Internet DRAFT - draft-mdt-softwire-map-translation

draft-mdt-softwire-map-translation






Softwires                                                         C. Bao
Internet-Draft                                                     X. Li
Intended status: Standards Track                                 Y. Zhai
Expires: September 10, 2012                       CERNET Center/Tsinghua
                                                              University
                                                        T. Murakami, Ed.
                                                             IP Infusion
                                                             W. Dec, Ed.
                                                           Cisco Systems
                                                           March 9, 2012


                MAP Translation (MAP-T) - specification
                 draft-mdt-softwire-map-translation-01

Abstract

   This document specifies the "Mapping of Address and Port" (MAP)
   double stateless translation based solution (MAP-T) for providing
   IPv4 hosts connectivity to and across an IPv6 domain.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 10, 2012.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Extended Contributors List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Requirements Language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   5.  MAP-T Translation Framework  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   6.  MAP-T Node Behavior  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     6.1.  Provisioning of MAP-T CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     6.2.  Packet Forwarding Behavior of MAP-T CE . . . . . . . . . .  9
       6.2.1.  IPv4 to IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       6.2.2.  IPv6 to IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     6.3.  Provisioning of MAP-T BR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     6.4.  Packet Forwarding Behavior on MAP-T BR . . . . . . . . . . 10
       6.4.1.  IPv6 to IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       6.4.2.  IPv4 to IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   7.  MAP-T IPv4/IPv6 Translation Specifications . . . . . . . . . . 10
     7.1.  Address Formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     7.2.  Translating IPv4 Address and Port Number into IPv6
           Address and Port Number at the BR  . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     7.3.  Translating IPv6 Address and Port Number into IPv4
           Address and Port Number at the BR  . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     7.4.  Translating IPv4 Address and Port Number into IPv6
           Address and Port Number at the CE  . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     7.5.  Translating IPv6 Address and Port Number into IPv4
           Address and Port Number at the CE  . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     7.6.  Translating ICMP/ICMPv6 Headers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     7.7.  Path MTU Discovery and Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   8.  MAP-T Packet Forwarding considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     8.1.  Mesh Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     8.2.  Hub & Spoke model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     8.3.  Communication with IPv6 servers in the MAP-T domain  . . . 15
   9.  NAT44 considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   11. IANA Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   Appendix A.  Example of MAP-T translation  . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21




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1.  Extended Contributors List

   This document is the result of the IETF Softwire MAP design team
   effort and numerous previous individual contributions in this area
   initiated by dIVI [I-D.xli-behave-divi] along with a similar idea
   proposed by [I-D.murakami-softwire-4v6-translation].  The following
   are the authors who contributed in a major way to this document:

      Chongfeng Xie (China Telecom)

      Room 708, No.118, Xizhimennei Street Beijing 100035 CN

      Phone: +86-10-58552116

      Email: xiechf@ctbri.com.cn

      Chongfeng Xie (China Telecom)
      Room 708, No.118, Xizhimennei Street Beijing 100035 CN
      Phone: +86-10-58552116
      Email: xiechf@ctbri.com.cn

      Qiong Sun (China Telecom)
      Room 708, No.118, Xizhimennei Street Beijing 100035 CN
      Phone: +86-10-58552936
      Email: sunqiong@ctbri.com.cn

      Satoru Matsushima (Softbank Telecom)
      1-9-1 Higashi-Shinbashi, Munato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
      Email: satoru.matsushima@tm.softbank.co.jp

      Gang Chen (China Mobile)
      53A,Xibianmennei Ave. Beijing 100053 P.R.China
      Email: chengang@chinamobile.com

      Wentao Shang (CERNET Center/Tsinghua University)
      Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 CN
      Email: wentaoshang@gmail.com



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      Guoliang Han (CERNET Center/Tsinghua University)
      Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 CN
      Email: bupthgl@gmail.com

      Rajiv Asati (Cisco Systems)
      7025-6 Kit Creek Road Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
      Email: rajiva@cisco.com


2.  Introduction

   Experiences from several years of IPv6 deployment [RFC6219] indicates
   that transitioning a service providers' domain fully to IPv6-only
   requires not only the continued support of legacy IPv4 communication
   across that domain, but also the need for an ultimate IPv4 exit
   strategy allowing communication between IPv4 and IPv6 address
   families in that domain.  The use of an IPv4/IPv6 translation based
   solution is an optimal way to address these requirements,
   particularly in combination with stateless translation techniques
   that seek to minimize complexities as described in
   [I-D.operators-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation].  The double Pv4/
   IPv6 translation based solution, MAP-T, is such a solution, and one
   that builds on existing stateless IPv4/IPv6 address translation
   techniques specified in [RFC6052], [RFC6144], and [RFC6145], by:

   o Extending stateless IPv4/IPv6 translation with algorithmic address
   and port mapping rules as defined in MAP MAP
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port].

   o Introducing the notion of stateless double IPv4/IPv6 translation
   that can restore the original IPv4 address.

   o Allowing IPv4-translatable addresses to be either fully or
   partially encoded in IPv6 prefixes (or addresses) assigned to
   customers.

   The MAP-T solution presents an operator with the prospect of a full
   transition of a domain to IPv6-only, in a manner that:



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   o  Retains the ability for IPv4 end hosts to communicate across the
      IPv6 domain with other IPv4 hosts.

   o  Permits both individual IPv4 address assignment as well as IPv4
      address sharing, with predefined port ranges, to be enacted using
      IPv6.

   o  Allows communication between IPv4-only, as well as any IPv6
      enabled end hosts, to native IPv6-only servers in the domain that
      are using IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.

   o  Does not require the operation of an IPv4 overlay network, nor the
      introduction of non native-IPv6 network device or server
      functionality.

   o  Allows the use of IPv6 native network operations, including the
      ability to classify IP traffic, as well as to perform IP traffic
      routing optimization policies, e.g. routing optimization based on
      peering policies for Internet IPv4 destinations outside of the
      domain.


3.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].


4.  Terminology

   MAP-T:                Mapping of Address and Port - Translation mode.
                         MAP-T utilizes IPv4/IP6 translation as per
                         [RFC6145] along with the MAP extensions for
                         mapping between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in MAP
                         [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port] and
                         this draft.

   MAP-T domain (Domain):  A set of MAP-T CEs and BRs,.  A service
                         provider may deploy MAP-T with a single MAP-T
                         domain, or may utilize multiple MAP-T domains.
                         Each domain requires a separate MAP-T rule set.

   MAP-T Border Relay (BR):  A MAP-T enabled router/translator at the
                         edge of a MAP-T domain, providing connectivity
                         to the MAP-T domain.  A Border Relay router has
                         at least an IPv6- enabled interface and an IPv4
                         interface connected to the native IPv4 network,



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                         and it can serve multiple MAP-T domains.

   MAP-T Customer Edge (CE):  A router/translator node functioning as a
                         Customer Edge Router/translator in a MAP-T
                         domain.  This type of device is sometimes
                         referred to as a "Residential Gateway" (RG) or
                         "Customer Premises Equipment" (CPE).  A typical
                         MAP-T CE adopting MAP rules will serve a
                         residential site with one WAN side interface,
                         one or more LAN side interfaces.  A MAP-T CE
                         may also be referred to simply as a "CE" within
                         the context of MAP-T.

   Shared IPv4 address:  An IPv4 address that is shared among multiple
                         MAP CE nodes.  Each node has a separate part of
                         the transport layer port space.

   MAP-T Rule:           A MAP rule defining the mapping relationship
                         for a given MAP-T domain between IPv4 and IPv6,
                         defined in MAP
                         [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port].
                         Three such rules are the BMR, DMR, and FMR.

   Basic Mapping Rule (BMR):  A mandatory rule governing the
                         relationship between the IPv4 prefix, address
                         or port set IPv6 address and MAP domain
                         configuration information.  The BMR is used for
                         configuring the MAP CE.  The BMR is effectively
                         a type of FMR.

   Default Mapping Rule (DMR):  A mandatory rule used for mapping of
                         IPv4 information into IPv6 for destinations
                         outside a MAP domain.  Can be thought of as
                         representing an IPv4 0.0.0.0/0 default route.

   Forward Mapping Rule (FMR):  An optional rule for mapping between
                         specific IPv4 and IPv6 destinations within a
                         MAP domain.  Can be thought of as representing
                         a more specific IPv4 route in the MAP domain.
                         Finds application primarily on CEs where
                         forwarding using more specific routes is
                         desired.  To a BR, the BMR and FMR are
                         effectively the same.








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5.  MAP-T Translation Framework

   Figure 1 depicts the overall MAP-T architecture with IPv4 users (N
   and M) networks connected to a routed IPv6 network.

         User N
       Private IPv4
      |  Network
      |
   O--+---------------O
   |  | MAP-T CE      |
   | +-----+--------+ |
   | NAPT44|  MAP-T | `-.
   | +-----+      | |  -._   ,-------.                     .------.
   |       +--------+ |   ,-'         `-.                ,-'       `-.
   O------------------O  /              \   O---------O /   Public   \
                         /   IPv6 only   \  |  MAP-T  |/     IPv4     \
                        (    Network      --+  Border +-   Network     )
                         \ (MAP-T Domain)/  |  Relay  |\              /
   O------------------O  \              /   O---------O \             /
   |    MAP-T CE      |   ;".         ,-'                `-.       ,-'
   | +-----+--------+ | ,"   `----+--'                      ------'
   | NAPT44|  MAP-T | | ,"        |
   | +-----+        | |        IPv6 Server(s)
   |   |   +--------+ |         (v4 mapped
   O---.--------------O          address)
       |
         User M
       Private IPv4
         Network

   Figure 1: Network Topology

                        Figure 1: Network Topology

   The MAP-T solution relies on IPv4/IPv6 translating components, the
   MAP-T CE and MAP-T BR, connected to a MAP-T domain.  The MAP-T CE is
   responsible for connecting a users' private IPv4, along with any
   native IPv6 network to the IPv6-only MAP-T domain.  To multiplex
   multiple IPv4 user hosts, the CE relies on regular NAT44
   functionality, which is however configured based on MAP-T settings.
   The CE's stateless IPv4/IPv6 translation function [RFC6145], again
   configured to operate based on MAP-T settings, completes the model of
   the CE defined in Figure 1.  The CE's MAP-T domain facing interface
   is configured with a regular operator assigned IPv6 prefix that can
   be the same as that used to address any native IPv6 (non MAP-T) user
   network devices i.e.  MAP-T does not require more than one IPv6
   prefix per user network, and supports regular IPv6 prefix or address



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   assignment mechanism including SLAAC and DHCPv6 stateful.

   The MAP-T BR is responsible for connecting external IPv4 networks to
   all devices in one or more MAP-T domains, using stateless IPv4/IPv6
   translation [RFC6145]extended by the MAP-T rules as per this
   document.  Besides the CE and BR, the MAP-T domain can contain any
   regular IPv6-only hosts/servers that have an IPv4 mapped IPv6 address
   (IPv4-translatable address per [RFC6052]) using a prefix assigned to
   the MAP-T domain.  Communication with such devices is naturally
   possible using native IPv6 means from inside or outside the domain as
   well as from any IPv4-only hosts inside or outside of the MAP-T
   domain.

   The IPv4 in IPv6 address mapping scheme employed by the MAP-T
   solution, along with the avoidance of using any additional
   encapsulating headers allows the MAP-T domain to be operated using
   regular native IPv6 functionality.  This includes also the ability to
   classify traffic based on specific source and destination addresses
   (including any IPv4 in IPv6 mapped source and destinations), and
   higher layer packet payload.  Similarly, the address mapping
   characteristic allows IPv6 traffic forwarding in the MAP-T domain to
   be optimized in line with an operators' policies, e.g. native IPv6
   routing selection of MAP-T domain egress points based on peering
   policies bound to IPv4 destination.  IP Traffic between CEs in any
   MAP-T can flow either in hub & spoke modes, with a BR acting as the
   spoke, or in mesh mode directly between the CEs.


6.  MAP-T Node Behavior

6.1.  Provisioning of MAP-T CE

   A MAP-T CE requires the following parameters for provisioning:

   o The MAP Domain IPv4 and IPv6 prefix, and their lengths (Basic
   Mapping Rule)

   o The MAP EA-bits (CE index), including IPv4 suffix, length and any
   port-range (including any excluded ports and the port number
   continuity parameter)

   o The MAP domain BR IPv6 prefix and its length (Default Mapping Rule)

   A MAP-T CE that receives a MAP DHCP option
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-map-dhcp-option] and performs the following (MAP
   initialization) functions:

   o Configures the IPv4 address along with any applicable NAT44 port-



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   range function parameters (BMR)

   o Configures additional IPv4/IPv6 stateless translation parameters -
   optional FMRs.

6.2.  Packet Forwarding Behavior of MAP-T CE

6.2.1.  IPv4 to IPv6

   A MAP-T CE receiving IPv4 packets SHOULD perform NAT44 function first
   and create appropriate NAT44 stateful bindings.  The resulting IPv4
   packets MUST contain the source IPv4 address and source transport
   number defined by MAP-T.  The resulting IPv4 packet is forwarded to
   the CE's MAP-T function that performs IPv4 to IPv6 stateless
   translation.  The IPv6 source and destination addresses MUST then be
   derived as per Section 6 of this draft, and the IPv4 header MUST be
   replaced with an IPv6 header following [RFC6145].

6.2.2.  IPv6 to IPv4

   A MAP-T CE receiving an IPv6 packet performs its regular IPv6
   operations, whereby only packets that are addressed to the MAP-T CE's
   MAP derived BMR address are forwarded to the CE's MAP-T function.
   All other IPv6 traffic is forwarded as per the CE's IPv6 routing
   rules.  The CE SHOULD check that MAP-T received packets' transport-
   layer destination port number is in the range configured by MAP for
   the CE and the CE SHOULD drop any non conforming packet and respond
   with an ICMPv6 "Address Unreachable" (Type 1, Code 3).  In other
   cases, the MAP-T function MUST derive the IPv4 source and destination
   addresses as per Section 6 of this draft and MUST replace the IPv6
   header with an IPv4 header in accordance with [RFC6145].  The
   resulting IPv4 packet is then forwarded to the CE's NAT44 function
   where the destination port number MUST be checked against the
   stateful port mapping session table and the destination port number
   MUST be mapped to its original value.

6.3.  Provisioning of MAP-T BR

   The MAP-T BR needs to be provisioned with information for the MAP-T
   domain or domains it is expected to handle, along with any necessary
   routing processes.  For each MAP-T domain, the BR will have the
   following parameters:

   o The MAP Domain IPv4 and IPv6 prefix and their lengths (Basic
   Mapping Rule).

   o The BR prefix and its length (Default Mapping Rule)




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   o Optionally, any specific Forward Mapping Rules applicable to the
   domain.

6.4.  Packet Forwarding Behavior on MAP-T BR

6.4.1.  IPv6 to IPv4

   A MAP-T BR receiving IPv6 packets selects a best matching MAP-T
   domain rule based on a longest address match of the packets' source
   address against the BR's configured MAP-T BMR prefix(es), as well as
   a match of the packet destination address against the configured BR
   prefixes or FMR prefix(es).  The selected MAP rule allows the BR to
   determine the CE-index from the source IPv6 address.  The BR MUST
   perform a validation of the consistency of the source IPv6 address
   and source port number for the packet using BMR.  If the packets
   source port number is found to be outside the range allowed for this
   CE-index and the BMR, the BR MUST drop the packet and respond with an
   ICMPv6 "Destination Unreachable, Source address failed ingress/egress
   policy" (Type 1, Code 5).

   For packets that are to be forwarded outside of a MAP-T domain, the
   BR MUST derive the source and destination IPv4 addresses as per
   Section 7 of this draft and translate the IPv6 to IPv4 headers
   following [RFC6145].  The resulting IPv4 packets are then passed to
   regular IPv4 forwarding.

6.4.2.  IPv4 to IPv6

   A MAP-T BR receiving IPv4 packets uses a longest match IPv4 lookup to
   select the target MAP-T domain and rule.  The BR MUST then derive the
   IPv6 source and destination addresses from the IPv4 source and
   destination address and port as per Section 7 of this draft.
   Following this, the BR MUST translate the IPv4 to IPv6 headers
   following [RFC6145].  The resulting IPv6 packets are then passed to
   regular IPv6 forwarding.

   Note that the operation of a BR when forwarding to MAP-T domains that
   do not utilize IPv4 address sharing, is the same as stateless IPv4/
   IPv6 translation.


7.  MAP-T IPv4/IPv6 Translation Specifications

   This section specifies the MAP-T IPv6 address format and IPv4-IPv6
   address mapping behaviour, based on the MAP MAP
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port] specification.  Numeric
   examples of the MAP-T address translation in action are given in
   Appendix A.



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7.1.  Address Formats

   The MAP-T address format of the (mapped) CE address adopts the format
   defined in MAP [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port].  It is
   used in mapping rules operations to construct the source and
   destination IPv6 addresses.  An example, is shown in Figure 2 for the
   specific case of n+o+m bits less or equal to 64 bit length, where the
   (optional) well known m subnet-Id bits are used to auto-complete a
   prefix up to the 64th bit.  In cases where the End-user IPv6 prefix
   n+o bits exceed a length of 64, the excess bits are "bit spread"
   across the fixed u-octet boundary as needed, however for practical
   purposes operators may find it easier to work at octet aligned
   boundaries.  In any case, the maximum length of the End-user IPv6
   prefix is 96 minus the length of PSID, to allow for the encoding of
   the IPv4 address and PSID.  The EA bits are composed of the IPv4
   suffix and PSID as per MAP
   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port], and thus the same PSID
   is repeated twice in the overall encoding.
   <-- n bits -->|<o bits>|<-m bits>|< 8>|<----- L>=32 ----->|<--56-L-->
   +-------------+--------+---------+----+--------------+----+---------+
   | IPv6 prefix |EA bits |Subnet-id|  u | IPv4 address |PSID|    0    |
   +-------------+--------+---------+----+--------------+----+---------+
   <End-user IPv6 prefix >|

            Figure 2: IPv4-translatable address for BMR and FMR

   The address format used by the MAP-T Default Mapping Rule (DMR, IPv4
   converted address used to represent IPv4 destinations outside of the
   MAP-T domain) is specific to MAP-T.  An example is as shown in Figure
   3.  Note that the BR-prefix length is variable and can be both
   shorter or longer than 64 bits, up to 96 bits.  In the respective
   cases the IPv4 address and the BR prefix are shifted and "bit spread"
   across the fixed u-octet boundary as per [RFC6052].  All trailing
   bits after the IPv4 address are set to 0x0.

   <---------- 64 ------------>< 8 ><----- 32 -----><--- 24 --->
   +--------------------------+----+---------------+-----------+
   |        BR prefix         | u  | IPv4 address  |     0     |
   +--------------------------+----+---------------+-----------+

             Figure 3: Example of IPv4-converted address for DMR

   In all cases the "u-octet" is taken to be 0x00.

7.2.  Translating IPv4 Address and Port Number into IPv6 Address and
      Port Number at the BR

   IPv6 Source Address and Source Port Number:



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   At the BR, the IPv6 source address (IPv4-converted address) MUST be
   derived from the IPv4 source Address as per DMR.  The source Layer 4
   TCP/UDP port number MUST be unchanged.

   IPv6 Destination Address and Destination Port Number:

   At the BR, the IPv6 destination address (IPv4-translatable address)
   MUST be derived from the IPv4 destination address and the destination
   port number as per FMR.  The destination port number MUST be
   unchanged.

7.3.  Translating IPv6 Address and Port Number into IPv4 Address and
      Port Number at the BR

   IPv4 Source Address and Source Port Number:

   At the BR, the IPv4 source address MUST be derived from the IPv6
   source address (IPv4-translatable address) as per FMR.  The source
   port number MUST be unchanged.

   IPv4 Destination Address and Destination Port Number:

   At the BR, the IPv4 destination address MUST be derived from the IPv6
   destination address (IPv4-converted address) as per DMR.  The
   destination port number MUST be unchanged.

7.4.  Translating IPv4 Address and Port Number into IPv6 Address and
      Port Number at the CE

   IPv6 Source Address and Source Port Number:

   At the CE, the IPv6 source address (IPv4-translatable address) MUST
   be derived from the IPv4 source address as per BMR.  The source port
   number MUST be unchanged.

   IPv6 Destination Address and Destination Port Number:

   At the CE, if Forwarding Mapping Rules (FMRs) are enabled, the IPv4
   packet MUST be checked to see if the IPv4 destination address matches
   the FMR.  If matching, the IPv6 destination address (IPv4-
   translatable address) MUST be derived from the IPv4 destination
   address and the destination port number per FMR.  Otherwise, the IPv6
   destination address (IPv4-translateable address) MUST be derived from
   the received IPv4 destination address per DMR.  The destination port
   number MUST be unchanged.






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7.5.  Translating IPv6 Address and Port Number into IPv4 Address and
      Port Number at the CE

   IPv4 Source Address and Source Port Number:

   At the CE, the IPv4 source address MUST be derived from the IPv6
   source address (IPv6-converted address) as per the DMR, or as per the
   FMR.  The source port number MUST be unchanged.

   IPv4 Destination Address and Destination Port Number: At the CE, the
   IPv4 destination address MUST be derived from the IPv6 destination
   address (IPv6-translatable address) as per BMR.  The destination port
   number MUST be unchanged.

7.6.  Translating ICMP/ICMPv6 Headers

   MAP-T CEs and BRs MUST follow ICMP/ICMPv6 translation as per
   [RFC6145], with the following extension to cover the address sharing/
   port-range feature.

   Unlike TCP and UDP, which each provide two port fields to represent
   both source and destination, the ICMP/ICMPv6 Query message header has
   only one ID field [RFC0792], [RFC4443].  Thus, if the ICMP Query
   message is originated from an IPv4 host behind a MAP-T CE, the ICMP
   ID field SHOULD be used to exclusively identify that IPv4 host.  This
   means that the MAP-T CE SHOULD rewrite the ID field to a port-set
   value obtained via the BMR during the IPv4 to IPv6 ICMPv6 translation
   operation.  A BR can translate the resulting ICMPv6 packets back to
   ICMP preserving the ID field on its way to an IPv4 destination.  In
   the return path, when MAP-T BR receives an ICMP packet containing an
   ID field which is bound for a shared address in the MAP-T domain, the
   MAP-T BR SHOULD use the ID value as a substitute for the destination
   port in determining the IPv6 destination address according to Section
   5.1.  In all other cases, the MAP-T BR MUST derive the destination
   IPv6 address by simply mapping the destination IPv4 address without
   additional port info.

7.7.  Path MTU Discovery and Fragmentation

   Due to the different sizes of the IPv4 and IPv6 header, which are 20+
   octets and 40 octets respectively, handling the maximum packet size
   is relevant for the operation of any system connecting the two
   address families.  There are three mechanisms to handle this issue:
   path MTU discovery (PMTUD), fragmentation, and transport-layer
   negotiation such as the TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS) option
   [RFC0897].  MAP-T uses all three mechanisms to deal with different
   cases.




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   Following [RFC6145], when an IPv4 node performs path MTU discovery
   (by setting the Don't Fragment (DF) bit in the header), path MTU
   discovery can operate end-to-end across the MAP-T BR and CE
   translators.  In this case, either IPv4 or IPv6 routers (including
   the translators) can send back ICMP Packet Too Big messages to the
   sender.  When IPv6 routers send these as ICMPv6 errors, these packets
   will pass through the translator and will result in an appropriate
   ICMP error sent to the IPv4 sender.  When the IPv4 sender does not
   set the DF bit, the translator MUST ensure that the packet does not
   exceed the path MTU on the IPv6 side.  This is done, if necessary, by
   fragmenting the IPv4 packet and including with Fragment Headers to
   fit in the minimum MTU 1280-byte IPv6 packets.  When the IPv4 sender
   does not set the DF bit, the translator SHOULD include an IPv6
   Fragment Header to indicate that the sender allows fragmentation.
   The rules defined in [RFC6145] ensure that when packets are
   fragmented, either by the sender or by IPv4 routers, the low-order 16
   bits of the fragment identification are carried end-to-end, ensuring
   that packets are correctly reassembled.  The above mechanism ensures
   that the Don't Fragment (DF) bit in the IPv4 header can be carried
   end-to-end via double stateless translation in most of the cases.
   For example, the IPv4 packets with DF=1 will be translated to IPv6
   packets without fragmentation header and will be translated back to
   IPv4 packets with DF=1.  The IPv4 packets with DF=0 will be
   translated to IPv6 packets with fragmentation header (keeping the ID
   value) and will be translated back to IPv4 packets with DF=0.  An
   open corner case left up for specific handling by implementations
   [RFC6145] is for when IPv4 packets with DF=1 and MF=1 are received by
   a translator.  MAP-T devices SHOULD translate such IPv4 packets into
   IPv6 with a fragmentation header present.  Experimental evidence
   [operational-exp] and [IMC-07}, indicate that only 27,474 packets
   observed with DF=1/MF=1 among 10 billion samples.  This indicates
   that IPv4 packets with DF=1 and MF=1 are rare in production networks
   (10e-5) and that their handling by this rule causes no negative
   effects in practice.


8.  MAP-T Packet Forwarding considerations

8.1.  Mesh Model

   MAP-T allows the use of the mesh model in order for all CEs to
   communicate with each other directly (i.e bypassing the BR).  When a
   CE receives an IPv4 packet from its LAN side, the CE looks up a
   mapping rule corresponding to an IPv4 destination address in the
   received IPv4 packet.  If the corresponding mapping rule is found, CE
   can communicate to another CE directly based on the mapping rule
   defined as Forwarding mapping rule (FMR) in MAP.  If the
   corresponding mapping rule is not found, CE must forward the packet



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   to a given BR.

8.2.  Hub & Spoke model

   In order to allow the mesh topology so that all CEs can communicate
   each others directly, all CE should know all mapping rules applied to
   a given MAP-T domain or MAP-T domains.  However, if a CE knows only a
   subset of the mapping rules applied to a given MAP-T domain, a CE can
   not communicate directly with some of the CEs in that domain due to
   the lack of mapping rules.  In this case, an IPv4 packet toward to
   these CEs must be forwarded to a given BR.  In order to achieve the
   hub & spoke mode fully, the Forwarding mapping rule (FMR) defined in
   MAP need to be disabled (not defined).

8.3.  Communication with IPv6 servers in the MAP-T domain

   MAP-T allows communication between both IPv4-only and any IPv6
   enabled end hosts, with native IPv6-only servers which are using
   IPv4-mapped IPv6 address based on DMR in the MAP-T domain.  In this
   mode, the IPv6-only servers SHOULD have both A and AAAA records in
   the authorities DNS server [RFC6219].  DNS64 [RFC6147] become
   required only when IPv6 servers in the MAP-T domain are expected
   themselves to initiate communication to external IPv4-only hosts.


9.  NAT44 considerations

   The NAT44 implemented in MAP-T CE SHOULD conform with the behavior
   and best current practice documented in [RFC4787], [RFC5508] and
   [RFC5382].  In MAP-T address sharing mode (determined by the MAP-T
   configuration parameters) the operation of the NAT44 must be
   restricted to the available port numbers derived via BMR.


10.  Security Considerations

   Spoofing attacks:  With consistency checks between IPv4 and IPv6
      sources that are performed on IPv4/IPv6 packets received by BR's
      and CE's (Section 6), MAP-T does not introduce any opportunity for
      spoofing attack that would not pre-exist in IPv6.

   Denial-of-service attacks:  In MAP-T domains where IPv4 addresses are
      shared, the fact that IPv4 datagram reassembly may be necessary
      introduces an opportunity for DOS attacks.  This is inherent to
      address sharing, and is common with other address sharing
      approaches such as DS-Lite and NAT64/ DNS64.  The best protection
      against such attacks is to accelerate IPv6 enablement in both
      clients and servers so that, where MAP-T is supported, it is less



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      and less used.

   Routing-loop attacks:  This attack may exist in some automatic-
      tunneling scenarios are documented in
      [I-D.ietf-v6ops-tunnel-loops].  They cannot exist with MAP-T
      because each BRs checks that the IPv6 source address of a received
      IPv6 packet is a CE address based on Forwarding Mapping Rule
      defined in MAP [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port].

   Attacks facilitated by restricted port set:  From hosts that are not
      subject to ingress filtering of [RFC2827], some attacks are
      possible by intervening with faked packets during ongoing
      transport connections ([RFC4953], [RFC5961], [RFC6056].  The
      attacks depend on guessing which ports are currently used by
      target hosts, and using an unrestricted port set is preferable,
      i.e. using native IPv6 connections that are not subject to MAP
      port range restrictions.  To minimize this type of attacks when
      using a restricted port set, the MAP CE's NAT44 filtering behavior
      SHOULD be "Address-Dependent Filtering".  Furthermore, the MAP CEs
      SHOULD use a DNS transport proxy function to handle DNS traffic,
      and source such traffic from IPv6 interfaces not assigned to
      MAP-T.  Practicalities of these methods are discussed in Section
      5.9 of [I-D.dec-stateless-4v6].


11.  IANA Consideration

   This document has no IANA actions.


12.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Maoke Chen, Leaf Yeh and Senthil
   Sivakumar for their review and comments.


13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port]
              Troan, O., "Mapping of Address and Port (MAP)",
              draft-mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port-02 (work in
              progress), November 2011.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.




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   [RFC6145]  Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
              Algorithm", RFC 6145, April 2011.

13.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.dec-stateless-4v6]
              Dec, W., Asati, R., and H. Deng, "Stateless 4Via6 Address
              Sharing", draft-dec-stateless-4v6-04 (work in progress),
              October 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-tunnel-loops]
              Nakibly, G. and F. Templin, "Routing Loop Attack using
              IPv6 Automatic Tunnels: Problem Statement and Proposed
              Mitigations", draft-ietf-v6ops-tunnel-loops-07 (work in
              progress), May 2011.

   [I-D.mdt-softwire-map-dhcp-option]
              Mrugalski, T., Boucadair, M., and O. Troan, "DHCPv6
              Options for Mapping of Address and Port",
              draft-mdt-softwire-map-dhcp-option-00 (work in progress),
              October 2011.

   [I-D.murakami-softwire-4v6-translation]
              Murakami, T., Chen, G., Deng, H., Dec, W., and S.
              Matsushima, "4via6 Stateless Translation",
              draft-murakami-softwire-4v6-translation-00 (work in
              progress), July 2011.

   [I-D.operators-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation]
              Boucadair, M., Matsushima, S., Lee, Y., Bonness, O.,
              Borges, I., and G. Chen, "Motivations for Stateless IPv4
              over IPv6 Migration Solutions",
              draft-operators-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation-02 (work
              in progress), June 2011.

   [I-D.xli-behave-divi]
              Shang, W., Li, X., Zhai, Y., and C. Bao, "dIVI: Dual-
              Stateless IPv4/IPv6 Translation", draft-xli-behave-divi-04
              (work in progress), October 2011.

   [RFC0792]  Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
              RFC 792, September 1981.

   [RFC0897]  Postel, J., "Domain name system implementation schedule",
              RFC 897, February 1984.

   [RFC2827]  Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
              Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source



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              Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000.

   [RFC4443]  Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, "Internet Control
              Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol
              Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443, March 2006.

   [RFC4787]  Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation
              (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
              RFC 4787, January 2007.

   [RFC4953]  Touch, J., "Defending TCP Against Spoofing Attacks",
              RFC 4953, July 2007.

   [RFC5382]  Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
              Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
              RFC 5382, October 2008.

   [RFC5508]  Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and S. Guha, "NAT
              Behavioral Requirements for ICMP", BCP 148, RFC 5508,
              April 2009.

   [RFC5961]  Ramaiah, A., Stewart, R., and M. Dalal, "Improving TCP's
              Robustness to Blind In-Window Attacks", RFC 5961,
              August 2010.

   [RFC6052]  Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
              Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
              October 2010.

   [RFC6056]  Larsen, M. and F. Gont, "Recommendations for Transport-
              Protocol Port Randomization", BCP 156, RFC 6056,
              January 2011.

   [RFC6144]  Baker, F., Li, X., Bao, C., and K. Yin, "Framework for
              IPv4/IPv6 Translation", RFC 6144, April 2011.

   [RFC6147]  Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. van
              Beijnum, "DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address
              Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147,
              April 2011.

   [RFC6219]  Li, X., Bao, C., Chen, M., Zhang, H., and J. Wu, "The
              China Education and Research Network (CERNET) IVI
              Translation Design and Deployment for the IPv4/IPv6
              Coexistence and Transition", RFC 6219, May 2011.

   [operational-exp] John, Wolfgang; Tafvelin, Sven: Analysis of 
   	      Internet Backbone Traffic and Header Anomalies
   	      Observed. IMC '07: Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM 
	      conference on Internet measurement, pp. 111-116. 
	      ISBN/ISSN: 978-1-59593-908-1
	      http://conferences.sigcomm.org/imc/2007/papers/imc91.pdf



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Appendix A.  Example of MAP-T translation

   The following is a MAP-T example derived from the general MAP example
   in MAP [I-D.mdt-softwire-mapping-address-and-port].

   Example 1.

   Given the MAP domain information and an IPv6 address of an endpoint:

   IPv6 prefix assigned to the end user:  2001:db8:0012:3400::/56

   Basic Mapping Rule:  {2001:db8:0000::/40 (Rule IPv6 prefix),
      192.0.2.0/24 (Rule IPv4 prefix), 16 (Rule EA-bits length)}

   Sharing ratio:  256 (16 - (32 - 24) = 8. 2^8 = 256)

   PSID offset:  4

   A MAP node (CE or BR) can via the BMR determine the IPv4 address and
   port-set as shown below:

   EA bits offset:  40

   IPv4 suffix bits (p)  Length of IPv4 address (32) - IPv4 prefix
      length (24) = 8

   IPv4 address  192.0.2.18 (0xc0000212)

   PSID start:  40 + p = 40 + 8 = 48

   PSID length:  o - p = 16 (56 - 40) - 8 = 8

   PSID:  0x34

   Port-set-1:  4928, 4929, 4930, 4931, 4932, 4933, 4934, 4935, 4936,
      4937, 4938, 4939, 4940, 4941, 4942, 4943

   Port-set-2:  9024, 9025, 9026, 9027, 9028, 9029, 9030, 9031, 9032,
      9033, 9034, 9035, 9036, 9037, 9038, 9039

   ...  ...

   Port-set-15  62272, 62273, 62274, 62275, 62276, 62277, 62278, 62279,
      62280, 62281, 62282, 62283, 62284, 62285, 62286, 62287

   The BMR information allows a MAP-T CE also to determine (complete)
   its IPv6 address within the indicated IPv6 prefix.




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   IPv6 address of MAP-T CE:  2001:db8:0012:3400:00c0:0002:1200:3400

   Example 2.

   Another example can be made of a hypothetical MAP-T BR, configured
   with the following FMR when receiving a packet with the following
   characteristics:

   IPv4 source address:  1.2.3.4 (0x01020304)

   IPv4 source port:  80

   IPv4 destination address:  192.0.2.18 (0xc0000212)

   IPv4 destination port:  9030

   Configured Forwarding Mapping Rule:  {2001:db8:0000::/40 (Rule IPv6
      prefix), 192.0.2.0/24 (Rule IPv4 prefix), 16 (Rule EA-bits
      length)}

   MAP-T BR Prefix  2001:db8:ffff::/64

   The above information allows the BR to derive as follows the mapped
   destination IPv6 address for the corresponding MAP-T CE, and also the
   mapped source IPv6 address for the IPv4 source.

   IPv4 suffix bits (p)  32 - 24 = 8 (18 (0x12))

   PSID length:  8

   PSID:  0x34 (9030 (0x2346))

   The resulting IPv6 packet will have the following key fields

   IPv6 source address  2001:db8:ffff:0:0001:0203:0400::

   IPv6 destination address:  2001:db8:0012:3400:00c0:0002:1200:3400

   IPv6 source Port:  80

   IPv6 destination Port:  9030

   Example 3:

   An IPv4 host behind the MAP-T CE (addressed as per the previous
   examples) corresponding with IPv4 host 1.2.3.4 will have its packets
   converted into IPv6 using the DMR configured on the MAP-T CE as
   follows:



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   Default Mapping Rule used by MAP-T CE:  {2001:db8:ffff::/64 (Rule
      IPv6 prefix), 0.0.0.0/0 (Rule IPv4 prefix), null (BR IPv4
      address)}

   IPv4 source address (post NAT44 if present)  192.0.2.18

   IPv4 destination address:  1.2.3.4

   IPv4 source port (post NAT44 if present):  9030

   IPv4 destination port:  80

   IPv6 source address of MAP-T CE:  2001:db8:0012:3400:00c0:0002:1200:
      3400

   IPv6 destination address:  2001:db8:ffff:0:0001:0203:0400::


Authors' Addresses

   Congxiao Bao
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing 100084
   CN

   Email: congxiao@cernet.edu.cn


   Xing Li
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing 100084
   CN

   Email: xing@cernet.edu.cn


   Yu Zhai
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing 100084
   CN

   Email: jacky.zhai@gmail.com






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   Tetsuya Murakami (editor)
   IP Infusion
   1188 East Arques Avenue
   Sunnyvale
   USA

   Email: tetsuya@ipinfusion.com


   Wojciech Dec (editor)
   Cisco Systems
   Haarlerbergpark Haarlerbergweg 13-19
   Amsterdam, NOORD-HOLLAND  1101 CH
   Netherlands

   Phone:
   Email: wdec@cisco.com


































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