Internet DRAFT - draft-li-teas-hierarchy-ip-controllers

draft-li-teas-hierarchy-ip-controllers







TEAS Working Group                                                 Z. Li
Internet-Draft                                       Huawei Technologies
Intended status: Informational                                  D. Dhody
Expires: 24 April 2024                                            Huawei
                                                                 H. Chen
                                                  Futurewei Technologies
                                                         22 October 2023


                   Hierarchy of IP Controllers (HIC)
               draft-li-teas-hierarchy-ip-controllers-12

Abstract

   This document describes the interactions between various IP
   controllers in a hierarchical fashion to provide various IP services.
   It describes how the Abstraction and Control of Traffic Engineered
   Networks (ACTN) framework is applied to the Hierarchy of IP
   controllers (HIC) as well as document the interactions with other
   protocols like BGP, Path Computation Element Communication Protocol
   (PCEP), and other YANG-based protocols to provide end to end dynamic
   services spanning multiple domains and controllers (e.g.  Layer 3
   Virtual Private Network (L3VPN), Seamless MPLS etc).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 24 April 2024.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.






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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  Mapping to ACTN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  Interface between Super Controller and Domain Controller in
           HIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Key Concepts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Topology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Path Computation/Path instantiation . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.3.  BGP considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  VPN Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.1.  Seamless MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.2.  L3VPN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.3.  L2VPN and EVPN service  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  Possible Features/Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   6.  Other Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     6.1.  Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       6.1.1.  PCE / PCEP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       6.1.2.  BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     6.2.  Management Plane  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       6.2.1.  YANG Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       6.2.2.  Protocol Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   9.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   10. Contributing Authors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24











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1.  Introduction

   Software-Defined Networking (SDN) refers to a separation between the
   control elements and the forwarding components so that software
   running in a centralized system called a controller, can act to
   program the devices in the network to behave in specific ways.  A
   required element in an SDN architecture is a component that plans how
   the network resources will be used and how the devices will be
   programmed.  It is possible to view this component as performing
   specific computations to place flows within the network given
   knowledge of the availability of network resources, how other
   forwarding devices are programmed, and the way that other flows are
   routed.  The Application-Based Network Operation (ABNO) [RFC7491]
   describes how various components and technologies fit together.

   A domain [RFC4655] is any collection of network elements within a
   common sphere of address management or path computation
   responsibility.  Specifically, within this document, it means a part
   of an operator's network that is under common management.  Network
   elements will often be grouped into domains based on technology
   types, vendor profiles, and geographic proximity and under a domain
   controller.

   Multiple such domains in the network are interconnected, and a path
   is established through a series of connected domains to form an end-
   to-end path over which various services are offered.  Each domain is
   under the control of the domain controller (or lower-level
   controller), and a "super controller" (or high-level controller)
   takes responsibility for a high-level view of the network before
   distributing tasks to domain controllers (or lower-level
   controllers).  It is possible for each of the domain to use a
   different tunnelling mechanism (eg RSVP-TE, Segment Routing (SR)
   etc).

   [RFC8453] describes the framework for Abstraction and Control of
   Traffic Engineered Networks (ACTN) as well as a set of management and
   control functions used to operate multiple TE networks.  This
   documents would apply the ACTN principles to the Hierarchy of IP
   controllers (HIC) and focus on the applicability and interactions
   with other protocols and technologies (specific to IP packet
   domains).










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   Sometimes, service (such as Layer 3 Virtual Private Network (L3VPN),
   Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN), Ethernet VPN (EVPN),
   Seamless MPLS) require sites attached to different domains (under the
   control of different domain controller) to be interconnected as part
   of the VPN service.  This requires multi-domain coordination between
   domain controllers to compute and set-up an E2E path for the VPN
   service.

   This document describes the interactions between various IP
   controllers in a hierarchical fashion to provide various IP services.
   It describes how the Abstraction and Control of Traffic Engineered
   Networks (ACTN) framework is applied to the Hierarchy of IP
   controllers (HIC) as well as document the interactions with control
   plane protocols (like BGP, Path Computation Element Communication
   Protocol (PCEP)) and management plane aspects (YANG models) to
   provide end to end dynamic services spanning multiple domains and
   controllers (e.g.  L3VPN, Seamless MPLS, etc.).

2.  Overview

   Figure 1 show examples of multi-domain IP domains under the hierarchy
   of IP controllers.

                             |
                       +------------+
                       |  SuperCo   |
                       +------------+
                             |
             ----------------------------------
             |               |                |
      +------------+   +------------+   +------------+
      |   DoCo#1   |   |   DoCo#2   |   |   DoCo#3   |
      +------------+   +------------+   +------------+


      +--Domain#1--+   +--Domain#2--+   +--Domain#3--+
      |            |   |            |   |            |
      |     B------+---+---D-----E--+---+------J     |
      |    /       |   |    \   /   |   |       \    |
      |   /        |   |     \ /    |   |        \   |
      |  A         |   |      H     |   |         L  |
      |   \        |   |     / \    |   |        /   |
      |    \       |   |    /   \   |   |       /    |
      |     C------+---+---F-----G--+---+------K     |
      |            |   |            |   |            |
      +------------+   +------------+   +------------+





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            Figure 1: Example: Hierarchy of IP controllers (HIC)

   The IP "Super Controller" receives a request from the network/service
   orchestrator to set-up dynamic services spanning multiple domains.
   The IP "Super Controller" breaks down and assigns tasks to the domain
   controllers, responsible for communicating to network devices in the
   domain.  It further coordinates between the controller to provide a
   unified view of the multi-domain network.

2.1.  Mapping to ACTN

   As per [RFC8453], ACTN has following the main functions -

   *  Multi-domain coordination

   *  Virtualization/Abstraction

   *  Customer mapping/translation

   *  Virtual service coordination

   These functions are part of Multi-Domain Service Coordinator (MDSC)
   and/or Provisioning Network Controller (PNC).  Further, these
   functions are part of the controller/orchestrator.

   The HIC is an instantiation of the ACTN framework for the IP packet
   network.  The IP domain (lower-level) controllers implement the PNC
   functionalities for configuring, controlling, and monitoring the IP
   domain.  The "super controller" (high-level controller) implements
   the MDSC functionalities for coordination between multiple domains as
   well as maintaining an abstracted view of multiple domains.  It also
   takes care of the service-related functionalities of the customer-
   mapping/translation and virtual service coordination.

   The ACTN functions are part of the IP controllers and responsible for
   the TE topology and E2E path computation/set-up.  There are other
   functions along with ACTN that are needed to manage multiple IP
   domain networks.

2.2.  Interface between Super Controller and Domain Controller in HIC

   The interaction between super controller and the domain controllers
   in HIC is a combination of Control Plane and Management Plane
   interface as shown in Figure 2.  BGP [RFC4271] and PCEP [RFC5440] are
   example of the control plane interface; whereas NETCONF [RFC6241] and
   RESTCONF [RFC8040] are examples of the management plane interface.





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      +----------------------------------------------+
      |                Super Controller              |
      |                                              |
      |                                              |
      +------------------*------#---------------------+
                         *      #
                         *      #
                      *************************
                      *         #             *
                ######*###############        *
                #     *              #        *
      +---------#-----*--+        +--#--------*------+
      | Domain           |        | Domain           |
      | Controller       |        | Controller       |
      +--#------------*--+        +--#------------*--+
         #            *              #            *
         #            *              #            *


       * -> Control Plane Interface
       # -> Management Plane Interface



     Figure 2: Interface between Super Controller and Domain Controller

   Note that ACTN's MDSC-PNC Interface (MPI) could be implemented via
   management plane interface using YANG models
   [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-yang] or via PCEP control plane interface
   [RFC8637].

3.  Key Concepts

3.1.  Topology

   The Domain Controller is expected to be aware of the topology of the
   network devices in its domain.  The domain controller could
   participate in the IGP ([RFC3630] and [RFC5305]) or use BGP-LS
   [I-D.ietf-idr-rfc7752bis] by which link-state and TE information is
   collected and shared with the domain controller using the BGP routing
   protocol.

   An alternate approach would be to rely on the management plane
   interface which uses the YANG model for network/TE Topology as per
   [RFC8345] and [RFC8795].






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   The domain controller is expected to share the domain topology to the
   Super Controller, as per ACTN (where PNC abstract the topology
   towards MDSC).  A level of abstraction is usually applied while
   presenting the topology to a higher-level controller.  Topology
   abstraction is described in [RFC7926] as well as [RFC8453].  BGP-LS,
   PCEP-LS [I-D.dhodylee-pce-pcep-ls] or management plane interface
   based on the abstracted network/TE Topology could be used to carry
   the abstract topology to the super-controller.  At minimum, the
   border nodes and inter-domain links are exposed to the super-
   controller.

   Further [RFC8453] defines three types of topology abstraction - (1)
   Native/White Topology; (2) Black Topology; and (3) Grey Topology.
   Based on the local policy, the domain controller would share the
   domain topology to the Super Controller based on the abstraction
   type.  Note that any of the control plane or management plane
   mechanism could be used to carry abstracted domain topology.  The
   Super Controller's MDSC function is expected to manage a E2E topology
   by coordinating the abstracted domain topology received from the
   domain controllers.

3.2.  Path Computation/Path instantiation

   The Domain Controller is responsible for computing and setup of path
   when the source and destination are in the same domain, otherwise the
   Super Controller coordinates the multi-domain path computation and
   setup with the help of the domain controller.  This is aligned to
   ACTN.

   PCEP [RFC5440] provides mechanisms for Path Computation Elements
   (PCEs) [RFC4655] to perform path computations in response to Path
   Computation Clients (PCCs) requests.  Since then, the role and
   function of the PCE has grown to allow delegated control [RFC8231]
   and PCE-initiated use of network resources [RFC8281].

   Further, [RFC6805] and [RFC8751] describes a hierarchy of PCE with
   Parent PCE coordinating multi-domain path computation function
   between Child PCE(s).  This fits well with HIC as described in this
   document.

   Note that a management plane interface which uses the YANG model for
   path computation/setup ([I-D.ietf-teas-yang-path-computation] and
   [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te]) could be used in place of PCEP.

   In case there is a need to stitch per domain tunnels into an E2E
   tunnel, mechanism are described in
   [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-interdomain].




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3.3.  BGP considerations

   [RFC4456] describes the concept of route-reflection where a "route
   reflector" (RR) reflects the routes to avoid full mesh connection
   between Internal BGP (IBGP) peers.  The IP domain controller can play
   the role of RR in its domain.  The super controller can further act
   as RR to towards the domain controller.

   BGP can provide routing policies for traffic management, like route
   preference, AS-path filter policy, IP-prefix filter policy and route
   aggregation.  The controller can distribute these BGP policies into
   the routers in a single IP domain.  For the scenario of multiple
   domains, the super controller can distribute per BGP Policy into each
   IP domain controller.  Then the IP domain controller trickles down
   the BGP Policy to the network devices.

   [RFC8955] describes the concept of BGP Flowspec that can be used to
   distribute traffic flow specifications.  A flow specification is an
   n-tuple consisting of several matching criteria that can be applied
   to IP traffic.  The controller can originate the flow specifications
   and disseminate it to the routers.  The flow action includes the
   redirection to a specific TE tunnel.  Also, the IP domain controller
   could be responsible for collecting the flow sample in its domain and
   the super controller can act as the Flow Analysis Server.

   [RFC7854] describes the BGP Monitoring Protocol (BMP) to monitor BGP
   sessions.  BMP is used to obtain route views with a flexible way.  In
   the fashion of hierarchical architecture, the IP domain controller
   can be used as the domain Monitoring Station.  Meanwhile, the super
   controller is responsible for a high-level view of the global network
   state.

4.  VPN Service

4.1.  Seamless MPLS

   Seamless MPLS [I-D.ietf-mpls-seamless-mpls] describes an architecture
   which can be used to extend MPLS networks to integrate access and
   core/aggregation networks into a single MPLS domain.In the seamless
   MPLS for mobile backhaul, since there are multiple domains including
   the core network and multiple mobile backhaul networks, for each
   domain there is a domain controller.  In order to implement the end-
   to-end network service provision, there should be coordination among
   multiple domain controllers.







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                                |
                                |
                                |
                             +----------+
              |--------------|Super     |---------|
              |              |Controller|         |
              |              +----------+         |
              |                 |                 |
              |                 |                 |
              |                 |                 |
          +------+           +------+          +------+
     |----|DoCo  |----|  |---|DoCo  |--|  |----|DoCo  |---|
     |    |#X1   |    |  |   |#Y    |  |  |    |#X2   |   |
     |    +------+    |  |   +------+  |  |    +------+   |
     |                |  |             |  |               |
     |                |  |             |  |               |
     |                |  |             |  |               |
     |               +----+           +----+              |
     |           ....|ABR1|...........|ABR3|....          |
   +----+   .....    +----+           +----+    .....   +----+
   | PE |...                                         ...| PE |
   +----+   .....                                       +----+
                 ....+----+           +----+    .....
                     |ABR2|...........|ABR4|....
                     +----+           +----+

     |      IGP-X1     |      IGP-Y     |       IGP-X2     |
     |       (MBH)     |      (Core)    |       (MBH)      |
     |                 |                |                  |
     |-----BGP LSP-----|-----BGP LSP----|------BGP LSP-----|
     |                 |                |                  |
     |---LDP/TE LSP----|----LDP/TE LSP--|-----LDP/TE LSP---|
     |                 |                |                  |

                          Figure 3: Seamless MPLS

   Super Controller is responsible for setting the seamless MPLS
   service.  It should break down the service model to network
   configuration model [RFC8309] and the domain controller further break
   it to the device configuration model to the PE/ASBR to make the E2E
   seamless MPLS service.  The selection of appropriate ASBRs and
   handling of intra-domain tunnels is coordinated by the Super
   Controller in a similar fashion as shown in Section 4.2.








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   By enabling BGP sessions between Domain Controller and Super
   Controller, BGP labeled routes can also be learned at Super
   Controller.  As Super Controller is aware of the (abstract) topology,
   it could make intelligent decisions regarding E2E BGP LSP to optimize
   based on the overall traffic information.

4.2.  L3VPN

   A Layer 3 IP VPN service is a collection of sites that are authorized
   to exchange traffic between each other over a shared IP
   infrastructure.  [RFC4110] provides a framework for Layer 3 Provider-
   Provisioned Virtual Private Networks (PPVPNs).  [RFC8299] provides a
   L3VPN service delivery YANG model for PE-based VPNs.  The Super
   controller is expected to implement the L3SM model and translate it
   to network models towards the domain controller, which in turn
   translate it to the device model.  See [RFC8309] for more details.

                                     | L3SM
                                     V
                          +--------------------+
                          |  Super Controller  |
                          +--------------------+
                                     |
                     +-------------------------------+
                     |                               |
                     V                               V
                  +--------+                   +--------+
                  | DoCo#1 |                   | DoCo#2 |
                  |        |                   |        |
                  +--------+                   +--------+

            CE                                                   CE
             \     AS 100                          AS 200       /
              \                                               /
               A----B----C----ASBR1------ASBR2----D----E----F
              /    /    /       /          /     /    /    /
             /    /    /       /          /     /    /    /
      CE----G----H----I----ASBR3------ASBR4----J----K----L------CE

                              Figure 4: L3VPN

   Based on the user data in the L3SM model, the network configurations
   need to be trickle down to the network device to set up the L3VPN.








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   [RFC9182] describes the need for a YANG model for use between the
   entity that interacts directly with the customer (service
   orchestrator) and the entity in charge of network orchestration and
   control which, according to [RFC8309], can be referred to as Service
   Delivery Model.  The resulting model is called the L3VPN Network
   Model (L3NM).

   Based on the QoS or Policy requirement for the L3VPN service, the
   Super Controller may -

   *  Set the tunnel selection policy at the PE/ASBR routers so that
      they could select the existing tunnels

   *  Select an existing tunnel at the controller level and bind it to
      the VPN service

   *  Initiate the process of creating a new tunnel based on the QoS
      requirement and bind it to the VPN service

   *  Initiate the process of creating a new tunnel based on the policy

   Refer [I-D.ietf-teas-te-service-mapping-yang] for more details from
   ACTN perspective.

   Apart from the Management plane interface based on respective YANG
   models, the control plane interface PCEP could be used for path
   computation and setup.

4.3.  L2VPN and EVPN service

   There are two fundamentally different kinds of Layer 2 VPN service
   that a service provider could offer to a customer: Virtual Private
   Wire Service (VPWS) and Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) [RFC4664].
   A VPWS is a VPN service that supplies an L2 point-to-point service.
   A VPLS is an L2 service that emulates LAN service across a Wide Area
   Network (WAN).  A BGP MPLS-based Ethernet VPN (EVPN) [RFC7432]
   addresses some of the limitations when it comes to multihoming and
   redundancy, multicast optimization, provisioning simplicity, flow-
   based load balancing, and multipathing, etc.

   The handling of L2VPN/EVPN service is done in a similar fashion as
   shown in Section 4.2.

5.  Possible Features/Extensions

   This sections list some of the possible features or protocol
   extensions that could be worked on to deploy HIC in a multi-domain
   packet network.



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   1.  Simplify the initial configurations needed to set-up the
       relationship between the super controller and the domain
       controllers.  Note that this could be done via exchanges during
       initial session establishment, discovery via other protocols,
       service discovery (such as DNS etc.).

   2.  The (higher-level controller, lower-level controller)
       relationship or the role of the controller.

   3.  The learning and handling of various capabilities of the Super
       Controller and Domain Controller.

   4.  Handling of multiple instances of the controller at each level
       for high availability.

   [Editor's Note - This list is expected to be updated in the next
   version with more details]

6.  Other Considerations

6.1.  Control Plane

6.1.1.  PCE / PCEP

   The Path Computation Element communication Protocol (PCEP) [RFC5440]
   provides mechanisms for Path Computation Elements (PCEs) [RFC4655] to
   perform path computations in response to Path Computation Clients
   (PCCs) requests.

   The ability to compute shortest constrained TE LSPs in Multiprotocol
   Label Switching (MPLS) and Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) networks across
   multiple domains have been identified as a key motivation for PCE
   development.

   A stateful PCE [RFC8231] is capable of considering, for the purposes
   of path computation, not only the network state in terms of links and
   nodes (referred to as the Traffic Engineering Database or TED) but
   also the status of active services (previously computed paths, and
   currently reserved resources, stored in the Label Switched Paths
   Database (LSPDB).

   [RFC8051] describes general considerations for a stateful PCE
   deployment and examines its applicability and benefits, as well as
   its challenges and limitations through a number of use cases.

   [RFC8231] describes a set of extensions to PCEP to provide stateful
   control.  A stateful PCE has access to not only the information
   carried by the network's Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), but also



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   the set of active paths and their reserved resources for its
   computations.  The additional state allows the PCE to compute
   constrained paths while considering individual LSPs and their
   interactions.  [RFC8281] describes the setup, maintenance and
   teardown of PCE-initiated LSPs under the stateful PCE model.

   [RFC8231] also describes the active stateful PCE.  The active PCE
   functionality allows a PCE to reroute an existing LSP or make changes
   to the attributes of an existing LSP, or a PCC to delegate control of
   specific LSPs to a new PCE.

   Computing paths across large multi-domain environments require
   special computational components and cooperation between entities in
   different domains capable of complex path computation.  The PCE
   provides an architecture and a set of functional components to
   address this problem space.  A PCE may be used to compute end-to-end
   paths across multi-domain environments using a per-domain path
   computation technique [RFC5152].  The Backward recursive PCE based
   path computation (BRPC) mechanism [RFC5441] defines a PCE-based path
   computation procedure to compute inter-domain constrained MPLS and
   GMPLS TE networks.  However, both per-domain and BRPC techniques
   assume that the sequence of domains to be crossed from source to
   destination is known, either fixed by the network operator or
   obtained by other means.

   [RFC6805] describes a Hierarchical PCE (H-PCE) architecture which can
   be used for computing end-to-end paths for inter-domain MPLS Traffic
   Engineering (TE) and GMPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs) when the
   domain sequence is not known.  Within the Hierarchical PCE (H-PCE)
   architecture, the Parent PCE (P-PCE) is used to compute a multi-
   domain path based on the domain connectivity information.  A Child
   PCE (C-PCE) may be responsible for a single domain or multiple
   domains, it is used to compute the intra-domain path based on its
   domain topology information.

   [RFC8751] state the considerations for stateful PCE(s) in
   hierarchical PCE architecture.  In particular, the behaviour changes
   and additions to the existing stateful PCE mechanisms (including PCE-
   initiated LSP set-up and active PCE usage) in the context of networks
   using the H-PCE architecture.

   [RFC8637] examines the applicability of PCE/PCEP to the ACTN
   framework in detail.








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   [RFC8283] introduces the architecture for PCE as a central controller
   as an extension of the architecture described in [RFC4655] and
   assumes the continued use of PCEP as the protocol used between PCE
   and PCC.  Some related extension to PCEP [RFC9168] and [RFC9050] are
   also applicable in HIC.

6.1.2.  BGP

   [I-D.ietf-idr-rfc7752bis] describes a mechanism by which link-state
   and TE information can be collected from networks and shared with
   external components using the BGP routing protocol.  This is achieved
   using a new BGP Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)
   encoding format and a new BGP path attribute (BGP-LS attribute) that
   carries link, node, and prefix parameters and attributes.

   BGP-LS is another approach to collect network topology information.
   It is an extension to BGP for distribution of the network's link-
   state (LS) topology to external entities, such as the SDN controller.
   Network's link-state topology consists of nodes and links and a set
   of attributes.  The link-state topology is distributed among the IGP
   domain.  The specific protocol used in an IGP domain could be OSPF
   [RFC2238] or IS-IS [ISO10589].  Note that, the detailed link-state
   models of these two protocols are not identical.  Therefore, BGP-LS
   can provide a more abstract topology model that can map the IGP
   models.

   The domain controller acts as a consumer to collect the domain's
   link-state and TE information via BGP-LS.  The domain controller
   would usually abstract the domain information towards the super-
   controller and further send it via BGP-LS.

   BGP-Flowspec is a solution devised for preventing distributed Denial-
   of-service (DDoS) attack.  BGP-Flowspec distributes specification
   rules into neighbours.  [RFC8955] defines a new BGP NLRI encoding
   format that can be used to distribute traffic flow specifications.
   Additionally, it defines two applications of that encoding format:
   one that can be used to automate inter-domain coordination of traffic
   filtering, such as what is required in order to mitigate DDoS
   attacks; and a second application to provide traffic filtering in the
   context of BGP/MPLS VPN service.











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   The IP domain controller can act as the traffic sampling node.  The
   super controller can act as the traffic analysis server.  When the
   super controller finds the attack happened, the super controller
   should distribute the flow rules to associated IP domain controllers.
   And each IP domain controller should distribute the flow rules into
   the ingress routers.  Additionally one of the actions taken could be
   "redirect" where flow could be redirected to the TE tunnels created
   by the controller.

   [I-D.luo-grow-bgp-controller-based-ts] describes the traffic steering
   based on BGP controller.  The traditional method for traffic steering
   depends on the static configuration which is time-consuming and
   inefficient.  With the hierarchical IP controller, the IP domain
   controller can have the domain network topology view and routing
   information while the super controller can have the global network
   topology view and routing information.  The super controller can
   compute the end-to-end paths to satisfy the differentiated service
   requirement.  The IP domain controller may be used to distribute the
   routing policy into the routers.  BGP policy varies in many aspects.
   Its goal is to meet the customer application and connectivity
   requirement, and specific service transport needs.  So the super BGP
   controller is responsible for the coordination of multiple domain BGP
   Policy.  And then distribute Policy to the related IP domain
   controller.  The IP domain controller is responsible for distributing
   the policy to its network nodes.

   [I-D.ietf-idr-rtc-hierarchical-rr] describes the route target (RT)
   constrain mechanism in the hierarchical route reflection (RR)
   scenario.  [RFC4684] describes the route-target constrain mechanism
   to build a route distribution graph in order to restrict the
   propagation of Virtual Private Network (VPN) routes.
   [I-D.ietf-idr-rtc-hierarchical-rr] proposes a solution to address the
   RT constrain issue in the hierarchical RR scenarios.  The super
   controller corresponding to higher level RR can receive the RT-
   constrain routes from the lower level RR, which is acted by the IP
   domain controller.  The higher level RR will select one of the
   received routes as the best route.  then it should advertise the best
   route to all the lower level RR to build the route distribution
   graph.  This fits well with the HIC as described in this document.

6.2.  Management Plane

6.2.1.  YANG Models

   This is a non-exhaustive list of possible YANG models developed or
   in-development that could be used for HIC.





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      Topology: [RFC8345] defines a generic YANG data model for network
      topology.  [RFC8795] defines a YANG data model for representing,
      retrieving and manipulating Traffic Engineering (TE) Topologies.

      Tunnel: [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te] defines a YANG data model for the
      configuration and management of Traffic Engineering (TE)
      interfaces, tunnels and Label Switched Paths (LSPs).

      L3VPN: The Layer 3 service model (L3SM) is defined in [RFC8299],
      which is a YANG data model that can be used for communication
      between customers and network operators and to deliver a Layer 3
      provider-provisioned VPN service.  [I-D.ietf-bess-l3vpn-yang]
      defines a YANG data model that can be used to configure and manage
      BGP Layer 3 VPNs at the device.  Note that a network configuration
      model at the Domain Controller level needs to be developed.

      L2VPN/EVPN: [RFC8466] defines a YANG data model that can be used
      to configure a Layer 2 Provider-Provisioned VPN service.  This
      model is intended to be instantiated at the management system to
      deliver the overall service.  [I-D.ietf-bess-l2vpn-yang] and
      [I-D.ietf-bess-evpn-yang] defines a YANG data model to configure
      and manage L2VPN and EVPN service respectively.  Note that a
      network configuration model at the Domain Controller level needs
      to be developed.

      OAM: TBD

      BGP Policy: [I-D.ietf-idr-bgp-model] defines a YANG data model
      that can be used to configure BGP Policy based on data centre,
      carrier and content provider operational requirements.  The model
      is intended to be vendor-neutral, in order to allow operators to
      manage BGP configuration in heterogeneous environments with
      routers supplied by multiple vendors.  Note that a network
      configuration model at the Domain Controller level needs to be
      developed.

      BGP Flowspec: [I-D.wu-idr-flowspec-yang-cfg] defines a YANG data
      model for Flow Specification implementations.  The configuration
      data is described as flow specification rules that can be
      distributed as BGP NLRI to a network element.  The rules can be
      used to filter Distributed Denial of Service attacks (DDoS)
      besides other use cases.  Note that a network configuration model
      at the Domain Controller level needs to be developed.








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   [RFC8969] provides a framework that describes and discusses an
   architecture for service and network management automation that takes
   advantage of YANG modeling technologies.  This is quite apt for HIC
   and includes interactions between multiple YANG models as described
   in [RFC8969].

   [Editor's Note - the above list should be extended.]

6.2.2.  Protocol Considerations

   The Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) [RFC6241] provides
   mechanisms to install, manipulate, and delete the configuration of
   network devices.  The RESTCONF [RFC8040] describes an HTTP-based
   protocol that provides a programmatic interface for accessing data
   defined in YANG, using the datastore concepts defined in NETCONF.

   Some other mechanism like gRPC/gNMI could also be used between
   controllers using the same YANG data models.

7.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA concerns in this document.

8.  Security Considerations

   There are no new security concerns in this document.

9.  Acknowledgments

10.  Contributing Authors

   Dailongfei (Larry)
   Huawei Technologies,
   Beijing, China

   Email: larry.dai@huawei.com

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [RFC8453]  Ceccarelli, D., Ed. and Y. Lee, Ed., "Framework for
              Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN)", RFC 8453,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8453, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8453>.

11.2.  Informative References




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   [I-D.dhodylee-pce-pcep-ls]
              Dhody, D., Peng, S., Lee, Y., Ceccarelli, D., and A. Wang,
              "PCEP extensions for Distribution of Link-State and TE
              Information", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              dhodylee-pce-pcep-ls-26, 27 August 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-dhodylee-pce-
              pcep-ls-26>.

   [I-D.ietf-bess-evpn-yang]
              Brissette, P., Shah, H. C., Hussain, I., Tiruveedhula, K.,
              and J. Rabadan, "Yang Data Model for EVPN", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-bess-evpn-yang-07, 11
              March 2019, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
              ietf-bess-evpn-yang-07>.

   [I-D.ietf-bess-l2vpn-yang]
              Shah, H. C., Brissette, P., Chen, H., Hussain, I., Wen,
              B., and K. Tiruveedhula, "YANG Data Model for MPLS-based
              L2VPN", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-bess-
              l2vpn-yang-10, 2 July 2019,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-bess-
              l2vpn-yang-10>.

   [I-D.ietf-bess-l3vpn-yang]
              Jain, D., Patel, K., Brissette, P., Li, Z., Zhuang, S.,
              Liu, X., Haas, J., Esale, S., and B. Wen, "Yang Data Model
              for BGP/MPLS L3 VPNs", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-bess-l3vpn-yang-05, 13 April 2021,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-bess-
              l3vpn-yang-05>.

   [I-D.ietf-idr-bgp-model]
              Jethanandani, M., Patel, K., Hares, S., and J. Haas, "YANG
              Model for Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4)", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-idr-bgp-model-17, 5
              July 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
              ietf-idr-bgp-model-17>.

   [I-D.ietf-idr-rfc7752bis]
              Talaulikar, K., "Distribution of Link-State and Traffic
              Engineering Information Using BGP", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-idr-rfc7752bis-17, 25 August
              2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              idr-rfc7752bis-17>.

   [I-D.ietf-idr-rtc-hierarchical-rr]
              Dong, J., Chen, M., and R. Raszuk, "Extensions to RT-
              Constrain in Hierarchical Route Reflection Scenarios",



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              Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-idr-rtc-
              hierarchical-rr-03, 3 July 2017,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-idr-rtc-
              hierarchical-rr-03>.

   [I-D.ietf-mpls-seamless-mpls]
              Leymann, N., Decraene, B., Filsfils, C., Konstantynowicz,
              M., and D. Steinberg, "Seamless MPLS Architecture", Work
              in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-mpls-seamless-
              mpls-07, 28 June 2014,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-mpls-
              seamless-mpls-07>.

   [I-D.ietf-pce-stateful-interdomain]
              Dugeon, O., Meuric, J., Lee, Y., and D. Ceccarelli, "PCEP
              Extension for Stateful Inter-Domain Tunnels", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-pce-stateful-
              interdomain-03, 4 March 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-pce-
              stateful-interdomain-03>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-actn-yang]
              Lee, Y., Zheng, H., Ceccarelli, D., Yoon, B. Y., and S.
              Belotti, "Applicability of YANG models for Abstraction and
              Control of Traffic Engineered Networks", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-teas-actn-yang-11, 7 March
              2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              teas-actn-yang-11>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-te-service-mapping-yang]
              Lee, Y., Dhody, D., Fioccola, G., Wu, Q., Ceccarelli, D.,
              and J. Tantsura, "Traffic Engineering (TE) and Service
              Mapping YANG Data Model", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-ietf-teas-te-service-mapping-yang-14, 12
              September 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-teas-te-service-mapping-yang-14>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-path-computation]
              Busi, I., Belotti, S., de Dios, O. G., Sharma, A., and Y.
              Shi, "A YANG Data Model for requesting path computation",
              Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-teas-yang-
              path-computation-21, 7 July 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-teas-
              yang-path-computation-21>.

   [I-D.ietf-teas-yang-te]
              Saad, T., Gandhi, R., Liu, X., Beeram, V. P., and I.
              Bryskin, "A YANG Data Model for Traffic Engineering



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              Tunnels, Label Switched Paths and Interfaces", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-teas-yang-te-34, 1
              October 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-teas-yang-te-34>.

   [I-D.luo-grow-bgp-controller-based-ts]
              Luo, Y., Ou, L., Huang, X., Zhuang, S., and Z. Li,
              "Traffic Steering Based on BGP Controller", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-luo-grow-bgp-controller-
              based-ts-00, 5 March 2018,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-luo-grow-bgp-
              controller-based-ts-00>.

   [I-D.wu-idr-flowspec-yang-cfg]
              Wu, N., Zhuang, S., and A. Choudhary, "A YANG Data Model
              for Flow Specification", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-wu-idr-flowspec-yang-cfg-02, 1 October 2015,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-wu-idr-
              flowspec-yang-cfg-02>.

   [ISO10589] ISO, "Intermediate system to Intermediate system routing
              information exchange protocol for use in conjunction with
              the Protocol for providing the Connectionless-mode Network
              Service (ISO 8473)", ISO/IEC 10589:2002, 1992.

   [RFC2238]  Clouston, B., Ed. and B. Moore, Ed., "Definitions of
              Managed Objects for HPR using SMIv2", RFC 2238,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2238, November 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2238>.

   [RFC3630]  Katz, D., Kompella, K., and D. Yeung, "Traffic Engineering
              (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2", RFC 3630,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3630, September 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3630>.

   [RFC4110]  Callon, R. and M. Suzuki, "A Framework for Layer 3
              Provider-Provisioned Virtual Private Networks (PPVPNs)",
              RFC 4110, DOI 10.17487/RFC4110, July 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4110>.

   [RFC4271]  Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
              Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>.







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   [RFC4456]  Bates, T., Chen, E., and R. Chandra, "BGP Route
              Reflection: An Alternative to Full Mesh Internal BGP
              (IBGP)", RFC 4456, DOI 10.17487/RFC4456, April 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4456>.

   [RFC4655]  Farrel, A., Vasseur, J.-P., and J. Ash, "A Path
              Computation Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4655, August 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4655>.

   [RFC4664]  Andersson, L., Ed. and E. Rosen, Ed., "Framework for Layer
              2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPNs)", RFC 4664,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4664, September 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4664>.

   [RFC4684]  Marques, P., Bonica, R., Fang, L., Martini, L., Raszuk,
              R., Patel, K., and J. Guichard, "Constrained Route
              Distribution for Border Gateway Protocol/MultiProtocol
              Label Switching (BGP/MPLS) Internet Protocol (IP) Virtual
              Private Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4684, DOI 10.17487/RFC4684,
              November 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4684>.

   [RFC5152]  Vasseur, JP., Ed., Ayyangar, A., Ed., and R. Zhang, "A
              Per-Domain Path Computation Method for Establishing Inter-
              Domain Traffic Engineering (TE) Label Switched Paths
              (LSPs)", RFC 5152, DOI 10.17487/RFC5152, February 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5152>.

   [RFC5305]  Li, T. and H. Smit, "IS-IS Extensions for Traffic
              Engineering", RFC 5305, DOI 10.17487/RFC5305, October
              2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5305>.

   [RFC5440]  Vasseur, JP., Ed. and JL. Le Roux, Ed., "Path Computation
              Element (PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP)", RFC 5440,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5440, March 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5440>.

   [RFC5441]  Vasseur, JP., Ed., Zhang, R., Bitar, N., and JL. Le Roux,
              "A Backward-Recursive PCE-Based Computation (BRPC)
              Procedure to Compute Shortest Constrained Inter-Domain
              Traffic Engineering Label Switched Paths", RFC 5441,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5441, April 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5441>.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.



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   [RFC6805]  King, D., Ed. and A. Farrel, Ed., "The Application of the
              Path Computation Element Architecture to the Determination
              of a Sequence of Domains in MPLS and GMPLS", RFC 6805,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6805, November 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6805>.

   [RFC7432]  Sajassi, A., Ed., Aggarwal, R., Bitar, N., Isaac, A.,
              Uttaro, J., Drake, J., and W. Henderickx, "BGP MPLS-Based
              Ethernet VPN", RFC 7432, DOI 10.17487/RFC7432, February
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7432>.

   [RFC7491]  King, D. and A. Farrel, "A PCE-Based Architecture for
              Application-Based Network Operations", RFC 7491,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7491, March 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7491>.

   [RFC7854]  Scudder, J., Ed., Fernando, R., and S. Stuart, "BGP
              Monitoring Protocol (BMP)", RFC 7854,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7854, June 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7854>.

   [RFC7926]  Farrel, A., Ed., Drake, J., Bitar, N., Swallow, G.,
              Ceccarelli, D., and X. Zhang, "Problem Statement and
              Architecture for Information Exchange between
              Interconnected Traffic-Engineered Networks", BCP 206,
              RFC 7926, DOI 10.17487/RFC7926, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7926>.

   [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.

   [RFC8051]  Zhang, X., Ed. and I. Minei, Ed., "Applicability of a
              Stateful Path Computation Element (PCE)", RFC 8051,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8051, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8051>.

   [RFC8231]  Crabbe, E., Minei, I., Medved, J., and R. Varga, "Path
              Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP)
              Extensions for Stateful PCE", RFC 8231,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8231, September 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8231>.

   [RFC8281]  Crabbe, E., Minei, I., Sivabalan, S., and R. Varga, "Path
              Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP)
              Extensions for PCE-Initiated LSP Setup in a Stateful PCE
              Model", RFC 8281, DOI 10.17487/RFC8281, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8281>.



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   [RFC8283]  Farrel, A., Ed., Zhao, Q., Ed., Li, Z., and C. Zhou, "An
              Architecture for Use of PCE and the PCE Communication
              Protocol (PCEP) in a Network with Central Control",
              RFC 8283, DOI 10.17487/RFC8283, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8283>.

   [RFC8299]  Wu, Q., Ed., Litkowski, S., Tomotaki, L., and K. Ogaki,
              "YANG Data Model for L3VPN Service Delivery", RFC 8299,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8299, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8299>.

   [RFC8309]  Wu, Q., Liu, W., and A. Farrel, "Service Models
              Explained", RFC 8309, DOI 10.17487/RFC8309, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8309>.

   [RFC8345]  Clemm, A., Medved, J., Varga, R., Bahadur, N.,
              Ananthakrishnan, H., and X. Liu, "A YANG Data Model for
              Network Topologies", RFC 8345, DOI 10.17487/RFC8345, March
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8345>.

   [RFC8466]  Wen, B., Fioccola, G., Ed., Xie, C., and L. Jalil, "A YANG
              Data Model for Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN)
              Service Delivery", RFC 8466, DOI 10.17487/RFC8466, October
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8466>.

   [RFC8637]  Dhody, D., Lee, Y., and D. Ceccarelli, "Applicability of
              the Path Computation Element (PCE) to the Abstraction and
              Control of TE Networks (ACTN)", RFC 8637,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8637, July 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8637>.

   [RFC8751]  Dhody, D., Lee, Y., Ceccarelli, D., Shin, J., and D. King,
              "Hierarchical Stateful Path Computation Element (PCE)",
              RFC 8751, DOI 10.17487/RFC8751, March 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8751>.

   [RFC8795]  Liu, X., Bryskin, I., Beeram, V., Saad, T., Shah, H., and
              O. Gonzalez de Dios, "YANG Data Model for Traffic
              Engineering (TE) Topologies", RFC 8795,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8795, August 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8795>.

   [RFC8955]  Loibl, C., Hares, S., Raszuk, R., McPherson, D., and M.
              Bacher, "Dissemination of Flow Specification Rules",
              RFC 8955, DOI 10.17487/RFC8955, December 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8955>.





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   [RFC8969]  Wu, Q., Ed., Boucadair, M., Ed., Lopez, D., Xie, C., and
              L. Geng, "A Framework for Automating Service and Network
              Management with YANG", RFC 8969, DOI 10.17487/RFC8969,
              January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8969>.

   [RFC9050]  Li, Z., Peng, S., Negi, M., Zhao, Q., and C. Zhou, "Path
              Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP)
              Procedures and Extensions for Using the PCE as a Central
              Controller (PCECC) of LSPs", RFC 9050,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9050, July 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9050>.

   [RFC9168]  Dhody, D., Farrel, A., and Z. Li, "Path Computation
              Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) Extension for Flow
              Specification", RFC 9168, DOI 10.17487/RFC9168, January
              2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9168>.

   [RFC9182]  Barguil, S., Gonzalez de Dios, O., Ed., Boucadair, M.,
              Ed., Munoz, L., and A. Aguado, "A YANG Network Data Model
              for Layer 3 VPNs", RFC 9182, DOI 10.17487/RFC9182,
              February 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9182>.

Authors' Addresses

   Zhenbin Li
   Huawei Technologies
   Huawei Bld., No.156 Beiqing Rd.
   Beijing
   100095
   China
   Email: lizhenbin@huawei.com


   Dhruv Dhody
   Huawei
   India
   Email: dhruv.ietf@gmail.com


   Huaimo Chen
   Futurewei Technologies
   Boston, MA
   United States of America
   Email: huaimo.chen@futurewei.com







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