Internet DRAFT - draft-saldana-tsvwg-tcmtf

draft-saldana-tsvwg-tcmtf







Transport Area Working Group                                  J. Saldana
Internet-Draft                                    University of Zaragoza
Intended status: Best Current Practice                           D. Wing
Expires: June 16, 2016                                     Cisco Systems
                                                    J. Fernandez Navajas
                                                  University of Zaragoza
                                                              M. Perumal
                                                                Ericsson
                                                       F. Pascual Blanco
                                                          Telefonica I+D
                                                       December 14, 2015


 Tunneling Compressing and Multiplexing (TCM) Traffic Flows.  Reference
                                 Model
                      draft-saldana-tsvwg-tcmtf-10

Abstract

   Tunneling, Compressing and Multiplexing (TCM) is a method for
   improving the bandwidth utilization of network segments that carry
   multiple small-packet flows in parallel sharing a common path.  The
   method combines different protocols for header compression,
   multiplexing, and tunneling over a network path for the purpose of
   reducing the bandwidth consumption.  The amount of packets per second
   can be reduced at the same time.

   This document describes the TCM framework and the different options
   which can be used for each of the three layers (header compression,
   multiplexing and tunneling).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 16, 2016.




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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Bandwidth efficiency of flows sending small packets . . .   3
       1.2.1.  Real-time applications using RTP  . . . . . . . . . .   3
       1.2.2.  Real-time applications not using RTP  . . . . . . . .   4
       1.2.3.  Other applications generating small packets . . . . .   4
       1.2.4.  Optimization of small-packet flows  . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.2.5.  Energy consumption considerations . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.3.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.4.  Scenarios of application  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       1.4.1.  Multidomain scenario  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       1.4.2.  Single domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       1.4.3.  Private solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       1.4.4.  Mixed scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     1.5.  Potential beneficiaries of TCM optimization . . . . . . .  12
     1.6.  Current Standard for VoIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     1.7.  Current Proposal  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   2.  Protocol Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     2.1.  Models of implementation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     2.2.  Choice of the compressing protocol  . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       2.2.1.  Context Synchronization in ECRTP  . . . . . . . . . .  17
       2.2.2.  Context Synchronization in ROHC . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     2.3.  Multiplexing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     2.4.  Tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       2.4.1.  Tunneling schemes over IP: L2TP and GRE . . . . . . .  19
       2.4.2.  MPLS tunneling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     2.5.  Encapsulation Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   3.  Contributing Authors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   4.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25



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   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26

1.  Introduction

   This document describes a way to combine different protocols for
   header compression, multiplexing and tunneling to save bandwidth for
   applications that generate long-term flows of small packets.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

1.2.  Bandwidth efficiency of flows sending small packets

   The interactivity demands of some real-time services (VoIP,
   videoconferencing, telemedicine, video surveillance, online gaming,
   etc.) make the applications generate a traffic profile consisting of
   high rates of small packets, which are necessary in order to transmit
   frequent updates between the two extremes of the communication.
   These services also demand low network delays.  In addition, some
   other services also use small packets, although they are not delay-
   sensitive (e.g., instant messaging, M2M packets sending collected
   data in sensor networks or IoT scenarios using wireless or satellite
   links).  For both the delay-sensitive and delay-insensitive
   applications, their small data payloads incur significant overhead.

   When a number of flows based on small packets (small-packet flows)
   share the same path, their traffic can be optimized by multiplexing
   packets belonging to different flows.  As a consequence, bandwidth
   can be saved and the amount of packets per second can be reduced.  If
   a number of small packets are waiting in the buffer, they can be
   multiplexed and transmitted together.  In addition, if a transmission
   queue has not already been formed but multiplexing is desired, it is
   necessary to add a delay in order to gather a number of packets.
   This delay has to be maintained under some threshold if the service
   presents tight delay requirements.  It is a believed fact that this
   delay and jitter can be of the same order of magnitude or less than
   other common sources of delay and jitter currently present on the
   Internet without causing harm to flows that employ congestion control
   based on delay.

1.2.1.  Real-time applications using RTP

   The first design of the Internet did not include any mechanism
   capable of guaranteeing an upper bound for delivery delay, taking
   into account that the first deployed services were e-mail, file



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   transfer, etc., in which delay is not critical.  RTP [RTP] was first
   defined in 1996 in order to permit the delivery of real-time
   contents.  Nowadays, although a variety of protocols are used for
   signaling real-time flows (SIP [SIP], H.323 [H.323], etc.), RTP has
   become the standard par excellence for the delivery of real-time
   content.

   RTP was designed to work over UDP datagrams.  This implies that an
   IPv4 packet carrying real-time information has to include (at least)
   40 bytes of headers: 20 for the IPv4 header, 8 for UDP, and 12 for
   RTP.  This overhead is significant, taking into account that many
   real-time services send very small payloads.  It becomes even more
   significant with IPv6 packets, as the basic IPv6 header is twice the
   size of the IPv4 header.  Table 1 illustrates the overhead problem of
   VoIP for two different codecs.

   +---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
   |               IPv4              |               IPv6              |
   +---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
   |  IPv4+UDP+RTP: 40 bytes header  |  IPv6+UDP+RTP: 60 bytes header  |
   |  G.711 at 20 ms packetization:  |  G.711 at 20 ms packetization:  |
   |       25% header overhead       |      37.5% header overhead      |
   |  G.729 at 20 ms packetization:  |  G.729 at 20 ms packetization:  |
   |       200% header overhead      |       300% header overhead      |
   +---------------------------------+---------------------------------+

               Table 1: Efficiency of different voice codecs

1.2.2.  Real-time applications not using RTP

   At the same time, there are many real-time applications that do not
   use RTP.  Some of them send UDP (but not RTP) packets, e.g., First
   Person Shooter (FPS) online games [First-person], for which latency
   is very critical.  The quickness and the movements of the players are
   important, and can decide the result of the game.  In addition to
   latency, these applications may be sensitive to jitter and, to a
   lesser extent, to packet loss, since they implement mechanisms for
   packet loss concealment [Gamers].

1.2.3.  Other applications generating small packets

   Other applications without delay constraints are also becoming
   popular.  Some examples are instant messaging, M2M packets sending
   collected data in sensor networks using wireless or satellite links,
   IoT traffic generated in Constrained RESTful Environments, where UDP
   packets are employed [RFC7252].  The number of wireless M2M (machine-
   to-machine) connections is steady growing since a few years, and a
   share of these is being used for delay-intolerant applications, e.g.,



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   industrial SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition), power
   plant monitoring, smart grids, asset tracking.

1.2.4.  Optimization of small-packet flows

   In the moments or places where network capacity gets scarce,
   allocating more bandwidth is a possible solution, but it implies a
   recurring cost.  However, including optimization techniques between a
   pair of network nodes (able to reduce bandwidth and packets per
   second) when/where required is a one-time investment.

   In scenarios including a bottleneck with a single Layer-3 hop, header
   compression standard algorithms [cRTP], [ECRTP], [IPHC], [ROHC] can
   be used for reducing the overhead of each flow, at the cost of
   additional processing.

   However, if header compression is to be deployed in a network path
   including several Layer-3 hops, tunneling can be used at the same
   time in order to allow the header-compressed packets to travel end-
   to-end, thus avoiding the need to compress and decompress at each
   intermediate node.  In these cases, compressed packets belonging to
   different flows can be multiplexed together, in order to share the
   tunnel overhead.  In this case, a small multiplexing delay will be
   required as a counterpart, in order to join a number of packets to be
   sent together.  This delay has to be maintained under a threshold in
   order to grant the delay requirements.

   A series of recommendations about delay limits have been summarized
   in [I-D.suznjevic-dispatch-delay-limits], in order to maintain this
   additional delay and jitter in the same order of magnitude than other
   sources of jitter currently present on the Internet.

   A demultiplexer and a decompressor are necessary at the end of the
   common path, so as to rebuild the packets as they were originally
   sent, making traffic optimization a transparent process for the
   origin and destination of the flow.

   If only one stream is tunneled and compressed, then little bandwidth
   savings will be obtained.  In contrast, multiplexing is helpful to
   amortize the overhead of the tunnel header over many payloads.  The
   obtained savings grow with the number of flows optimized together
   [VoIP_opt], [FPS_opt].

   All in all, the combined use of header compression and multipexing
   provides a trade-off: bandwidth can be exchanged by processing
   capacity (mainly required for header compression and decompression)
   and a small additional delay (required for gathering a number of
   packets to be multiplexed together).



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   The processing delay can be kept really low.  It has been shown that
   the additional delay can be in the order of 250 microseconds for
   commodity hardware [Simplemux_CIT].

1.2.5.  Energy consumption considerations

   As an additional benefit, the reduction of the sent information, and
   especially the reduction of the amount of packets per second to be
   managed by the intermediate routers, can be translated into a
   reduction of the overall energy consumption of network equipment.
   According to [Efficiency] internal packet processing engines and
   switching fabric require 60% and 18% of the power consumption of
   high-end routers respectively.  Thus, reducing the number of packets
   to be managed and switched will reduce the overall energy
   consumption.  The measurements deployed in [Power] on commercial
   routers corroborate this: a study using different packet sizes was
   presented, and the tests with big packets showed a reduction of the
   energy consumption, since a certain amount of energy is associated to
   header processing tasks, and not only to the sending of the packet
   itself.

   All in all, another trade-off appears: on the one hand, energy
   consumption is increased in the two extremes due to header
   compression processing; on the other hand, energy consumption is
   reduced in the intermediate nodes because of the reduction of the
   number of packets transmitted.  This tradeoff should be explored more
   deeply.

1.3.  Terminology

   This document uses a number of terms to refer to the roles played by
   the entities using TCM.

   o  native packet

   A packet sent by an application, belonging to a flow that can be
   optimized by means of TCM.

   o  native flow

   A flow of native packets.  It can be considered a "small-packet flow"
   when the vast majority of the generated packets present a low
   payload-to-header ratio.

   o  TCM packet

   A packet including a number of multiplexed and header-compressed
   native ones, and also a tunneling header.



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   o  TCM flow

   A flow of TCM packets, each one including a number of multiplexed
   header-compressed packets.

   o  TCM optimizer

   The host where TCM optimization is deployed.  It corresponds to both
   the ingress and the egress of the tunnel transporting the compressed
   and multiplexed packets.

   If the optimizer compresses headers, multiplexes packets and creates
   the tunnel, it behaves as a "TCM-Ingress Optimizer", or "TCM-IO".  It
   takes native packets or flows and "optimizes" them.

   If it extracts packets from the tunnel, demultiplexes packets and
   decompresses headers, it behaves as a "TCM-Egress Optimizer", or
   "TCM-EO".  The TCM-Egress Optimizer takes a TCM flow and "rebuilds"
   the native packets as they were originally sent.

   o  TCM session

   The relationship between a pair of TCM optimizers exchanging TCM
   packets.

   o  policy manager

   A network entity which makes the decisions about TCM optimization
   parameters (e.g., multiplexing period to be used, flows to be
   optimized together), depending on their IP addresses, ports, etc.  It
   is connected with a number of TCM optimizers, and orchestrates the
   optimization that takes place between them.

1.4.  Scenarios of application

   Different scenarios of application can be considered for the
   Tunneling, Compressing and Multiplexing solution.  They can be
   classified according to the domains involved in the optimization:

1.4.1.  Multidomain scenario

   In this scenario, the TCM tunnel goes all the way from one network
   edge (the place where users are attached to the ISP) to another, and
   therefore it can cross several domains.  As shown in Figure 1, the
   optimization is performed before the packets leave the domain of an
   ISP; the traffic crosses the Internet tunnelized, and the packets are
   rebuilt in the second domain.




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          _  _ _ _                                     _  _
         ( `      ) _            _  _                 ( `   )_ _
        (  +------+  )`)        ( `   )_             ( +------+ `)
    -->(_ -|TCM-IO|--- _) ---> (    )    `)   ----->(_-|TCM-EO|--_)-->
        (  +------+  _)       (_   (_ .  _) _)     (   +------+ _)
         (_ _   _ _)                                (_  _ (  _)  _)

             ISP 1               Internet               ISP 2

               <--------------------TCM--------------------->

                                 Figure 1

   Note that this is not from border to border (where ISPs connect to
   the Internet, which could be covered with specialized links) but from
   an ISP to another (e.g., managing all traffic from individual users
   arriving at a Game Provider, regardless users' location).

   Some examples of this could be:

   o  An ISP may place a TCM optimizer in its aggregation network, in
      order to tunnel all the packets belonging to a certain service,
      sending them to the application provider, who will rebuild the
      packets before forwarding them to the application server.  This
      will result in savings for both actors.

   o  A service provider (e.g., an online gaming company) can be allowed
      to place a TCM optimizer in the aggregation network of an ISP,
      being able to optimize all the flows of a service (e.g., VoIP, an
      online game).  Another TCM optimizer will rebuild these packets
      once they arrive to the network of the provider.

1.4.2.  Single domain

   In this case, TCM is only activated inside an ISP, from the edge to
   border, inside the network operator.  The geographical scope and
   network depth of TCM activation could be on demand, according to
   traffic conditions.

   If we consider the residential users of real-time interactive
   applications (e.g., VoIP, online games generating small packets) in a
   town or a district, a TCM optimizing module can be included in some
   network devices, in order to group packets with the same destination.
   As shown in Figure 2, depending on the number of users of the
   application, the packets can be grouped at different levels in DSL
   fixed network scenarios, at gateway level in LTE mobile network
   scenarios or even in other ISP edge routers.  TCM may also be applied




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   for fiber residential accesses, and in mobile networks.  This would
   reduce bandwidth requirements in the provider aggregation network.


            +------+
   N users -|TCM-IO|\
            +------+ \
                      \       _  _                        _  _
            +------+   \-->  ( `   )_       +------+     ( `   )_
   M users -|TCM-IO|------> (    )    `)  --|TCM-EO|--> (    )    `)
            +------+   / ->(_ _ (_ .  _) _) +------+   (_ _ (_ .  _) _)
                      /
            +------+ /         ISP                        Internet
   P users -|TCM-IO|/
            +------+

               <--------------TCM--------------->

                                 Figure 2

   At the same time, the ISP may implement TCM capabilities within its
   own MPLS network in order to optimize internal network resources:
   optimizing modules can be embedded in the Label Edge Routers of the
   network.  In that scenario MPLS will act as the "tunneling" layer,
   being the tunnels the paths defined by the MPLS labels and avoiding
   the use of additional tunneling protocols.

   Finally, some networks use cRTP [cRTP] in order to obtain bandwidth
   savings on the access link, but as a counterpart considerable CPU
   resources are required on the aggregation router.  In these cases, by
   means of TCM, instead of only saving bandwidth on the access link, it
   could also be saved across the ISP network, thus avoiding the impact
   on the CPU of the aggregation router.

1.4.3.  Private solutions

   End users can also optimize traffic end-to-end from network borders.
   TCM is used to connect private networks geographically apart (e.g.,
   corporation headquarters and subsidiaries), without the ISP being
   aware (or having to manage) those flows, as shown in Figure 3, where
   two different locations are connected through a tunnel traversing the
   Internet or another network.









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      _  _                       _  _                       _  _
     ( `   )_       +------+    ( `   )_       +------+    ( `   )_
    (    )    `)  --|TCM-IO|-->(    )    `)  --|TCM-EO|-->(    )    `)
   (_   (_ .  _) _) +------+  (_   (_ .  _) _) +------+  (_   (_ .  _)_)

     Location 1                 ISP/Internet                Location 2

                       <-------------TCM----------->

                                 Figure 3

   Some examples of these scenarios are:

   o  The case of an enterprise with a number of distributed central
      offices, in which an appliance can be placed next to the access
      router, being able to optimize traffic flows with a shared origin
      and destination.  Thus, a number of remote desktop sessions to the
      same server can be optimized, or a number of VoIP calls between
      two offices will also require less bandwidth and fewer packets per
      second.  In many cases, a tunnel is already included for security
      reasons, so the additional overhead of TCM is lower.

   o  An Internet cafe, which is suitable of having many users of the
      same application (e.g., VoIP, online games) sharing the same
      access link.  Internet cafes are very popular in countries with
      relatively low access speeds in households, where home computer
      penetration is usually low as well.  In many of these countries,
      bandwidth can become a serious limitation for this kind of
      businesses, so TCM savings may become interesting for their
      viability.

   o  Alternative Networks [topology_CNs],
      [I-D.irtf-gaia-alternative-network-deployments] (typically
      deployed in rural areas and/or in developing countries), in which
      a number of people in the same geographical place share their
      connections in a cooperative way.  The structure of these networks
      is not designed from the beginning, but they grow organically as
      new users join.  As a result, a number of wireless hops are
      usually required in order to reach a router connected to the
      Internet.

   o  Satellite communication links that often manage the bandwidth by
      limiting the transmission rate, measured in packets per second
      (pps), to and from the satellite.  Applications like VoIP that
      generate a large number of small packets can easily fill the
      maximum number of pps slots, limiting the throughput across such
      links.  As an example, a G.729a voice call generates 50 pps at 20
      ms packetization time.  If the satellite transmission allows 1,500



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      pps, the number of simultaneous voice calls is limited to 30.
      This results in poor utilization of the satellite link's bandwidth
      as well as places a low bound on the number of voice calls that
      can utilize the link simultaneously.  TCM optimization of small
      packets into one packet for transmission will improve the
      efficiency.

   o  In a M2M/SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) context,
      TCM optimization can be applied when a satellite link is used for
      collecting the data of a number of sensors.  M2M terminals are
      normally equipped with sensing devices which can interface to
      proximity sensor networks through wireless connections.  The
      terminal can send the collected sensing data using a satellite
      link connecting to a satellite gateway, which in turn will forward
      the M2M/SCADA data to the to the processing and control center
      through the Internet.  The size of a typical M2M application
      transaction depends on the specific service and it may vary from a
      minimum of 20 bytes (e.g., tracking and metering in private
      security) to about 1,000 bytes (e.g., video-surveillance).  In
      this context, TCM concepts can be also applied to allow a more
      efficient use of the available satellite link capacity, matching
      the requirements demanded by some M2M services.  If the case of
      large sensor deployments is considered, where proximity sensor
      networks transmit data through different satellite terminals, the
      use of compression algorithms already available in current
      satellite systems to reduce the overhead introduced by UDP and
      IPv6 protocols is certainly desirable.  In addition to this,
      tunneling and multiplexing functions available from TCM allows
      extending compression functionality throughout the rest the
      network, to eventually reach the processing and control centers.

   o  Desktop or application sharing where the traffic from the server
      to the client typically consists of the delta of screen updates.
      Also, the standard for remote desktop sharing emerging for WebRTC
      in the RTCWEB Working Group is: {something}/SCTP/UDP (Stream
      Control Transmission Protocol [SCTP]).  In this scenario, SCTP/UDP
      can be used in other cases: chatting, file sharing and
      applications related to WebRTC peers.  There can be hundreds of
      clients at a site talking to a server located at a datacenter over
      a WAN.  Compressing, multiplexing and tunneling this traffic could
      save WAN bandwidth and potentially improve latency.

1.4.4.  Mixed scenarios

   Different combinations of the previous scenarios can be considered.
   Agreements between different companies can be established in order to
   save bandwidth and to reduce packets per second.  As an example,
   Figure 4 shows a game provider that wants to TCM-optimize its



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   connections by establishing associations between different TCM-IO/EOs
   placed near the game server and several TCM-IO/EOs placed in the
   networks of different ISPs (agreements between the game provider and
   each ISP will be necessary).  In every ISP, the TCM-IO/EO would be
   placed in the most adequate point (actually several TCM-IO/EOs could
   exist per ISP) in order to aggregate enough number of users.

             _  _
   N users  ( `   )_
   +---+   (    )    `)
   |TCM|->(_ (_ .  _)
   +---+      ISP 1   \
             _  _      \      _  _         _                   _  _
   M users  ( `   )_    \    ( `   )      ( ` )              ( `   )
   +---+   (    )    `)  \ (    )   `)   (  )  `)   +---+   (    )   `)
   |TCM|->(_   (_ ._)---- (_ (_ .  _) ->(_ (_ . _)->|TCM|->(_   (_ . _)
   +---+      ISP 2      /   Internet      ISP 4    +---+  Game Provider
             _  _       /                   ^
   O users  ( `   )_   /                    |
   +---+   (    )  `) /                   +---+
   |TCM|->(_   (_ ._)            P users->|TCM|
   +---+      ISP 3                       +---+

                                 Figure 4

1.5.  Potential beneficiaries of TCM optimization

   In conclusion, a standard way to compress headers, multiplex a number
   of packets and send them together using a tunnel, can benefit various
   stakeholders:

   o  network operators can compress traffic flows sharing a common
      network segment;

   o  ISPs;

   o  developers of VoIP systems can include this option in their
      solutions;

   o  service providers, who can achieve bandwidth savings in their
      supporting infrastructures;

   o  users of Alternative Networks, who may be able to save significant
      bandwidth amounts, and to reduce the number of packets per second
      in their networks.

   Other fact that has to be taken into account is that the technique
   not only saves bandwidth but also reduces the number of packets per



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   second, which sometimes can be a bottleneck for a satellite link or
   even for a network router [Online].

1.6.  Current Standard for VoIP

   The current standard [TCRTP] defines a way to reduce bandwidth and
   pps of RTP traffic, by combining three different standard protocols:

   o  Regarding compression, [ECRTP] is the selected option.

   o  Multiplexing is accomplished using PPP Multiplexing [PPP-MUX]

   o  Tunneling is accomplished by using L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling
      Protocol [L2TPv3]).

   The three layers are combined as shown in the Figure 5:

                 RTP/UDP/IP
                    |
                    |         ----------------------------
                    |
                  ECRTP             compressing layer
                    |
                    |         ----------------------------
                    |
                  PPPMUX            multiplexing layer
                    |
                    |         ----------------------------
                    |
                  L2TP              tunneling layer
                    |
                    |         ----------------------------
                    |
                   IP

                                 Figure 5

1.7.  Current Proposal

   In contrast to the current standard [TCRTP], TCM allows other header
   compression protocols in addition to RTP/UDP, since services based on
   small packets also use by bare UDP, as shown in Figure 6:









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       UDP/IP        RTP/UDP/IP
            \           /
             \         /                  ------------------------------
              \       /
   Nothing or ROHC or ECRTP or IPHC          header compressing layer
                  |
                  |                       ------------------------------
                  |
      PPPMux or other mux protocols             multiplexing layer
                  |
                 / \                      ------------------------------
                /   \
               /     \
      GRE or L2TP     \                           tunneling layer
             |        MPLS
             |                            ------------------------------
             IP

                                 Figure 6

   Each of the three layers is considered as independent of the other
   two, i.e., different combinations of protocols can be implemented
   according to the new proposal:

   o  Regarding compression, a number of options can be considered: as
      different standards are able to compress different headers
      ([cRTP], [ECRTP], [IPHC], [ROHC]).  The one to be used can be
      selected depending on the protocols used by the traffic to
      compress and the concrete scenario (packet loss percentage, delay,
      etc.).  It also exists the possibility of having a null header
      compression, in the case of wanting to avoid traffic compression,
      taking into account the need of storing a context for every flow
      and the problems of context desynchronization in certain
      scenarios.  Although not shown in Figure 6, ESP (Encapsulating
      Security Payload [ESP]) headers can also be compressed.

   o  Multiplexing can be accomplished using PPP Multiplexing (PPPMux)
      [PPP-MUX].  However, PPPMux introduces an additional compelxity,
      since it requires the use of PPP, and a protocol for tunneling
      layer 2 frames.  For this reason, other multiplexing protocols can
      also be considered, as the one proposed in
      [I-D.saldana-tsvwg-simplemux].

   o  Tunneling is accomplished by using L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling
      Protocol [L2TPv3]) over IP, GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation
      [GRE]) over IP, or MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching
      Architecture [MPLS]).




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   It can be observed that TCRTP [TCRTP] is included as an option in
   TCM, combining [ECRTP], [PPP-MUX] and [L2TPv3], so backwards
   compatibility with TCRTP is provided.  If a TCM optimizer implements
   ECRTP, PPPMux and L2TPv3, compatibility with RFC4170 MUST be granted.

   If a single link is being optimized a tunnel is unnecessary.  In that
   case, both optimizers MAY perform header compression between them.
   Multiplexing may still be useful, since it reduces packets per
   second, which is interesting in some environments (e.g., satellite).
   Another reason for that is the desire of reducing energy consumption.
   Although no tunnel is employed, this can still be considered as TCM
   optimization, so TCM signaling protocols will be employed here in
   order to negotiate the compression and multiplexing parameters to be
   employed.

   Payload compression schemes may also be used, but they are not the
   aim of this document.

2.  Protocol Operation

   This section describes how to combine protocols belonging to trhee
   layers (compressing, multiplexing, and tunneling), in order to save
   bandwidth for the considered flows.

2.1.  Models of implementation

   TCM can be implemented in different ways.  The most straightforward
   is to implement it in the devices terminating the flows (these
   devices can be e.g., voice gateways, or proxies grouping a number of
   flows):

        [ending device]---[ending device]
                        ^
                        |
                    TCM over IP

                                 Figure 7

   Another way TCM can be implemented is with an external optimizer.
   This device can be placed at strategic places in the network and can
   dynamically create and destroy TCM sessions without the participation
   of the endpoints that generate the flows (Figure 8).









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     [ending device]\                                  /[ending device]
                     \                                /
     [ending device]----[optimizer]-----[optimizer]-----[ending device]
                     /                                \
     [ending device]/                                  \[ending device]
                     ^                ^              ^
                     |                |              |
                  Native IP       TCM over IP     Native IP

                                 Figure 8

   A number of already compressed flows can also be merged in a tunnel
   using an optimizer in order to increase the number of flows in a
   tunnel (Figure 9):

     [ending device]\                                   /[ending device]
                     \                                 /
     [ending device]----[optimizer]-----[optimizer]------[ending device]
                     /                                 \
     [ending device]/                                   \[ending device]
                     ^                ^               ^
                     |                |               |
                Compressed        TCM over IP     Compressed

                                 Figure 9

2.2.  Choice of the compressing protocol

   There are different protocols that can be used for compressing IP
   flows:

   o  IPHC (IP Header Compression [IPHC]) permits the compression of
      UDP/IP and ESP/IP headers.  It has a low implementation
      complexity.  On the other hand, the resynchronization of the
      context can be slow over long RTT links.  It should be used in
      scenarios presenting very low packet loss percentage.

   o  cRTP (compressed RTP [cRTP]) works the same way as IPHC, but is
      also able to compress RTP headers.  The link layer transport is
      not specified, but typically PPP is used.  For cRTP to compress
      headers, it must be implemented on each PPP link.  A lot of
      context is required to successfully run cRTP, and memory and
      processing requirements are high, especially if multiple hops must
      implement cRTP to save bandwidth on each of the hops.  At higher
      line rates, cRTP's processor consumption becomes prohibitively
      expensive. cRTP is not suitable over long-delay WAN links commonly
      used when tunneling, as proposed by this document.  To avoid the
      per-hop expense of cRTP, a simplistic solution is to use cRTP with



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      L2TP to achieve end-to-end cRTP.  However, cRTP is only suitable
      for links with low delay and low loss.  Thus, if multiple router
      hops are involved, cRTP's expectation of low delay and low loss
      can no longer be met.  Furthermore, packets can arrive out of
      order.

   o  ECRTP (Enhanced Compressed RTP [ECRTP]) is an extension of cRTP
      [cRTP] that provides tolerance to packet loss and packet
      reordering between compressor and decompressor.  Thus, ECRTP
      should be used instead of cRTP when possible (e.g., the two TCM
      optimizers implementing ECRTP).

   o  ROHC (RObust Header Compression [ROHC]) is able to compress UDP/
      IP, ESP/IP and RTP/UDP/IP headers.  It is a robust scheme
      developed for header compression over links with high bit error
      rate, such as wireless ones.  It incorporates mechanisms for quick
      resynchronization of the context.  It includes an improved
      encoding scheme for compressing the header fields that change
      dynamically.  Its main drawback is that it requires significantly
      more processing and memory resources than the ones necessary for
      IPHC or ECRTP.

   The present document does not determine which of the existing
   protocols has to be used for the compressing layer.  The decision
   will depend on the scenarioand the service being optimized.  It will
   also be determined by the packet loss probability, RTT, jitter, and
   the availability of memory and processing resources.  The standard is
   also suitable to include other compressing schemes that may be
   further developed.

2.2.1.  Context Synchronization in ECRTP

   When the compressor receives an RTP packet that has an unpredicted
   change in the RTP header, the compressor should send a COMPRESSED_UDP
   packet (described in [ECRTP]) to synchronize the ECRTP decompressor
   state.  The COMPRESSED_UDP packet updates the RTP context in the
   decompressor.

   To ensure delivery of updates of context variables, COMPRESSED_UDP
   packets should be delivered using the robust operation described in
   [ECRTP].

   Because the "twice" algorithm described in [ECRTP] relies on UDP
   checksums, the IP stack on the RTP transmitter should transmit UDP
   checksums.  If UDP checksums are not used, the ECRTP compressor
   should use the cRTP Header checksum described in [ECRTP].





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2.2.2.  Context Synchronization in ROHC

   ROHC [ROHC] includes a more complex mechanism in order to maintain
   context synchronization.  It has different operation modes and
   defines compressor states which change depending on link behavior.

2.3.  Multiplexing

   Header compressing algorithms require a layer two protocol that
   allows identifying different protocols.  PPP [PPP] is suited for
   this, although other multiplexing protocols can also be used for this
   layer of TCM.  For example, Simplemux [I-D.saldana-tsvwg-simplemux]
   can be employed as a light multiplexing protocol which is able to
   carry packets belonging to different protocols.

   When header compression is used inside a tunnel, it reduces the size
   of the headers of the IP packets carried in the tunnel.  However, the
   tunnel itself has overhead due to its IP header and the tunnel header
   (the information necessary to identify the tunneled payload).

   By multiplexing a number of small payloads in a single tunneled
   packet, reasonable bandwidth efficiency can be achieved, since the
   tunnel overhead is shared by multiple packets belonging to the flows
   active between the source and destination of an L2TP tunnel.  The
   packet size of the flows has to be small in order to permit good
   bandwidth savings.

   If the source and destination of the tunnel are the same as the
   source and destination of the compressing protocol sessions, then the
   source and destination must have multiple active small-packet flows
   to get any benefit from multiplexing.

   Because of this, TCM is mostly useful for applications where many
   small-packet flows run between a pair of hosts.  The number of
   simultaneous sessions required to reduce the header overhead to the
   desired level depends on the average payload size, and also on the
   size of the tunnel header.  A smaller tunnel header will result in
   fewer simultaneous sessions being required to produce adequate
   bandwidth efficiencies.

   When multiplexing, a limit in the packet size has to be established
   in order to avoid problems related to MTU.  This document does not
   establish any rule about this, but it is strongly recommended that
   some method as Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery is used before
   multiplexing packets[RFC4821].






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2.4.  Tunneling

   Different tunneling schemes can be used for sending end to end the
   compressed payloads.

2.4.1.  Tunneling schemes over IP: L2TP and GRE

   L2TP tunnels should be used to tunnel the compressed payloads end to
   end.  L2TP includes methods for tunneling messages used in PPP
   session establishment, such as NCP (Network Control Protocol).  This
   allows [IPCP-HC] to negotiate ECRTP compression/decompression
   parameters.

   Other tunneling schemes, such as GRE [GRE] may also be used to
   implement the tunneling layer of TCM.

2.4.2.  MPLS tunneling

   In some scenarios, mainly in operator's core networks, the use of
   MPLS is widely deployed as data transport method.  The adoption of
   MPLS as tunneling layer in this proposal intends to natively adapt
   TCM to those transport networks.

   In the same way that layer 3 tunnels, MPLS paths, identified by MPLS
   labels, established between Label Edge Routers (LSRs), could be used
   to transport the compressed payloads within an MPLS network.  This
   way, multiplexing layer must be placed over MPLS layer.  Note that,
   in this case, layer 3 tunnel headers do not have to be used, with the
   consequent data efficiency improvement.

2.5.  Encapsulation Formats

   The packet format for a packet compressed is:

           +------------+-----------------------+
           |            |                       |
           |   Compr    |                       |
           |   Header   |      Data             |
           |            |                       |
           |            |                       |
           +------------+-----------------------+

                                 Figure 10

   The packet format of a multiplexed PPP packet as defined by [PPP-MUX]
   is:





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         +-------+---+------+-------+-----+   +---+------+-------+-----+
         | Mux   |P L|      |       |     |   |P L|      |       |     |
         | PPP   |F X|Len1  |  PPP  |     |   |F X|LenN  |  PPP  |     |
         | Prot. |F T|      | Prot. |Info1| ~ |F T|      | Prot. |InfoN|
         | Field |          | Field1|     |   |          |FieldN |     |
         | (1)   |1-2 octets| (0-2) |     |   |1-2 octets| (0-2) |     |
         +-------+----------+-------+-----+   +----------+-------+-----+

                                 Figure 11

   The combined format used for TCM with a single payload is all of the
   above packets concatenated.  Here is an example with one payload,
   using L2TP or GRE tunneling:

           +------+------+-------+----------+-------+--------+----+
           | IP   |Tunnel| Mux   |P L|      |       |        |    |
           |header|header| PPP   |F X|Len1  |  PPP  | Compr  |    |
           | (20) |      | Proto |F T|      | Proto | header |Data|
           |      |      | Field |---+      | Field1|        |    |
           |      |      | (1)   |1-2 octets| (0-2) |        |    |
           +------+------+-------+----------+-------+--------+----+
                  |<------------- IP payload -------------------->|
                                 |<-------- Mux payload --------->|

                                 Figure 12

   If the tunneling technology is MPLS, then the scheme would be:

           +------+-------+----------+-------+--------+----+
           |MPLS  | Mux   |P L|      |       |        |    |
           |header| PPP   |F X|Len1  |  PPP  | Compr  |    |
           |      | Proto |F T|      | Proto | header |Data|
           |      | Field |---+      | Field1|        |    |
           |      | (1)   |1-2 octets| (0-2) |        |    |
          -+------+-------+----------+-------+--------+----+
                  |<---------- MPLS payload -------------->|
                          |<-------- Mux payload --------->|

                                 Figure 13

   If the tunnel contains multiplexed traffic, multiple "PPPMux
   payload"s are transmitted in one IP packet.

3.  Contributing Authors







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   Gonzalo Camarillo
   Ericsson
   Advanced Signalling Research Lab.
   FIN-02420 Jorvas
   Finland

   Email: Gonzalo.Camarillo@ericsson.com

   Michael A. Ramalho
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   6310 Watercrest Way, Unit 203
   Lakewood Ranch, FL 34202
   USA

   Phone: +1.732.832.9723
   Email: mramalho@cisco.com

   Jose Ruiz Mas
   University of Zaragoza
   Dpt. IEC Ada Byron Building
   50018 Zaragoza
   Spain

   Phone: +34 976762158
   Email: jruiz@unizar.es

   Diego Lopez Garcia
   Telefonica I+D
   Ramon de la cruz 84
   28006 Madrid
   Spain

   Phone: +34 913129041
   Email: diego@tid.es

   David Florez Rodriguez
   Telefonica I+D
   Ramon de la cruz 84
   28006 Madrid
   Spain

   Phone: +34 91312884
   Email: dflorez@tid.es








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   Manuel Nunez Sanz
   Telefonica I+D
   Ramon de la cruz 84
   28006 Madrid
   Spain

   Phone: +34 913128821
   Email: mns@tid.es

   Juan Antonio Castell Lucia
   Telefonica I+D
   Ramon de la cruz 84
   28006 Madrid
   Spain

   Phone: +34 913129157
   Email: jacl@tid.es

   Mirko Suznjevic
   University of Zagreb
   Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3
   10000 Zagreb
   Croatia

   Phone: +385 1 6129 755
   Email: mirko.suznjevic@fer.hr

4.  Acknowledgements

   Jose Saldana, Julian Fernandez Navajas and Jose Ruiz Mas were funded
   by the EU H2020 Wi-5 project (Grant Agreement no: 644262).

5.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.

6.  Security Considerations

   The most straightforward option for securing a number of non-secured
   flows sharing a path is by the use of IPsec [IPsec], when TCM using
   an IP tunnel is employed.  Instead of adding a security header to the
   packets of each native flow, and then compressing and multiplexing
   them, a single IPsec tunnel can be used in order to secure all the
   flows together, thus achieving a higher efficiency.  This use of
   IPsec protects the packets only within the transport network between
   tunnel ingress and egress and therefore does not provide end-to-end
   authentication or encryption.




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   When a number of already secured flows including ESP [ESP] headers
   are optimized by means of TCM, and the addition of further security
   is not necessary, their ESP/IP headers can still be compressed using
   suitable algorithms [RFC5225], in order to improve the efficiency.
   This header compression does not change the end-to-end security
   model.

   The resilience of TCM to denial of service, and the use of TCM to
   deny service to other parts of the network infrastructure, is for
   future study.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [cRTP]     Casner, S. and V. Jacobson, "Compressing IP/UDP/RTP
              Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links", RFC 2508, 1999.

   [ECRTP]    Koren, T., Casner, S., Geevarghese, J., Thompson, B., and
              P. Ruddy, "Enhanced Compressed RTP (CRTP) for Links with
              High Delay, Packet Loss and Reordering", RFC 3545, 2003.

   [ESP]      Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload", RFC 4303,
              2005.

   [GRE]      Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              2000.

   [H.323]    International Telecommunication Union, "Recommendation
              H.323", Packet based multimedia communication
              systems H.323, July 2003.

   [I-D.irtf-gaia-alternative-network-deployments]
              Saldana, J., Arcia-Moret, A., Braem, B., Pietrosemoli, E.,
              Sathiaseelan, A., and M. Zennaro, "Alternative Network
              Deployments. Taxonomy, characterization, technologies and
              architectures", draft-irtf-gaia-alternative-network-
              deployments-02 (work in progress), November 2015.

   [IPCP-HC]  Engan, M., Casner, S., Bormann, C., and T. Koren, "IP
              Header Compression over PPP", RFC 3544, 2003.

   [IPHC]     Degermark, M., Nordgren, B., and S. Pink, "IP Header
              Compression", RFC 2580, 1999.

   [IPsec]    Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.



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   [L2TPv3]   Lau, J., Townsley, M., and I. Goyret, "Layer Two Tunneling
              Protocol - Version 3 (L2TPv3)", RFC 3931, 2005.

   [MPLS]     Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol
              Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031, January 2001.

   [PPP]      Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)",
              RFC 1661, 1994.

   [PPP-MUX]  Pazhyannur, R., Ali, I., and C. Fox, "PPP Multiplexing",
              RFC 3153, 2001.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4821]  Mathis, M. and J. Heffner, "Packetization Layer Path MTU
              Discovery", RFC 4821, March 2007.

   [RFC5225]  Pelletier, G. and K. Sandlund, "RObust Header Compression
              Version 2 (ROHCv2): Profiles for RTP, UDP, IP, ESP and
              UDP-Lite", RFC 5225, April 2008.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [ROHC]     Sandlund, K., Pelletier, G., and L-E. Jonsson, "The RObust
              Header Compression (ROHC) Framework", RFC 5795, 2010.

   [RTP]      Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
              Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
              Applications", RFC 3550, 2003.

   [SCTP]     Stewart, Ed., R., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
              RFC 4960, 2007.

   [SIP]      Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., and et.
              al., "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, 2005.

   [TCRTP]    Thomson, B., Koren, T., and D. Wing, "Tunneling
              Multiplexed Compressed RTP (TCRTP)", RFC 4170, 2005.







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7.2.  Informative References

   [Efficiency]
              Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Davoli, F., and F. Cucchietti,
              "Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of
              Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed
              Network Infrastructures", IEEE Communications Surveys and
              Tutorials vol.13, no.2, pp.223,244, 2011.

   [First-person]
              Ratti, S., Hariri, B., and S. Shirmohammadi, "A Survey of
              First-Person Shooter Gaming Traffic on the Internet", IEEE
              Internet Computing vol 14, no. 5, pp. 60-69, 2010.

   [FPS_opt]  Saldana, J., Fernandez-Navajas, J., Ruiz-Mas, J., Aznar,
              J., Viruete, E., and L. Casadesus, "First Person Shooters:
              Can a Smarter Network Save Bandwidth without Annoying the
              Players?", IEEE Communications Magazine vol. 49, no.11,
              pp. 190-198, 2011.

   [Gamers]   Oliveira, M. and T. Henderson, "What online gamers really
              think of the Internet?", NetGames '03 Proceedings of the
              2nd workshop on Network and system support for games, ACM
              New York, NY, USA Pages 185-193, 2003.

   [I-D.saldana-tsvwg-simplemux]
              Saldana, J., "Simplemux. A generic multiplexing protocol",
              draft-saldana-tsvwg-simplemux-02 (work in progress),
              January 2015.

   [I-D.suznjevic-dispatch-delay-limits]
              Suznjevic, M. and J. Saldana, "Delay Limits for Real-Time
              Services", draft-suznjevic-dispatch-delay-limits-00 (work
              in progress), December 2015.

   [Online]   Feng, WC., Chang, F., Feng, W., and J. Walpole, "A traffic
              characterization of popular on-line games", IEEE/ACM
              Transactions on Networking 13.3 Pages 488-500, 2005.

   [Power]    Chabarek, J., Sommers, J., Barford, P., Estan, C., Tsiang,
              D., and S. Wright, "Power Awareness in Network Design and
              Routing", INFOCOM 2008. The 27th Conference on Computer
              Communications. IEEE pp.457,465, 2008.








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   [Simplemux_CIT]
              Saldana, J., Forcen, I., Fernandez-Navajas, J., and J.
              Ruiz-Mas, "Improving Network Efficiency with Simplemux",
              IEEE CIT 2015, International Conference on Computer and
              Information Technology , pp. 446-453, 26-28 October 2015,
              Liverpool, UK, 2015.

   [topology_CNs]
              Vega, D., Cerda-Alabern, L., Navarro, L., and R. Meseguer,
              "Topology patterns of a community network: Guifi. net.",
              Proceedings Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and
              Communications (WiMob), 2012 IEEE 8th International
              Conference on (pp. 612-619) , 2012.

   [VoIP_opt]
              Saldana, J., Fernandez-Navajas, J., Ruiz-Mas, J., Murillo,
              J., Viruete, E., and J. Aznar, "Evaluating the Influence
              of Multiplexing Schemes and Buffer Implementation on
              Perceived VoIP Conversation Quality", Computer Networks
              (Elsevier) Volume 6, Issue 11, pp 2920 - 2939. Nov. 30,
              2012.

Authors' Addresses

   Jose Saldana
   University of Zaragoza
   Dpt. IEC Ada Byron Building
   Zaragoza  50018
   Spain

   Phone: +34 976 762 698
   Email: jsaldana@unizar.es


   Dan Wing
   Cisco Systems
   771 Alder Drive
   San Jose, CA  95035
   US

   Phone: +44 7889 488 335
   Email: dwing@cisco.com









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   Julian Fernandez Navajas
   University of Zaragoza
   Dpt. IEC Ada Byron Building
   Zaragoza  50018
   Spain

   Phone: +34 976 761 963
   Email: navajas@unizar.es


   Muthu Arul Mozhi Perumal
   Ericsson
   Ferns Icon
   Doddanekundi, Mahadevapura
   Bangalore, Karnataka  560037
   India

   Email: muthu.arul@gmail.com


   Fernando Pascual Blanco
   Telefonica I+D
   Ramon de la Cruz 84
   Madrid  28006
   Spain

   Phone: +34 913128779
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