Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-softwire-dslite-yang

draft-ietf-softwire-dslite-yang







Network Working Group                                       M. Boucadair
Internet-Draft                                              C. Jacquenet
Intended status: Standards Track                                  Orange
Expires: November 30, 2018                                  S. Sivakumar
                                                           Cisco Systems
                                                            May 29, 2018


            A YANG Data Model for Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite)
                   draft-ietf-softwire-dslite-yang-17

Abstract

   This document defines a YANG module for the DS-Lite Address Family
   Transition Router (AFTR) and Basic Bridging BroadBand (B4) elements.

Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor)

   Please update these statements in the document with the RFC number to
   be assigned to this document:

   o  "This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX;"

   o  "RFC XXXX: A YANG Data Model for Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite)";

   o  "reference: RFC XXXX"

   Please update the "revision" date of the YANG module.

   Also, update this sentence with the RFC number to be assigned to I-
   D.ietf-opsawg-nat-yang:

   o  "RFC YYYY: A YANG Module for Network Address Translation (NAT) and
      Network Prefix Translation (NPT)"

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any




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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on November 30, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  DS-Lite YANG Module: An Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  DS-Lite YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   6.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     7.1.  Normative references  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     7.2.  Informative references  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   Appendix A.  B4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Appendix B.  AFTR Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20

1.  Introduction

   This document defines a data model for DS-Lite [RFC6333], using the
   YANG data modeling language [RFC7950].  Both the Address Family
   Transition Router (AFTR) and Basic Bridging BroadBand (B4) elements
   are covered by this specification.

   As a reminder, Figure 1 illustrates an overview of the DS-Lite
   architecture that involves AFTR and B4 elements.






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                      +-----------+
                      |    Host   |
                      +-----+-----+
                            |192.0.2.1
                            |
                            |
                            |192.0.2.2
                  +---------|---------+
                  |         |         |
                  |    Home router    |
                  |+--------+--------+|
                  ||       B4        ||
                  |+--------+--------+|
                  +--------|||--------+
                           |||2001:db8:0:1::1
                           |||
                           |||<-IPv4-in-IPv6 softwire
                           |||
                    -------|||-------
                  /        |||        \
                 |   ISP core network  |
                  \        |||        /
                    -------|||-------
                           |||
                           |||2001:db8:0:2::1
                  +--------|||--------+
                  |        AFTR       |
                  |+--------+--------+|
                  ||   Concentrator  ||
                  |+--------+--------+|
                  |       |NAT|       |
                  |       +-+-+       |
                  +---------|---------+
                            |198.51.100.1
                            |
                    --------|--------
                  /         |         \
                 |       Internet      |
                  \         |         /
                    --------|--------
                            |
                            |203.0.113.1
                      +-----+-----+
                      | IPv4 Host |
                      +-----------+

                    Figure 1: DS-Lite Base Architecture




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   DS-Lite deployment considerations are discussed in [RFC6908].

   This document follows the guidelines of [RFC6087], uses the common
   YANG types defined in [RFC6991], and adopts the Network Management
   Datastore Architecture (NMDA).

1.1.  Terminology

   This document makes use of the terms defined in Section 3 of
   [RFC6333].

   The terminology for describing YANG data models is defined in
   [RFC7950].

   The meaning of the symbols in tree diagrams is defined in [RFC8340].

2.  DS-Lite YANG Module: An Overview

   As shown in Figure 1:

   o  The AFTR element is a combination of an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel and a
      NAPT function (Section 2.2 of [RFC3022]).

   o  The B4 element is an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel.

   Therefore, the DS-Lite YANG module is designed to augment both the
   Interfaces YANG module [RFC8343] and the NAT YANG module
   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-nat-yang] with DS-Lite specific features.

   The YANG "feature" statement is used to distinguish which of the DS-
   Lite elements ('aftr' or 'b4') is relevant for a specific data node.

   Concretely, the DS-Lite YANG module (Figure 2) augments the
   Interfaces YANG module with the following:

   o  An IPv6 address used by the tunnel endpoint (AFTR or B4) for
      sending and receiving IPv4-in-IPv6 packets (ipv6-address).

   o  An IPv4 address that is used by the tunnel endpoint (AFTR or B4)
      for troubleshooting purposes (ipv4-address).

   o  An IPv6 address used by a B4 element to reach its AFTR (aftr-
      ipv6-addr).

   o  The tunnel MTU used to avoid fragmentation (tunnel-mtu).






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   o  A policy to instruct the tunnel endpoint (AFTR or B4) whether it
      must preserve DSCP marking when encapsulating/decapsulating
      packets (v6-v4-dscp-preservation).

   In addition, the DS-Lite YANG module augments the NAT YANG module
   (policy, in particular) with the following:

   o  A policy to limit the number of DS-Lite softwires per subscriber
      (max-softwire-per-subscriber).

   o  A policy to instruct the AFTR whether a state can be automatically
      migrated (state-migrate).

   o  Further, in order to prevent a denial-of-service by frequently
      changing the source IPv6 address, 'b4-address-change-limit' is
      used to rate-limit such changes.

   o  An instruction to rewrite the TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS)
      option (mss-clamping) to avoid TCP fragmentation.

   Given that the NAPT table of the AFTR element is extended to include
   the source IPv6 address of incoming packets, the DS-Lite YANG module
   augments the NAPT44 mapping-entry with the following:

   o  b4-ipv6-address which is used to record the source IPv6 address of
      a packet received from a B4 element.  This IPv6 address is
      required to disambiguate between the overlapping IPv4 address
      space of subscribers.

   o  The value of the Traffic Class field in the IPv6 header as
      received from a B4 element (v6-dscp): This information is used to
      preserve DSCP marking when encapsulating/decapsulationg at the
      AFTR.

   o  The IPv4 DSCP marking of the IPv4 packet received from a B4
      element (internal-v4-dscp): This information can be used by the
      AFTR for setting the DSCP of packets relayed to a B4 element.

   o  The IPv4 DSCP marking as set by the AFTR in its external interface
      (external-v4-dscp): An AFTR can be instructed to preserve the same
      marking or to set it to another value when forwarding an IPv4
      packet destined to a remote IPv4 host.

   Access Control List (ACL) and Quality of Service (QoS) policies
   discussed in Section 2.5 of [RFC6908] are out of scope.  A YANG
   module for ACLs is documented in [I-D.ietf-netmod-acl-model].





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   Likewise, Port Control Protocol (PCP) related considerations
   discussed in Section 8.5 of [RFC6333] are out of scope.  A YANG
   module for PCP is documented in [I-D.boucadair-pcp-yang].

   The YANG module "ietf-dslite" has the following structure:

   module: ietf-dslite
     augment /if:interfaces/if:interface:
       +--rw ipv6-address?              inet:ipv6-address
       +--rw ipv4-address?              inet:ipv4-address
       +--rw aftr-ipv6-addr?            inet:ipv6-address {b4}?
       +--rw tunnel-mtu?                uint16
       +--rw v6-v4-dscp-preservation?   boolean
     augment /nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/nat:policy:
       +--rw max-softwires-per-subscriber?   uint8 {aftr}?
       +--rw state-migrate?                  boolean {aftr}?
       +--rw b4-address-change-limit?        uint32 {aftr}?
       +--rw mss-clamping {aftr}?
          +--rw enable?      boolean
          +--rw mss-value?   uint16
     augment /nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance
             /nat:mapping-table/nat:mapping-entry:
       +--rw b4-ipv6-address {aftr}?
       |  +--rw address?               inet:ipv6-address
       |  +--rw last-address-change?   yang:date-and-time
       +--rw v6-dscp?            inet:dscp {aftr}?
       +--rw internal-v4-dscp?   inet:dscp {aftr}?
       +--rw external-v4-dscp?   inet:dscp {aftr}?
     augment /nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance
             /nat:statistics/nat:mappings-statistics:
       +--ro active-softwires?   yang:gauge32 {aftr}?

     notifications:
       +---n b4-address-change-limit-policy-violation {aftr}?
          +--ro id           -> /nat:nat/instances/instance/id
          +--ro policy-id    -> /nat:nat/instances/instance/policy/id
          +--ro address      inet:ipv6-address

                    Figure 2: DS-Lite YANG tree diagram

   Examples to illustrate the use of the "ietf-dslite" module are
   provided in Appendix A and Appendix B.

3.  DS-Lite YANG Module

   This module uses the tunnel interface identity defined in [RFC7224].

<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-dslite@2018-02-26.yang"



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module ietf-dslite {
  yang-version 1.1;

  namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-dslite";
  prefix dslite;

  import ietf-inet-types {
    prefix inet;
    reference
      "Section 4 of RFC 6991";
  }

  import ietf-interfaces {
    prefix if;
    reference
      "RFC 8343: A YANG Data Model for Interface Management";
  }

  import iana-if-type  {
    prefix ianaift;
    reference
      "RFC 7224: IANA Interface Type YANG Module";
  }

  import ietf-nat {
    prefix nat;
    reference
      "RFC YYYY: A YANG Module for Network Address Translation (NAT)
                 and Network Prefix Translation (NPT)";
  }

  import ietf-yang-types {
    prefix yang;
    reference
      "Section 3 of RFC 6991";
  }

  organization "IETF Softwire Working Group";

  contact

    "WG Web:   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/softwire/>
     WG List:  <mailto:softwires@ietf.org>

     Editor:  Mohamed Boucadair
              <mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>

     Author:  Christian Jacquenet



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              <mailto:christian.jacquenet@orange.com>

     Author:  Senthil Sivakumar
              <mailto:ssenthil@cisco.com>";

   description
      "This module is a YANG module for DS-Lite AFTR and B4
      implementations.

      Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
      authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

      Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
      without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
      to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
      set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
      Relating to IETF Documents
      (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

      This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
      the RFC itself for full legal notices.";

  revision 2018-02-26 {
    description
      "Initial revision.";
    reference
      "RFC XXXX: A YANG Data Model for Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite)";
  }

 /*
  * Features
  */

  feature b4 {
    description
      "The B4 element is a function implemented on a dual-stack-capable
       node, either a directly connected device or a CPE, that creates
       a tunnel to an AFTR.";
    reference
      "Section 5 of RFC 6333.";
  }

  feature aftr {
    description
      "An AFTR element is the combination of an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel
       endpoint and an IPv4-IPv4 NAT implemented on the same node.";
    reference
      "Section 6 of RFC 6333.";



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  }

 /*
  * Augments
  */

  augment "/if:interfaces/if:interface" {
    when 'derived-from(if:type, "ianaift:tunnel")';
    description
      "Augments Interface module with DS-Lite parameters.

       IANA interface types are maintained at this registry:
       https://www.iana.org/assignments/ianaiftype-mib/ianaiftype-mib.

       tunnel (131),       -- Encapsulation interface";

    leaf ipv6-address {
      type inet:ipv6-address;
      description
        "IPv6 address of the local DS-Lite endpoint (AFTR or B4).";
      reference
        "RFC 6333: Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following
                   IPv4 Exhaustion";
    }

    leaf ipv4-address {
      type inet:ipv4-address;
      description
        "IPv4 address of the local DS-Lite AFTR or B4.

         192.0.0.1 is reserved for the AFTR element, while
         192.0.0.0/29 is reserved for the B4 element.

         This address can be used to report ICMP problems and will
         appear in traceroute outputs.";
      reference
        "RFC 6333: Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following
                   IPv4 Exhaustion";
    }

    leaf aftr-ipv6-addr {
      if-feature b4;
      type inet:ipv6-address;
      description
        "Indicates the AFTR's IPv6 address to be used by a B4 element.";
      reference
        "RFC 6333: Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following
                   IPv4 Exhaustion";



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    }

    leaf tunnel-mtu {
      type uint16;
      description
        "Configures a tunnel MTU.

         [RFC6908] specifies that since fragmentation and reassembly
         is not optimal, the operator should do everything possible
         to eliminate the need for it.  If the operator uses simple
         IPv4-in-IPv6 softwire, it is recommended that the MTU size
         of the IPv6 network between the B4 and the AFTR accounts for
         the additional overhead (40 bytes).";
      reference
        "RFC 6908: Deployment Considerations for Dual-Stack Lite";
    }

    leaf v6-v4-dscp-preservation {
      type boolean;
      description
        "Copies the DSCP value from the IPv6 header and vice versa.

         According to Section 2.10 of [RFC6908], operators should
         use the uniform model by provisioning the network such
         that the AFTR/B4 copies the DSCP value in the IPv4 header
         to the Traffic Class field in the IPv6 header, after the
         IPv4-in-IPv6 encapsulation.";
      reference
        "Section 2.10 of RFC 6908.";
    }
  }

  augment "/nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/nat:policy" {
    when "derived-from-or-self(/nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/" +
         "nat:type, 'nat:napt44')" +
         " and /nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/" +
         "nat:per-interface-binding='dslite'";
    if-feature aftr;
    description
      "Augments the NAPT44 module with AFTR parameters.";

    leaf max-softwires-per-subscriber {
      type uint8;
      default 1;
      description
        "Configures the maximum softwires per subscriber feature.

         A subscriber is uniquely identified by means



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         of a subscriber mask (subscriber-mask-v6).

         This policy aims to prevent a misbehaving subscriber from
         mounting several DS-Lite softwires that would consume
         additional AFTR resources (e.g., get more external ports
         if the quota were enforced on a per-softwire basis,
         consume extra processing due to a large number of active
         softwires).";

      reference
        "Section 4 of RFC 7785.";
    }

    leaf state-migrate {
      type boolean;
      default true;
      description
        "State migration is enabled by default.

         In the event a new IPv6 address is assigned to the B4 element,
         the AFTR should migrate existing state to be bound to the new
         IPv6 address.  This operation ensures that traffic destined to
         the previous B4's IPv6 address will be redirected to the newer
         B4's IPv6 address.  The destination IPv6 address for tunneling
         return traffic from the AFTR should be the last seen as the
         B4's IPv6 source address from the user device (e.g., CPE).

         The AFTR uses the subscriber-mask-v6 to determine whether two
         IPv6 addresses belong to the same CPE (e.g., if the
         subscriber-mask-v6 is set to 56, the AFTR concludes that
         2001:db8:100:100::1 and 2001:db8:100:100::2 belong to the same
         CPE assigned with 2001:db8:100:100::/56).";

      reference
        "RFC 7785: Recommendations for Prefix Binding in the Context
                   of Softwire Dual-Stack Lite";
    }

    leaf b4-address-change-limit {
      type uint32;
      units "seconds";
      default '1800';
      description
        "Minimum number of seconds between successive B4's IPv6 address
         change from the same prefix.

         Changing the source B4's IPv6 address may be used as an attack
         vector.  Packets with a new B4's IPv6 address from the same



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         prefix should be rate-limited.

         It is recommended to set this rate limit to 30 minutes; other
         values can be set on a per-deployment basis.";

      reference
        "RFC 7785: Recommendations for Prefix Binding in the Context
                   of Softwire Dual-Stack Lite";
    }

    container mss-clamping {
      description
        "MSS rewriting configuration to avoid IPv6 fragmentation.";

      leaf enable {
        type boolean;
        description
          "Enable/disable MSS rewriting feature.";
      }

      leaf mss-value {
        type uint16;
        units "octets";
        description
          "Sets the MSS value to be used for MSS rewriting.";
      }
    }
  }

  augment "/nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/"+
          "nat:mapping-table/nat:mapping-entry" {
    when "derived-from-or-self(/nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/" +
         "nat:type, 'nat:napt44')" +
         " and /nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/" +
         "nat:per-interface-binding='dslite'";
    if-feature aftr;
    description
      "Augments the NAPT44 mapping table with DS-Lite specifics.";

    container b4-ipv6-address {
      description
        "Records the IPv6 address used by a B4 element and the last
         time that address changed.";

      leaf address {
        type inet:ipv6-address;
        description
          "Corresponds to the IPv6 address used by a B4 element.";



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        reference
          "RFC 6333: Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following
                     IPv4 Exhaustion";
      }

      leaf last-address-change {
        type yang:date-and-time;
        description
          "Records the last time when the address changed.";
      }
    }

    leaf v6-dscp {
      when "/if:interfaces/if:interface/" +
           "dslite:v6-v4-dscp-preservation='true'";
      type inet:dscp;
      description
        "DSCP value used at the softwire level (i.e., IPv6 header).";
    }

    leaf internal-v4-dscp {
      when "/if:interfaces/if:interface/" +
           "dslite:v6-v4-dscp-preservation='true'";
      type inet:dscp;
      description
        "DSCP value of the encapsulated IPv4 packet.";
    }

    leaf external-v4-dscp {
      when "/if:interfaces/if:interface/" +
           "dslite:v6-v4-dscp-preservation='true'";
      type inet:dscp;
      description
        "DSCP value of the translated IPv4 packet as marked by
         the AFTR.";
    }
  }

  augment "/nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/nat:statistics/" +
          "nat:mappings-statistics" {
    if-feature aftr;
    description
      "Indicates the number of active softwires.";

    leaf active-softwires{
      type yang:gauge32;
      description
        "The number of currently active softwires on the AFTR



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         instance.";
    }
  }

 /*
  * Notifications
  */

  notification b4-address-change-limit-policy-violation {
    if-feature aftr;
    description
      "Generates notifications when a B4 unsuccessfully attempts
       to change IPv6 address in a time shorter than the value of
       b4-address-change-limit.

       Notifications are rate-limited (notify-interval).";

    leaf id {
      type leafref {
        path "/nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/nat:id";
      }
      mandatory true;
      description
        "NAT instance identifier.";
    }

    leaf policy-id {
      type leafref {
        path "/nat:nat/nat:instances/nat:instance/nat:policy/nat:id";
      }
      mandatory true;
      description
        "Policy Identifier.";
    }

    leaf address {
      type inet:ipv6-address;
      mandatory true;
      description
        "B4's IPv6 address.";
    }
  }
}
<CODE ENDS>







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4.  Security Considerations

   The YANG module defined in this document is designed to be accessed
   via network management protocols such as NETCONF [RFC6241] or
   RESTCONF [RFC8040].  The lowest NETCONF layer is the secure transport
   layer, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is Secure
   Shell (SSH) [RFC6242].  The lowest RESTCONF layer is HTTPS, and the
   mandatory-to-implement secure transport is TLS [RFC5246].

   The NETCONF access control model [RFC8341] provides the means to
   restrict access for particular NETCONF or RESTCONF users to a
   preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or RESTCONF protocol
   operations and content.

   All data nodes defined in the YANG module which can be created,
   modified and deleted (i.e., config true, which is the default) are
   considered sensitive.  Write operations (e.g., edit-config) applied
   to these data nodes without proper protection can negatively affect
   network operations.  An attacker who is able to access to the B4/AFTR
   can undertake various attacks, such as:

   o  Set the value of 'aftr-ipv6-addr' on the B4 to point to an
      illegitimate AFTR so that it can intercept all the traffic sent by
      a B4.  Illegitimately intercepting users' traffic is a attack with
      severe implications on privacy.

   o  Set the MTU to a low value which may increase the number of
      fragments ('tunnel-mtu' for both B4 and AFTR).

   o  Set 'max-softwire-per-subscriber' to an arbitrary high value,
      which will be exploited by a misbehaving user to grab more
      resources (by mounting as many softwires as required to get more
      external IP addresses/ports) or to perform a Denial-of-Service on
      the AFTR by mounting a massive number of softwires.

   o  Set 'state-migrate' to 'false' on the AFTR.  This action may lead
      to a service degradation for the users.

   o  Set 'b4-address-change-limit" to an arbitrary low value can ease
      DoS attacks based on frequent change of B4 IPv6 address.

   o  Set 'v6-v4-dscp-preservation' to 'false" may lead to a service
      degradation if some policies are applied on the network based on
      the DSCP value.

   Additional security considerations are discussed in
   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-nat-yang].




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   Security considerations related to DS-Lite are discussed in
   [RFC6333].

5.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests IANA to register the following URI in the
   "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:

            URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-dslite
            Registrant Contact: The IESG.
            XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

   This document requests IANA to register the following YANG module in
   the "YANG Module Names" registry [RFC7950].

            name: ietf-dslite
            namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-dslite
            prefix: dslite
            reference: RFC XXXX

6.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Qin Wu, Benoit Claise, and Andy Bierman who helped for
   identifying compiling errors.  Mahesh Jethanandani provided early
   yangdoctors reviews; many thanks to him.

   Many thanks to Ian Farrer and Tom Petch for the review and comments.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative references

   [I-D.ietf-opsawg-nat-yang]
              Boucadair, M., Sivakumar, S., Jacquenet, C., Vinapamula,
              S., and Q. Wu, "A YANG Module for Network Address
              Translation (NAT) and Network Prefix Translation (NPT)",
              draft-ietf-opsawg-nat-yang-14 (work in progress), March
              2018.

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.




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   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.

   [RFC6242]  Wasserman, M., "Using the NETCONF Protocol over Secure
              Shell (SSH)", RFC 6242, DOI 10.17487/RFC6242, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6242>.

   [RFC6333]  Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
              Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
              Exhaustion", RFC 6333, DOI 10.17487/RFC6333, August 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6333>.

   [RFC6991]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
              RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.

   [RFC7224]  Bjorklund, M., "IANA Interface Type YANG Module",
              RFC 7224, DOI 10.17487/RFC7224, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7224>.

   [RFC7950]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
              RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.

   [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.

   [RFC8341]  Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration
              Access Control Model", STD 91, RFC 8341,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8341, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8341>.

   [RFC8343]  Bjorklund, M., "A YANG Data Model for Interface
              Management", RFC 8343, DOI 10.17487/RFC8343, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8343>.

7.2.  Informative references

   [I-D.boucadair-pcp-yang]
              Boucadair, M., Jacquenet, C., Sivakumar, S., and S.
              Vinapamula, "YANG Modules for the Port Control Protocol
              (PCP)", draft-boucadair-pcp-yang-05 (work in progress),
              October 2017.





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   [I-D.ietf-netmod-acl-model]
              Jethanandani, M., Huang, L., Agarwal, S., and D. Blair,
              "Network Access Control List (ACL) YANG Data Model",
              draft-ietf-netmod-acl-model-19 (work in progress), April
              2018.

   [RFC3022]  Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
              Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3022, January 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3022>.

   [RFC6087]  Bierman, A., "Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of YANG
              Data Model Documents", RFC 6087, DOI 10.17487/RFC6087,
              January 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6087>.

   [RFC6908]  Lee, Y., Maglione, R., Williams, C., Jacquenet, C., and M.
              Boucadair, "Deployment Considerations for Dual-Stack
              Lite", RFC 6908, DOI 10.17487/RFC6908, March 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6908>.

   [RFC7785]  Vinapamula, S. and M. Boucadair, "Recommendations for
              Prefix Binding in the Context of Softwire Dual-Stack
              Lite", RFC 7785, DOI 10.17487/RFC7785, February 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7785>.

   [RFC8340]  Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
              BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.























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Appendix A.  B4 Example

   The following example shows a B4 element (2001:db8:0:1::1) that is
   configured with an AFTR element (2001:db8:0:2::1).  The B4 element is
   also instructed to preserve the DSCP marking.

   <interfaces>
     <interface>
       <name>myB4</name>
       <type>ianaift:tunnel</type>
       <enabled>true</enabled>
       <dslite:ipv6-address>
         2001:db8:0:1::1
       </dslite:ipv6-address>
       <dslite:aftr-ipv6-addr>
         2001:db8:0:2::1
       </dslite:aftr-ipv6-addr>
       <dslite:v6-v4-dscp-preservation>
         true
       </dslite:v6-v4-dscp-preservation>
     </interface>
   </interfaces>

Appendix B.  AFTR Examples

   The following example shows an AFTR that is reachable at
   2001:db8:0:2::1.  Also, this XML snippet indicates that the AFTR is
   provided with an IPv4 address (192.0.0.1) to be used for
   troubleshooting purposes such as reporting problems to B4s.

   Note that a subscriber is identified by a subscriber mask ([RFC7785])
   that can be configured by means of [I-D.ietf-opsawg-nat-yang].

   <interfaces>
     <interface>
       <name>myAFTR</name>
       <type>ianaift:tunnel</type>
       <enabled>true</enabled>
       <dslite:ipv6-address>2001:db8:0:2::1</dslite:ipv6-address>
       <dslite:ipv4-address>192.0.0.1</dslite:ipv4-address>
     </interface>
   </interfaces>

   The following shows an XML excerpt depicting a dynamic UDP mapping
   entry maintained by a DS-Lite AFTR for a packet received from the B4
   element introduced in Appendix A.  Concretely, this UDP packet
   received with a source IPv6 address (2001:db8:0:1::1), a source IPv4
   address (192.0.2.1), and source port number (1568) is translated into



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   a UDP packet having a source IPv4 address (198.51.100.1) and source
   port number (15000).  The remaining lifetime of this mapping is 300
   seconds.

   <mapping-entry>
     <index>15</index>
     <type>
       dynamic-explicit
     </type>
     <transport-protocol>
       17
     </transport-protocol>
     <dslite:b4-ipv6-address>
       <dslite:address>
         2001:db8:0:1::1
       </dslite:address>
     </dslite:b4-ipv6-address>
     <internal-src-address>
       192.0.2.1
     </internal-src-address>
     <internal-src-port>
       <start-port-number>
         1568
       </start-port-number>
     </internal-src-port>
     <external-src-address>
       198.51.100.1
     </external-src-address>
     <external-src-port>
       <start-port-number>
         15000
       </start-port-number>
     </external-src-port>
     <lifetime>
       300
     </lifetime>
   </mapping-entry>

Authors' Addresses

   Mohamed Boucadair
   Orange
   Rennes  35000
   France

   EMail: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com





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   Christian Jacquenet
   Orange
   Rennes  35000
   France

   EMail: christian.jacquenet@orange.com


   Senthil Sivakumar
   Cisco Systems
   7100-8 Kit Creek Road
   Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27709
   USA

   Phone: +1 919 392 5158
   EMail: ssenthil@cisco.com



































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