Internet DRAFT - draft-thubert-tsvwg-detnet-transport

draft-thubert-tsvwg-detnet-transport







TSVWG                                                    P. Thubert, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                     Cisco
Intended status: Standards Track                        October 30, 2017
Expires: May 3, 2018


              A Transport Layer for Deterministic Networks
                draft-thubert-tsvwg-detnet-transport-01

Abstract

   This document specifies the behavior of a Transport Layer operating
   over a Deterministic Network and implementing a DetNet Service Layer
   and a Northbound side of the DetNet User-to-Network Interface.

Status of This Memo

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  On Deterministic Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Applications and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.2.  The DetNet User-to-Network Interface (UNI)  . . . . . . .   7
     3.3.  The DetNet Stack  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.4.  The DetNet Service Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  DetTrans Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.1.  DetTrans Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.2.  Application Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       4.2.1.  Packet Normalization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       4.2.2.  Packet Streaming  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.3.  Deterministic Flow Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.3.1.  Deterministic Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.3.2.  Deterministic Flow Encapsulation and Stitching  . . .  11
         4.3.2.1.  Flow Stitching  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
         4.3.2.2.  Load Sharing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
         4.3.2.3.  Flow Aggregation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       4.3.3.  Deterministic Service Protection  . . . . . . . . . .  13
         4.3.3.1.  PRE vs. 1+1 Redundancy  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
         4.3.3.2.  Network Coding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
         4.3.3.3.  Multipath DetTrans Services . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   5.  The DetNet-UNI  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.1.  Local Loop Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       5.1.1.  Dichotomy of a DetNet End System  . . . . . . . . . .  16
       5.1.2.  Local Loop Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       5.1.3.  Network Pull vs. Rate Based Flow Control  . . . . . .  18
     5.2.  DetNet-UNI Protocol Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       5.2.1.  the "More" Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       5.2.2.  the "Time-Correction" Message . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       5.2.3.  Loss of a Control Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   8.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   9.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22

1.  Introduction

   Over last twenty years, voice, data and video networks have converged
   to digital over IP.  Mail delivery has become quasi-immediate and
   volumes have multiplied; long distance voice is now mostly free and
   the videophone is finally a reality; TV is available on-demand and
   games became interactive and massively multi-player.  The convergence
   of highly heterogeneous networks over IP resulted in significant
   drops in price for the end-user while adding new distinct value to



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   the related services.  Yet, and even though similar benefits can be
   envisioned when converging new applications over the Internet, there
   are still many disjoint branches in the networking family tree, many
   use-cases where mission-specific applications continue to utilize
   dedicated point-to-point analog and digital technologies for their
   operations.

   Forty years ago, Control Information was first encoded as an analog
   modulation of current (typically 4 to 20 mA) that can be carried
   virtually instantly and with no loss over a distance.  Then came
   digitization, which enabled to multiplex data with the control signal
   and manage the devices, but at the same time introduced latency to
   industrial processes, the necessary delay to encode a series of bits
   on a link and transport them along, which in turn may limit the
   amount of transported information.  The need to save cable and
   simplify wiring lead to the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) of
   signals from multiple devices over shared digital buses, each signal
   being granted access to the medium at a fixed period for a fixed
   duration; with TDM, came more latency, waiting for the next reserved
   access time.  Statistical multiplexing, with Ethernet and IP, was
   then introduced to achieve higher speeds at lower cost, and with it
   came jitter and congestion loss.

   A number of Operational Technology (OT) applications are now
   migrating to Ethernet and IP, but that comes at the expense of
   additional latency for the flows, to compensate for the degradation
   of the transport discussed above.  This also comes at the expense of
   additional complexity in particular, applications may need to
   transport a sense of time, provide some Forward Error Correction
   (FEC) and include a jitter absorption buffer.  for that reason, many
   applications were never ported and OT networks are still largely
   operated on point-to-point serial links and TDM buses.

   A sense of what Deterministic Networking is has emerged as the
   capability to make the Application simple again and enable a larger
   migration of existing applicationsby absorbing the complexity lower
   in the stack, at the Transport, Network and Link layers.  A
   Deterministic Network should be capable to emulate point-to-point
   wires over a packet network, sharing the network resources between
   deterministic and non-deterministic flows in such a fashion that
   there can no observable influence whatsoever on a deterministic flow
   from any other flow, regardless of the load of the network.

   The generalization of the needs for more deterministic networks have
   led to the IEEE 802.1 AVB Task Group becoming the Time-Sensitive
   Networking (TSN) [IEEE802.1TSNTG] Task Group (TG), with a much-
   expanded constituency from the industrial and vehicular markets.  In
   order to address the problem at the network layer, the DetNet Working



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   Group was formed to specify the signaling elements to be used to
   establish a path and the tagging elements to be used identify the
   flows that are to be forwarded along that path.

   The "Deterministic Networking Use Cases" [I-D.ietf-detnet-use-cases]
   indicates that beyond the classical case of industrial automation and
   control systems (IACS), there are in fact multiple industries with
   strong and yet relatively similar needs for deterministic network
   services such as latency guarantees and ultra-low packet loss.  The
   "Deterministic Networking Problem Statement"
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-problem-statement] documents the specific
   requirements for the use of routed networks to support these
   applications and the "Deterministic Networking Architecture"
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture] introduces the model that must be
   proposed to integrate determinism in IT technology.

   A DetNet network will guarantee a bounded latency and a very low
   packet loss as long as the incoming flows respect a certain Service
   Level Agreement (SLA), as typically expressed in the form of a
   maximum packet size, a time window of observation and a maximum
   number of packets per time window.

   Outside the scope of DetNet, the IETF will also need to specify the
   necessary protocols, or protocol additions, based on relevant IETF
   technologies, to enable end-to-end deterministic flows.  One critical
   element is the Deterministic Transport Layer (DetTrans) that adapts
   the flows coming from the Application Layer to the SLA of the DetNet
   Network and provide end-to-end guarantees such as loss, latency and
   timeliness.

   The DetTrans Layer should in particular ensure that:

   o  the Deterministic Network setup matches the needs of the
      Application

   o  the Application flows are presented to the Deterministic Network
      in accordance to the SLA regardless of the way the data is passed
      from the application

   o  the use of the network is optimized so as to ensure that every
      byte from the application can effectively be transported

   o  the application flow is delivered reliably and with a bounded
      latency to the other Transport End Point, which may imply a FEC
      technique such as Network Coding, Packet Replication and
      Elimination (PRE), or basic 1+1 redundancy.





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   o  the full of the application flow is served, which may require the
      use of multiple reservations in parallel, and the reordering of
      the flows

   On the one hand, the Deterministic Network will typically guarantee a
   constant rate, so the classical Transport feature of flow control
   will not be needed in a Deterministic Transport.  On the other hand,
   the Application and Transport layers may not reside in the same
   device as the DetNet Router and/or the IEEE Std. 802.1 TSN Bridge
   that acts as ingress point to the Deterministic Network.  It results
   that a minimum reliability and flow control must take place over the
   Local Loop between these devices to ensure that the Deterministic
   Network is kept optimally fed, meaning that packets are received just
   in time for their scheduled transmission opportunities.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  On Deterministic Networking

3.1.  Applications and Requirements

   The Internet is not the only digital network that has grown
   dramatically over the last 30-40 years.  Video and audio
   entertainment, and control systems for machinery, manufacturing
   processes, and vehicles are also ubiquitous, and are now based almost
   entirely on digital technologies.  Over the past 10 years, engineers
   in these fields have come to realize that significant advantages in
   both cost and in the ability to accelerate growth can be obtained by
   basing all of these disparate digital technologies on packet
   networks.

   The goals of Deterministic Networking are to enable the migration of
   applications that use special-purpose fieldbus technologies (HDMI,
   CANbus, ProfiBus, etc... even RS-232!) to packet technologies in
   general, and the Internet Protocol in particular, and to support both
   these new applications, and existing packet network applications,
   over the same physical network.

   Considerable experience ([ODVA]/[EIP], [AVnu], [Profinet],[HART],
   [IEC62439], [ISA100.11a] and [WirelessHART], etc...) has shown that
   these applications need a some or all of a suite of deterministic
   features.

   That suite of deterministic features includes:



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   1.  Time synchronization of all Host and network nodes (Routers and/
       or Bridges), accurate to something between 10 nanoseconds and 10
       microseconds, depending on the application.

   2.  Support for critical packet flows that:

       *  Can be unicast or multicast;

       *  Need absolute guarantees of minimum and maximum latency end-
          to-end across the network; sometimes a tight jitter is
          required as well;

       *  Need a packet loss ratio beyond the classical range for a
          particular medium, in the range of 10^-9 to 10^-12, or better,
          on Ethernet, and in the order of 10^-5 in Wireless Sensor Mesh
          Networks;

       *  Can, in total, absorb more than half of the network's
          available bandwidth (that is, massive over-provisioning is
          ruled out as a solution);

       *  Cannot suffer throttling, flow control, or any other network-
          imposed latency, for flows that can be meaningfully
          characterized either by a fixed, repeating transmission
          schedule, or by a maximum bandwidth and packet size;

   3.  Multiple methods to schedule, shape, limit, and otherwise control
       the transmission of critical packets at each hop through the
       network data plane;

   4.  Robust defenses against misbehaving Hosts, Routers, or Bridges,
       both in the data and control planes, with guarantees that a
       critical flow within its guaranteed resources cannot be affected
       by other flows whatever the pressures on the network;

   5.  One or more methods to reserve resources in Bridges and Routers
       to carry these flows.

   Robustness is a common need for networking protocols, but plays a
   more important part in real-time control networks, where expensive
   equipment, and even lives, can be lost due to misbehaving equipment.
   Reserving resources before packet transmission is the one fundamental
   shift in the behavior of network applications that is impossible to
   avoid.  In the first place, a network cannot deliver finite latency
   and practically zero packet loss to an arbitrarily high offered load.
   Secondly, achieving practically zero packet loss for un-throttled
   (though bandwidth limited) flows means that Bridges and Routers have
   to dedicate buffer resources to specific flows or to classes of



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   flows.  The requirements of each reservation have to be translated
   into the parameters that control each Host's, Bridge's, and Router's
   queuing, shaping, and scheduling functions and delivered to the
   Hosts, Bridges, and Routers.

3.2.  The DetNet User-to-Network Interface (UNI)

   The "Deterministic Networking Architecture"
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture] presents the end-to-end networking
   model and the DetNet services; in particular, it depicts the DetNet
   User-to-Network Interfaces (DetNet-UNIs) ("U" in Figure 1) between
   the Edge nodes (PE) of the Deterministic Network and the End Systems.
   These UNIs are assumed to be packet-based reference points and
   provide connectivity over the packet network.  The Architecture also
   mentions internal reference points between the Central Processing
   Unit (CPU) and the Network Interface Card (NIC) in the End System.
   The DetNet-UNIs provide congestion protection services and belong to
   the DetNet Transport Layer.

  DetNet                                                       DetNet
End System                                                   End System
   _                                                                _
  / \     +----DetNet-UNI (U)                                      / \
 /App\    |                                                       /App\
/-----\   |                                                      /-----\
| NIC |   v         ________                                     | NIC |
+--+--+   _____    /        \               DetNet-UNI (U) --+   +--+--+
   |     /     \__/          \                               |      |
   |    / +----+    +----+    \_____                         |      |
   |   /  |    |    |    |          \_______                 |      |
   +------U PE +----+ P  +----+             \            _   v      |
       |  |    |    |    |    |              |       ___/ \         |
       |  +--+-+    +----+    |       +----+ |      /      \_       |
       \     |                |       |    | |     /         \      |
        \    |   +----+    +--+-+  +--+PE  |--------         U------+
         \   |   |    |    |    |  |  |    | |     \_      _/
          \  +---+ P  +----+ P  +--+  +----+ |       \____/
           \___  |    |    |    |           /
               \ +----+__  +----+     DetNet-1      DetNet-2
   |            \_____/  \___________/                              |
   |                                                                |
   |      |     End-to-End-Service         |       |         |      |
   <---------------------------------------------------------------->
   |      |     DetNet-Service             |       |         |      |
   |      <-------------------------------------------------->      |
   |      |                                |       |         |      |

          Figure 1: DetNet Service Reference Model (multi-domain)



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   A specific hardware is necessary for the time-sensitive functions of
   synchronization, shaping and scheduling.  This hardware may or may
   not be fully available on a NIC inside the Host system.  This
   specification makes a distinction between a fully DetNet-Capable NIC,
   and a DetNet-Aware NIC that participates to the DetNet-UNI, but is
   not synchronized and scheduled with the Deterministic Network.

3.3.  The DetNet Stack

   The "Deterministic Networking Architecture"
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture] presents a conceptual DetNet data
   plane layering model.  The protocol stack includes a Service Layer
   and a Transport Layer and is illustrated in Figure 2.

         |   packets going   |             ^   packets coming  ^
         v  down the stack   v             |    up the stack   |
       +------------------------+        +------------------------+
       |         Source         |        |      Destination       |
       +------------------------+        +------------------------+
       |      Service layer     |        |     Service layer      |
       |   -------------------  |        |  --------------------  |
       |       Adaptation       |        |      Presentation      |
       | Packet      | Network  |        | Duplicate   | Network  |
       | sequencing  | Coding   |        | elimination | Coding   |
       | Flow        | Packet   |        | Flow        | Packet   |
       | duplication | encoding |        | merging     | decoding |
       +-------------+----------+        +-------------+----------+
       |    Transport layer     |        |    Transport layer     |
       |  -------------------   |        |  -------------------   |
       |     Encapsulation      |        |      Decapsulation     |
       | Congestion protection  |        | Congestion protection  |
       +------------------------+        +------------------------+
       |      Lower layers      |        |      Lower layers      |
       +------------------------+        +------------------------+
            DetNet End System                  DetNet End System
                    v                                ^
                     \________DetNet Transport______/

            Figure 2: DetNet-Capable End-System Protocol Stack

3.4.  The DetNet Service Model

   The "DetNet Service Model" [I-D.varga-detnet-service-model] provides
   more details on the distribution of DetNet awareness and services.







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4.  DetTrans Operations

4.1.  DetTrans Overview

   The DetNet Service Layer mostly operates between the end-points,
   though it is possible that some operations such as Packet Replication
   and Elimination are also performed in selected intermediate nodes.
   The DetNet Transport Layer represents the methods that ensure that a
   packet is deterministically forwarded hop-by-hop from a Detnet Relay
   to the next.  The term "Transport" in the DetNet terminology must not
   be confused with the function described in this document.  This
   document defines Detrans as a Layer-4 operation and an IETF Transport
   Layer; DetTrans provides DetNet End-To-End Services for its
   Applications, as well as intermediate services in selected points.

   Following the DetNet Architecture, DetTrans mostly corresponds to the
   DetNet Service Layer and its interface with the Detnet Transport
   Layer for congestion protection services through the DetNet_UNI, as
   well as for encapsulation and decapsulation services.  Compared to a
   traditional IETF Transport Layer, DetTrans performs similar operation
   of end-to-end reliability, flow control and multipath load sharing,
   but differs on how those functionalities are achieved.

   Architectural variations are also introduced, for instance:

   o  Multipath operations are not necessarily end-to-end and a DetTrans
      function may be present inside the network to relay between N
      parallel paths and M parallel path, and or perform reliability
      functionality such as Packet Replication and Elimination.

   o  The flow control is only needed between the DetTrans Layer and the
      first Deterministic Transit or Relay Node, for instance a DetNet
      Router or an IEEE Std. 802.1 TSN Bridge.  From that point on, the
      flow is strictly controlled by the DetNet operation.
      Architecturally speaking, the flow control does not belong to the
      DetNet Service Layer but to the DetNet Transport Layer, which
      means that this specification also defines a sublayer from the
      DetNet Transport Layer for DetNet-UNI operations.

4.2.  Application Requirements

4.2.1.  Packet Normalization

   A typical SLA for DetNet must be simple, for instance a maximum
   packet size, and a maximum number of packets per window of time.
   Smaller packets will mean wasted bandwidth, and excess packets within
   a time window will be destroyed by the ingress shaping at the first
   DetNet Bridge or Router.



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   The way the application layer feed the DetTrans layer may not
   necessarily match the SLA with the Deterministic Network and in order
   to provide the expected service, the DetTrans layer must pack the
   data in packets that are as close to the maximum packet size as
   possible, and yet make them available for transmission before
   scheduled time.

4.2.2.  Packet Streaming

   The DetTrans Layer operates on its own sense of time which may be
   loosely connected to the shared sense of time in the Deterministic
   Network.

   The DetTrans layer must shape its transmissions so as to ensure that
   packets are delivered just in time to be injected along schedule in
   the Deterministic Network.

4.3.  Deterministic Flow Services

4.3.1.  Deterministic Flows

   Deterministic forwarding can only apply on flows with well-defined
   characteristics such as periodicity and burstiness.  Before a path
   can be established to serve them, the expression of those
   characteristics, and how the network can serve them, for instance in
   shaping and forwarding operations, must be specified.

   At the time of this writing, the distinction between application
   layer flows and lower layer flows is not clearly stated in the
   "Deterministic Networking Architecture"
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture].  For the purpose of this document, we
   use the term Determistic End-to-End Service Flow (DEESF), or DetTrans
   Flow, to refer to an end-to-end application flow, and the term
   Determistic Service Flow (DSF), or DetNet Flow, to refer to a lower
   layer deterministic transport.  This is illustrated in Figure 3.

+---------------+                                      +---------------+
|  Application  |                                      |  Application  |
+---------------+                                      +---------------+
| Service >--------- DetNet End-to-End Service Flow ---------> Service |
+---------------+       +--------+    +--------+       +---------------+
|  Transport    |       |        |    |        |       |   Transport   |
+---------------+       |>-- DetNet Service -->|       +---------------+
| Lower Layers  |       |         Flow         |       | Lower Layers  |
+---------------+       +--------+    +--------+       +---------------+

                    Figure 3: DetTrans vs. DetNet Flows




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   An application flow is established end-to-end between the DetTrans
   layers and uses one or more lower-layer deterministic flows either in
   parallel or in serial modes.

   At Application and DetTrans Layers, the characteristics of a flow
   relate to aggregate properties such as throughput, loss, and traffic
   shape, and the Traffic Specification (TSPec) is expressed as a
   Constant Bit Rate (CBR) or a Variable Bit Rate (VBR), burstiness
   (e.g. video I-Frames), reliability (e.g. five nines), worst case
   latency, amount of data to transfer, and expected duration of the
   flow.

   At the DetNet Transport Layer (between Relays), metrics are very
   different, and relate to immediate actions on a packet as opposed to
   general characteristics of a flow.  DetNet Transport Layer
   characteristics include time sync precision, time interval between
   packets, packet size, jitter, and number of packets per window of
   time.  This is how the network SLA is defined, but this is not the
   native terms for the application and a complex mapping must ensure
   that the path that is setup and the DetNet Transport Layer
   effectively matches the requirements from the DetNet Services Layer
   and above.

4.3.2.  Deterministic Flow Encapsulation and Stitching

4.3.2.1.  Flow Stitching

   The DetNet encapsulation and decapsulation of one-in-one, one-in-many
   and many-in-one Deterministic flows belongs to the DetNet Transport
   Layer.  Direct one-in-one flow stitching also belongs to the DetNet
   Transport Layer.  This happens when a deterministic flow can be
   directly bridged into another, resource-to-resource, without the need
   of an upper layer adaptation such as service protection from the
   Service Layer.  A Detnet End-to-End Service flow may be stitched into
   one Detnet Service flow, or encapsulated in one or multiple Detnet
   Service flows.

4.3.2.2.  Load Sharing

   Load Sharing refers to the encapsulation of a DetNet Flow in more
   than one DetNet flows, for instance using multiple small and more
   manageable DetNet Service Flows in parallel to carry a large
   Determistic End-to-End Service Flow, in order to avoid the need to
   periodically defragment the network.  Packets are sequenced at the
   DetTrans Layer and distributed over the DetNet Transports paths in
   accordance to their relative capacities.  In case of inconsistent
   jitter and Latency characteristics, packets may need to be reordered
   at the receiving DetTrans Layer based on the DSF Sequence.



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+---------------+       +--------+    +--------+       +---------------+
|  Application  |       |>-- DetNet Service -->|       |  Application  |
+---------v-----+   +-------------Flow-------------+   +-----^---------+
|         |     |   |   |        |    |        |   |   |     |         |
|         |     |   |   +--------+    +--------+   |   |     |         |
|         |     |   |                              |   |     |         |
|         | >------- DetNet End-to-End Service Flow -------> |         |
|         |     |   |                              |   |     |         |
|         |   +-----+   +--------+    +--------+   +-----+   |         |
|         +---+ |       |>-- DetNet Service -->|       | +---+         |
|             +-------------------Flow-------------------+             |
|  DetTrans     |   |   |        |    |        |   |   |     DetTrans  |
+---------------+       +--------+    +--------+       +---------------+
     DetNet                 Deterministic                   DetNet
   End System             Routers and Bridges             End System

                          Figure 4: Load Sharing

   In order to achieve this function, a Load Distribution function is
   required at the source and a Re-Ordering Function is required at the
   destination DetTrans End Point.

4.3.2.3.  Flow Aggregation

   Flow Aggregation refers to the encapsulation of more than one DetNet
   flows in one DetNet Flow, for instance using one large and long-lived
   DetNet Service Flow from a third party provider to carry multiple
   more dynamic Deterministic End-to-End Service Flows across domains.
   Packets are sequenced at the DetTrans Layer and distributed over the
   DetNet Transports paths in accordance to their relative capacities.
   In case of inconsistent jitter and Latency characteristics, packets
   may need to be reordered at the receiving DetTrans Layer based on the
   DSF Sequence.

+---------------+        >-- DetNet Service -->        +---------------+
|  Application  |                 Flow                 |  Application  |
+-----v---v-----+       +--------+    +--------+       +-----^---^-----+
|     |   |     |       |        |    |        |       |     |   |     |
|     |   +--------------------------------------------------+   |     |
|     |    >------- DetNet End-to-End Service Flow --------->    |     |
|     +----------------------------------------------------------+     |
|      >----------- DetNet End-to-End Service Flow ------------->      |
|  DetTrans     |   |   |        |    |        |       |     DetTrans  |
+---------------+       +--------+    +--------+       +---------------+
     DetNet                 Deterministic                   DetNet
   End System             Routers and Bridges             End System

                        Figure 5: Flow Aggregation



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   In order to achieve this function, a multiplexing function is
   required at the source and a demultiplexing function is required at
   the destination DetTrans End Point.

4.3.3.  Deterministic Service Protection

4.3.3.1.  PRE vs. 1+1 Redundancy

   The DetNet Flows may also be used for Packet Replication and
   Elimination, in which case an elimination function is required at the
   DetTrans Termination.

   1+1 Redundancy refers to injecting identical copies of a packet at
   the ingress of two non-congruent paths, and eliminating the excess
   copy when both are received at the egress of the paths.  Packet
   Replication and Elimination extends the concept by enabling more than
   2 paths, and allowing non-end-to-end redundant paths with
   intermediate Replication and Elimination points.

4.3.3.2.  Network Coding

   Redundancy and Load Sharing may be combined with the use of Network
   Coding whereby a coded packet may carry redundancy information for
   previous data packet and cover the loss of one, in which case the
   recovery function is required at the other DetTrans End Point.
   Network Coding provides a Forward Error Correction between multiple
   packets or multiple fragments of a packet.  It may be used at the DSF
   layer to enable an efficient combination of redundancy and load
   sharing.

4.3.3.3.  Multipath DetTrans Services

   A DetTrans Flow may leverage multiple DetNet Flows in parallel in
   order to achieve its requirements in terms of reliability and
   Aggregate throughput.  The "Deterministic Networking Architecture"
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture] clearly states that the capability of
   Replication and Elimination is not limited to the DetNet End Systems.
   DetNet Relay Nodes that operate DetTrans but then relay the packets
   are needed when the DetTrans operations are not end-to-end.

   It may be that the DetTrans flow may need to traverse different
   domains where those Services are operated differently, e.g.
   controlled by different controllers or leveraging different
   technologies.  It may also be that the bandwidth that is required is
   only available one segemnt at a time, and that for each segment, a
   different number of DetNet flows must be setup to transport the full
   amount of the DetTrans flow.




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   Figure 6 illustrates an example of the latter case, whereby The
   DetTrans Flow is distributed over two DetNet Flows, maybe operating
   PRE, then over three DetNet Flows, for instance operating Network
   Coding between them but using a smaller banswidth for each flow, and
   then two DetNet Flows again.

   DetTrans is needed at the interconnection points to adapt the flows,
   recover losses and reinject the appropriate rates in the next
   segment.

+---+-----------+       +--------+    +--------+
| C |Application|   +------------------------------+
| P +-----------+   |   |>- DetNet Transport ->|   |   +---------------+
| U | DetTrans  |   |   +--------+    +--------+   |   | DetTrans  /   |
+---+-----------+   |                              |   |    -------    |
| N | Packet  +-----+   +--------+    +--------+   |   |   /  DetTrans |
| I | Queues -+ |       |>- DetNet Transport ->|   +--------+---+---+  |
| C |         +---------------------------------------------+---+---+  |
+---+-----------+       +--------+    +--------+       +----|---|---|--+
                                                            |   |   |
                                                    DetNet  |   |   |
                                                  Transport |   |   |
                                                            |   |   |
+---+-----------+       +--------+    +--------+            |   |   |
| C |Application|   +------------------------------+        |   |   |
| P +-----------+   |   |<- DetNet Transport -<|   |   +----|---|---|--+
| U | DetTrans  |   |   +--------+    +--------+   +--------+---+---+  |
+---+-----------+   |                              +--------+---+---+  |
| N |         +-----+   +--------+    +--------+   |   |   \  DetTrans |
| I |       <-+ |       |<- DetNet Transport -<|   |   |    -------    |
| C |         +------------------------------------+   | DetTrans  \   |
+---+-----------+       +--------+    +--------+       +---------------+
  DetNet-Aware               Deterministic               Deterministic
  Host Systems               Transit Nodes                Relay Nodes

                      Figure 6: Intermediate Systems

5.  The DetNet-UNI

   Figure 7 illustrates a simple example of classical networked devices
   implementing the DetNet architecture.  In that example, applications
   reside on Host systems and run on main CPUs; DetTrans is collocated
   with its applications and provides them with a Deterministic Service
   through DetTrans APIs.  NICs provides the connectivity to the
   Deterministic Routers or Bridges acting at DetNet Edge and Relay
   Nodes - say as an example that they are IEEE Std. 802.1 TSN Bridges.





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                             Deterministic
   Host System            Routers and Bridges            Host System
+---+-----------+   |   +--------+    +--------+   |   +---+-----------+
| C |Application|   |---|        |----|        |---|   | C |Application|
| P +-----------+   |   |<- DetNet Transport ->|-------+ P +-----------+
| U | DetTrans  |   |   +--------+    +--------+   |   | U | DetTrans  |
+---+-----------+ <------------ DetTrans ------------> +---+-----------+
| N | Lower     |   |   +--------+    +--------+   |   | N | Lower     |
| I | Layers    |---|   |<- DetNet Transport ->|   |---| I | Layers    |
| C | (queues)  |   |---|        |----|        |---|   | C |           |
+---+-----------+   |   +--------+    +--------+   |   +---+-----------+

                 <-UNI-> <-- DetNet Services -> <-UNI->

     <------------- DetNet End-To-End Services ------------------>

                    Figure 7: Example Physical Network

   The DetTrans Layer aggregates the data coming from the application up
   to a maximum frame size that is part of the SLA with the DetNet
   Transport.  Packets thus formed can be distributed over any of
   multiple DetNet Transport sessions that are defined to accept that
   packet size.  Packets formed at the DetTrans Layer are queued and
   ready to be delivered through the DetNet-UNI either with a Rate-Based
   or a Network-Pull mechanism.

   If the NIC is DetNet-Aware then the queue can be offboarded to the
   NIC and it can be drained with a time gate (Rate-Base) or a message-
   driven gate (Network-Pull).  Else, the queue is handled by the CPU
   and hopefully it can be drained within an interrupt, either for a
   timer (Rate-Base) or for a message (Network-Pull).

   The DetNet-UNI protocol enables the DetNet transport ingress point to
   control when the DetTrans Layer transmits its Data packets.  It may
   happen that the DetTrans Layer has not formed a fully-sized packet
   when time comes for sending it, in which case the packet will be sent
   with a size below the maximum.

   The DetNet UNI uses ICMPv6 to carry its protocol elements.  Data
   Packets across the UNI are encapsulated in order to carry DetNet-UNI
   control information to identify the reason of a loss or a delay, and
   determine the action to be taken in case of a packet lost or delayed
   over the interface.








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5.1.  Local Loop Flow Control

5.1.1.  Dichotomy of a DetNet End System

   The logical DetNet End System depicted in Figure 2 comprises several
   elements which may implemented in one or separate physical Systems.
   The example dichotomy in Figure 3 segregates ingress shaping and
   DetNet Relay functions, which are performed by IEEE Std. 802.1 TSN
   Bridges, from a DetNet-Aware Host.

   Hosts and Edge Bridges are connected over Ethernet and together they
   form a DetNet End System.  As it goes, this example introduces a
   further dichotomy within the Host, between the CPU and the NIC,
   across a local bus such as PCI, as illustrated in Figure 8.

  +-------------+           +-------+                      +-----------+
  | Application |           |  MAC  |                      | Ingress   |
  +-------------+ <--PCI--> +-------+ <---- Ethernet ----> | Shaping   |
  |  DetTrans   |           |  PHY  |                      | and Relay |
  +-------------+           +-------+                      +-----------+
       CPU                     NIC                           IEEE Std.
                  <------------- DetNet-UNI ------------->     802.1
  <-----------  Host System  ------------->                  TSN Bridge
  <------------------------- DetNet End System ------------------------>

                        Figure 8: Chained Functions

   The NICs in the Host System may not participate to the network time
   Synchronization and may not be aware of the DetNet protocols running
   between the Deterministic Routers and Bridges, and the associated
   scheduling rules.  In that situation, the DetNet-UNI operates on a
   Local Loop to ensure that a packet that leaves the Transport reaches
   the Router or Bridge just in time for injection into the
   Deterministic data plane and to provide a flow control that avoids
   congestion loss at the interface.

   It is also possible that the NIC participates to the Deterministic
   Network but still has asynchronous communication with DetTrans Layer
   running on the the CPU.  Either way, a flow control over a local loop
   must be implemented to drain the queues from the DetTrans layer and
   feed the network just in time for the deterministic transmission.

   Depending on the level of support by the NIC, the loop may be placed
   on a different interface but remains functionally the same.







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5.1.2.  Local Loop Location

   If the NIC is not aware at all of DetNet, then it is a plain pipe for
   the Deterministic Traffic.  The Local Loop operates between the Edge
   TSN Bridge and the CPU as illustrated in Figure 9.

+---+-----------+           +---+-------+                  +-----------+
| C |Application|           | N | MAC   |                  | Ingress   |
| P +-----------+ <--PCI--> | I +-------+ <-- Ethernet --> | Shaping   |
| U |DetTrans   |           | C | PHY   |    (Bridged      | / Transit |
+---+-----------+           +---+-------+     or P2P)      +-----------+

                  <------------- Local Loop ------------->   Edge 802.1
<-----------  Host System  ------------->                    TSN Bridge

                       Figure 9: DetNet Unaware NIC

   If the NIC is fully DetNet-Capable and participates to the
   deterministic Network including time synchronization and scheduling,
   then the local loop operates between the CPU and the NIC as
   illustrated in Figure 10.

 +---+-----------+           +---+-----------+              +----------+
 | C |Application|           | N | Ingress   |              |  DetNet  |
 | P +-----------+ <--PCI--> | I + Shaping   | <--DetNet--> |  Transit |
 | U |DetTrans   |           | C | / Transit |   Transport  |   Node   |
 +---+-----------+           +---+-----------+              +----------+
                   <-Local-
                    -Loop ->
 <--------------  Host System  -------------->               TSN Bridge

                       Figure 10: DetNet Capable NIC

   If the NIC is DetNet-Aware and does not participates to the
   deterministic Network including time synchronization and scheduling,
   then there are two local loops, one that operates between the CPU and
   the NIC and one that operates between the NIC and the Edge TSN Bridge
   as illustrated in Figure 11.

+---+-----------+           +---+-------+                  +-----------+
| C |Application|           | N | MAC   |    Ethernet      | Ingress   |
| P +-----------+ <--PCI--> | I +-------+ <-- (Bridged --> | Shaping   |
| U |DetTrans   |           | C | PHY   |      or P2P)     | / Transit |
+---+-----------+ <-Local-  +---+-------+                  +-----------+
                   -Loop ->              <-- Local Loop -->    Edge
<-----------  Host System  ------------->                 DetNet Transit

                       Figure 11: DetNet Capable NIC



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5.1.3.  Network Pull vs. Rate Based Flow Control

   The flow control at the DetNet-UNI can take any of two forms:

   Network Pull  In that Model, the DetNet Edge node drains the DetTrans
      queue by sending a DetNet-UNI "More" command some estimated amount
      of time ahead of the scheduled time of transmission for each
      packet; in case of load sharing, multiple DetNet Edge nodes may
      drain a queue at their own rates; in case of a high jitter on the
      UNI Local Loop (e.g. there is a non-deterministic Bridge in
      between, or the NIC is not DetNet-Aware and the flows suffer from
      the more erratic response time of the CPU), the DetNet Edge node
      may need to pull a window of packets to maintain its own
      transmission queues fed at all times

   Rate Based  In that model, the NIC is aware of the rate of the
      deterministic transmission and is drained by its internal timers.
      Since the NIC is not synchronized with the Deterministic Network,
      the Bridge uses a DetNet-UNI "Time-Correction" command
      asynchronously to move forward or backward the next timeout of the
      NIC for that flow, in order to keep the Rate-Based transmission by
      the NIC in rough alignment with the scheduled transmission over
      the DetNet network.

   if the NIC is DetNet-Aware, it is expected that it maintains the
   DetTrans queues in order to provide a deterministic response to the
   DetNet-UNI, and in that case another control loop between the NIC and
   the CPU is needed to ensure that the queue in the NIC is always fed
   in time by the DetTrans Layer; this second loop may be of a different
   nature than the DetNet-UNI one and may for instance be operated
   within an interrupt to limit the asynchronism related to message
   queueing.

5.2.  DetNet-UNI Protocol Exchanges

5.2.1.  the "More" Message

   The "More" message enables a DetNet Transport Edge to pull one packet
   from the DetTrans Layer in Network-Pull mode.  The message is
   associated with a future transmission opportunity for a packet.  The
   "More" messages are indexed by a wrapping More Sequence Counter
   (MSC).  The Transport Edge also maintains wrapping counters of
   Successful Packet Transmissions (SPT) and Missed Transmit
   Opportunities (MTO).  The current value of these counters is placed
   in the "More "message.

   Upon reception of a "More" message, the DetTrans Layer, or the NIC on
   behalf of the DetTrans Layer, sends the next available packet for



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   that session.  The packet is encapsulated and the encapsulation
   indicates the MSC.  This enables the DetNet Transport Edge to
   correlate the packet with the transmission opportunity and drop
   packets that are overly delayed.

5.2.2.  the "Time-Correction" Message

   The "Time-Correction" message enables a DetNet Transport Edge to
   adjust the timer associated to the DetNet-UNI session in Rate-Based
   mode.  In that mode, the DetTrans Layer sends a packet and restarts a
   timer at a period that corresponds to the transmission opportunity of
   the DetNet Transport Edge.  If the clock in the CPU drifts, the
   DetNet Transport Edge will start receiving packets increasingly ahead
   of expected time or behind expected time.  It is expected that the
   DetNet Transport Edge is protected against a minimum drift by a guard
   time, but if the drift becomes too important, then the DetNet
   Transport Edge issues a "Time-Correction" message indicating a number
   of time units (e.g. microseconds) by which the DetTrans Layer should
   advance or delay is next time out.

5.2.3.  Loss of a Control Message

   The loss of a packet beween the DetTrans Layer and the DetNet
   Transport Edge will correspond to a missed Transmission Opportunity
   but this does not mean that packets are piling up at the DetTrans
   Layer.  OTOH, if a "More" message is lost, then one packet will not
   be dequeued and the Detrans queue might grow, increasingly augmenting
   the latency.  It is thus important to differentiate these situations,
   and in the latter case, discard an extraneous packet to restore the
   normal level in the DetTrans queue for that session.

   In order to do so, the DetTrans Layer maintains the record of the
   Number of Packets Sent (NPS), that it compares with the variation of
   the MTO and SPT counters in the "More" message.  Upon a "More"
   message, the DetTrans Layer computes the variation of NPS
   (dNPS=NPS2-NPS1) and the variation of SPT (dSPT=SPT2-SPT1) since the
   previous "More" Message .  dNPS is typically 1 if the transport
   always has data to send.  Packets in flight when the "More" message
   is sent are considered lost since they will be received after their
   scheduled transmission opportunity, so the Number of Packets Losses
   (NPL) is (NPL=dNPS-dSPT).  The DetTrans Layer also computes the
   variation of MTO since the previous "More" Message (dMTO=MTO2-MTO1).
   Since a packet loss implies a missed transmission opportunity, there
   cannot be more packets losses than missed opportunities, so we have
   dMTO>=NPL.  dMTO-NPL represents the number of missed opportunities
   that are not due to a packet lost or late arrival, thus this is the
   sub-count of MTOs due to the loss of a "More" message.




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   For each loss of a "More" message, a packet in the DetTrans queue
   should be discarded.  In order to simplify that operation and
   outboard it to the NIC, the Transports marks some packets as "Discard
   Eligible" (DE).  A packet can be marked DE if there are enough
   alternate transmissions of non-DE packets to recover this.  For
   instance, in case of Packet Replication and Elimination only one copy
   can be marked DE, and the marking should alternate between the
   sessions to cover a loss on either one rapidly.

6.  Security Considerations

   The generic threats against Deterministic Networking are discussed in
   the "Deterministic Networking Security" [I-D.ietf-detnet-security]
   document.

   Security in the context of Deterministic Networking has an added
   dimension; the time of delivery of a packet can be just as important
   as the contents of the packet, itself.  A man-in-the-middle attack,
   for example, can impose, and then systematically adjust, additional
   delays into a link, and thus disrupt or subvert a real-time
   application without having to crack any encryption methods employed.
   See [RFC7384] for an exploration of this issue in a related context.

   Packet Replication and Elimination of done right can prevent a man-
   in-the-middle attack on one leg to actually impact the flow beyond
   the loss of an individual packet for lack of redundancy.  This
   specification expects that PRE is performed at the transport level
   and provides specific means to protect one leg against misuse of the
   other.

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not require an action from IANA.

8.  Acknowledgments

   The authors wish to thank Patrick Wetterwald, Leon Turkevitch, Balazs
   Varga and Janos Farkas for their various contributions to this work.
   Special thanks to Norm Finn for being a (if not the) major thought
   leader to the whole deterministic effort, and for some text that is
   inlined here from other IETF documents, for the convenience of the
   reader.

9.  Informative References







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   [AVnu]     http://www.avnu.org/, "The AVnu Alliance tests and
              certifies devices for interoperability, providing a simple
              and reliable networking solution for AV network
              implementation based on the IEEE Audio Video Bridging
              (AVB) and Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards.".

   [EIP]      http://www.odva.org/, "EtherNet/IP provides users with the
              network tools to deploy standard Ethernet technology (IEEE
              802.3 combined with the TCP/IP Suite) for industrial
              automation applications while enabling Internet and
              enterprise connectivity data anytime, anywhere.",
              <http://www.odva.org/Portals/0/Library/
              Publications_Numbered/
              PUB00138R3_CIP_Adv_Tech_Series_EtherNetIP.pdf>.

   [HART]     www.hartcomm.org, "Highway Addressable Remote Transducer,
              a group of specifications for industrial process and
              control devices administered by the HART Foundation".

   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture]
              Finn, N., Thubert, P., Varga, B., and J. Farkas,
              "Deterministic Networking Architecture", draft-ietf-
              detnet-architecture-03 (work in progress), August 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-detnet-problem-statement]
              Finn, N. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Networking Problem
              Statement", draft-ietf-detnet-problem-statement-02 (work
              in progress), September 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-detnet-security]
              Mizrahi, T., Grossman, E., Hacker, A., Das, S., Dowdell,
              J., Austad, H., Stanton, K., and N. Finn, "Deterministic
              Networking (DetNet) Security Considerations", draft-ietf-
              detnet-security-00 (work in progress), October 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-detnet-use-cases]
              Grossman, E., Gunther, C., Thubert, P., Wetterwald, P.,
              Raymond, J., Korhonen, J., Kaneko, Y., Das, S., Zha, Y.,
              Varga, B., Farkas, J., Goetz, F., Schmitt, J., Vilajosana,
              X., Mahmoodi, T., Spirou, S., Vizarreta, P., Huang, D.,
              Geng, X., Dujovne, D., and M. Seewald, "Deterministic
              Networking Use Cases", draft-ietf-detnet-use-cases-13
              (work in progress), September 2017.

   [I-D.varga-detnet-service-model]
              Varga, B. and J. Farkas, "DetNet Service Model", draft-
              varga-detnet-service-model-02 (work in progress), May
              2017.



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   [IEC62439]
              IEC, "Industrial communication networks - High
              availability automation networks - Part 3: Parallel
              Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and High-availability Seamless
              Redundancy (HSR) - IEC62439-3", 2012,
              <https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/7018>.

   [IEEE802.1TSNTG]
              IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive
              Networks Task Group", 2013,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/avBridges.html>.

   [ISA100.11a]
              ISA/IEC, "ISA100.11a, Wireless Systems for Automation,
              also IEC 62734", 2011, < http://www.isa100wci.org/en-
              US/Documents/PDF/3405-ISA100-WirelessSystems-Future-broch-
              WEB-ETSI.aspx>.

   [ODVA]     http://www.odva.org/, "The organization that supports
              network technologies built on the Common Industrial
              Protocol (CIP) including EtherNet/IP.".

   [Profinet]
              http://us.profinet.com/technology/profinet/, "PROFINET is
              a standard for industrial networking in automation.",
              <http://us.profinet.com/technology/profinet/>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7384]  Mizrahi, T., "Security Requirements of Time Protocols in
              Packet Switched Networks", RFC 7384, DOI 10.17487/RFC7384,
              October 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7384>.

   [WirelessHART]
              www.hartcomm.org, "Industrial Communication Networks -
              Wireless Communication Network and Communication Profiles
              - WirelessHART - IEC 62591", 2010.

Author's Address









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   Pascal Thubert (editor)
   Cisco Systems, Inc
   Building D (Regus) 45 Allee des Ormes
   MOUGINS - Sophia Antipolis
   FRANCE

   Phone: +33 4 97 23 26 34
   Email: pthubert@cisco.com











































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