Internet DRAFT - draft-peterson-dispatch-rtpsec

draft-peterson-dispatch-rtpsec







Network Working Group                                        J. Peterson
Internet-Draft                                                   Neustar
Intended status: Best Current Practice                       E. Rescorla
Expires: September 22, 2016                                    R. Barnes
                                                                 Mozilla
                                                              R. Housley
                                                                Vigilsec
                                                          March 21, 2016


        Best Practices for Securing RTP Media Signaled with SIP
                 draft-peterson-dispatch-rtpsec-00.txt

Abstract

   Although the Session Initital Protocol (SIP) includes a suite of
   security services that has been expanded by numerous specifications
   over the years, there is no single place that explains how to use SIP
   to establish confidential media sessions.  Additionally, existing
   mechanisms have some feature gaps that need to be identified and
   resolved in order for them to address the pervasive monitoring threat
   model.  This specification describes practices for negotiating
   confidential media with SIP, including both comprehensive security
   solutions which bind the media to SIP-layer identities as well as
   opportunistic security solutions.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 22, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.




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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Security at the SIP and SDP layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Comprehensive Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
       3.1.1.  Anonymous Communications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Opportunistic Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Media Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   8.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7

1.  Introduction

   The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] includes a suite of
   security services, ranging from Digest authentication for
   authenticating entities with a shared secret, to TLS for transport
   security, to S/MIME (optional) for body security.  SIP is frequently
   used to establish media sessions, in particular audio or audiovisual
   sessions, which have their own security mechanisms available, such as
   Secure RTP [RFC3711].  However, the practices needed to bind security
   at the media layer to security at the SIP layer, to provide an
   assurance that protection is in place all the way up the stack, rely
   on a great many external security mechanisms and practices, and
   require a central point of documentation to explain their optimal use
   as a best practice.

   Revelations about widespread pervasive monitoring of the Internet
   have led to a reevaluation of the threat model for Internet
   communications [RFC7258].  In order to maximize the use of security
   features, especially of media confidentiality, opportunistic measures
   must often serve as a stopgap when a full suite of services cannot be
   negotiated all the way up the stack.  This document explains the
   limitations that may inhibit the use of comprehensive security, and
   provides recommendations for which external security mechanisms



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   implementers should use to negotiate secure media with SIP.  It
   moreover gives a gap analysis of the limitations of existing
   solutions, and specifies solutions to address them.

2.  Terminology

   In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED",
   "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT
   RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as
   described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119] and RFC 6919 [RFC6919].

3.  Security at the SIP and SDP layer

   There are two approaches to providing confidentiality for media
   sessions set up with SIP: comprehensive security and opportunistic
   security.

3.1.  Comprehensive Security

   Comprehensive security for media sessions established by SIP requires
   the interaction of three protocols: SIP, the Session Description
   Protocol (SDP), and the Real-time Protocol, in particular its secure
   profile SRTP.  Broadly, it is the responsibility of SIP to provide
   integrity for the media keying attributes conveyed by SDP, and those
   attributes will in turn identify the keys used by endpoints in the
   RTP media session that SDP negotiates.  In that way, once SIP and SDP
   have exchanged the necessary information to initiate a session, the
   media endpoints will have a strong assurance that the keys they
   exchange have not been tampered with by third parties, and that end-
   to-end confidentiality is available.

   Our current target mechanism for establishing the identity of the
   endpoints of a SIP session is the use of STIR
   [I-D.ietf-stir-rfc4474bis].  The STIR signature has been designed to
   prevent a class of impersonation attacks that are commonly used in
   robocalling, voicemail hacking, and related threats.  STIR generates
   a signature over certain features of SIP requests, including header
   field values that contain an identity for the originator of the
   request, such as the From header field or P-Asserted-Identity field,
   and also over the media keys in SDP if they are present.  As
   currently defined, STIR only provides a signature over the
   "a=fingerprint" attribute, which is a key fingerprint utilized by
   DTLS-SRTP [RFC5763]; consequently, STIR only offers comprehensive
   security for SIP sessions, in concert with SDP and SRTP, when DTLS-
   SRTP is the media security service.  The underlying security object
   of STIR is extensible, however, and it would be possible to provide
   signatures over other SDP attributes that contain alternate keying
   material.



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   A STIR verification service can act in concept with an SRTP media
   endpoint to ensure that the key fingerprints, as given in SDP, match
   the keys exchanged to establish DTLS-SRTP.  Typically, the
   verification service function would in this case be implemented in
   the SIP UAS, which would be composed with the media endpoint.  If the
   STIR authentication service or verification service functions are
   implemented at an intermediary rather than an endpoint, this
   introduces the possibility that the intermediary could act as a man-
   in-the-middle, altering key fingerprints.  As this attack is not in
   STIR's core threat model, which focuses on impersonation rather than
   man-in-the-middle attacks, STIR offers no specific protections
   against it.  However, it would be possible to build a deployment
   profile of STIR for media confidentiality which shifts these
   responsibilities to the endpoints rather than the intermediaries.

   Note that STIR provides integrity protection for the SDP bodies of
   SIP requests, but not SIP responses.  When a session is established,
   therefore, any SDP body carried by a 200 class response in the
   backwards direction will not be protected by an authentication
   service and cannot be verified.  Thus, sending a secured SDP body in
   the backwards direction will require an extra RTT, typically a re-
   INVITE in the backwards direction.  Again, this could be specified as
   a component of a secure media profile for STIR.

   Future versions of this specification will show in detail how those
   gaps can be filled.

3.1.1.  Anonymous Communications

   In some cases, the identity of the initiator of a SIP session may be
   withheld due to user or provider policy.  Per the recommendations of
   [RFC3323], this may involve using an identity such as
   "anonymous@anonymous.invalid" in the identity fields of a SIP
   request.  [I-D.ietf-stir-rfc4474bis] does not currently permit
   authentication services to sign for requests that supply this
   identity.  It does however permit signing for valid domains, such as
   "anonymous@example.com," as a way of implementation an anonymization
   service as specified in [RFC3323].

   Even for anonymous sessions, providing media confidentiality and
   partial SDP integrity is still desirable.  Barring the use of an
   anonymization service, this can only be accomplished with
   opportunistic security; the value of trying to provide an
   intermediate level between comprehensive and opportunistic security
   for this use case is a matter for futher discussion and study.






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3.2.  Opportunistic Security

   Work is already underway on defining approaches to opportunistic
   media security for SIP in [I-D.johnston-dispatch-osrtp], which builds
   on the prior efforts of [I-D.kaplan-mmusic-best-effort-srtp].  The
   major protocol change proposed by that draft is to signal the use of
   opportunistic encryption by negotiating the AVP profile in SDP,
   rather than the SAVP profile (as specified in [RFC3711]) that would
   ordinarily be used when negotiating SRTP.

   Opportunistic encryption approaches typically have no integrity
   protection for the keying material in SDP.  Sending SIP over TLS hop-
   by-hop between user agents and any intermediaries will reduce the
   prospect that active attackers can alter keys for session requests on
   the wire.

4.  Media Security

   As there are several ways to negotiate media security with SDP, any
   of which might be used with either opportunistic or comprehensive
   security, further guidance to implementers is needed.  In
   [I-D.johnston-dispatch-osrtp], opportunistic approaches considered
   include DTLS-SRTP, security descriptions [RFC4568], and ZRTP
   [RFC6189].  In order to prevent men-in-the-middle from decrypting
   media traffic, the "a=crypto" SDP parameter of security descriptions
   requires signaling confidentiality which STIR and related
   comprehensive security approaches cannot provide, so delivering keys
   by value in SDP in this fashion is NOT RECOMMENDED.  Both DTLS-SRTP
   and ZRTP instead provide hashes which are carried in SDP, and thus
   require only integrity protection rather than confidentiality.

   Of DTLS-SRTP and ZRTP, only DTLS-SRTP is a Standards Track Internet
   protocol.  Future versions of this specification will give specific
   recommendations on support for media security protocols.

   Future versions of this specification will explore the issue of
   multiple fingerprints appearing in the message, and offers that
   include both DTLS-SRTP and ZRTP security.

5.  Acknowledgments

   We would like to thank YOU for contributions to this problem
   statement and framework.








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6.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no requests to the IANA.

7.  Security Considerations

   This document describes the security features that provide media
   sessions established with SIP with confidentiality, integrity, and
   authentication.

8.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-stir-rfc4474bis]
              Peterson, J., Jennings, C., Rescorla, E., and C. Wendt,
              "Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
              Initiation Protocol (SIP)", draft-ietf-stir-rfc4474bis-07
              (work in progress), February 2016.

   [I-D.johnston-dispatch-osrtp]
              Johnston, A., Aboba, B., Hutton, A., Liess, L., and T.
              Thomas, "An Opportunistic Approach for Secure Real-time
              Transport Protocol (OSRTP)", draft-johnston-dispatch-
              osrtp-02 (work in progress), February 2016.

   [I-D.kaplan-mmusic-best-effort-srtp]
              Audet, F. and H. Kaplan, "Session Description Protocol
              (SDP) Offer/Answer Negotiation For Best-Effort Secure
              Real-Time Transport Protocol", draft-kaplan-mmusic-best-
              effort-srtp-01 (work in progress), October 2006.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.

   [RFC3264]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
              with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3264>.






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   [RFC3323]  Peterson, J., "A Privacy Mechanism for the Session
              Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3323,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3323, November 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3323>.

   [RFC3711]  Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
              Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
              RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.

   [RFC4568]  Andreasen, F., Baugher, M., and D. Wing, "Session
              Description Protocol (SDP) Security Descriptions for Media
              Streams", RFC 4568, DOI 10.17487/RFC4568, July 2006,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4568>.

   [RFC5124]  Ott, J. and E. Carrara, "Extended Secure RTP Profile for
              Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback
              (RTP/SAVPF)", RFC 5124, DOI 10.17487/RFC5124, February
              2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5124>.

   [RFC5763]  Fischl, J., Tschofenig, H., and E. Rescorla, "Framework
              for Establishing a Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
              (SRTP) Security Context Using Datagram Transport Layer
              Security (DTLS)", RFC 5763, DOI 10.17487/RFC5763, May
              2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5763>.

   [RFC6189]  Zimmermann, P., Johnston, A., Ed., and J. Callas, "ZRTP:
              Media Path Key Agreement for Unicast Secure RTP",
              RFC 6189, DOI 10.17487/RFC6189, April 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6189>.

   [RFC6919]  Barnes, R., Kent, S., and E. Rescorla, "Further Key Words
              for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", RFC 6919,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6919, April 2013,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6919>.

   [RFC7258]  Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an
              Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.

Authors' Addresses










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   Jon Peterson
   Neustar, Inc.
   1800 Sutter St Suite 570
   Concord, CA  94520
   US

   Email: jon.peterson@neustar.biz


   Eric Rescorla
   Mozilla

   Email: ekr@rtfm.com


   Richard Barnes
   Mozilla

   Email: rbarnes@mozilla.com


   Russ Housley
   Vigilsec

   Email: rhousley@vigilsec.com


























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