Internet DRAFT - draft-merling-bier-frr

draft-merling-bier-frr







BIER Working Group                                            D. Merling
Internet-Draft                                                  M. Menth
Intended status: Standards Track                 University of Tuebingen
Expires: September 6, 2019                                March 05, 2019


                           BIER Fast Reroute
                       draft-merling-bier-frr-00

Abstract

   BIER is a scalable multicast overlay [RFC8279] that utilizes some
   routing underlay, e.g., IP, to build up its Bit Index Forwarding
   Tables (BIFTs).  This document proposes a Fast Reroute Extension for
   BIER (BIER-FRR).  In case of a link or node failure, the routing
   underlay may first utilize FRR techniques to restore connectivity and
   then its forwarding tables converge.  After that, BIER can update its
   BIFTs, which requires time.  BIER packets may not be delivered until
   the last procedure has finished.  With BIER-FRR, a BIER Forwarding
   Router (BFR) can deliver BIER packets again after a link or node
   failures as soon as the connectivity within the routing underlay is
   restored and the BFR is informed about a next-hop (NH) that is
   unreachable on a lower layer.  BIER-FRR provides a mode for link
   protection and node protection.  For link protection, it tunnels
   traffic to the next-hop using the underlying routing.  For node
   protection, it forwards BIER packets to their specific next-hop and
   next-next-hops using tunnels in the underlying routing after applying
   a suitable backup bitmask to the bitstring in the BIER header of each
   packet.  This procedure prevents duplicates.  If topology allows,
   BIER-FRR achieves full protection against any single component
   failure.  For link protection, BIER-FRR requires only a minor change
   to the forwarding logic.  For node protection, BIER-FRR also requires
   backup entries in the BIFT.

   This document describes the concept and operating principles of BIER-
   FRR.  It defines the necessary modifications to the BIER forwarding
   Procedure and the BIFT, and explains how backup entries are computed.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.




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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Link Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.1.1.  BIER Encapsulation within a Lower-Layer Technology
               with Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.1.2.  BIER Encapsulation within the Routing Underlay  . . .   6
       3.1.3.  BIER Encapsulation within a Lower-Layer Technology
               without Protection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.2.  Node Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  Fast Reroute Extension for BIER (BIER-FRR)  . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  BIER-FRR Link Protection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       4.1.1.  Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       4.1.2.  Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.2.  BIER-FRR Node Protection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       4.2.1.  Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       4.2.2.  Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.2.3.  Computation of Backup BIFT Entries  . . . . . . . . .  11
         4.2.3.1.  Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
         4.2.3.2.  Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     4.3.  Protection Level  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.  Necessary Changes to the BIER Architecture  . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.1.  Unicast Tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13



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     5.2.  Detecting Unreachable N(N)Hs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.3.  BIFT with backup entries  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

1.  Introduction

   With BIER [RFC8279], Bit-Forwarding Routers (BFRs) forward packets
   based on a bitstring in the BIER header using the information in
   their Bit Index Forwarding Tables (BIFTs).  In case of a persistent
   link or node failure, BIER traffic may not be delivered until the
   BIFT has been updated based on the re-converged routing underlay.
   The routing underlay restores connectivity more quickly than BIER, in
   particular if the routing underlay leverages fast reroute (FRR)
   mechanisms because then the forwarding ability is retained before
   forwarding tables of the routing underlay have converged.  In this
   document we propose Fast Reroute Extension for BIER (BIER-FRR).  It
   enables a BFR to quickly reroute BIER packets as soon as the
   underlying routing works again and it is informed about a next-hop
   (NH) that is unreachable on a lower layer.

   We first explain the problem and distinguish link and node failures
   for that purpose.  In case of a persistent link failure, a BFR cannot
   deliver BIER traffic until the NH in the BIFT is updated with an
   appropriate node.  In case of a node failure, the entire multicast
   subtree behind the failed not is not reachable until the BIFT is
   updated.  Thus, in either case, BIER's connectivity is restored only
   after the underlying routing has converged and the BIFTs have been
   updated.  This may require substantial time during which BIER traffic
   is dropped.  An exception are unreachable NHs to which BIER traffic
   is sent through tunnels in the routing underlay.  They are reachable
   again as soon as the routing underlay works again.

   BIER-FRR tackles this problems with two different modes that have
   different implementation complexity: link protection and node
   protection.  In any case, a BFR with an unreachable NH needs to be
   informed about the failure and acts as a point of local repair (PLR).
   E.g., BFD mechanisms may be used [I-D.hu-bier-bfd] to detect failed
   NHs.  With BIER-FRR link protection, a BFR tunnels affected BIER
   packets towards the NH using a tunnel in the underlying routing.
   Then, this traffic can be delivered as soon as the underlying routing
   works again.  With BIER-FRR node protection, a BFR tunnels affected
   BIER packets to the NH and all relevant next-next-hops (NNHs) in the
   underlying routing after applying suitables backup bitmasks to the



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   bitstring in the BIER header.  This procedure ensures that both the
   NH and all potential multicast subtrees receive the traffic if
   possible, and it prevents potential duplicates and loops on the BIER
   layer.  Thus, BIER-FRR basically implements 1:1 protection.  The
   latter is discussed in [I-D.xiong-bier-resilience] without proposing
   a specific mechanism.

   This document describes the concept of BIER-FRR, protection
   properties, the computation of backup bitmasks, and gives a detailed
   BIER-FRR forwarding example.

2.  Terminology

   The following sections require the understanding of certain
   abbreviations and definitions that were defined within other
   documents, especially [RFC8279].  To facilitate the reading of this
   document, they are shortly explained in this section.

   o  BFR: Bit-Forwarding Router, Section 1 of [RFC8279]

      A device that acts as a BIER forwarding device in the BIER domain.

   o  BFIR: Bit-Forwarding Ingress Router, Section 1 of [RFC8279]

      Entry point to the BIER domain.  A BFIR adds a BIER header to a
      multicast packet.

   o  BFER: Bit-Forwarding Egress Router, Section 1 of [RFC8279]

      Exit point of the BIER domain.  A BFER removes the BIER header of
      a multicast packet.

   o  NH: Next-hop

      The next downstream BFR to which a packet is forwarded.

   o  BIFT: Bit Index Forwarding Table, Section 6.4 of [RFC8279]

      A BFR uses its BIFT to determine the NH(s) of a BIER packet.  The
      BIFT maps a F-BM to each NH of a BFR.

   o  F-BM: Forwarding bitmask Section 6.4 of [RFC8279]

      A F-BM is a bitmask that indicates which destinations are reached
      via the subtree of the corresponding NH.  A F-BM is applied to the
      BIER header by bitwise AND'ing the F-BM with the bitstring in the
      BIER header.  This prevents duplicates at BFERs.




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   o  Routing underlay: Section 4.1 of [RFC8279]

      The routing underlay connects pairs of BFR.  If a typical Interior
      Gateway Protocol (IGP) like OSPF is used, the multicast packets
      will be forwarded on shortest paths.  Other routing underlays with
      different path layouts are possible.  The routing underlay is used
      to determine the NH entries of the BIFT.

   o  BIER Layer: Section 4.2 of [RFC8279]

      Conceptually the BIER layer is placed above the routing underlay.
      The BIER layer can be understood as a transport layer for
      multicast packets.  It consists of all necessary protocols and
      mechanisms to forward a BIER packet from a BFIR, over potentially
      multiple BFRs, to a set of BFERs.

   o  Multicast Overlay: Section 4.3 of [RFC8279]

      Conceptually the multicast overlay is placed above the BIER layer.
      It is used to maintain information about egress points of
      multicast groups.  The multicast overlay passes those information
      to the BIER layer which then determines the corresponding BIER
      headers.

   o  PLR: Point of Local Repair

      A node that cannot forward a packet due to an unreachable NH.

   o  BIER-FRR: Fast Reroute Extension for BIER (BIER-FRR)

      A mechanism to restore connectivity on the BIER layer as soon as
      BFRs are informed about non-reachable NHs and the underlying
      routing works again.

   o  BIER-FRR link protection

      A mode of BIER-FRR that can handle only link failures.

   o  BIER-FRR node protection

      A mode of BIER-FRR that can handle both link and node failures.
      It is more complex than BIER-FRR link protection.

   o  NNH: Next-next-hop

      Next downstream BFR after the NH.





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2.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  Problem Statement

   We first consider the impact of link failures and then the one of
   node failures on the behavior of a BIER network without BIER-FRR.

3.1.  Link Failures

   The effect of a link failure depends on the technology used for
   encapsulation of BIER packets.  We distinguish three cases. (1) BIER
   packets are carried over some lower-layer technology with protection.
   (2) BIER packets are tunneled through the routing underlay.  (3) BIER
   packets are carried over some lower-layer technology without
   protection.

3.1.1.  BIER Encapsulation within a Lower-Layer Technology with
        Protection

   MPLS is an example for a lower-layer technology with protection
   capabilities.  In case of a link failure, first packets are lost,
   then the protection mechanism of the lower-layer technology quickly
   restores the link.  From then on, packets are no longer lost.

3.1.2.  BIER Encapsulation within the Routing Underlay

   IP is an example for a routing underlay.  The routing underlay is
   expected to deal with failures of lower- layer technologies.  In case
   of a link failure, packets are lost.  If the failure persists due to
   a lower-layer technology without protection, the routing underlay is
   informed about the failure.  The routing underlay may leverage FRR
   techniques, e.g., Loop-Free Alternates (LFAs) [RFC5286], to quickly
   restore reachability so that packets are delivered again which are
   sent encapsulated the within routing underlay.  From then on, also
   BIER packets encapsulated within the routing underlay are delivered
   again.

   At the same time, routing reconvergence is triggered.  When the
   routing has converged after some time, forwarding tables of the
   routing underlay are updated.  Based on them, new NHs for BIFTs are
   computed and installed so that the PLR delivers BIER packets to a
   different NH than the one that is still unreachable via the lower-
   layer technology.




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3.1.3.  BIER Encapsulation within a Lower-Layer Technology without
        Protection

   Ethernet is an example for a lower-layer technology without
   protection.  In case of a link failure, the failure persists from the
   perspective of BIER and the routing underlay unless the failure is
   repaired.  As a consequence, packets are lost.  Then, the routing
   underlay acts as described above to restore rechability and finally
   updates its forwarding tables.  By that time, BIER packets
   encapsulated within the lower-layer technology are still dropped.
   Then, new NHs for BIFTs are computed based on the new forwarding
   tables of the routing underlay and are installed.  From then on, BIER
   can deliver packets again over a different NH.

   When BIER-FRR is used, BIER packets can be delivered again as soon as
   the BFR is informed about the unreachable NH and routing underlay
   works again.

3.2.  Node Failures

   The effect of node failures is more severe.  First, the packets
   cannot be delivered to the failed node.  This, however, cannot be
   repaired.  Second, multicast distribution trees downstream of a
   failed NH cannot receive traffic as the failed NH replicate traffic
   towards relevant NNHs.  This problem is solved neither by lower-layer
   technologies with link protection nor by BIER encapsulation within
   the routing underlay.  Therefore, BIER packets sent to the failed NH
   are dropped until BIFTs are updated based on reconverged forwarding
   tables of the routing underlay.  This may require quite some time.

   When BIER-FRR node protection is used, BIER packets can be delivered
   along the affected multicast tree as soon as the BFR is informed
   about the unreachable NH and the routing underlay works again.

4.  Fast Reroute Extension for BIER (BIER-FRR)

   This section describes the concept of BIER-FRR.  In case of a link or
   node failure, it reroutes BIER packets until the BIFTs are updated or
   the failure is repaired.  BIER-FRR offers two modes: link protection
   and node protection.  Their protection level is summarized.

4.1.  BIER-FRR Link Protection

   We introduce the mechanism and illustrate it by an example.







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4.1.1.  Mechanism

   When a BFR is informed about an unreachable NH, it tunnels all BIER
   packets towards that NH through the routing underlay.  As soon as the
   routing underlay works again, the BIER packets are delivered to the
   NH if the NH still works.  Then, the NH forwards the BIER packets
   further along the multicast distribution tree.

4.1.2.  Example

   Figure 1 shows an example toplogy for the routing underlay and
   Figure 2 the multicast distribution tree for BFR 1 on the BIER Layer
   which is computed based on shortest paths.

                              1------2------3
                              |      |
                              4------|


           Figure 1: Example topology for the routing underlay.

                                      1
                                     / \
                                    2   4
                                   /
                                  3

    Figure 2: Multicast distribution tree for BFR 1 on the BIER Layer.

   When BFR 1 sends a packet to BFR 3, the NH is BFR 2.  If link 1<->2
   fails, packets encapsulated within a lower-layer technology can no
   longer be delivered from BFR 1 to BFR 2.  As soon as BFR 1 is
   informed that BFR 2 is no longer reachable, it encapsulates the BIER
   packets to BFR 3 within the routing underlay towards BFR 2.  When the
   routing underlay has restored connectivity, the BIER packets are
   tunneled from BFR 1 via BFR 4 to BFR 2 which decapsulates them.  Then
   BFR further forwards the BIER packets to BFR 3.

4.2.  BIER-FRR Node Protection

   We introduce the mechanism, illustrate it by an example, and explain
   how needed backup BIFT entries are computed.

4.2.1.  Mechanism

   When a BFR is informed about an unreachable NH, it tunnels all
   affected BIER packets to that NH if the NH receives a copy of the
   BIER packet, and to all NNHs over which copies of the BIER packet are



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   to be delivered.  The latter are the relevant NNHs.  Before tunneling
   the packets, their bitstrings are modified using backup F-BMs to
   avoid forwarding loops and duplicates.

   The BIFT and its operation are explained in detail in Section 6.4 of
   [RFC8279].  We briefly revise them to facilitate further reading
   before introducing backup BIFT entries to support the solution
   presented above.  Figure 3 illustrates the structure of the BIFT.
   The BIFT contains for each BFR-id a F-BM and the next hop (BFR-NBR).
   The BFR-id is mapped to a position in the bitstring of the BIER
   header; for this purpose, the bits within a bitstring are counted
   from right to left starting with 1.  The F-BM is also a bitstring and
   indicates all BFRs that are reachable through the multicast
   distribution subtree via BFR-NBR.  As a result, the F-BMs in a BIFT
   are either identical (same BFR-NBR) or disjoint with regard to
   activated bits.  For transmission of BIER packets, the BIFT is used
   together with a copy of the bitstring of the BIER header.  Processing
   is performed by the following loop.  An entry from the BIFT is
   selected that holds a BFR-id which is set in the copy of the
   bitstring.  Then, the F-BM of that entry is applied to the bitstring
   of the BIER packet and then the BIER packet is sent to the indicated
   BFR-NBR.  The bits of the F-BM are cleared in the bitstring copy and
   the loop restarts.  It ends when all bits in the bitstring copy are
   zero.

      --------------------------------------------------------------
      |     BFR-id     |          F-BM        |       BFR-NBR      |
      --------------------------------------------------------------
      |        1       |                      |                    |


          Figure 3: Structure of the BIFT according to [RFC8279].

      --------------------------------------------------------------
      |     BFR-id     |          F-BM        |       BFR-NBR      |
      --------------------------------------------------------------
      |        1       |     primary F-BM     |      primary NH    |
      |                |      backup F-BM     |       backup NH    |
      --------------------------------------------------------------
      |       ...      |           ...        |         ...        |

      Figure 4: Structure of a BIFT with primary and backup entries.

   To support BIER-FRR node protection, backup BIFT entries for
   protected BFR-NBRs are added to the BIFT.  That structure is
   illustrated in Figure 4.  We call the normal BIFT entries primary
   entries.  Backup BIFT entries have the same structure as primary BIFT
   entries and are used for forwarding in the same way.  The set of



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   active bits in a primary BIFT entry must equal the set of active bits
   in its corresponding backup entries to guarantee that all
   destinations in the multicast distribution subtree via BFR-NBR are
   protected.

   If the BFR-NBR of a primary BIFT entry is reachable, the
   corresponding backup BIFT entries are ignored in the forwarding
   process.  If the BFR-NBR of a primary BIFT entry is unreachable, the
   BIER packet is processed using the corresponding backup BIFT entries
   instead of the primary BIFT entry.  BIER packets sent by a backup
   BIFT entry MUST be tunneled through the routing underlay to the
   backup BFR-NBR after application of the backup F-BM.

   There are other options to organize the backup entries just as there
   are options for more scalable BIFT organization.

4.2.2.  Example

   Figure 5 shows an example toplogy for the routing underlay and
   Figure 6 the multicast distribution trees for BFR 1 and BFR 2 on the
   BIER Layer which are computed based on shortest paths.

                              1------2------5
                              |      |      |
                              3------4------6

           Figure 5: Example topology for the routing underlay.

                                1                2
                               / \              /|\
                              2   3            4 5 1
                             / \              / \
                            4   5            3   6
                           /
                          6

     Figure 6: Multicast distribution trees for BFR 1 and BFR 2 on the
                                BIER Layer.

   Figure 7 gives the BIFT for BFR 1 with backup entries.











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                     ---------------------------------
                     |        FRR-BIFT BFR 1         |
                     ---------------------------------
                     | BFR-id |   F-BM   |  BFR-NBR  |
                     ---------------------------------
                     |    1   |  000001  |     -     |
                     |        |     -    |     -     |
                     ---------------------------------
                     |    2   |  111010  |     2     |
                     |        |  000010  |     2     |
                     ---------------------------------
                     |    3   |  000100  |     3     |
                     |        |  000100  |     3     |
                     ---------------------------------
                     |    4   |  111010  |     2     |
                     |        |  101000  |     4     |
                     ---------------------------------
                     |    5   |  111010  |     2     |
                     |        |  010000  |     5     |
                     ---------------------------------
                     |    6   |  111010  |     2     |
                     |        |  101000  |     4     |
                     ---------------------------------

               Figure 7: BIFT of BFR 1 with backup entries.

   When BFR 1 sends a BIER packet to BFR 6, the NH is BFR 2.  If link
   1<->2 fails, BIER packets encapsulated within a lower-layer
   technology can no longer be delivered from BFR 1 to BFR 2.  As soon
   as BFR 1 is informed that BFR 2 is no longer reachable, it applies
   backup BIFT entries to forward affected BIER packets.  That means, it
   modifies the bitstring of BIER packets towards BFR 6 with the
   appropriate backup F-BM and sends them to backup NH BFR 4 after
   encapsulation within the routing underlay.  Therefore, the packets
   are tunneled from BFR 1 via BFR 3 to BFR 4.  BFR 4 decapsulates the
   packet and a copy of the BIER packet is delivered to BFR 6.

4.2.3.  Computation of Backup BIFT Entries

   We explain the computation and give an example.

4.2.3.1.  Computation

   BIER-FRR node protection ensures that a PLR can send BIER packets in
   case of an unreachable NH to all BFRs in the downstream multicast
   subtree of the unreachable NH.  For this purpose, backup entries for
   these BFRs need to be provided in the BIFT of the PLR.  We compute
   them differently for the NHs of PLRs and for all other BFRs which



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   belong to multicast subtrees starting with a NNH.  This leads to two
   computation rules:

   1.  BIER packets for NHs are sent to the NHs (backup-NH = NH) via a
       tunnel and the backup F-BM must ensure that these BIER packets
       are not forwarded any further.  That means, the backup F-BM
       contains only the BFR-id of the NH.

   2.  BIER packets for other BFRs are sent via a tunnel to the NNH in
       the multicast subtree they belong to.  Also all other BFRs in the
       same multicast subtree should be reached with the same BIER
       packet.  Therefore, the backup F-BM for a BFR contains the BFR-
       ids for all BFRs in its multicast subtree starting with the
       respective NNH.  Thus, the corresponding backup F-BM can be
       computed by ANDing the PLR's F-BM for the NH and the NH's F-BM
       for the specific NNH.

4.2.3.2.  Example

   We consider the BIFT of BFR 1 in Figure 7.

   Example for rule (1): The backup BIFT entry for BFR 2 has a F-BM that
   just contains BFR 2 (000010).

   Example for rule (2): The backup BIFT entry for BFR 4 has a F-BM that
   contains BFR 4 and BFR 6 (101000).  It is computed ANDing the F-BM of
   BFR 1 for BFR 2 (111010) and the F-BM of BFR 2 for BFR 4 (101100).
   The latter has been derived from the multicast distribution tree of
   BFR 2 in Figure 6.

4.3.  Protection Level

   BIER-FRR is a protection scheme that reacts when a NH is no longer
   reachable.  It is a local mechanism that does not require signaling
   or cooperation with other nodes, possibly except for the detection of
   locally unreachable NHs.

   The protection ensures that BIER multicast traffic is forwarded to
   all destinations that are reachable over the routing underlay and
   that no duplicates occur.  The protection is fast as it works as soon
   as the BFR is informed about a unreachable NH and the underlying
   routing works again after the failure occurred.

   BIER-FRR link protection is able to protect single link failures
   within a network provided that the underlying routing can restore
   full connectivity.  Multiple link failures within a network are not
   necessarily protected.




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   BIER-FRR node protection protects both single link and single node
   failures within a network provided that the underlying routing can
   restore full connectivity.  Multiple link and node failures within a
   network are not necessarily protected.

   The design of BIER-FRR guarantees loop-freeness on the BIER layer.
   Since the BIER packet is tunneled, the BIER is header is only used
   for forwarding if the tunneled packet arrives at the designated BFR.
   Loop-freeness on the routing underlay is out of the scope of this
   document.

5.  Necessary Changes to the BIER Architecture

   This section serves as an overview to list the necessary conceptual
   features or changes that are required for BIER-FRR.

5.1.  Unicast Tunneling

   Unicast tunnels to connect two not directly adjacent BFRs are already
   available.  This feature is described in Section 6.9 of [RFC8279].

5.2.  Detecting Unreachable N(N)Hs

   A liveness component (e.g.  BFD) has to be added to enable the
   detection of unreachable NHs.  This feature has been proposed in
   [I-D.hu-bier-bfd].

5.3.  BIFT with backup entries

   The BIFT has to be extended with backup entries as described in
   Section XXX.  When the regular BIER forwarding procedure yields an
   unreachable NH, the backup entry contains a backup F-BM for header
   modification and a NNH to which the BIER packet should be tunneled
   to.

6.  Security Considerations

   This memo does not extend the security considerations for BIER.

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests no action by IANA.

8.  References







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8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.hu-bier-bfd]
              hu, f., Mirsky, G., Xiong, Q., and C. Liu, "BIER BFD",
              draft-hu-bier-bfd-02 (work in progress), October 2018.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC8279]  Wijnands, IJ., Ed., Rosen, E., Ed., Dolganow, A.,
              Przygienda, T., and S. Aldrin, "Multicast Using Bit Index
              Explicit Replication (BIER)", RFC 8279,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8279, November 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8279>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.xiong-bier-resilience]
              Xiong, Q., hu, f., and G. Mirsky, "The Resilience for
              BIER", draft-xiong-bier-resilience-01 (work in progress),
              October 2018.

   [RFC5286]  Atlas, A., Ed. and A. Zinin, Ed., "Basic Specification for
              IP Fast Reroute: Loop-Free Alternates", RFC 5286,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5286, September 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5286>.

Authors' Addresses

   Daniel Merling
   University of Tuebingen
   Sand 13
   Tuebingen  72076
   Germany

   Phone: +49 7071 29-70507
   Email: daniel.merling@uni-tuebingen.de












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   Michael Menth
   University of Tuebingen
   Sand 13
   Tuebingen  72076
   Germany

   Phone: +49 7071 29-70505
   Email: menth@uni-tuebingen.de











































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