Pattern 2:  (Publish-subscribe) The Receiver informs the Trusted
               Authority about its interest in a certificate only once,
               which is the first time when it needs the revocation
               information, by sending a subscription request.  The
               Trusted Authority responds to the subscription request
               with a fresh status information for that certificate and
               remembers the subscription request.  Whenever there is a
               change in status information, the Trusted Authority sends
               the updates to the Receiver without having to receive a
               request for the same.

   Pattern 3:  (Blacklist broadcast) The Trusted Authority does not
               receive any certificate-specific request from any
               Receiver.  It periodically broadcasts Certificate
               Revocation Lists (CRLs)to all DTN nodes including the
               Receiver.  If the broadcast mechanism were to be replaced
               with a multicast mechanism, then the Receiver will be
               expected to register its address with the Trusted
               Authority exactly once as a registration process.  Note
               that the registration process does not reference any
               certificate unlike the subscription process in the
               previous pattern.

   Pattern 4:  (White-list broadcast) This communication pattern is
               similar to the previous communication pattern except that
               the Trusted Authority periodically broadcasts a list of
               valid certificates instead of broadcasting a list of
               invalidated certificates.  This communication pattern is
               useful when the number of certified public-keys are less.

   Pattern 5:  (Publish with proxy subscribe) The Sender sends its
               certificate through the Trusted Authority to the
               Receiver, who shall accept certificates only from the
               Trusted Authority.  The Trusted Authority validates the
               certificate before forwarding it to the Receiver.  The
               Trusted Authority subscribes the Receiver for interest in



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               the Sender's certificate so that periodic updates can be
               sent in the future for the certificate.  Thus, the Sender
               acts as a proxy for the Receiver and subscribes the
               Receiver for future updates from the Trusted Authority.

   Pattern 1 describes the communication style used by terrestrial key
   management solutions such as OCSP.  The Receiver may receive the
   certificate from the Sender every time a security session is
   established as is the case in TLS [RFC5246].  Thus, the Receiver may
   need to send a request to the Trusted Authority every time a security
   session is established.  Section 1 discussed why this communication
   style is not suitable for DTN.

   Pattern 2 has a similar complexity as Pattern 1 for the first round
   of communication for a certificate between the Receiver and the
   Trusted Authority.  The communication complexity greatly eases from
   the second round onwards when the Trusted Authority can send updates
   to the Receiver without requiring a request.  Although this pattern
   improves the communication complexity from the second round onwards,
   it does not improve communication complexity of the first round of
   communications, which is a bottleneck in the DTN settings as
   described for Pattern 1 in Section 1.

   Patterns 3 and 4 require periodical broadcast/multicast of a list
   data structure (CRL or list of valid public keys).  The efficiency of
   such patterns depend on three factors, namely: the size of the list
   of revoked certificates, the number of communication recipients, and
   the frequency of communication.  If any one of these factor were to
   increase, bandwidth utilization will be inefficient because not all
   recipients of the communication may be interested in all elements of
   the list that they receive.  Thus, most recipients will end up
   discarding many communications that they receive from the Trusted
   Authority.  When two or more of the factors were to increase
   simultaneously, the communication system may be overloaded and normal
   application communications may be affected.  Clearly, this solution
   is not scalable with the increase in number of recipients.
   Additionally, since Pattern 4 uses white-lists and, in public key
   management, white-lists grow more frequently than black-lists, the
   frequency of communications between the Trusted Authority and the
   Receivers will be higher than in Pattern 3.  Also, since the
   Receivers depend on the Trusted Authority for timely delivery of
   white-listed keys, the first communication from the Sender to the
   Receiver must strictly happen after the Trusted Authority has sent
   the Sender's public key to the Receiver in a white-list
   communication.  Otherwise, the Sender's communication will have to be
   rejected by the Receiver even though the Sender may be in possession
   of a registered (or authorized) public key.  This calls for increased
   out-of-band delay-tolerant synchronization between the Sender and the



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   Receiver.  For reasons mentioned above, this document shall not
   pursue Patterns 3 and 4.

   Pattern 5 requires every Sender to send their public-key certificates
   through the Trusted Authority to the Receiver.  The Trusted Authority
   can be a validator, which is allowed to filter communications with
   revoked public-key certificates.  Additionally, the validator
   remembers the Receiver's interest in order to send periodic
   revocation updates for the forwarded public-key certificates.  The
   rest of this document shall employ this communication pattern.

3.  PKDN Architecture

   As mentioned in the previous section, this proposal adopts
   Communication Pattern 5 for designing Public Key Distribution Network
   (PKDN).  The elements of PKDN and simplified information flow are
   shown in Figure 2.  The sender sends its certificate, along with
   other information such as receiver's address, to a validator in the
   PKDN.  The validator forwards valid certificates to the receiver and
   sends certificate revocation information to the receiver when such
   information is available.  In order to make the information flow
   practical, addressing, timing, and security meta-data are sent along
   with the certificate, validated certificate, and certificate status.
   The details of the meta-data shall be described in the rest of this
   section.

                         +----------------------+
                         |Delay Tolerant Network|
                         |      +-------+       |
                         |      |  CRM  |       |
                         |      +---+---+       |
                         |          |           |
                         |          |Delta-CRL  |Validated
      +------+           |    +-----v------+    |Certificate +--------+
      |      |Certificate|    |   (PKDN)   +----------------->        |
      |Sender+----------------> Network of |    |            |Receiver|
      |      |           |    | Validators +----------------->        |
      +------+           |    +------------+    |Certificate +--------+
                         +----------------------+Status

              Figure 2: Simplified view of PKDN Architecture

   Figure 3 presents a simplified communication stack view of the same
   PKDN architecture (Figure 2).  It does not depict the complete Bundle
   Protocol layering architecture for the sake of clarity and brevity --
   RFC 5050 [RFC5050] contains the complete Bundle protocol layering
   architecture.  All architectural elements of PKDN use the Bundle




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   Protocol (BP) layer as their communication interface.  Thus, every
   PKDN architectural element is a Bundle Protocol Application.

                          +--------+
          +-----------+   |  CRM   | +-----------+
          |           |   +--------+ |           |
          | Validator |   |   BP   | | Validator |
          +-----------+   +---+----+ +-----------+
          |   BP      +-+     |   +--+   BP      |
          +-----------+ |     |   |  +-----------+
                        |     |   |
      +--------+     _( +===- |   |        +----------+
      |        |    (        -+ )-+- -_    |          |
      | Sender |   (  Delay Tolerant  _)   | Receiver |
      +--------+  (_    Network    _=-     +----------+
      |   BP   +----+    Cloud    _)       |    BP    |
      +--------+     -=__(__  _-)-         +-----+----+
                           -+-                   |
                            |                    |
                            +--------------------+

     Figure 3: PKDN Architecture: Simplified communication stack view

3.1.  PKDN Architectural elements

   The architectural elements and their roles are as follows.

   1.  (Revocation Manager - RM) This element is the revocation
       authority for a PKDN.  There can be one or more RMs in a PKDN.  A
       revocation manager has a self-signed public key.  The self-signed
       public key must be made available securely to all other
       architectural entities as an out-of-bound, single-time
       configuration.

   2.  (Sender) The sender of a message with a valid certificate from a
       Certificate Authority, which is outside the purview of PKDN.

   3.  (Receiver) The receiver of a message that has the root-public key
       corresponding to the Certificate Authority of the sender.

   4.  (Validator) It is a logically in-line element between the sender
       and the receiver.  It must have the root-public key corresponding
       to the Certificate Authority of the sender.  It verifies the
       validity of the sender's certificate and that the certificate has
       not been revoked.  It also sends revocation periodic updates for
       the sender's certificate.





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   Since PKDN does not prescribe any interactions for or with the
   sender's Certificate Authority, it is not listed as an architectural
   element.  But, the sender, receiver, and validator are expected to be
   in possession of the root, self-signed certificate of the sender's
   certification chain-of-trust.

3.2.  Root Key Configuration

   Every element of the PKDN architecture must be in possession of the
   root, self-signed certificate of the RM's certification chain-of-
   trust.  Every element of the PKDN architecture, except the RM, must
   be in possession of the root, self-signed certificate of the sender's
   Certificate Authority's chain of trust.  The root, self-signed
   certificates must be physically configured in a secure manner on
   every architectural element.  Therefore, the root, self-signed
   certificates are not expected to change or be revoked.

3.3.  Distributed Relationship Management

   A relationship in PKDN is defined by the tuple: ((sender-certificate-
   fingerprint, sender identity, validator identity, receiver identity),
   E), where:

   1.  sender-certificate-fingerprint is a cryptographic hash of the
       sender's public key certificate, which is specified to expire at
       time CE -- specified in Universal Time (UT);

   2.  validator identity designates the validator that created this
       relationship;

   3.  receiver identity designates the receiver for which the validator
       created this relationship; and,

   4.  E is a future time, which is specified in Universal Time (UT),
       when this relationship must expire such that E is less than or
       equal to CE.

   The relationship is stored asynchronously by the sender, validator,
   and receiver.  Validator stores the relationship tuple first.  The
   receiver and sender store the relationship tuple asynchronously after
   receiving a communication from the validator.

   Let L be a system-wide constant to indicate the maximum duration for
   the validity of a given relationship.  Let M be the maximum expected
   communication delay in the DTN, over which the PKDN is an overlay.
   Then, L >> 3*M: the duration of relationship validity must be much
   greater than three times the maximum expected communication delay
   anywhere in the DTN.  The following expression is a corollary: L/3 >>



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   M.  When L is 8 hours, for example, the communication delay, M, must
   be less than 2.66 hours.  The expiry time for the relationship, E, is
   computed as E = (T + L) where T is the time when the relationship was
   created by the validator.  The sender, receiver, and validator must
   asynchronously delete expired relationship tuples.  If the validator
   receives a revocation notice including a sender-certificate-
   fingerprint, which has unexpired relationships, then the validator
   must send a revocation notice for that relationship to respective
   receivers.  The sender can prevent the expiry of a relationship tuple
   by sending a fresh relationship request to the corresponding
   validator.

   Optionally, the sender may have multiple unexpired relationship
   tuples with a receiver by sending relationship requests through
   multiple validators.  The receiver can reject relationships by
   sending an unsubscribe message for a specified sender-certificate-
   fingerprint to the validator.

3.4.  PKDN Data Structures

   Relationship are created, revoked, or rejected by asynchronously
   passing messages -- we only assume synchronization of clocks in the
   PKDN, which is also the assumption in the underlying DTN.  The
   messages passed along with their formats are as follows.

   1.  (Relationship request bundle or RRqBundle) is sent by the sender
       to the validator.  It contains the sender identity, sender
       timestamp, sender's public-key certificate, validator identity,
       receiver identity, and a signature for the RRqBundle using the
       sender's private key corresponding to the sender's public-key
       certificate.

   2.  (Relationship creation bundle or RCBundle) is sent by the
       validator to the receiver.  It contains the RRqBundle that
       triggered the creation of this bundle along with the expiry time
       of this relationship (E), validator's public-key certificate, and
       a signature for the RCBundle using the validator's private key
       corresponding to the validator's public-key certificate.

   3.  (Relationship creation acknowledgement bundle or RCaBundle) is
       sent by the validator to the sender.  It contains sender
       identity, validator identity, receiver identity, sender time
       stamp, sender-certificate-fingerprint, E, validator's public-key
       certificate, and a signature on the RCaBundle using the
       validator's private key corresponding to the validator's public-
       key certificate.





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   4.  (Relationship revocation bundle or RRvBundle) is sent by the
       validator to the receiver.  It contains the sender-certificate-
       fingerprint, validator identity, receiver identity, revocation
       time stamp, and a signature on the RRvBundle using the
       validator's private key.

   5.  (Relationship rejection bundle or RRjBundle) is sent by the
       receiver to the validator.  It contains the sender-certificate-
       fingerprint, validator identity, receiver identity, receiver's
       public-key certificate, rejection time stamp, and a signature for
       the RRvBundle using the receiver's private key corresponding to
       the receiver's public-key certificate.

   6.  (Relationship termination notice bundle or RtnBundle) is sent by
       the validator to the sender.  It contains the sender-certificate-
       fingerprint, validator identity, receiver identity, sender
       identity, termination time stamp, termination reason (revocation
       or rejection), and a signature for the RtnBundle using the
       validator's private key corresponding.

   The message formats can be serialized using JSON, CBOR, or any other
   serialization format that is compatible with the DTN Bundle Protocol.

3.5.  Relationship Service Design

   The relationship services of PKDN to its clients are as follows.

   1.  (Relationship creation) When a Validator receives a RRqBundle
       from a sender for a receiver, it:

       1.  verifies the authenticity and validity of sender's
           certificate in the RRqBundle;

       2.  verifies the sender's authentication in the RRqBundle;

       3.  registers a relationship for the RRqBundle with expiry time
           E, as explained in the previous section;

       4.  constructs and sends a RCBundle to the receiver designated in
           RRqBundle; and,

       5.  constructs and returns a RCaBundle to the sender of the
           RRqBundle.

   2.  (Relationship revocation) When a validator receives a revocation
       notice for a sender-certificate-fingerprint from the CRM, it must
       construct and send a RRjBundle to all receivers who have a
       relationship with that sender-certificate-fingerprint.  The



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       validator must construct and send RtnBundle to the corresponding
       sender with revocation as the termination reason.

   3.  (Relationship rejection) The receiver may can unsubscribe its
       interest in a sender-certificate-fingerprint by sending a
       RRjBundle to the corresponding validator.  The validator, in
       response, must send a corresponding RtnBundle to the
       corresponding sender with rejection as the termination reason.

   The specification of L units of time in the design implies that the
   sender must send at least one PKDN Bundle after every L units of time
   in order to keep its relationship with the receiver.  In response to
   the relationship initiation from the sender, the receiver can
   initiate a relationship with the sender by switching their sender-
   receiver roles.  Thus, PKDN can support simplex and duplex security
   relationships.

3.5.1.  Distribution of CRL

   The CRM maintains the master copy of the Certificate Revocation List
   (CRL) in the system.  When a new entry is added to the CRL, the CRM
   sends the addition as authenticated delta CRL update messages to all
   registered validators.  Upon receiving the authenticated delta CRL
   messages, the validators must update their local copies of CRL.  The
   local copies of the CRL are then used by the validators to provide
   relationship revocation service to the clients.

   The Detla CRL messages from the CRM has the following structure with
   two structures: (Delta := list((sender-certificate-fingerprint,CE,
   RTS)), Auth := CRM-authenticator), where Delta is a list that has
   been added to the master CRL by the CRM and Auth is the digital
   signature on Delta by the CRM.  The list elements of Delta are
   3-tuples such that sender-certificate-fingerprint and CE (certificate
   expiry) are as described in Section 3.3 and RTS is the timestamp when
   this tuple was added to the master CRL.  As with other data-
   structures, the message format can be serialized using JSON, CBOR, or
   any other serialization format that is compatible with DTN.

3.6.  Reliability and Availability

   The reliability and availability aspects of PKDN design are discussed
   below.  The degree of reliability and availability are dependent on
   the domain of application of DTN and PKDN.  Therefore, generic
   discussions are provided in this section for developing DTN and PKDN
   with suitable degrees of reliability and availability.






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3.6.1.  Reliability against misconfiguration

   Every client must be configured with the network identifier of its
   validator.  This configuration is not a system wide constant.  This
   information may be configured statically or dynamically using
   discovery protocols or remote administration protocols before the
   sender/receiver can join PKDN.  It is essential that the configured
   validator services are reliable and reachable.

3.6.2.  Availability

   PKDN has two types of network services, namely those for:
   relationship management and distributed CRL management.  The
   availability of these two network services despite adversarial
   presence determines the availability of PKDN.  As is the case with
   DTN, PKDN will have to rely on the lower layers to provide
   availability guarantees despite adversarial interactions.

4.  IANA Considerations

   This document potentially contains IANA considerations depending on
   the design choices adopted for future work.  But, in its present
   form, there are no immediate IANA considerations.

5.  Security Considerations

   Security issues and considerations are discussed through out this
   document.

6.  References

6.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-dtn-bpbis]
              Burleigh, S., Fall, K., and E. Birrane, "Bundle Protocol",
              draft-ietf-dtn-bpbis-03 (work in progress), March 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-dtn-bpsec]
              Birrane, E., Pierce-Mayer, J., and D. Iannicca, "Bundle
              Protocol Security Specification", draft-ietf-dtn-bpsec-00
              (work in progress), December 2015.

   [I-D.templin-dtnskmreq]
              Templin, F. and S. Burleigh, "DTN Security Key Management
              - Requirements and Design", draft-templin-dtnskmreq-00
              (work in progress), February 2015.





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   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4838]  Cerf, V., Burleigh, S., Hooke, A., Torgerson, L., Durst,
              R., Scott, K., Fall, K., and H. Weiss, "Delay-Tolerant
              Networking Architecture", RFC 4838, DOI 10.17487/RFC4838,
              April 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4838>.

   [RFC5050]  Scott, K. and S. Burleigh, "Bundle Protocol
              Specification", RFC 5050, DOI 10.17487/RFC5050, November
              2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5050>.

   [RFC6257]  Symington, S., Farrell, S., Weiss, H., and P. Lovell,
              "Bundle Security Protocol Specification", RFC 6257,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6257, May 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6257>.

6.2.  Informative References

   [CAP]      Brewer, E., "CAP twelve years later: How the "rules" have
              changed", Feb 2012, <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/
              articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6133253>.

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
              RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC5751]  Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet
              Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2 Message
              Specification", RFC 5751, DOI 10.17487/RFC5751, January
              2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5751>.

   [RFC6066]  Eastlake 3rd, D., "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions: Extension Definitions", RFC 6066,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6066, January 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6066>.








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   [RFC6960]  Santesson, S., Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A.,
              Galperin, S., and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key
              Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP",
              RFC 6960, DOI 10.17487/RFC6960, June 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6960>.

Authors' Addresses

   Kapali Viswanathan
   Boeing Research & Technology
   Unit 501, 5th Floor, Tower D, RMZ Infinity
   No 3, Old Madras Rd
   Bangalore, KA  560016
   IN

   Email: kapaleeswaran.viswanathan@boeing.com


   Fred L. Templin
   Boeing Research & Technology
   P.O. Box 3707
   Seattle, WA  98124
   USA

   Email: fltemplin@acm.org


























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