Internet DRAFT - draft-levine-dprive-signal

draft-levine-dprive-signal







Network Working Group                                          J. Levine
Internet-Draft                                      Taughannock Networks
Intended status: Informational                         November 17, 2019
Expires: May 20, 2020


         Signaling That an Authoritative DNS server offers DoT
                     draft-levine-dprive-signal-02

Abstract

   DNS resolvers that wish to use DNS over TLS to authoritative servers
   (ADoT) need some way to tell whether server offers DoT.  This
   document describes some ways that a server might signal that it uses
   DoT.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 20, 2020.

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   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  General observations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   3.  Signaling methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  EDNS0 option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  DNSKEY flags  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.3.  Other DNS records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.4.  SRV records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.5.  DANE TLSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.6.  Special server names  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  References - Normative  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.2.  References - Informative  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5

1.  Introduction

   The Domain Name System[RFC1034] [RFC1035] uses a directed presumably
   acyclic graph of servers to provide authoritative answers to queries.
   The link from one server to the next is provided by an NS record in
   the zone on the upper server that points to the lower server.  For
   zones signed with DNSSEC, the upper server zone contains DS records
   that contain hashes of signing keys in DNSKEY records in the zone on
   the lower server.

2.  General observations

   Depending on your threat model it may be a problem if an intermediate
   party can intercept the signal and force a DoT client to use
   unencrypted DNS.

   The probe query would generally use query minimization to limit
   leakage of the requested name.  Even so, if a server handles many
   zones, this leaks the name of the zone being probed.

   Some zones have servers run by multiple operators.  (The DNS root is
   a well known example.)  It is possible that some of the servers will
   offer ADoT and some will not.  Some of the schemes below handle per-
   server signals, some don't.

   In several of the following schemes, the client probes the server to
   see whether it offers ADoT.  In those cases, the client presumably
   remembers what servers it's probed so there's only one probe per
   server.






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3.  Signaling methods

   This is a working list of possible signaling methods.  Just because
   they're in the list doesn't mean that anyone thinks they're a good
   idea.

3.1.  EDNS0 option

   We define a new EDNS0 option edns-adot.  The client sends an edns-
   adot option in its request, and the server responds with a value of 0
   or 1 to say whether it supports ADoT.  The option could be served by
   the upper level server along with the NS records, which avoids the
   extra probe, or by the lower level server.

   This is easy to implement, but since the OPT isn't signed, it's
   subject to downgrade attacks.  If served by the upper level server,
   there's no per-server indication, but also no extra round trip.

3.2.  DNSKEY flags

   A DNSKEY [RFC4034] at the apex of the zone signals that ADoT is
   available.  The simplest approach would be to use one of the
   unassigned DNSKEY flags to indicate that the zone is expected to be
   served over ADoT.  This is resistant to downgrade, since the DNSKEY
   is signed, but there's no per-server indication.  DNSSEC clients have
   to fetch the DNSKEY records anyway so there's no extra round trip.
   Since nobody has ever used DNSKEY records with flag values other than
   0, 256, and 257, some software may fail if it sees other flag values.

3.3.  Other DNS records

   A variation of the previous approach is to put some other kind of
   DNSSEC signed record at the zone apex that lists nameservers expected
   to support ADoT, either yet another overloaded TXT record or a new
   RRTYPE.  The list of names would presumably have to be names already
   listed in NS records (but see the next section.)  This provides per-
   server indication, and is backward compatible, but it makes the DNS
   Camel sad.

   The signal record could also be a signed record in the parent next to
   the NS records, such as the DSPKI record in [DOTINSECURE].

   Another variation puts the signal record at the rDNS name for a
   nameserver's IP address.







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3.4.  SRV records

   Servers could publish SRV records for ADoT service discovery.  ADoT
   cleints would use the servers identified by SRV instead of the NS
   servers.

   This is downgrade resistant, backward compatible, and allows per-
   server signalling, even allowing non-standard port numbers.  There is
   potentially an extra round trip for the SRV lookup and more if the
   name of the servers aren't the same as the NS servers.  The number of
   round trips could be limited if servers provide the SRV and related
   A/AAAA records as additional data in responses to DNSKEY lookups.  It
   might lead to unpleasant resolution loops if if SRV records use out
   of bailiwick nameservers.

     _domain-s._tcp.blah1.example. IN SRV 10 0 853 ns.blah2.example.
     . . .
     _domain-s._tcp.blah2.example. IN SRV 10 0 4242 ns.blah1.example.

3.5.  DANE TLSA

   If ADoT servers all have DANE secured TLS certificates, the TLSA
   record can be the ADoT signal.

   Publishing a TLSA record is straightforward if a zone is already
   DNSSEC signed.  It's downgrade-resistant, allows per-server signals,
   and there's no extra round trip beyond what's needed to do the DANE
   validation.

     _853._tcp.ns1.blah.example  IN TLSA . . ."

3.6.  Special server names

   Any server that supports ADoT has a name starting with the four
   characters "XS--".  All names starting with two letters other than
   "XN" and two dashes were reserved when IDNs were invented, so these
   names are unlikely to collide with any existing names.  These are not
   IDNs, they're just funny looking ASCII names, and you can't do "XN--
   XS--blah" or anything like that.

   This is backward compatible, downgrade resistant, needs no extra
   round trip, and allows per-server signals.  It doesn't allow server
   names to be IDNs which should not be a big problem since DNS server
   names are not generally shown to users, although it may confuse
   people who believe that anything with two dashes must be an IDN.

   The Camel is also not crazy about it.




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4.  References

4.1.  References - Normative

   [RFC1034]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
              STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
              November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

   [RFC4034]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
              RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4034>.

4.2.  References - Informative

   [DOTINSECURE]
              Bretelle, M., "DNS-over-TLS for insecure delegations",
              March 2019, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-bretelle-
              dprive-dot-for-insecure-delegations-00>.

Author's Address

   John Levine
   Taughannock Networks
   PO Box 727
   Trumansburg, NY  14886

   Email: standards@taugh.com
   URI:   http://jl.ly


















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