Internet DRAFT - draft-jia-intarea-scenarios-problems-addressing
draft-jia-intarea-scenarios-problems-addressing
Internet Area Working Group Y. Jia
Internet-Draft D. Trossen
Intended status: Informational L. Iannone
Expires: 7 September 2022 Huawei
N. Shenoy
R.I.T.
P. Mendes
Airbus
D. Eastlake 3rd
Futurewei
P. Liu
China Mobile
D. Farinacci
lispers.net
6 March 2022
Challenging Scenarios and Problems in Internet Addressing
draft-jia-intarea-scenarios-problems-addressing-03
Abstract
The Internet Protocol (IP) has been the major technological success
in information technology of the last half century. As the Internet
becomes pervasive, IP has been replacing communication technology for
many domain-specific solutions. However, domains with specific
requirements as well as communication behaviors and semantics still
exist and represent what [RFC8799] recognizes as "limited domains".
This document describes well-recognized scenarios that showcase
possibly different addressing requirements, which are challenging to
be accommodated in the IP addressing model. These scenarios
highlight issues related to the Internet addressing model and call
for starting a discussion on a way to re-think/evolve the addressing
model so to better accommodate different domain-specific
requirements.
The issues identified in this document are complemented and deepened
by a detailed gap analysis in a separate companion document
[I-D.jia-intarea-internet-addressing-gap-analysis].
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 7 September 2022.
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Communication Scenarios in Limited Domains . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Communication in Constrained Environments . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Communication within Dynamically Changing Topologies . . 7
2.3. Communication among Moving Endpoints . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4. Communication Across Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5. Communication Traffic Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6. Communication with built-in security . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.7. Communication protecting user privacy . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.8. Communication in Alternative Forwarding Architectures . . 16
3. Desired Network Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Issues in Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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1. Introduction
The Internet Protocol (IP), positioned as the unified protocol at the
(Internet) network layer, is seen by many as key to the innovation
stemming from Internet-based applications and services. Even more
so, with the success of TCP/IP protocol stack, IP has been gradually
replacing existing domain-specific protocols, evolving into the core
protocol of the entire communication eco-system. At its inception,
roughly 40 years ago [RFC0791], the Internet addressing system,
represented in the form of the IP address and its locator-based
(topological) semantics, has brought the notion of a 'common
namespace for all communication'. Compared to proprietary
technology-specific solutions, such 'common namespace for all
communication' advance ensures end-to-end communication from any
device connected to the Internet to another.
However, use cases, associated services, node behaviors, and
requirements on packet delivery have since been significantly
extended, with the Internet technology being developed to accommodate
them in the framework of addressing that stood at the beginning of
the Internet's development. This evolution is reflected in the
concept of "Limited Domains", first introduced in [RFC8799]. It
refers to a single physical network, attached to or running in
parallel with the Internet, or is defined by a set of users and nodes
distributed over a much wider area, but drawn together by a single
virtual network over the Internet. Key to a limited domain is that
requirements, behaviors, and semantics could be noticeable local and,
more importantly, specific to the limited domain. Very often, the
realization of a limited domain is defined by specific communication
scenario(s) and/or use case(s) that exhibit the domain-specific
behaviors and pose the requirements that lead to the establishment of
the limited domain. Identifying limited domains may sometime be not
obvious because of blurry boundaries depending on the point of view.
For instance, from an end user perspective there is no vision at all
on limited domains, hence for end users the dichotomy Internet vs
limited domains more transparent. In such cases, it is harder to
ensure (and detect) that no limited domain specific semantics leak in
the Internet or other limited domains.
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One key architectural aspect, when communicating within limited
domains, is that of addressing and, therefore, the address structure,
as well as the semantic that is being used for packet forwarding
(e.g., service identification, content location, device type). The
topological location centrality of IP is fundamental when reconciling
the often differing semantics for 'addressing' that can be found in
those limited domains. The result of this fundamental role of the
single IP addressing is that limited domains have to adopt specific
solutions, e.g., translating/mapping/converting concepts, semantics,
and ultimately, domain-specific addressing, into the common IP
addressing used across limited domains.
This document advocates flexibility in addressing in order to
accommodate limited domain specific semantics, while, if possible,
ensuring a single holistic addressing scheme able to reduce, or even
entirely remove, the need for aligning the address semantics of
different limited domains, such as the current topological location
semantic of the Internet. Ultimately, such holistic addressing could
be beneficial to those communication scenarios realized within
limited domains by improving efficiency, removing of constraints
imposed by needing to utilize the limited semantics of IP addressing,
and/or in other ways.
In other words, this document revolves around the following question:
"Should interconnected limited domains purely rely on IP addresses
and therefore deal with the complexity of translating any semantic
mismatch themselves, or should flexibility for supporting those
limited domains be a key focus for an evolved Internet
addressing?"
To that end, this document describes well-recognized scenarios in
limited domains that could benefit from greater flexibility in
addressing and overviews the problems encountered throughout these
scenarios due to the lack of that flexibility. A detailed gap
analysis can be found in {I-D.jia-intarea-internet-addressing-gap-
analysis}}, which elaborates on the issues identified in this memo in
reference to extensions to Internet addressing that have attempted to
address those issues. The purpose of this memo is rather to
stimulate discussion on the emerging needs for addressing at large
with the possibility to fundamentally re-think the addressing in the
Internet beyond the current objectives of IPv6 [RFC8200].
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It is important to remark that any change in the addressing, hence at
the data plane level, leads to changes and challenges at the control
plane level, i.e., routing. The latter is an even harder problem
than just addressing and might need more research efforts that are
beyond the objective of this document, which focuses solely on the
data plane.
2. Communication Scenarios in Limited Domains
The following sub-sections outline a number of scenarios, all of
which belong to the concept of "limited domains" [RFC8799]. While
the list of scenarios may look long, this document focuses on
scenarios with a number of aspects that can be observed in those
limited domains, captured in the sub-section titles. For each
scenario, possible challenges are highlighted, which are then picked
upon in Section 4, when describing more formally the existing
shortcomings in current Internet addressing.
2.1. Communication in Constrained Environments
In a number of communication scenarios, such as those encountered in
the Internet of Things (IoT), a simple, communication network
demanding minimal resources is required, allowing for a group of IoT
network devices to form a network of constrained nodes, with the
participating network and end nodes requiring as little computational
power as possible and having small memory requirements in order to
reduce the total cost of ownership of the network. Furthermore, in
the context of industrial IoT, real-time requirements and scalability
make IP technology not naturally suitable as communication technology
([OCADO]).
In addition to IEEE 802.15.4, i.e., Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area
Network [LR-WPAN], several limited domains exist through utilizing
link layer technologies such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [BLE],
Digital European Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) - Ultra Low
Energy (ULE) [DECT-ULE], Master-Slave/Token-Passing (MS/TP) [BACnet],
Near-Field-Communication (NFC) [ECMA-340], and Power Line
Communication (PLC) [IEEE_1901.1].
The end-to-end principle (detailed in [RFC2775]) requires IP
addresses (e.g., IPv6 [RFC8200]) to be used on such constrained nodes
networks, allowing IoT devices using multiple communication
technologies to talk on the Internet. Often, devices located at the
edge of constrained networks act as gateway devices, usually
performing header compression ([RFC4919]). To ensure security and
reliability, multiple gateways must be deployed. IoT devices on the
network must select one of those gateways for traffic passthrough by
the devices on the (limited domain) network.
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Given the constraints imposed on the computational and possibly also
communication technology, the usage of a single addressing semantic
in the form of a 128-bit endpoint identifier, i.e., IPv6 address, may
pose a challenge when operating such networks.
Another type of (differently) constrained environment is an aircraft,
which encompasses not only passenger communication but also the
integration of real-time data exchange to ensure that processes and
functions in the cabin are automatically monitored or actuated. The
goal for any aircraft network is to be able to send and receive
information reliably and seamlessly. From this perspective, the
medium with which these packets of information are sent is of little
consequence so long as there is a level of determinism to it.
However, there is currently no effective method in implementing
wireless inter- and intra-communications between all subsystems. The
emerging wireless sensor network technology in commercial
applications such as smart thermostat systems, and smart washer/dryer
units could be transposed onto aircraft and fleet operations. The
proposal for having an Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications (WAIC)
system promises reduction in the complexity of electrical wiring
harness design and fabrication, reduction in wiring weight, increased
configuration, and potential monitoring of otherwise inaccessible
moving or rotating aircraft parts. Similar to the IoT concept, WAIC
systems consist of short-range communications and are a potential
candidate for passenger entertainment systems, smoke detectors,
engine health monitors, tire pressure monitoring systems, and other
kinds of aircraft maintenance systems.
While there are still many obstacles in terms of network security,
traffic control, and technical challenges, future WAIC can enable
real-time seamless communications between aircraft and between ground
teams and aircraft as opposed to the discrete points of data
leveraged today in aircraft communications. For that, WAIC
infrastructure should also be connected to outside IP based networks
in order to access edge/cloud facilities for data storage and mining.
However, the restricted capacity (energy, communication) of most
aircraft devices (e.g. sensors) and the nature of the transmitted
data - periodic transmission of small packets - may pose some
challenges for the usage of a single addressing semantic in the form
of a 128-bit endpoint identifier, i.e., an IPv6 address. Moreover,
most of the aircraft applications and services are focused on the
data (e.g. temperature of gas tank on left wing) and not on the
topological location of the data source. This means that the current
topological location semantic of IP addresses is not beneficial for
aircraft applications and services.
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Greater flexibility in Internet addressing may avoid complex and
energy hungry operations, like header compression and fragmentation,
necessary to translate protocol headers from one limited domain to
another, while enabling semantics different from locator-based
addressing may better support the communication that occurs in those
environments.
2.2. Communication within Dynamically Changing Topologies
Communication may occur over networks that exhibit dynamically
changing topologies. One such example is that of satellite networks,
providing global Internet connections through a combination of inter-
satellite and ground station communication. With the convergence of
space-based and terrestrial networks, users can experience seamless
broadband access, e.g., on cruise ships, flights, and within cars,
often complemented by and seamlessly switching between Wi-Fi,
cellular, or satellite based networks at any time [WANG19].
The satellite network service provider will plan the transmission
path of user traffic based on the network coverage, satellite orbit,
route, and link load, providing potentially high-quality Internet
connections for users in areas that are not, or hard to be, covered
by terrestrial networks. With large scale LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
satellites, the involved topologies of the satellite network will be
changing constantly while observing a regular flight pattern in
relation to other satellites and predictable overflight patterns to
ground users [CHEN21].
Although satellite bearer services are capable of transporting IPv4
and IPv6, as well as associated protocols such as IP Multicast, DNS
services and routing information, no IP functionality is implemented
on-board the spacecraft limiting the capability of leveraging for
instance large scale satellite constellations.
One of the major constraints of deploying routing capability on board
of a satellite is power consumption. Due to this, space routers may
end up being intermittently powered up during a daytime sunlit pass.
Another limitation of the first generation of IP routers in space was
the lack of capability to remotely manage and upgrade software while
in operation.
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The limitations faced in early development of IP based satellite
communication payloads, showed the need to develop a flexible
networking solution that would enable delay tolerant communications
in the presence of intermittent connectivity. Further, in order to
reduce latency, which is the major impairment of satellite networks,
there was a need of a networking solution able to perform in a
scenario encompassing mobile devices with the capability of storing
data, leading to a significant reduction of latency, which is the
major impairment of satellite networks.
Moreover, due to the current IP addressing scheme and its focus on IP
unicast addressing with extended deployment of IP multicast and some
IP anycast, current deployments do not take advantage of the
broadcast nature of satellite networks.
Moreover networking platforms based on a name (data or service) based
addressing scheme would bring several potential benefits to satellite
networks aiming to tackle their major challenges, including high
propagation delay and changing network topology in the case of LEO
constellations.
Another example is that of vehicular communication, where services
may be accessed across vehicles, such as self-driving cars, for the
purpose of collaborative objection recognition (e.g., for collision
avoidance), road status conveyance (e.g., for pre-warning of road-
ahead conditions), and other purposes. Communication may include
Road Side Units (RSU) with the possibility to create ephemeral
connections to those RSUs for the purpose of workload offloading,
joint computation over multiple (vehicular) inputs, and other
purposes [I-D.ietf-lisp-nexagon]. Communication here may exhibit a
multi-hop nature, not just involving the vehicle and the RSU over a
direct link. Those topologies are naturally changing constantly due
to the dynamic nature of the involved communication nodes.
The advent of Flying Ad-hoc NETworks (FANETs) has opened up an
opportunity to create new added-value services [CHRIKI19]. Although
these networks share common features with vehicular ad hoc networks,
they present several unique characteristics such as energy
efficiency, mobility degree, the capability of swarming, and the
potential large scale of swarm networks. Due to high mobility of
FANET nodes, the network topology changes more frequently than in a
typical vehicular ad hoc network. From a routing point of view,
although ad-hoc reactive and proactive routing approaches can be
used, there are other type of routing protocols that have been
developed for FANETS, such as hybrid routing protocols and position
based routing protocols, aiming to increase efficiency in large scale
networks with dynamic topologies.
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Both type of protocols challenge the current Internet addressing
semantic: in the case of hybrid protocols, two different routing
strategies are used inside and outside a network zone. While inside
a zone packets are routed to a specific destination IP address,
between zones, query packets are routed to a subset of neighbors as
determined by a broadcast algorithm. In the case of position based
routing protocol, the IP addressing scheme is not used at all, since
packets are routed to a different identifier, corresponding to the
geographic location of the destination and not its topological
location. Hence, what is needed is to consolidate the geo-spatial
addressing with that of a locator-based addressing in order to
optimize routing policies across the zones.
Moreover most of the application/services deployed in FANETs tend to
be agnostic of the topological location of nodes, rather focusing on
the location of data or services. This distinction is even more
important because is dynamic network such as FANET robust networking
solutions may rely on the redundancy of data and services, meaning
that they may be found in more than one device in the network. This
in turn may bring into play a possible service-centric semantic for
addressing the packets that need routing in the dynamic network
towards a node providing said service (or content).
In the aforementioned network technologies, there is a significant
difference between the high dynamics of the underlying network
topologies, compared to the relative static nature of terrestrial
network topology, as reported in [HANDLEY]. As a consequence, the
notion of a topological network location becomes restrictive in the
sense that not only the relation between network nodes and user
endpoint may change, but also the relation between the nodes that
form the network itself. This may lead to the challenge of
maintaining and updating the topological addresses in this constantly
changing network topology.
In attempts to utilize entirely different semantics for the
addressing itself, geographic-based routing, such as in [CARTISEAN],
has been proposed for MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks) through
providing geographic coordinates based addresses to achieve better
routing performance, lower overhead, and lower latency [MANET1].
Flexibility in Internet addressing here would allow for accommodating
such geographic address semantics into the overall Internet
addressing, while also enabling name/content-based addressing,
utilizing the redundancy of many network locations providing the
possible data.
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2.3. Communication among Moving Endpoints
When packet switching was first introduced, back in the 60s/70s, it
was intended to replace the rigid circuit switching with a
communication infrastructure that was more resilient to failures. As
such, the design never really considered communication endpoints as
mobile. Even in the pioneering ALOHA [ALOHA] system, despite
considering wireless and satellite links, the network was considered
static (with the exception of failures and satellites, which fall in
what is discussed in Section 2.2). Ever since, a lot of efforts have
been devoted to overcome such limitations once it became clear that
endpoint mobility will become a main (if not THE main) characteristic
of ubiquitous communication systems.
The IETF has for a long time worked on solutions that would allow
extending the IP layer with mobility support. Because of the
topological semantic of IP addresses, endpoints need to change
addresses each time they visit a different network. However, because
routing and endpoint identification is also IP address based, this
leads to a communication disruption.
To cope with such a situation, sometimes, the transport layer gets
involved in mobility solutions, either by introducing explicit in-
band signaling to allow for communicating IP address changes (e.g.,
in SCTP [RFC5061] and MPTCP [RFC6182]), or by introducing some form
of connection ID that allows for identifying a communication
independently from IP addresses (e.g., the connection ID used in QUIC
[RFC9000]).
Concerning network layer only solutions, anchor-based Mobile IP
mechanisms have been introduced ([RFC5177], [RFC6626] [RFC5944],
[RFC5275]). Mobile IP is based on a relatively complex and heavy
mechanism that makes it hard to deploy and it is not very efficient.
Furthermore, it is even less suitable than native IP in constrained
environments like the ones discussed in Section 2.1.
Alternative approaches to Mobile IP often leverage the introduction
of some form of overlay. LISP [I-D.ietf-lisp-introduction], by
separating the topological semantic from the identification semantic
of IP addresses, is able to cope with endpoint mobility by
dynamically mapping endpoint identifiers with routing locators
[I-D.ietf-lisp-mn]. This comes at the price of an overlay that needs
its own additional control plane [I-D.ietf-lisp-rfc6833bis].
Similarly, the NVO3 (Network Virtualization Overlays) Working Group,
while focusing on Data Center environments, also explored an overlay-
based solution for multi-tenancy purposes, but also resilient to
mobility since relocating Virtual Machines (VMs) is common practice.
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NVO3 considered for a long time several data planes that implement
slightly different flavors of overlays ([RFC8926], [RFC7348],
[I-D.ietf-intarea-gue]), but lacks an efficient control plane
specifically tailored for DCs.
Alternative mobility architectures have also been proposed in order
to cope with endpoint mobility outside the IP layer itself. The Host
Identity Protocol (HIP) [RFC7401] introduced a new namespace in order
to identify endpoints, namely the Host Identity (HI), while
leveraging the IP layer for topological location. On the one hand,
such an approach needs to revise the way applications interact with
the network layer, by modifying the DNS (now returning an HI instead
of an IP address) and applications to use the HIP socket extension.
On the other hand, early adopters do not necessarily gain any benefit
unless all communicating endpoints upgrade to use HIP. In spite of
this, such a solution may work in the context of a limited domain.
Another alternative approach is adopted by Information-Centric
Networking (ICN) [RFC7476]. By making content a first class citizen
of the communication architecture, the "what" rather than the "where"
becomes the real focus of the communication. However, as explained
in the next sub-section, ICN can run either over the IP layer or
completely replace it, which in turn can be seen as running the
Internet and ICN as logically completely separated limited domains.
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are examples of moving devices that
require a stable mobility management scheme since they consist of a
number of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) subordinated to a Ground
Control Station (GCS) [MAROJEVIC20]. The information produced by the
different sensors and electronic devices available at each UAV is
collected and processed by a software or hardware data acquisition
unit, being transmitted towards the GCS, where it is inspected and/or
analyzed. Analogously, control information transmitted from the GCS
to the UAV enables the execution of control operations over the
aircraft, such as changing the route planning or the direction
pointed by a camera.
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Although UAVs may have redundant links to maintain communications in
long-range missions (e.g., satellite), most of the communications
between the GCS and the UAVs take place over wireless data links,
e.g., based on a radio line-of-sight technology, Wi-Fi or 3G/4G/5G.
While in some scenarios, UAVs will operate always under the range of
the same cellular base station, in missions with large range, UAVs
will move between different cellular or wireless ground
infrastructure, meaning that the UAV needs to upload its topological
locator and re-start the ongoing communication sessions. In such
cases, most of existing Mobile IP approaches may play a role, as well
as approaches to split the UAV identifier and the topological
locator, such as HIP.
However, while the industry is given the first steps towards evolved
UAS architectures and communication models, the data-centric
communication plays an increasing role, where information is named
and decoupled from its location, and applications/services operate
over these named data rather than on host-to-host communications.
In this context, the Data Distribution Service ([DDS]) has emerged as
an industry-oriented open standard that follows this approach. The
space and time decoupling allowed by DDS is very relevant in any
dynamic and distributed system, since interacting entities are not
forced to know each other and are not forced to be simultaneously
present to exchange data. Time decoupling can significantly simplify
the management of intermittent data-links, in particular for wireless
connectivity between UAS, as well as facilitate seamless UAV mobility
between GCSs. This model of communication, in turn, questions the
locator-based addressing used in IP and instead utilizes a data-
centric naming.
In the case of using TCP/IP, mobility of UAVs introduces a
significant challenge. Consider the case where a GCS is receiving
telemetry information from a specific UAV. Assuming that the UAV
moves and changes its point of attachment to the network, it will
have to configure a new IP address on its wireless interface.
However, this is problematic, as the telemetry information is still
being sent by to the previous IP address of the UAV. This simple
example illustrates the necessity to deploy mobility management
solutions to handle this type of situations.
However, mobility management solutions increase the complexity of the
deployment and may impact the performance of data distribution, both
in terms of signaling/data overhead and communication path delay.
Considering the specific case of multicast data streams, mobility of
content producers and consumers is inherently handled by multicast
routing protocols, which are able to react to changes of location of
mobile nodes by reconstructing the corresponding multicast delivery
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trees. Nevertheless, this comes with a cost in terms of signaling
and data overhead (data may still flow through branches of a
multicast delivery tree where there are no receivers while the
routing protocol is still converging).
Another alternative is to perform the mobility management of
producers and consumers not at the application layer based on IP
multicast trees, but on the network layer based on an Information
Centric Network approach, which was already mentioned in this
section.
Greater flexibility in addressing may help in dealing with mobility
more efficiently, e.g., through an augmented semantic that may fulfil
the mobility requirements [RFC7429] in a more efficient way or
through moving from a locator- to a content or service-centric
semantic for addressing.
2.4. Communication Across Services
As a communication infrastructure spanning many facets of life, the
Internet integrates services and resources from various aspects such
as remote collaboration, shopping, content production as well as
delivery, education, and many more. Accessing those services and
resources directly through URIs has been proposed by methods such as
those defined in ICN [RFC7476], where providers of services and
resources can advertise those through unified identifiers without
additional planning of identifiers and locations for underlying data
and their replicas. Users can access required services and resources
by virtue of using the URI-based identification, with an ephemeral
relationship built between user and provider, while the building of
such relationship may be constrained with user- as well as service-
specific requirements, such as proximity (finding nearest provider),
load (finding fastest provider), and others.
While systems like ICN [CCN] provide an alternative to the
topological addressing of IP, its deployment requires an overlay
(over IP) or native deployment (alongside IP), the latter with
dedicated gateways needed for translation. Underlay deployments are
also envisioned in [RFC8763], where ICN solutions are being used to
facilitate communication between IP addressed network endpoints or
URI-based service endpoints, still requiring gateway solutions for
interconnection with ICN-based networks as well as IP routing based
networks (cf., [ICN5G][ICNIP]).
Although various approaches combining service and location-based
addressing have been devised, the key challenge here is to facilitate
a "natural", i.e., direct communication, without the need for
gateways above the network layer.
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Another aspect of communication across services is that of chaining
individual services to a larger service. Here, an identifier would
be used that serves as a link to next hop destination within the
chain of single services, as done in the work on Service Function
Chaining (SFC). With this, services are identified at the level of
Layer 2/3 ([RFC7665], [RFC8754], [RFC8595]) or at the level of name-
based service identifiers like URLs [RFC8677] although the service
chain identification is carried as a Network Service header (NSH)
[RFC7665], separate to the packet identifiers. The forwarding with
the chain of services utilizes individual locator-based IP addressing
(for L3 chaining) to communicate the chained operations from one
Service Function Forwarder [RFC7665] to another, leading to concerns
regarding overhead incurred through the stacking of those chained
identifiers in terms of packet overhead and therefore efficiency in
handling in the intermediary nodes.
Greater flexibility in addressing may allow for incorporating
different information, e.g., service as well as chaining semantics,
into the overall Internet addressing.
2.5. Communication Traffic Steering
Steering traffic within a communication scenario may involve at least
two aspects, namely (i) limiting certain traffic towards a certain
set of communication nodes and (ii) restraining the sending of
packets towards a given destination (or a chain of destinations) with
metrics that would allow the selection among one or more possible
destinations.
One possibility for limiting traffic inside limited domains, towards
specific objects, e.g., devices, users, or group of them, is subnet
partition with techniques such as VLAN [RFC5517], VxLAN [RFC7348], or
more evolved solution like TeraStream [TERASTREAM] realizing such
partitioning. Such mechanisms usually involve significant
configuration, and even small changes in network and user nodes could
result in a repartition and possibly additional configuration
efforts. Another key aspect is the complete lack of correlation of
the topological address and any likely more semantic-rich
identification that could be used to make policy decisions regarding
traffic steering. Suitably enriching the semantics of the packet
address, either that of the sender or receiver, so that such decision
could be made while minimizing the involvement of higher layer
mechanisms, is a crucial challenge for improving on network
operations and speed of such limited domain traffic.
When making decisions to select one out of a set of possible
destinations for a packet, IP anycast semantics can be applied albeit
being limited to the locator semantic of the IP address itself.
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Recent work in [SFCANYCAST] suggests utilizing the notion of IP
anycast address to encode a "service identifier", which is
dynamically mapped onto network locations where service instances
fulfilling the service request may be located. Scenarios where this
capability may be utilized are provided in [SFCANYCAST] and include,
but are not limited to, scenarios such as edge-assisted VR/AR,
transportation, smart cities, smart homes, smart wearables, and
digital twins.
The challenge here lies in the possible encoding of not only the
service information itself but the constraint information that helps
the selection of the "best" service instance and which is likely a
service-specific constraint in relation to the particular scenario.
The notion of an address here is a conditional (on those constraints)
one where this conditional part is an essential aspect of the
forwarding action to be taken. It needs therefore consideration in
the definition of what an address is, what is its semantic, and how
the address structure ought to look like.
As outlined in the previous sub-section, chaining services are
another aspect of steering traffic along a chain of constituent
services, where the chain is identified through either a stack of
individual identifiers, such as in Segment Routing [RFC8402], or as
an identifier that serves as a link to next hop destination within
the chain, such as in Service Function Chaining (SFC). The latter
can be applied to services identified at the level of Layer 2/3
([RFC7665], [RFC8754], [RFC8595]) or at the level of name-based
service identifiers like URLs [RFC8677]. However, the overhead
incurred through the stacking of those chained identifiers is a
concern in terms of packet overhead and therefore efficiency in
handling in the intermediary nodes.
Flexibility in addressing may enable more semantic rich encoding
schemes that may help in steering traffic at hardware level and
speed, without complex mechanisms usually resulting in handling
packets in the slow path of routers.
2.6. Communication with built-in security
Today, strong security in the Internet is usually implemented as a
general network service ([PILA], [RFC6158]). Among the various
reasons for such approach is the limited semantic of current IP
addresses, which do not allow to natively express security features
or trust relationships. Efforts like Cryptographically Generated
Addresses (CGA) [RFC3972], provide some security features by
embedding a truncated public key in the last 57-bit of IPv6 address,
thereby greatly enhancing authentication and security within an IP
network via asymmetric cryptography and IPsec [RFC4301]. The
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development of the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) [RFC7401] saw the
introduction of cryptographic identifiers for the newly introduced
Host Identity (HI) to allow for enhanced accountability, and
therefore trust. The use of those HIs, however, is limited by the
size of IPv6 128bit addresses.
Through a greater flexibility in addressing, any security-related
key, certificate, or identifier could instead be included in a
suitable address structure without any information loss (i.e., as-is,
without any truncation or operation as such), avoiding therefore
compromises such as those in HIP. Instead, CGAs could be created
using full length certificates, or being able to support larger HIP
addresses in a limited domain that uses it. This could significantly
help in constructing a trusted and secure communication at the
network layer, leading to connections that could be considered as
absolute secure (assuming the cryptography involved is secure). Even
more, anti-abuse mechanisms and/or DDoS protection mechanisms like
the one under discussion in PEARG ([PEARG]) Research Group may
leverage a greater flexibility of the overall Internet addressing, if
provided, in order to be more effective.
2.7. Communication protecting user privacy
See Comments in Section "Issues".
2.8. Communication in Alternative Forwarding Architectures
The performance of communication networks has long been a focus for
optimization due to the immediate impact on cost of ownership for
communication service providers. Technologies like MPLS [RFC3031]
have been introduced to optimize lower layer communication, e.g., by
mapping L3 traffic into aggregated labels of forwarding traffic for
the purposes of, e.g., traffic engineering.
Even further, other works have emerged in recent years that have
replaced the notion of packets with other concepts for the same
purpose of improved traffic engineering and therefore efficiency
gains. One such area is that of Software Defined Networks (SDN)
[RFC7426], which has highlighted how a majority of Internet traffic
is better identified by flows, rather than packets. Based on such
observation, alternate forwarding architectures have been devised
that are flow-based or path-based. With this approach, all data
belonging to the same traffic stream is delivered over the same path,
and traffic flows are identified by some connection or path
identifier rather than by complete routing information, possibly
enabling fast hardware based switching (e.g. [DETNET], [PANRG]).
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On the one hand, such a communication model may be more suitable for
real-time traffic like in the context of Deterministic Networks
([DETNET]), where indeed a lot of work has focused on how to
"identify" packets belonging to the same DETNET flow in order to
jointly manage the forwarding within the desired deterministic
boundaries.
On the other hand, it may improve the communication efficiency in
constrained wireless environments (cf., Section 2.1), by reducing the
overhead, hence increasing the number of useful bits per second per
Hz.
Also, the delivery of information across similar flows may be
combined into a multipoint delivery of a single return flow, e.g.,
for scenarios of requests for a video chunk from many clients being
responded to with a single (multi-destination) flow, as outlined in
[BIER-MC] as an example. Another opportunity to improve
communication efficiency is being pursued in ongoing IETF/IRTF work
to deliver IP- or HTTP-level packets directly over path-based or
flow-based transport network solutions, such as in
[TROSSEN][BIER-MC][ICNIP][ICN5G] with the capability to bundle
unicast forward communication streams flexibly together in return
path multipoint relations. Such capability is particularly opportune
in scenarios such as chunk-based video retrieval or distributed data
storage. However, those solutions currently require gateways to
"translate" the flow communication into the packet-level addressing
semantic in the peering IP networks. Furthermore, the use of those
alternative forwarding mechanisms often require the encapsulation of
Internet addressing information, leading to wastage of bandwidth as
well as processing resources.
Providing an alternative way of forwarding data has also been the
motivation for the efforts created in the European Telecommunication
Standards Institute (ETSI), which formed an Industry Specification
Group (ISG) named Non-IP Networking (NIN) [ETSI-NIN]. This group
sets out to develop and standardize a set of protocols leveraging an
alternative forwarding architecture, such as provided by a flow-based
switching paradigm. The deployment of such protocols may be seen to
form limited domains, still leaving the need to interoperate with the
(packet-based forwarding) Internet; a situation possibly enabled
through a greater flexibility of the addressing used across Internet-
based and alternative limited domains alike.
As an alternative to IP routing, EIBP (Extended Internet Bypass
Protocol) [EIBP] offers a communications model that can work with IP
in parallel and entirely transparent and independent to any operation
at network layer. For this, EIBP proposes the use of physical and/or
virtual structures in networks and among networks to auto assign
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routable addresses that capture the relative position of routers in a
network or networks in a connected set of networks, which can be used
to route the packets between end domains. EIBP operates at Layer 2.5
and provides encapsulation (at source domain), routing, and de-
encapsulation (at destination domain) for packets. EIBP can forward
any type of packets between domains. A resolver to map the domain ID
to EIBP's edge router addresses is required. When queried for a
specific domain, the resolver will return the corresponding edge
router structured addresses.
EIBP decouples routing operations from end domain operations,
offering to serve any domain, without point solutions to specific
domains. EIBP also decouples routing IDs or addresses from end
device/domain addresses. This allows for accommodation of new and
upcoming domains. A domain can extend EIBP's structured addresses
into the domain, by joining as a nested domain under one or more edge
routers, or by extending the edge router's structure addresses to its
devices.
A greater flexibility in addressing semantics may reduce the
aforementioned wastage by accommodating Internet addressing in the
light of such alternative forwarding architectures, instead enabling
the direct use of the alternative forwarding information.
3. Desired Network Features
From the previous subsection, we recognize that Internet technologies
are used across a number of scenarios, each of which brings their own
(vertical) view on needed capabilities in order to work in a
satisfactory manner to those involved.
In the following, we complement those vertical-specific insights with
answers to the question of network features that end users (in the
form of individuals or organizations alike) desire from the networked
system at large. Answers to this question look at the network more
from a horizontal perspective, i.e. not with a specific usage in mind
beyond communication within and across networks. The text here
summarizes the discussion that took place on the INT Area mailing
list after IETF112 on this issue. For some of those identified
features, we can already identify how innovations on addressing may
impact the realization of a particular feature.
We then combine the insights from both scenario-specific and wider
horizontal views for the identification of issues when realizing the
specific capability of addressing, presented in Section 4.
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1. Always-On: The world is getting more and more connected, leading
to being connected to the Internet, anywhere, by any technology
(e.g., cable, fiber, or radio), even simultaneously, "all the
time", and, most importantly, automatically (without any switch
turning). However, when defining "all the time" there is a clear
and important difference to be made between availability and
reliability vs "desired usage". In other words, "always on" can
be seen as a desirable perception at the end user level or as a
characteristic of the underlying system. From an end user
perspective, clearly the former is of importance, not necessarily
leading to an "always on" system notion but instead "always-app-
available", merely requiring the needed availability and
reliability to realize the perception of being "always on" (e.g.,
for earthquake alerts), possibly complemented by app-specific
methods to realize the "always on" perception (e.g., using local
caching rather than communication over the network).
2. Transparency: Being agnostic with respect to local domains
network protocols (Bluetooth, ZigBee, Thread, Airdrop, Airplay,
or any others) is key to provide an easy and straightforward
method for contacting people and devices without any knowledge of
network issues, particularly those specific to network-specific
solutions. While having a flexible addressing model that
accommodates a wide range of use cases is important, the
centrality of the IP protocol remains key as a mean to provide
global connectivity.
3. Multi-homing: Seamless multi-homing capability for the host is
key to best use the connectivity options that may be available to
an end user, e.g., for increasing resilience in cases of failures
of one available option. Protocols like LISP, SHIM6, QUIC,
MPTCP, SCTP (to cite a few) have been successful at providing
this capability in an incremental way, but too much of that
capability is realized within the application, making it hard to
leverage across all applications. While today each transport
protocol has its own way to perform multi-address discovery, the
network layer should provide the multi-homing feature (e.g.,
SHIM6 can be used to discover all addresses on both ends), and
then leave the address selection to the transport. With that,
multi-address discovery remains a network feature exposed to the
upper layers. This may also mean to update the Socket API (which
may be actually the first thing to do), which does not
necessarily mean to expose more network details to the
applications but instead be more address agnostic yet more
expressive.
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4. Mobility: A lot of work has been put in MobileIP
([RFC5944],[RFC6275]) to provide seamless and lossless
communications for moving nodes (vehicle, satellites). However,
it has never been widely deployed for several reasons, like
complexity of the protocol and the fact that the problem has
often been tackled at higher layers, with applications resilient
to address changes. However, similar to multi-homing, solving
the problem at higher layers means that each and every transport
protocol and application have their own way to deal with
mobility, leading to similar observations as those for the
previous multi-homing aspect.
5. Security and Privacy: The COVID-19 pandemic has boosted end
users' desire to be protected and protect their privacy. The
balance among privacy, security, and accountability is not simple
to achieve. There exist different views on what those properties
should be, however the network should provide the means to
provide what is felt as the best trade-off for the specific use
case.
6. Performance: While certainly desirable, "performance" is a
complex issue that depends on the objectives of those building
for but also paying for performance. Examples are (i) speed
(shorter paths/direct communications), (ii) bandwidth (10petabit/
s for a link), (iii) efficiency (less overlays/encapsulations),
(iv) high efficacy or sustainability (avoid waste). From an
addressing perspective, length/format/semantics that may adapt to
the specific use case (e.g. use short addresses for low power
IoT, or, where needed, longer for addresses embedding
certificates for strong authentication, authorization and
accountability) may contribute to the performance aspects that
end users desire, such as reducing waste through not needed
encapsulation or needed conversion at network boundaries.
7. Availability, Reliability, Predictability: These three properties
are important to enable wide-range of services and applications
according to the desired usage (cf. point 1).
8. Do not do harm: Access to the Internet is considered a human
right [RFC8280]. Access to and expression through it should
align with this core principle. This issue transcends through a
variety of previously discussed 'features' that are desired, such
as privacy, security but also availability and reliability.
However, lifting the feature of network access onto a basic
rights level also brings in the aspect of "do not do harm"
through the use of the Internet with respect to wider societal
objectives. Similar to other industries, such as electricity or
cars, preventing harm usually requires an interplay of
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commercial, technological, and regulatory efforts, such as the
enforcement of seat belt wearing to reduce accident death. As a
first step, the potential harmfulness of a novel method must be
recognized and weighted against the benefits of its introduction
and use. One increasingly important consideration in the
technology domain is "sustainability" of resource usage for an
end user's consumption of and participation in Internet services.
As an example, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) are seen as
an important tool for a variety of applications, including
Internet decentralization ([DINRG]). However, the non-linear
increase in energy consumption means that extending proof-of-work
systems to the entire population of the planet would not only be
impractical but also possibly highly wasteful, not just at the
level of computational but also communication resource usage
[DLT-draft]. This poses the question on how novel methods for
addressing may improve on sustainability of such technologies,
particularly if adopted more widely.
9. Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU): One long standing issue in the
Internet is related to the MTU and how to discover the path MTU
in order to avoid fragmentation ([I-D.ietf-6man-mtu-option],
[I-D.templin-6man-aero]). While it makes sense to always
leverage as much performance from local systems as possible, this
should come without sacrificing the ability to communicate with
all systems. Having a solid solution to solve the issue would
make the overall interconnection of systems more robust.
4. Issues in Addressing
The desired properties outlined in the previous section have
implications that go beyond addressing and need to be tackled from a
larger architectural point of view. Such a discussion is left as
future action, limiting the present document at discussing only the
addressing viewpoint and identifying shortcomings perceived from this
perspective.
There are a number of issues that we can identify from the
communication scenarios in Section 2 and the network features
generally desire from the network, presented in Section 3. We do not
claim to be exhaustive in our list:
1. Limiting Alternative Address Semantics: Several communication
scenarios pursue the use of alternative semantics of what
constitute an 'address' of a packet traversing the Internet,
which may fall foul of the defined network interface semantic of
IP addresses.
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2. Hampering Security: Aligning with the semantic and length
limitations of IP addressing may hamper the security objectives
of any new semantic, possibly leading to detrimental effects and
possible other workarounds (at the risk of introducing fragility
rather than security).
1. Hampering Privacy:
* Easy individual identification
* Flow linkability
* App/Activity profiling
2. Complicating Traffic Engineering: Utilizing a plethora of non-
address inputs into the traffic steering decision in real
networks complicates traffic engineering in that it makes the
development of suitable policies more complex, while also leading
to possible contention between methods being used.
3. Hampering Efficiency: Extending IP addressing through point-wise
solutions also hampers efficiency, e.g., through needed re-
encapsulation (therefore increasing the header processing
overhead as well as header-to-payload ratio), through introducing
path stretch, or through requiring compression techniques to
reduce the header proportion of large addresses when operating in
constrained environments.
4. Fragility: The introduction of point solutions, each of which
comes with possibly own usages of address or packet fields,
together with extension-specific operations, increases the
overall fragility of the resulting system, caused, for instance,
through contention between feature extensions that were neither
foreseen in the design nor tested during the implementation
phase.
5. Extensibility: Accommodating new requirements through ever new
extensions as an extensibility approach to addressing compounds
aspects discussed before, i.e., fragility, efficiency etc. It
complicates engineering due to the clearly missing boundaries
against which contentions with other extensions could be managed.
It complicates standardization since extension-based
extensibility requires independent, and often lengthy,
standardization processes. And ultimately, deployments are
complicated due to backward compatibility testing required for
any new extension being integrated into the deployed system.
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The table below shows how the above identified issues do arise
somehow in our outlined communication scenarios in Section 2. This
overview will be deepened in more details in the gap analysis
document [I-D.jia-intarea-internet-addressing-gap-analysis].
+===============+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
| | Issue | Issue | Issue | Issue | Issue | Issue |
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
+===============+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
| Constrained | | | | x | x | x |
| Environments | | | | | | |
+---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Dynamically | x | | x | x | x | x |
| Changing | | | | | | |
| Topologies | | | | | | |
+---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Moving | x | | x | x | x | x |
| Endpoints | | | | | | |
+---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Across | x | | x | x | x | x |
| Services | | | | | | |
+---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Traffic | x | | x | x | x | x |
| Steering | | | | | | |
+---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Built-in | x | x | | x | x | x |
| Security | | | | | | |
+---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Alternative | x | | | x | | x |
| Forwarding | | | | | | |
| Architectures | | | | | | |
+---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
Table 1: Issues Involved in Challenging Scenarios
5. Problem Statement
This document identifies a number of scenarios as well as general
features end users would want from the network, positioning the
existing Internet addressing structure itself as a potential
hindrance in solving key problems for Internet service provisioning.
Such problems include supporting new, e.g., service-oriented,
scenarios more efficiently, with improved security and efficient
traffic engineering, as well as large scale mobility. We can observe
that those new forms of communication are particularly driven by the
conceptual framework of limited domains, realizing the requirements
of stakeholders for an optimized communication in those limited
domains, while still utilizing the Internet for interconnection as
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well as for access to the wealth of existing Internet services.
This co-existence of optimized LD-level as well as Internet
communication creates a tussle between those requirements on
addressing stemming from those limited domains and those coming from
the Internet in the form of agreed IPv6 semantics. This tussle
directly refers back to our introductory question on flexibility in
addressing (or leaving the problem to limited domain solutions to
deal with). It is also captured in the discussion on where new
features are being introduced, i.e. at the edge or core of the
Internet.
But more importantly, the question on 'what is an address anyway'
(derived from what features we may want from the network) should not
be guided by the answers that the Internet can give us today, e.g.,
being a mere ephemeral token for accessing PoP-based services (as
indicated in related arch-d mailing list discussions), but instead
what features could be enabled by a particular view of what an
address is. However, that is not to 'second guess' the market and
its possible evolution, but to outline clear features from which to
derive clear principles for a design.
For this, it is important to recognize that skewing the technical
capabilities of any feature, let alone addressing, to the current
economic situation of the Internet bears the danger of locking down
innovation capabilities as an outcome of those technical limitations
being introduced. Instead, addressing must align with enabling the
model of permissionless but compatible innovation that the IETF has
been promoting, ultimately enabling the serendipity of new
applications that has led to many of those applications we can see in
the Internet today.
At this stage, this document does not provide a definite answer nor
does it propose or promote specific solutions to the problems here
portrayed. Instead, this document aims at stimulating discussion on
the emerging needs for addressing, with the possibility to
fundamentally re-think the addressing in the Internet beyond the
current objectives of IPv6, in order to provide the flexibility to
suitably support the many new forms of communication that will
emerge. Addressing can be rather flexible and can be of any form
that applications may need. There is no limitation on the address to
preclude any future applications.
To complement the problem statement in this document, the companion
gap analysis document
[I-D.jia-intarea-internet-addressing-gap-analysis] deepens the issues
identified in Section 4 along key properties of today's Internet
addressing.
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6. Security Considerations
The present memo does not introduce any new technology and/or
mechanism and as such does not introduce any security threat to the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
Nevertheless, it is worth to observe whether or not greater
flexibility of addressing (as suggested in previous sections) would
allow to introduce fully featured security in endpoint
identification, potentially able to eradicate the spoofing problem,
as one example. Furthermore, it may be used to include application
gateways' certificates in order to provide more efficiency, e.g.,
using web certificates also in the addressing of web services. While
increasing security, privacy protection may also be improved.
7. IANA Considerations
This document does not include an IANA request.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.
8.2. Informative References
[ALOHA] Kuo, F., "The ALOHA System", ACM SIGCOMM Computer
Communication Review Vol. 25, pp. 41-44,
DOI 10.1145/205447.205451, January 1995,
<https://doi.org/10.1145/205447.205451>.
[BACnet] "BACnet-A Data Communication Protocol for Building
Automation and Control Networks", ANSI/ASHRAE Standard
135-2016, January 2016,
<https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-
135-2016?product_id=1918140>.
[BIER-MC] Trossen, D., Rahman, A., Wang, C., and T. Eckert,
"Applicability of BIER Multicast Overlay for Adaptive
Streaming Services", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-bier-multicast-http-response-06, 10 July 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-bier-
multicast-http-response-06.txt>.
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[BLE] "Bluetooth Specification", Bluetooth SIG Working Groups,
n.d., <https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications>.
[CARTISEAN]
Hughes, L., Shumon, K., and Y. Zhang, "Cartesian Ad Hoc
Routing Protocols", Ad-Hoc, Mobile, and Wireless
Networks pp. 287-292, DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-39611-6_27,
2003, <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39611-6_27>.
[CCN] Jacobson, V., Smetters, D., Thornton, J., Plass, M.,
Briggs, N., and R. Braynard, "Networking named content",
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on
Emerging networking experiments and technologies -
CoNEXT '09, DOI 10.1145/1658939.1658941, 2009,
<https://doi.org/10.1145/1658939.1658941>.
[CHEN21] Chen, Y., Li, H., Liu, J., Wu, Q., and Z. Lai, "GAMS: An
IP Address Management Mechanism in Satellite Mega-
constellation Networks", 2021 International Wireless
Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC),
DOI 10.1109/iwcmc51323.2021.9498722, June 2021,
<https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc51323.2021.9498722>.
[CHRIKI19] Chriki, A., Touati, H., Snoussi, H., and F. Kamoun,
"FANET: Communication, mobility models and security
issues", Computer Networks Vol. 163, pp. 106877,
DOI 10.1016/j.comnet.2019.106877, November 2019,
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2019.106877>.
[DDS] AL-Madani, B., Elkhider, S., and S. El-Ferik, "DDS-Based
Containment Control of Multiple UAV Systems", Applied
Sciences Vol. 10, pp. 4572, DOI 10.3390/app10134572, July
2020, <https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134572>.
[DECT-ULE] "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT);
Common Interface (CI); Part 1: Overview", ETSI European
Standard, EN 300 175-1, V2.6.1, May 2009,
<https://www.etsi.org/deliver/
etsi_en/300100_300199/30017501/02.06.01_60/
en_30017501v020601p.pdf>.
[DETNET] "Deterministic Networking (DetNet)", n.d.,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/detnet/about/>.
[DINRG] "Decentralized Internet Infrastructure - DINRG", n.d.,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/rg/dinrg/about/>.
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[DLT-draft]
Trossen, D., Guzman, D., Bride, M. M., and X. Fan, "Impact
of DLTs on Provider Networks", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-trossen-rtgwg-impact-of-dlts-01, 2 March
2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-trossen-
rtgwg-impact-of-dlts-01.txt>.
[ECMA-340] EECMA-340, "Near Field Communication - Interface and
Protocol (NFCIP-1) 3rd Ed.", June 2013.
[EIBP] Shenoy, S Chandraiah, P Willis, N., "A Structured Approach
to Routing in the Internet", June 2021, <First Intl
Workshop on Semantic Addressing and Routing for Future
Networks>.
[ETSI-NIN] ETSI - European Telecommunication Standards Institute,
"Non-IP Networking - NIN", n.d.,
<https://www.etsi.org/technologies/non-ip-networking>.
[HANDLEY] Handley, M., "Delay is Not an Option: Low Latency Routing
in Space", Proceedings of the 17th ACM Workshop on Hot
Topics in Networks, DOI 10.1145/3286062.3286075, November
2018, <https://doi.org/10.1145/3286062.3286075>.
[I-D.ietf-6man-mtu-option]
Hinden, R. M. and G. Fairhurst, "IPv6 Minimum Path MTU
Hop-by-Hop Option", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-6man-mtu-option-13, 28 February 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-6man-mtu-
option-13.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-intarea-gue]
Herbert, T., Yong, L., and O. Zia, "Generic UDP
Encapsulation", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-intarea-gue-09, 26 October 2019,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-intarea-gue-
09.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-lisp-introduction]
Cabellos, A. and D. S. (Ed.), "An Architectural
Introduction to the Locator/ID Separation Protocol
(LISP)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
lisp-introduction-15, 20 September 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-lisp-
introduction-15.txt>.
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[I-D.ietf-lisp-mn]
Farinacci, D., Lewis, D., Meyer, D., and C. White, "LISP
Mobile Node", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-lisp-mn-11, 30 January 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-lisp-mn-
11.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-lisp-nexagon]
Barkai, S., Fernandez-Ruiz, B., Tamir, R., Rodriguez-
Natal, A., Maino, F., Cabellos-Aparicio, A., and D.
Farinacci, "Network-Hexagons: H3-LISP GeoState & Mobility
Network", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
lisp-nexagon-19, 14 September 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-lisp-nexagon-
19.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-lisp-rfc6833bis]
Farinacci, D., Maino, F., Fuller, V., and A. Cabellos,
"Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) Control-Plane",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-lisp-
rfc6833bis-30, 18 November 2020,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-lisp-
rfc6833bis-30.txt>.
[I-D.jia-intarea-internet-addressing-gap-analysis]
Jia, Y., Trossen, D., Iannone, L., Shenoy, N., and P.
Mendes, "Gap Analysis in Internet Addressing", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-jia-intarea-internet-
addressing-gap-analysis-01, 23 October 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-jia-intarea-
internet-addressing-gap-analysis-01.txt>.
[I-D.templin-6man-aero]
Templin, F. L., "Automatic Extended Route Optimization
(AERO)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-templin-
6man-aero-39, 22 February 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-templin-6man-aero-
39.txt>.
[ICN5G] Ravindran, R., Suthar, P., Trossen, D., Wang, C., and G.
White, "Enabling ICN in 3GPP's 5G NextGen Core
Architecture", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
irtf-icnrg-5gc-icn-04, 10 January 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-icnrg-5gc-icn-
04.txt>.
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[ICNIP] Trossen, D., Robitzsch, S., Reed, M., Al-Naday, M., and J.
Riihijarvi, "Internet Services over ICN in 5G LAN
Environments", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
trossen-icnrg-internet-icn-5glan-04, 1 October 2020,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-trossen-icnrg-
internet-icn-5glan-04.txt>.
[IEEE_1901.1]
"Standard for Medium Frequency (less than 15 MHz) Power
Line Communications for Smart Grid Applications", IEEE
1901.1 IEEE-SA Standards Board, May 2018,
<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8360785>.
[LR-WPAN] "IEEE 802.15.4 - IEEE Standard for Low-Rate Wireless
Networks", IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group 4, May 2020,
<https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_15_4-2020.html>.
[MANET1] Abdallah, A., Abdallah, E., Bsoul, M., and A. Otoom,
"Randomized geographic-based routing with nearly
guaranteed delivery for three-dimensional ad hoc network",
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks Vol.
12, pp. 155014771667125, DOI 10.1177/1550147716671255,
October 2016, <https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147716671255>.
[MAROJEVIC20]
Marojevic, V., Guvenc, I., Dutta, R., Sichitiu, M., and B.
Floyd, "Advanced Wireless for Unmanned Aerial Systems: 5G
Standardization, Research Challenges, and AERPAW
Architecture", IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine Vol. 15,
pp. 22-30, DOI 10.1109/mvt.2020.2979494, June 2020,
<https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2020.2979494>.
[OCADO] "Ocado Technology’s robot warehouse a Hive of IoT
innovation", n.d., <https://techmonitor.ai/tech-leaders/
ocado-technology-robot-hive-innovation>.
[PANRG] "Path Aware Networking Research Group - PANRG", n.d.,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/rg/panrg/about/>.
[PEARG] "Privacy Enhancements and Assessments Research Group -
PEARG", n.d., <https://irtf.org/pearg>.
[PILA] Krahenbuhl, C., Legner, M., Bitterli, S., and A. Perrig,
"Pervasive Internet-Wide Low-Latency Authentication", 2021
International Conference on Computer Communications and
Networks (ICCCN), DOI 10.1109/icccn52240.2021.9522235,
July 2021,
<https://doi.org/10.1109/icccn52240.2021.9522235>.
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[RFC2775] Carpenter, B., "Internet Transparency", RFC 2775,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2775, February 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2775>.
[RFC3031] Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol
Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3031, January 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3031>.
[RFC3972] Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
RFC 3972, DOI 10.17487/RFC3972, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3972>.
[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.
[RFC4919] Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., and C. Schumacher, "IPv6
over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs):
Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals",
RFC 4919, DOI 10.17487/RFC4919, August 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4919>.
[RFC5061] Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Tuexen, M., Maruyama, S., and M.
Kozuka, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Dynamic Address Reconfiguration", RFC 5061,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5061, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5061>.
[RFC5177] Leung, K., Dommety, G., Narayanan, V., and A. Petrescu,
"Network Mobility (NEMO) Extensions for Mobile IPv4",
RFC 5177, DOI 10.17487/RFC5177, April 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5177>.
[RFC5275] Turner, S., "CMS Symmetric Key Management and
Distribution", RFC 5275, DOI 10.17487/RFC5275, June 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5275>.
[RFC5517] HomChaudhuri, S. and M. Foschiano, "Cisco Systems' Private
VLANs: Scalable Security in a Multi-Client Environment",
RFC 5517, DOI 10.17487/RFC5517, February 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5517>.
[RFC5944] Perkins, C., Ed., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4, Revised",
RFC 5944, DOI 10.17487/RFC5944, November 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5944>.
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[RFC6158] DeKok, A., Ed. and G. Weber, "RADIUS Design Guidelines",
BCP 158, RFC 6158, DOI 10.17487/RFC6158, March 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6158>.
[RFC6182] Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., Barre, S., and J.
Iyengar, "Architectural Guidelines for Multipath TCP
Development", RFC 6182, DOI 10.17487/RFC6182, March 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6182>.
[RFC6275] Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, DOI 10.17487/RFC6275, July
2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6275>.
[RFC6626] Tsirtsis, G., Park, V., Narayanan, V., and K. Leung,
"Dynamic Prefix Allocation for Network Mobility for Mobile
IPv4 (NEMOv4)", RFC 6626, DOI 10.17487/RFC6626, May 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6626>.
[RFC7348] Mahalingam, M., Dutt, D., Duda, K., Agarwal, P., Kreeger,
L., Sridhar, T., Bursell, M., and C. Wright, "Virtual
eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN): A Framework for
Overlaying Virtualized Layer 2 Networks over Layer 3
Networks", RFC 7348, DOI 10.17487/RFC7348, August 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7348>.
[RFC7401] Moskowitz, R., Ed., Heer, T., Jokela, P., and T.
Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)",
RFC 7401, DOI 10.17487/RFC7401, April 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7401>.
[RFC7426] Haleplidis, E., Ed., Pentikousis, K., Ed., Denazis, S.,
Hadi Salim, J., Meyer, D., and O. Koufopavlou, "Software-
Defined Networking (SDN): Layers and Architecture
Terminology", RFC 7426, DOI 10.17487/RFC7426, January
2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7426>.
[RFC7429] Liu, D., Ed., Zuniga, JC., Ed., Seite, P., Chan, H., and
CJ. Bernardos, "Distributed Mobility Management: Current
Practices and Gap Analysis", RFC 7429,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7429, January 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7429>.
[RFC7476] Pentikousis, K., Ed., Ohlman, B., Corujo, D., Boggia, G.,
Tyson, G., Davies, E., Molinaro, A., and S. Eum,
"Information-Centric Networking: Baseline Scenarios",
RFC 7476, DOI 10.17487/RFC7476, March 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7476>.
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[RFC7665] Halpern, J., Ed. and C. Pignataro, Ed., "Service Function
Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7665>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
[RFC8280] ten Oever, N. and C. Cath, "Research into Human Rights
Protocol Considerations", RFC 8280, DOI 10.17487/RFC8280,
October 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8280>.
[RFC8402] Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L.,
Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402,
July 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8402>.
[RFC8595] Farrel, A., Bryant, S., and J. Drake, "An MPLS-Based
Forwarding Plane for Service Function Chaining", RFC 8595,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8595, June 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8595>.
[RFC8677] Trossen, D., Purkayastha, D., and A. Rahman, "Name-Based
Service Function Forwarder (nSFF) Component within a
Service Function Chaining (SFC) Framework", RFC 8677,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8677, November 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8677>.
[RFC8754] Filsfils, C., Ed., Dukes, D., Ed., Previdi, S., Leddy, J.,
Matsushima, S., and D. Voyer, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header
(SRH)", RFC 8754, DOI 10.17487/RFC8754, March 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8754>.
[RFC8763] Rahman, A., Trossen, D., Kutscher, D., and R. Ravindran,
"Deployment Considerations for Information-Centric
Networking (ICN)", RFC 8763, DOI 10.17487/RFC8763, April
2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8763>.
[RFC8799] Carpenter, B. and B. Liu, "Limited Domains and Internet
Protocols", RFC 8799, DOI 10.17487/RFC8799, July 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8799>.
[RFC8926] Gross, J., Ed., Ganga, I., Ed., and T. Sridhar, Ed.,
"Geneve: Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation",
RFC 8926, DOI 10.17487/RFC8926, November 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8926>.
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[RFC9000] Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9000>.
[SFCANYCAST]
Wion, A., Bouet, M., Iannone, L., and V. Conan,
"Distributed Function Chaining with Anycast Routing",
Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Symposium on SDN Research,
DOI 10.1145/3314148.3314355, April 2019,
<https://doi.org/10.1145/3314148.3314355>.
[TERASTREAM]
"Deutsche Telekom tests TeraStream, the network of the
future, in Croatia", n.d.,
<https://www.telekom.com/en/media/media-
information/archive/deutsche-telekom-tests-terastream-the-
network-of-the-future-in-croatia-358444>.
[TROSSEN] Trossen, D., Sarela, M., and K. Sollins, "Arguments for an
information-centric internetworking architecture", ACM
SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Vol. 40, pp. 26-33,
DOI 10.1145/1764873.1764878, April 2010,
<https://doi.org/10.1145/1764873.1764878>.
[WANG19] Wang, P., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Yan, Z., Evans, B., and W.
Wang, "Convergence of Satellite and Terrestrial Networks:
A Comprehensive Survey", IEEE Access Vol. 8, pp.
5550-5588, DOI 10.1109/access.2019.2963223, 2020,
<https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2963223>.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to all the people that shared insightful comments both
privately to the authors as well as on various mailing list,
especially on the INTArea Mailing List. Also thanks for the
interesting discussions to Stewart Bryant, Ron Bonica, Toerless
Eckert, Brian E. Carpenter, Kiran Makhijani, Fred Templin.
Authors' Addresses
Yihao Jia
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
156 Beiqing Rd.
Beijing
100095
P.R. China
Email: jiayihao@huawei.com
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Dirk Trossen
Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf GmbH
Riesstr. 25C
80992 Munich
Germany
Email: dirk.trossen@huawei.com
Luigi Iannone
Huawei Technologies France S.A.S.U.
18, Quai du Point du Jour
92100 Boulogne-Billancourt
France
Email: luigi.iannone@huawei.com
Nirmala Shenoy
Rochester Institute of Technology
New-York, 14623
United States of America
Email: nxsvks@rit.edu
Paulo Mendes
Airbus
Willy-Messerschmitt Strasse 1
81663 Munich
Germany
Email: paulo.mendes@airbus.com
Donald E. Eastlake 3rd
Futurewei Technologies
2386 Panoramic Circle
Apopka, FL, 32703
United States of America
Email: d3e3e3@gmail.com
Peng Liu
China Mobile
32 Xuanwumen West Ave
Xicheng, Beijing
100053
P.R. China
Email: liupengyjy@chinamobile.com
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Dino Farinacci
lispers.net
United States of America
Email: farinacci@gmail.com
Jia, et al. Expires 7 September 2022 [Page 35]
