Internet DRAFT - draft-mcgrew-tls-proxy-server

draft-mcgrew-tls-proxy-server






TLS                                                            D. McGrew
Internet-Draft                                                   D. Wing
Intended status: Informational                                     Cisco
Expires: January 17, 2013                                         Y. Nir
                                                              Checkpoint
                                                            P. Gladstone
                                                             Independent
                                                           July 16, 2012


                       TLS Proxy Server Extension
                    draft-mcgrew-tls-proxy-server-01

Abstract

   Transport Layer Security (TLS) is commonly used to protect HTTP and
   other protocols; it provides encrypted and authenticated
   conversations between a client and a server.  In some scenarios, two
   TLS sessions are used, so that a third device can participate in the
   protected communication.  In these cases, separate TLS sessions are
   run between the client and the middle device, on one side, and the
   middle device and the server on the other side.  This provides the
   needed security, as long as the client, server, and middle device use
   appropriate and consistent security policies.  However, this last
   part is problematic; how can the middle device know if a client
   trusts a server?  At present, TLS provides no mechanism to coordinate
   policies, and there is no convenient way to do so.

   This note defines a TLS extension that allows a TLS server to provide
   a TLS client with all of information about the other TLS server (or
   servers) that are participating in the application layer traffic that
   the client needs to make a well-informed access control decision.
   This empowers the client to reject TLS sessions that include servers
   that it does not trust.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference



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   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 17, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

































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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.1.  Requirements Language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.  Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.1.  ProxyInfoExtension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.2.  Client Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   4.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   5.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   7.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     7.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     7.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18




































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1.  Introduction

   Transport Layer Security (TLS) RFC 5246 [RFC5246] is commonly used to
   protect HTTP [RFC2616] as described in [RFC2818].  In some scenarios
   an HTTP proxy is used, for instance, to allow caching, to provide
   anonymity to a client, or to provide security by using an
   application-layer firewall to inspect the HTTP traffic on behalf of
   the client (e.g. to protect it against cross-site scripting attacks).
   A TLS session cannot protect traffic between the client and server
   when an HTTP proxy is present.  It is possible to have separate TLS
   sessions between the client and the proxy, on one side, and the proxy
   and the server on the other side, as show in Figure 1 .  This
   technique provides the appropriate cryptographic security (see below
   for a discussion of why some other alternatives are less attractive).
   But there is a problem: the presence of the proxy removes the
   client's knowledge about the server.  Without this knowledge, the
   client has no way to decide what trust, if any, it should have in the
   server.  This is most problematic when the client trusts multiple
   different servers for different applications, or trusts servers from
   different domains.



            Client                Proxy                 Server
                   TLS Session #1        TLS Session #2
                   <------------>       <------------->
                                  HTTP
                   <----------------------------------->

        A proxied HTTPS session, with two independent TLS sessions.

                                 Figure 1

   A further issue is that the client cannot determine the security
   level of the TLS session between the proxy and the server.  For
   instance, a client can negotiate a high security ciphersuite between
   itself and the proxy, but it will have no way of knowing what
   ciphersuite is in use between the client and the server, which could
   be using the obsolete 56-bit Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher.

   Another point of difficulty is the fact that there can be multiple
   proxies on a particular path.  To solve the security issues
   introduced by TLS proxies in a way that is generally applicable, it
   is necessary to accommodate scenarios involving multiple proxies.

   A separate issue is the provisioning of the proxy with information
   about what servers (or rather, which certificates) should be trusted.
   If the laptop has installed certificates that are specific to its



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   organization or to a particular domain, how can the proxy know to
   trust these certificates on behalf of the laptop?

   We propose a solution in this note, by describing a TLS extension
   that can be used by a proxy to provide information to a TLS client
   about the TLS server.  When this extension is used, the client is
   well informed about the proxy as well as the server, and can make a
   knowledgeable access control decision about the server, using the
   same processes that it uses when the proxy is not present.  The data
   in the extension are signed by the proxy in order to bind the
   information about the server to a particular session between the
   client and the proxy.  When there are multiple proxies, the client is
   informed about all of them.  This extension also works for DTLS.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].


2.  Motivation

   One motivation for the proxy extension is the benefit that it
   provides a client with a clear and explicit indication whenever a
   device is attempting to act in the role of a TLS proxy server.  This
   allows TLS clients to reject sessions that include proxy servers that
   it does not trust.  As an extreme example, a client could be
   configured to reject all sessions that involve proxy servers, in
   order to enforce a conservative security policy.

   The following motivating example describes a typical situation with a
   TLS proxy, as in Figure 1.  A laptop trusts the server A for a
   particular banking application, and trusts server B for a social
   media application, and can authenticate both servers by using
   standard PKIX certificate checking [RFC5280] and locally stored root
   certificates.  Or rather, the client trusts a set of root
   certificates, and uses them to authenticate the TLS servers that it
   connects with.  The laptop also trusts the proxy, and has a
   certificate by which it can authenticate the proxy.  When making a
   connection directly with B, the laptop can authenticate the server as
   being trusted (that is, the server's public key appears in a
   certificate that has been signed by the appropriate trusted
   certificate authority), and it can also check the authorizations of
   that server (that is, B is authorized to provide the social media
   service, but not any other services such as banking).  If the web
   traffic from the laptop goes through an HTTP proxy, then the proxy
   will need to know that it should trust both A and B to act as TLS



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   servers.  Assuming that it does have this knowledge, it will proxy
   TLS connections from both A and B. However, when the client attempts
   to establish an HTTPS connection to A through the proxy, it has no
   way of knowing what security checks the proxy has applied to the
   connection between the proxy and A. The client cannot tell whether
   the trusted certificate that it associates with A was used on the
   connection between the proxy and A. The inability of the client to be
   confident of the identity of the actual server forces the client to
   trust all TLS servers indiscriminately.

   This obstacle could be overcome by pushing the client's policy (that
   is, information about what servers it trusts for what applications)
   onto the proxy, so that the proxy can make well-informed decisions on
   behalf of the client.  However, this alternative has significant
   drawbacks: it requires that the proxy obtain and store a significant
   amount of information about each client, and it requires the
   construction of a syntax by which the client's policy can be
   expressed and understood.  In contrast, our solution moves the
   information about the server to the client, which does not require
   the communication or storage of any security policy between the
   client and server.

   TLS proxies without this extension also defeat some recent security
   mechanisms that other groups have added to TLS:

   o  Extended Validation certificates ([CAB.EV]) are certificates that
      contain a special indication of the actual organization for which
      the certificate had been issued.  Only a minority of public CAs
      are authorized to issue such certificates.  By hiding the actual
      server certificate, proxies do not allow the browser to determine
      the EV status of the server certificate.  This loses the visual
      indication that browsers typically show when EV certificates are
      present.

   o  The DANE protocol ([I-D.ietf-dane-protocol]) stores hashes of
      server certificates in the DNS.  Clients are expected to verify
      that the certificate that the server uses is the one specified in
      the DNS record.  This fails if the certificate is one generated by
      the proxy.

   o  Key Pinning ([I-D.ietf-websec-key-pinning]) is an alternative way
      to make sure the client is connecting to the correct server.
      Unlike DANE, that stores the certificate hash in the DNS, key
      pinning sends that hash in an HTTP header.  Still, a client that
      moves behind a proxy will have stored the correct hash, but will
      get in TLS a certificate that does not match that hash, causing
      the connection to fail, unless that feature is disabled behind a
      proxy.



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   All these cases are solved if the client has access to the actual
   certificate sent by the server.  This is provided by this extension.


3.  Operation

   In this note, a TLS proxy is a device that acts as a TLS server in
   one session and acts as a TLS client in another session, and passes
   all of the data from one session to the other, possibly modifying it
   in the process.  That is, it is a non-transparent proxy, in the terms
   of [RFC2616].

                    TLS Session #1       TLS Session #2
             Client <------------> Proxy <-------------> Server


           Session #1            Session #2            Session #3
    Client <--------->  Proxy #1 <--------> Proxy #2  <---------> Server

    A TLS session with a single proxy (top) and a TLS session with two
                             proxies (bottom).

                                 Figure 2

   The essential idea is as follows.  When a TLS proxy is contacted by a
   client, it does not respond to the client until it completes a TLS
   session with the server.  It then sends the client an assertion about
   the server and the session, signed with the same private key that it
   uses in its role as the TLS proxy server.  When the client receives
   this assertion, it checks the data in the assertion to determine
   whether or not it trusts the server.  The assertion is carried in a
   ProxyInfoExtension, which is defined below.

   This extension carries all of the information that is available to a
   TLS client about a TLS server; thus the client can use existing
   authorization checking processes.  The client will need to verify the
   hostname and/or address, and check to see if the certificate has been
   revoked.  The client authenticates the proxy server as usual during
   the TLS session.  This ensures that the client trusts the proxy, and
   because of the signature on the assertion, it should trust the server
   certificate carried in the assertion.  The proxy need not perform any
   checking on the server certificate, because this check is done by the
   client.  Of course, by completing a TLS exchange with the server, the
   proxy verifies that the server holds the private key associated with
   that certificate.

   If the client attempts session resumption, and the proxy can resume
   the session, then it must attempt to resume the session with the



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   server.  If the server resumes the session, then the proxy must
   resume the session with the client.  If the proxy cannot resume the
   session with the client, then it MUST begin a fresh session with the
   server, and not resume the session with the client.  If the server
   does not resume, the proxy MUST not resume the session with the
   client.

   Because there may be more than one proxy in any path, the TLS
   extension carries a list of assertions.

   On receiving a ClientHello from the client, the proxy:

   1.  Checks for a ProxyInfoExtension in the ClientHello; if there is
       no such extension, then the following steps cannot be performed
       and are omitted,

   2.  Establishes a TLS session with the server (session #2 in
       Figure 1); a ProxyInfoExtension is included in that session,

   3.  Constructs a ProxyInfo structure by populating it with
       information about the server and the current session with that
       server; if the sever sends back a ProxyInfoExtension, then the
       ProxyInfo structure is included as the next_proxy_info,

   4.  Signs the ProxyInfo structure with the private key corresponding
       to the server certificate it uses in session #1,

   5.  Completes the session with the client (session #1 in Figure 1)
       and provides the ProxyInfoExtension in that session,

   The proxy MAY

      Perform revocation checking on the certificate chain of the server
      in session #2, and indicate that it has done this in the extension
      by setting performed_revocation_checking to "true".

   Note that the entity acting in the role of the server in session #2
   could be a proxy, but in the above it is referred to as a server
   because that is the role that it performs in that TLS session.

   When TLS is used in HTTPS, the proxy MUST perform the Server Identity
   checks described in Section 3.1 of [RFC2818].

   The normal operation of the proxy is to accept the (extended)
   ClientHello from the client and then send a ClientHello to the
   server.  It is recommended that the TLS Proxy support commonly
   deployed TLS extensions (as defined in [RFC4366] et al).  Any TLS
   extensions present on the original ClientHello MUST be examined and



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   either ignored, processed or forwarded (possibly after modification)
   to the TLS server as part of the new ClientHello.

   The client:

   1.  Includes a ProxyInfoExtension in the ClientHello message,

   2.  Checks for ProxyInfoExtension in the ServerHello message; if
       there is no such extension, then the TLS processing continues as
       usual; otherwise,

   3.  Processes the ProxyInfo extension by checking the validity of the
       digitally-signed struct, then performing the usual server
       authentication and authorization checking on the
       server_certificate_list in the ProxyInfo,

   4.  Checks the revocation_checking_performed flag in the ProxyInfo;
       if it is "false", then the client SHOULD perform revocation
       checking on the server_certificate_list,

   5.  Checks the ProxyInfoFlag in the next_proxy_info field; if it is
       not_empty, then the client returns to step 3 and performs that
       processing on the next_proxy_info.

   In order to maintain backwards compatibility for existing TLS
   clients, the TLS proxies MUST (by default) perform certificate
   validation for the certificates that they receive from the server.
   The use of the ProxyInfoExtension in the extended ClientHello is an
   indication by the client to request the alternate processing defined
   by this note.  In particular, if this extension is present in the
   extended ClientHello, then the TLS proxy should not use its own
   private key to dynamically generate a certificate.

   The proxy will relay the data between the client and peer data
   connections.  End-to-end flow control is maintained by the relay
   process: if the relay process is no longer able to write data to the
   destination of the relayed data, the relay process stops reading data
   from the source.

3.1.  ProxyInfoExtension

   The syntax of the ProxyInfo extension is as follows:









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   struct {
           ProtocolVersion     tls_version;
           CipherSuite         cipher_suite;
           CompresseionMethod  compression_method;
     } ConnectionSecurityParameters;

   enum { client_to_proxy, proxy_to_client,
          proxy_to_server, server_to_proxy } ProxyInfoFlag;

   struct {
        select (ProxyInfoFlag) {
           case client_to_proxy:
             /* zero length body */
           case proxy_to_client:
             digitally-signed struct {
                ConnectionSecurityParameters connection_parameters;
                ASN.1Cert server_certificate_list<0..2^8-1>;
                Random server_random; /* server-side server random */
                Boolean revocation_checking_performed;
                ProxyInfo next_proxy_info;
             } SignedProxyInfo;
           case proxy_to_server:
             digitally-signed struct {
                ASN.1Cert proxy_certificate_list<0..2^8-1>;
                ProxyInfo next_proxy_info;
             } SignedProxyInfo2;
           case server_to_proxy:
             /* zero length body */
        }
   } ProxyInfo;

   struct {
        ProxyInfo proxy_info;
   } ProxyInfoExtension;


   The ProxyInfo structure is defined recursively, so that the signature
   of each proxy authenticates the information provided by the proxies
   that follow it on the path.  The ProxyInfo contains the
   ProxyInfoFlag, which indicates whether or not the ProxyInfo is empty
   (in which case it contains no other fields) or not (in which case it
   contains a SignedProxyInfo structure).  The SignedProxyInfo structure
   is signed with the public key that the proxy uses in its role as the
   TLS server (in session #1).  That structure contains the
   connection_parameters that describe the security of session #2, and
   the certificate chain of the server from session #2 in the
   server_certificate_list.  If the proxy has performed revocation
   checking on that certificate chain, it indicates this by setting the



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   Boolean revocation_checking_performed.  If the server in session #2
   was actually a proxy itself, and it provides a ProxyInfo struct, then
   that struct is included in the next_proxy_info field.  Otherwise, the
   next_proxy_info field contains an empty ProxyInfo.


         enum {
              /* ... */
             proxy_info(TBD1), (65535)
         } ExtensionType;

3.2.  Client Certificates

   The mechanism described above supports server authentication and
   requires updates to the TLS client (e.g., the web browser) to support
   TLS proxying.  Some TLS connections use client certificates
   (sometimes called mutual authentication).  When TLS client
   certificates are used, the TLS server must be updated to support TLS
   proxy.  This section describes the handshake changes beyond those
   described in the previous section.

   On the first TLS connection to a server, the TLS proxy does not know
   if the TLS server will request a client certificate (that is, if the
   server will send a CertificateRequest in its TLS handshake).  So, the
   TLS proxy first establishes a TCP and TLS connection to the server
   (as described in previous section) and when the proxy sees the TLS
   CertificateRequest from the server, it starts a new TCP connection.
   Then the following steps occur:

   1.  The client sends ClientHello with ProxyInfo.  If the ClientHello
       does not include ProxyInfo, processing stops and the following
       steps cannot be performed.

   2.  The proxy, after determining the server is going to request the
       client's certificate (see proceeding paragraph), initiates a TLS
       session (TLS Session #2) to the server.  The ProxyInfo in TLS
       Session #2 contains two ProxyInfo datastructures -- the ProxyInfo
       from Session #1 and the second containing the proxy's own
       certificate.

   3.  The server acknowledges it supports ProxyInfo, by including
       ProxyInfo in its ServerHello with a nonce it wants signed by the
       client, along with its CertificateRequest.

   4.  On Session #1, the proxy sends a ServerHello, and includes the
       ProxyInfo from the previous step.





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   5.  On Session #1, the client sends its Certificate, its
       CertificateVerify, ChangeCipherSpec, and Finished.

   6.  The proxy valididates the CertificateVerify message.  If it fails
       validation, both of the TLS sessions are abandoned.

   7.  On Session #2, the proxy sends the client's certificate (obtained
       in the previous step) in ProxyInfo, the client's
       CertificateVerify (obtained in the previous step), its own
       ClientKeyExchange, ChangeCipherSpec, and Finished.

   8.  The TLS server verifies the TLS client initiated the TLS
       communication by using the data in ProxyInfo, the nonce it sent
       in Step 3, and CertificateVerify.





































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   A message flow diagram of the TLS proxy, after the proxy has
   determined the TLS server requests a client certificate

     client  TLS SESSION #1    proxy  TLS SESSION #2    server
       |                         |                         |
   1.  |--client Hello---------->|                         |
       |  + ProxyInfo            |                         |
       |                         |                         |
   2.  |                         |----client Hello-------->|
       |                         |    + ProxyInfo          |
       |                         |                         |
   3.  |                         |<---ServerHello----------|
       |                         |    + ProxyInfo          |
       |                         |<---Certificate----------|
       |                         |<---ServerKeyExchange----|
       |                         |<---CertificateRequese---|
       |                         |<---ServerHelloDone------|
       |                         |                         |
   4.  |<---ServerHello----------|                         |
       |  + ProxyInfo            |                         |
       |<---Certificate----------|                         |
       |<---ServerKeyExchange----|                         |
       |<---CertificateRequest---|                         |
       |<---ServerHelloDone------|                         |
       |                         |                         |
   5.  |---Certificate---------->|                         |
       |---ClientKeyExchange---->|                         |
       |---CertificateVerify---->|                         |
       |---ChangeCipherSpec----->|                         |
       |---Finished------------->|                         |
       |                         |                         |
   6.  |                         |--Certificate----------->|
       |                         |--ProxyInfo------------->|
       |                         |--ClientKeyExchange----->|
       |                         |--ChangeCipherSpec------>|
       |                         |--Finished-------------->|

   The ProxyCertVerify is carried from the client to the server (that
   is, it is un-modified by the proxy), which allows the TLS server to
   check that certificate.  Because there are two separate TLS, Session
   #1 and Session #2, ProxyCertVerify cannot utilize a signature over
   the TLS handshake messages (as with the classic CertificateVerify).
   Instead, the new ProxyCertVerify message contains two signatures
   which provide a similar (but not identical) function.  One signature
   is over TLS SESSION #2's ServerHello (which is conveyed into Session
   #1's ProxyInfo), signed using the client's private key.  The second
   signature is over TLS SESSION #2's entire handshake, signed using the
   private key of the TLS proxy.



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4.  Discussion

   The ProxyInfo extension could contain information about the checking
   that the proxy performed on the server and its certificate.  For
   example, if the DNS name of the server matched the subjectAltName,
   this fact could be indicated.  It may be desirable to enumerate the
   ways in which the server can match its certificate, to allow the
   proxy to indicate to the client which of those ways was positive for
   a particular server.

   A potential issue with the ProxyInfo extension is that it can be
   large, because the certificate chains that it carries can be large.
   Roughly speaking, the amount of certificate data presented to the
   client is proportional to the number of proxies on the path.  It is
   undesirable to require that so much data be sent, but on the other
   hand, the client does need all of the data in order to make a well-
   informed access control decision.  It appears that the data is the
   minimum required, in the sense that removing any of the data would
   make it impossible for the client to assess the security of the
   entire path.

   The proxy is required to do the authentication checking on the
   signatures created by the server, but not the authorization checking
   or revocation checking.  The responsibility for authorization
   checking is not put onto the proxy because it does not know the
   security policy of the client; in particular, the proxy does not know
   which servers the client trusts for which applications.  The
   responsibility for revocation checking is not put onto the proxy
   because that process is better left to the client.  The client can
   perform revocation checking on all of the certificate lists for all
   of the proxies and the server in parallel, whereas if each proxy
   performed the revocation checking, those processes would necessarily
   be serial.  Since revocation checking can take a significant amount
   of time, the serial approach could add a significant amount of
   latency to the TLS session, and potentially trigger retransmissions.
   The parallel approach not only reduces the overall latency, but it
   moves it outside of the client's retransmission timer for the
   ClientHello message.

   The ProxyInfo extension could convey the IP address of the server, or
   other network layer information such as the DNS name.  However, it is
   not clear that this information is needed, so it was not included.


5.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests IANA to update its registry of TLS extension
   types to assign an entry, referred herein as proxy_info, with the



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   number TBD1.


6.  Security Considerations

   In a situation with a client, server, and a middle device that all
   need to participate in an encrypted and authenticated session, the
   appropriate security goals are to

      preserve the security properties of the cryptographic protocols in
      use,

      make the client aware of both the middle device and the server,
      able to authenticate the both of those devices, and able to check
      that both of the devices are trusted/authorized to act in their
      roles,

      allow the client to make access control decisions that are as
      well-informed as when only the client and server are present.

   The idea in this note meets these goals.

   We briefly describe some alternative approaches that do not meet
   these security goals.

   First, we consider the proliferation of private keys.  In order to
   allow one device to act as a proxy for a server, the private key of
   the server could be shared with the proxy.  This practice may be
   workable when there is a one-to-one correspondence between proxies
   and servers, but it substantially increases the security risk.  If a
   proxy contains multiple private keys, it becomes an attractive target
   for an attacker.

   Second, we consider the session-key proliferation approach in which
   there is only a single TLS session, negotiated between the client and
   server, and the proxy participates in the session because either the
   client or the server has passed the secret session keys to the proxy
   (using some secure channel).  One attempt at this approach is in the
   now abandoned [I-D.nir-tls-keyshare].  If the proxy is completely
   passive, and it only decrypts traffic from the TLS session and never
   modifies the data in that session, then this method can be secure.
   However, if the proxy rewrites the data inside the session, or
   originates messages, then the security of the TLS protocol will be
   undermined.  Message authentication can be subverted because an
   attacker can intercept a message sent by the server, and forward it
   on to the client, bypassing the proxy.  By interleaving messages sent
   by the proxy with ones sent by the server, an attacker can
   potentially confuse a client, and can certainly cause a denial of



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   service.  Confidentiality may be undermined as well; if RC4, AES-GCM,
   or AES-CCM is in use, information about the plaintext will be leaked
   due to keystream reuse.  Session-key proliferation is not secure when
   the proxy needs to edit the session.  Most proxies do need to edit
   the session, and we regard it as potentially hazardous to construct a
   TLS proxy along these lines.  Suppose that such a proxy were
   implemented because it was anticipated that the application proxy
   would be read-only, but then a future revision to the application
   protocol or the goals of the application proxy made it necessary to
   have the proxy edit the application session.  If the session-key
   proliferation approach had been used, the implementer would be in the
   awkward position of having to choose between the costly path of
   implementing a completely new approach that preserved security, and
   the quick and inexpensive path of allowing the proxy to edit the
   session to the detriment of the security of the application.

   With the ProxyInfo extension, there is no protection against the
   proxy lying about the security characteristics of the onward
   connection, unless client certificates are used.  However, in any
   proxying scenario, it is necessary to trust the proxy, just as a
   client must trust the server.  For instance, any proxy (not just one
   using the ProxyInfo extension) could choose to forward the plaintext
   from the session to untrusted third parties, and violate the trust of
   the client.  It is the responsibility of the client to decide whether
   or not a particular device should be trusted to act in the role of
   proxy.  The ProxyInfo proposal has the benefit of making the presence
   of the proxy obvious, and allows the client to refuse to deal with
   untrusted proxies.

   Many clients use password-based authentication within a TLS tunnel.
   When a proxy is present, it can learn plaintext passwords, and it can
   gain the information needed to perform offline dictionary attacks
   against authentication systems that use challenge-response methods.
   This is a highly undesirable aspect of TLS proxying.  The ProxyInfo
   extension does nothing to directly help this issue.  However, it does
   indirectly improve the situation, because it empowers the client with
   information that enables it to reject proxies and servers that it
   should not trust.  Since the TLS authentication (including both sever
   and proxy authentication) takes place before the password-based
   authentication, the client can protect itself by rejecting sessions
   with inappropriate proxies, or inappropriate servers on the path
   beyond the proxy.

   In theory, the cryptographic proxying scenario could be considered as
   multiparty security negotiation and key establishment.  It may be
   interesting to investigate such ideas because they can allow for more
   equitable negotiation of session parameters, and additional security
   properties.  This note focuses on compatibility with existing



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   specifications and implementations, so these considerations are
   beyond its scope.


7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.

   [RFC4366]  Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J.,
              and T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions", RFC 4366, April 2006.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

7.2.  Informative References

   [CAB.EV]   CA/Browser Forum, "GUIDELINES for the PROCESSING of
              EXTENDED VALIDATION CERTIFICATES", CAB GUIDELINES for the
              PROCESSING of EXTENDED VALIDATION CERTIFICATES,
              January 2009.

   [I-D.ietf-dane-protocol]
              Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
              of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol: TLSA", draft-ietf-dane-protocol-23 (work in
              progress), June 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-websec-key-pinning]
              Evans, C. and C. Palmer, "Public Key Pinning Extension for
              HTTP", draft-ietf-websec-key-pinning-02 (work in
              progress), June 2012.

   [I-D.nir-tls-keyshare]
              Nir, Y., "A Method for Sharing Record Protocol Keys with a
              Middlebox in TLS", draft-nir-tls-keyshare-02 (work in
              progress), March 2012.




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   [RFC2616]  Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
              Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.


Authors' Addresses

   David A. McGrew
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   510 McCarthy Blvd.
   Milpitas, CA  95035
   US

   Phone: (408) 525 8651
   Email: mcgrew@cisco.com
   URI:   http://www.mindspring.com/~dmcgrew/dam.htm


   Dan Wing
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   170 West Tasman Drive
   San Jose, California  95134
   USA

   Email: dwing@cisco.com


   Yoav
   Check Point Software Technologies Ltd.
   5 Ha'Solelim Street
   Tel Aviv,   67897
   Israel

   Email: ynir@checkpoint.com


   Philip Gladstone
   Independent













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