Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-sacm-nea-swima-patnc

draft-ietf-sacm-nea-swima-patnc







SACM                                                          C. Schmidt
Internet-Draft                                                 D. Haynes
Intended status: Standards Track                               C. Coffin
Expires: October 8, 2018                           The MITRE Corporation
                                                           D. Waltermire
                          National Institute of Standards and Technology
                                                     J. Fitzgerald-McKay
                                  United States National Security Agency
                                                           April 6, 2018


      Software Inventory Message and Attributes (SWIMA) for PA-TNC
                   draft-ietf-sacm-nea-swima-patnc-05

Abstract

   This document extends "PA-TNC: A Posture Attribute (PA) Protocol
   Compatible with Trusted Network Connect (TNC)" (RFC 5792) by
   providing specific attributes and message exchanges to allow
   endpoints to report their installed software inventory information to
   a NEA server, as defined in "Network Endpoint Assessment (NEA):
   Overview and Requirements" (RFC 5209).

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 8, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.1.  Network Endpoint Assessment (NEA) . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.2.  Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.3.  Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   2.  Background  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.1.  Supported Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       2.1.1.  Use Software Inventory as an Access Control Factor  .   8
       2.1.2.  Central Stores of Up-to-Date Endpoint Software
               Inventory Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       2.1.3.  PA-TNC Use Cases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     2.2.  Non-supported Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     2.3.  SWIMA Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     2.4.  Non-SWIMA Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     2.5.  Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     2.6.  Non-Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   3.  System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.1.  Data Sources  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.2.  Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.3.  Basic Attribute Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     3.4.  Core Software Reporting Information . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       3.4.1.  Software Identifiers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       3.4.2.  Data Model Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       3.4.3.  Record Identifiers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.4.4.  Software Locators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.4.5.  Source Identifiers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       3.4.6.  Using Software and Record Identifiers in SWIMA
               Attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.5.  Targeted Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.6.  Monitoring Changes in an Endpoint's Software Inventory
           Evidence Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     3.7.  Reporting Change Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       3.7.1.  Event Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       3.7.2.  Core Event Tracking Information . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       3.7.3.  Updating Inventory Knowledge Based on Events  . . . .  27
       3.7.4.  Using Event Records in SWIMA Attributes . . . . . . .  28
       3.7.5.  Partial and Complete Lists of Event Records in SWIMA
               Attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       3.7.6.  Synchronizing Event Identifiers and Epochs  . . . . .  30
     3.8.  Subscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32



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       3.8.1.  Establishing Subscriptions  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       3.8.2.  Managing Subscriptions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       3.8.3.  Terminating Subscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       3.8.4.  Subscription Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       3.8.5.  Fulfilling Subscriptions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
         3.8.5.1.  Subscriptions Reporting Inventories . . . . . . .  36
         3.8.5.2.  Subscriptions Reporting Events  . . . . . . . . .  36
         3.8.5.3.  Targeted Subscriptions  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
         3.8.5.4.  No Subscription Consolidation . . . . . . . . . .  38
         3.8.5.5.  Delayed Subscription Fulfillment  . . . . . . . .  38
     3.9.  Error Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
   4.  Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     4.1.  Direct Response to a SWIMA Request  . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     4.2.  Subscription-Based Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     4.3.  Required Exchanges  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
   5.  Software Inventory Messages and Attributes  . . . . . . . . .  42
     5.1.  PA Subtype (AKA PA-TNC Component Type)  . . . . . . . . .  42
     5.2.  SWIMA Attribute Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
     5.3.  Message Diagram Syntax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     5.4.  SWIMA Attribute Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     5.5.  Normalization of Text Encoding  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     5.6.  Request IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45
     5.7.  SWIMA Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
     5.8.  Software Identifier Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     5.9.  Software Identifier Events  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     5.10. Software Inventory  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     5.11. Software Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     5.12. Subscription Status Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     5.13. Subscription Status Response  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
     5.14. Source Metadata Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     5.15. Source Metadata Response  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
     5.16. PA-TNC Error as Used by SWIMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
       5.16.1.  SWIMA_ERROR,
                SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_DENIED_ERROR and
                SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_ID_REUSE_ERROR Information  . . .  76
       5.16.2.  SWIMA_RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE_ERROR Information . . . . .  77
       5.16.3.  SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR Information . .  79
   6.  Supported Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
     6.1.  ISO 2015 SWID Tags using XML  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
       6.1.1.  Guidance on Normalizing Source Data to ISO 2015 SWID
               Tags using XML  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
       6.1.2.  Guidance on Creation of Software Identifiers from ISO
               2015 SWID Tags  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
     6.2.  ISO 2009 SWID Tags using XML  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
       6.2.1.  Guidance on Normalizing Source Data to ISO 2009 SWID
               Tags using XML  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
       6.2.2.  Guidance on Creation of Software Identifiers from ISO
               2009 SWID Tags  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83



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   7.  Relationship to Other Specifications  . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  84
     8.1.  Evidentiary Value of Software Inventory Evidence Records   84
     8.2.  Sensitivity of Collected Records  . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
     8.3.  Integrity of Endpoint Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     8.4.  SWIMA-PC Access Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     8.5.  Sanitization of Record Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
     8.6.  PA-TNC Security Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
   9.  Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
     10.1.  PA Subtypes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
     10.2.  Registry for PA-TNC Attribute Types  . . . . . . . . . .  88
     10.3.  Registry for PA-TNC Error Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . .  89
     10.4.  Registry for Software Data Models  . . . . . . . . . . .  90
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
     11.3.  URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93

1.  Introduction

   Knowing the list of the software installed on endpoints is useful to
   understand and maintain the security state of a network.  For
   example, if an enterprise policy requires the presence of certain
   software and prohibits the presence of other software, reported
   software installation information can be used to indicate compliance
   and non-compliance with these requirements.  Endpoint software
   installation inventory lists (hereinafter "software inventories") can
   further be used to determine an endpoint's exposure to attack based
   on comparison to vulnerability or threat alerts against identified
   software's patch level data.  These are some of the highly useful
   management use cases supported by software inventory data.

   Software Inventory Message and Attributes (SWIMA) for PA-TNC provides
   a standardized method for exchanging software inventory data that
   includes a unique software identifier associated with a specific
   version of a software product.  SWIMA can also convey metadata about
   software products beyond this identifier.  SWIMA enables software
   identification, installation, and characterization information to be
   be transported to a central server from any endpoint that supports
   this specification.  Such information can come from multiple sources,
   including tag files (such as ISO SWID tags [SWID15]), reports from
   third party inventory tools, output from package managers, and other
   sources.  SWIMA does not standardize how software is detected,
   instead relying on a set of "data sources" to provide information
   about installed software.  Instead, SWIMA provides a flexible




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   transport capable of conveying this information regardless of how it
   is expressed.

   This specification is designed to only report software that is
   installed on a target endpoint.  In particular, it does not monitor
   or report information about what software is running on the endpoint.
   Likewise, it is not intended to report individual files, libraries,
   installation packages, or similar artifacts.  While all of this
   information has its uses, this information requires different
   metadata and monitoring methods.  As a result, this specification
   focuses solely on software inventory information, leaving reporting
   of other classes of endpoint information to other specifications.

   Note that while this specification focuses on "software inventory",
   the mechanisms it describes could also be used to convey information
   about firmware and operating systems associated with an endpoint.
   The focus on software throughout this document should not be read as
   excluding the use of SWIMA for these other purposes.

   This specification defines a new set of PA-TNC attributes, which are
   used to communicate requests for software inventory information and
   software installation change events.  The exchange of these messages
   allows software inventory information to be sent to a NEA Server,
   which can make this information available to other applications.

   Part of the motivation for the development of SWIMA was to support
   the IETF's Security Automation and Continuous Monitoring (SACM)
   architecture.  More details about SWIMA's role in SACM appear in
   Section 7.  However, SWIMA has no dependencies on any part of SACM
   and is usable wherever the NEA architecture is employed.

1.1.  Network Endpoint Assessment (NEA)

   SWIMA defines extensions to the PA-TNC specification, which is part
   of the Network Endpoint Assessment (NEA) architecture.  The NEA
   specifications define an open solution architecture that enables
   network operators to collect and utilize information about endpoint
   configuration and state.  This information can be used to enforce
   policies, monitor endpoint health, and for many other activities.
   Information about the software present on an endpoint is an important
   consideration for such activities.  The new PA-TNC attributes defined
   in this document are used to communicate software inventory evidence,
   collected from a range of possible sources, from the posture
   collector on the endpoint to the posture validator on a NEA Server
   using the PA-TNC interface, as shown in Figure 1 below.






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       +-------------+                          +--------------+
       |  Posture    |   <--------PA-------->   |   Posture    |
       |  Collectors |                          |   Validators |
       |  (1 .. N)   |                          |   (1 .. N)   |
       +-------------+                          +--------------+
             |                                         |
             |                                         |
             |                                         |
       +-------------+                          +--------------+
       |   Posture   |                          |   Posture    |
       |   Broker    |   <--------PB-------->   |   Broker     |
       |   Client    |                          |   Server     |
       +-------------+                          +--------------+
             |                                         |
             |                                         |
       +-------------+                          +--------------+
       |   Posture   |                          |   Posture    |
       |   Transport |   <--------PT-------->   |   Transport  |
       |   Client    |                          |   Server     |
       |   (1 .. N)  |                          |   (1 .. N)   |
       +-------------+                          +--------------+
          NEA CLIENT                               NEA SERVER


                       Figure 1: NEA Reference Model

   To better understand this specification, the reader should review the
   NEA reference architecture as described in the Network Endpoint
   Assessment (NEA): Overview and Requirements [RFC5209].  The reader
   should also review the PA-TNC interfaces as defined in RFC 5792
   [RFC5792].

   This document is based on standards published by the Trusted
   Computing Group's Trusted Network Communications (TNC) workgroup.
   The TNC and NEA architectures are interoperable and many components
   are equivalent.

1.2.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.







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1.3.  Definitions

   This section defines terms with special meaning within this document.

   SWIMA-PC - A NEA Posture Collector (PC) that interprets SWIMA
   Attributes sent by SWIMA-PVs and which conforms to this
   specification.  Note that such a posture collector might also support
   other PA-TNC exchanges beyond those defined herein.

   SWIMA-PV - A NEA Posture Validator (PV) that interprets SWIMA
   Attributes sent by SWIMA-PCs and which conforms to this
   specification.  Note that such a posture verifier might also support
   other PA-TNC exchanges beyond those defined herein.

   SWIMA Attribute - This is a PA-TNC attribute (as defined in RFC 5792
   [RFC5792] extension as defined in this specification.

   Endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection - The set of
   information regarding the set of software installed on an endpoint.
   An endpoint's software inventory evidence collection might include
   information created by or derived from multiple sources, including
   but not limited to SWID tag files deposited on the file system during
   software installation, information generated by software discovery
   tools, and information dynamically generated by a software or package
   management system on an endpoint.

   Software Inventory Evidence Record - The endpoint's Software
   Inventory Evidence Collection is composed of "records".  Each record
   corresponds to one installed instance of a particular software
   product as reported by some data source.  It is possible for a single
   installed instance to have multiple software inventory evidence
   records in an endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection -
   this can happen if multiple sources all report the same software
   installation instance.

   Software Identifier - A string associated with a specific version of
   a specific software product.  These identifiers are derived from the
   records used to describe software products.  SWIMA does not limit the
   formats of these records, nor does it enforce that the same format be
   populated the same way by all data sources.  As such, while each
   software identifier uniquely identifies a specific software product,
   the same software product might be associated with multiple software
   identifiers reflecting differences between different data sources and
   supported record formats.







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2.  Background

2.1.  Supported Use Cases

   This section describes the use cases supported by this specification.
   The primary use of exchanging software inventory information over the
   PA-TNC interface is to enable a challenger (e.g., NEA Server) to
   obtain inventory evidence about some system in a way that conforms to
   NEA procedures and expressed using a standard format.  Collected
   software information can support a range of security activities
   including determining whether an endpoint is permitted to connect to
   the enterprise, determining which endpoints contain software that
   requires patching, and similar activities.

2.1.1.  Use Software Inventory as an Access Control Factor

   Some enterprises might define security policies that require
   connected endpoints to have certain pieces of security software
   installed.  By contrast, some security policies might prevent access
   to resources by endpoints that have certain prohibited pieces of
   software installed, since such applications might pose a security
   risk.  To support such policies, the NEA Server needs to collect
   software inventory evidence from a target endpoint that is seeking to
   initiate or continue connectivity to the enterprise resource.

   Based on this specification, the SWIMA-PC can provide a complete or
   partial inventory to the SWIMA-PV as required to determine policy
   compliance.  The SWIMA-PV can then use this as evidence of compliance
   or non-compliance to make a policy-based access decision.

2.1.2.  Central Stores of Up-to-Date Endpoint Software Inventory Data

   Many tools use information about an endpoint's software inventory to
   monitor and enforce the security of a network.  For example, a
   software patching tool needs to determine if there is out-of-date
   software installed that needs to be updated.  A vulnerability
   management tool needs to identify endpoints with known vulnerable
   software installed (patched or otherwise) to gauge an endpoint's
   relative exposure to attack.  A license management tool needs to
   verify that all installed software within the enterprise is accounted
   for.  A central repository representing an up-to-date understanding
   of each endpoint's software inventory facilitates these activities.
   Multiple tools can share such a repository ensuring that software
   inventory information is collected more frequently and efficiently,
   leading to a more complete and consistent understanding of installed
   software state as compared to each tool collecting the same inventory
   information from endpoints individually.




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   This specification supports these activities through a number of
   mechanisms.  As noted above, a SWIMA-PC can provide a complete list
   of software present in an endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection to the SWIMA-PV, which can then pass this information on
   to a central repository, such as a Configuration Management Database
   (CMDB) or similar application.  In addition, SWIMA-PCs are required
   to be able to monitor for changes to an endpoint's Software Inventory
   Evidence Collection in near real-time and immediately push reports of
   detected changes to the SWIMA-PV.  Thus, any central repository fed
   by a SWIMA-PV receiving inventory information can be updated quickly
   after a change occurs.  Keeping a central repository synchronized
   with current software inventory information in this way allows tools
   to make efficient decisions based on up-to-date, consistent
   information.

2.1.3.  PA-TNC Use Cases

   SWIMA is intended to operate over the PA-TNC interface and, as such,
   are intended to meet the use cases set out in the PA-TNC
   specification.

2.2.  Non-supported Use Cases

   Some use cases not covered by this specification include:

   o  Addressing how the endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
      Collection is populated.  In particular, NEA components are not
      expected to perform software discovery activities beyond compiling
      information in an endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
      Collection.  This collection might come from multiple sources on
      the endpoint (e.g., information generated dynamically by package
      management tools or discovery tools, as well as SWID tag files
      discovered on the file system).  While an enterprise might make
      use of software discovery capabilities to identify installed
      software, such capabilities are outside the scope of this
      specification.

   o  Converting inventory information expressed in a proprietary format
      into formats used in the attributes described in this
      specification.  Instead, this specification focuses exclusively on
      defining interfaces for the transportation of software information
      expecting that reporting tools will converge around some set of
      standardized formats for this information.

   o  Mechanisms for a posture validator to request a specific list of
      software information based on arbitrary software properties.  For
      example, requesting only information about software from a
      particular vendor is not supported.  After the endpoint's Software



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      Inventory Evidence Collection has been copied to some central
      location, such as the CMDB, processes there can perform queries
      based on any criteria present in the collected information, but
      this specification does not address using such queries to
      constrain the initial collection of this information from the
      endpoint.

   o  Use of properties of certain sources of software information that
      might facilitate local tests (i.e., on the endpoint) of endpoint
      state.  For example, the optional package_footprint field of an
      ISO SWID tag can contain a list of files and hash values
      associated with the software indicated by the tag.  Tools on the
      endpoint can use the values in this field to test for the presence
      of the indicated files.  Successful evaluation of such tests leads
      to greater assurance that the indicated software is present on the
      endpoint.  Currently, most SWID tag creators do not provide values
      for tag fields that support local testing.  For this reason, the
      added complexity of supporting endpoint testing using these fields
      is out of scope for this specification, but may be considered in a
      future version.

2.3.  SWIMA Requirements

   Below are the requirements that the SWIMA specification is required
   to meet in order to successfully play its role in the NEA
   architecture.

   Efficient:  The NEA architecture enables delay of network access
      until the endpoint is determined not to pose a security threat to
      the network based on its asserted integrity information.  To
      minimize user frustration, SWIMA ought to minimize overhead delays
      and make PA-TNC communications as rapid and efficient as possible.

   Scalable:  SWIMA needs to be usable in enterprises that contain tens
      of thousands of endpoints or more.  As such, it needs to allow a
      security tools to make decisions based on up-to-date information
      about an endpoint's software inventory without creating an
      excessive burden on the enterprise's network.

   Support precise and complete historical reporting:  This
      specification outlines capabilities that support real-time
      understanding of the state of endpoint in a network in a way that
      can be used by other tools.  One means of facilitating such an
      outcome is for a CMDB to be able to contain information about all
      endpoints connected to the enterprise for all points in time
      between the endpoint's first connection and the present.  In such
      a scenario, it is necessary that any PC be able to report any
      changes to its software inventory evidence collection in near



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      real-time while connected and, upon reconnection to the
      enterprise, be able to update the NEA Server (and through it the
      CMDB) with regard to the state of its software inventory evidence
      collection throughout the entire interval when it was not
      connected.

2.4.  Non-SWIMA Requirements

   There are certain capabilities that users of the SWIMA specification
   might require but which are beyond the scope of SWIMA itself and need
   to be addressed by other standards.  This list is not exhaustive.

   Confidentiality:  The SWIMA specification does not define a mechanism
      for confidentiality, nor is confidentiality automatically provided
      by using the PA-TNC interface.  In the NEA architecture,
      confidentiality is generally provided by the underlying transport
      protocols, such as the PT Binding to TLS [RFC6876] or PT-EAP
      Posture Transport for Tunneled EAP Methods [RFC7171] - see
      Section 7 for more information on related standards.  The
      information conveyed by SWIMA is often sensitive in nature for
      both security (Section 8) and privacy (Section 9) reasons.  Those
      who implement SWIMA need to ensure that appropriate NEA transport
      mechanisms are employed to meet confidentiality requirements.

2.5.  Assumptions

   The Posture Broker Client and Posture Broker Server are assumed to
   provide reliable delivery for PA-TNC messages and attributes sent
   between the SWIMA-PCs and the SWIMA-PVs.  Reliable delivery means
   that either a message is delivered or the sender is made aware of the
   delivery failure.  In the event that reliable delivery cannot be
   provided, the Posture Collector or Posture Validator is expected to
   terminate the connection.

2.6.  Non-Assumptions

   This specification explicitly does not assume that software inventory
   information exchanges reflect the software installation state of the
   endpoint.  This specification does not attempt to detect when the
   endpoint is providing false information, either through malice or
   error, but instead focuses on correctly and reliably providing the
   reported Software Inventory Evidence Collection to the NEA Server.
   Tools that employ the SWIMA standard can include methods to help
   verify the accuracy of reports, but how those tools do so is beyond
   the scope of this specification.

   Similarly, this specification makes no assumption about the
   completeness of the Software Inventory Evidence Collection's coverage



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   of the total set of software installed on the endpoint.  It is
   possible, and even likely, that some installed software is not
   represented by a record in an endpoints Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection.  Instead, SWIMA ensures that what does get reported is
   reported consistently and that the software products that are
   reported can be reliably tracked.

   See Section 8 for more on this security consideration.

3.  System Requirements

   The SWIMA specification facilitates the exchange of software
   inventory and event information.  Specifically, each application
   supporting SWIMA includes a component known as the SWIMA-PC that
   receives messages sent with the SWIMA Attributes component type.  The
   SWIMA-PC is also responsible for sending appropriate SWIMA Attributes
   back to the SWIMA-PV in response.  This section outlines what
   software inventories and events are and the requirements on SWIMA-PCs
   and SWIMA-PVs in order to support the stated use cases of this
   specification.

3.1.  Data Sources

   The records in an endpoint's software inventory evidence collection
   come from one or more "sources".  A source represents one collection
   of software inventory information about the endpoint.  Examples of
   sources include, but are not limited to, ISO SWID tags deposited on
   the filesystem and collected therefrom, information derived from
   package managers (e.g., RPM or YUM), and the output of software
   inventory scanning tools.

   There is no expectation that any one source of inventory information
   will have either perfect or complete software inventory information.
   For this reason, this specification supports the simultaneous use of
   multiple sources of software inventory information.  Each source
   might have its own "sphere of expertise" and report the software
   within that sphere.  For example, a package manager would have
   excellent understanding of the software that it managed, but would
   not necessarily have any information about software installed via
   other means.

   A SWIMA-PC is not required to utilize every possible source of
   software information on its endpoint.  Some SWIMA-PCs might be
   explicitly tied only to one or a handful of software inventory
   sources, or it could be designed to dynamically accommodate new
   sources.  For all software inventory evidence sources that a
   particular SWIMA-PC supports, it MUST completely support all
   requirements of this specification with regard to those sources.  A



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   potential source that cannot support some set of required
   functionality (e.g., it is unable to monitor the software it reports
   for change events, as discussed in Section 3.6) MUST NOT be used as a
   source of endpoint software inventory information, even if it could
   provide some information.  In other words, a source either supports
   full functionality as described in this specification, or it cannot
   be used at all.

   When sending information about installed software the SWIMA-PC MUST
   include the complete set of relevant data from all supported sources
   of software inventory evidence.  In other words, sources need to be
   used consistently.  This is because, if a particular source is
   included in an initial inventory, but excluded from a later
   inventory, the SWIMA-PV receiving this information might reasonably
   conclude that the software reported by that source was no longer
   installed on the endpoint.  As such, it is important that all
   supported sources be used every time the SWIMA-PC provides
   information to a SWIMA-PV.

   Note that, if a SWIMA-PC collects data from multiple sources, it is
   possible that some software products might be "double counted".  This
   can happen if both sources of inventory evidence provide a record for
   a single installation of a software product.  When a SWIMA-PC reports
   information or records events from multiple inventory evidence
   sources, it MUST use the information those sources provide, rather
   than attempting to perform some form of reduction.  In other words,
   if multiple sources report records corresponding to a single
   installation of a software product, all such records from each source
   are required to be part of the SWIMA-PC's processing even if this
   might lead to multiple reporting, and the SWIMA-PC is not to ignore
   some records to avoid such multiple reporting.

   All inventory records reported by a SWIMA-PC include a Source
   Identifier linking them to a particular source.  Source Identifiers
   are discussed more in Section 3.4.5.

3.2.  Data Models

   SWIMA conveys records about software presence from a SWIMA-PC to a
   SWIMA-PV.  SWIMA does not manage the actual generation or collection
   of such records on the endpoint.  As a result, information available
   to SWIMA-PCs might come in a variety of formats, and a SWIMA-PC could
   have little control over the format of the data made available to it.
   Because of this, SWIMA places no constraints on the format of these
   generated records and supports an open set of record formats by which
   installed software instances can be described.  The following terms
   are used in this document:




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   Data model - The format used to structure data within a given record.
   SWIMA does not constrain the data models it conveys.

   Record - A populated instance of some data model that describes a
   software product.

   Do not confuse the "data model" described here with the structure of
   the SWIMA messages and attributes used to convey information between
   SWIMA-PVs and PCs.  The SWIMA specification dictates the structure of
   its messages and attributes.  Some attributes, however, have specific
   fields used to convey inventory records, and those fields support an
   extensible list of data models for their values.  In other words,
   SWIMA data models provide an extension point within SWIMA attributes
   that allows the structure of inventory records to evolve.

   The data model used to structure software inventory information has
   very little impact on the behavior of the components defined in this
   specification.  The SWIMA-PV has no dependency on the data model of
   records conveyed in SWIMA messages.  For this reason, it MUST NOT
   reject a message or respond with a PA-TNC Error due to the data model
   used to structure records in attributes it receives.  Similarly, it
   MUST NOT reject a message or respond with a PA-TNC Error if a record
   fails to comply with a stated format, unless that failure prevents
   correct parsing of the attribute itself.  In short, the record bodies
   are effectively treated as "black boxes" by the SWIMA-PV.  (Note that
   the SWIMA-PV might serve as the front-end of other functionality that
   does have a dependency on the data model used to structure software
   information, but any such dependency is beyond the scope of this
   specification and needs to be addressed outside the behaviors
   specified in this document.  This specification is only concerned
   with collection and delivery of software inventory information;
   components that consume and use this information are a separate
   concern.)

   The SWIMA-PC does have one functional dependency on the data models
   used in the software records it delivers, but only insofar as it is
   required to deterministically create a Software Identifier (described
   in Section 3.4.1) based on each record it delivers.  The SWIMA-PC
   MUST be able to generate a Software Identifier for each record it
   delivers, and if the SWIMA-PC cannot do so the record cannot be
   delivered by the SWIMA-PC.  All SWIMA-PCs MUST at least be able to
   generate Software Identifiers for the data model types specified in
   Section 6 of this document.  A SWIMA-PC MAY include the ability to
   generate Software Identifiers for other data model types, and thus be
   able to support them as well.






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3.3.  Basic Attribute Exchange

   In the most basic exchange supported by this specification, a SWIMA-
   PV sends a request to the SWIMA-PC requesting some type of
   information about the endpoint's software inventory.  This simple
   exchange is shown in Figure 2.


       +-------------+                          +--------------+
       |  SWIMA-PC   |                          |   SWIMA-PV   |  Time
       +-------------+                          +--------------+   |
             |                                         |           |
             |<------------SWIMA Request---------------|           |
             |                                         |           |
             |-------------SWIMA Response------------->|           |
             |                                         |           V


                 Figure 2: Basic SWIMA Attribute Exchange

   Upon receiving such a SWIMA Request from the SWIMA-PV, the SWIMA-PC
   is expected to collect all the relevant software inventory
   information from the endpoint's software evidence collection and
   place it within its response attribute.

   SWIMA-PVs MUST discard without error any SWIMA Response attributes
   that they receive for which they do not know the SWIMA Request
   parameters that led to this SWIMA Response.  This is due to the fact
   that the SWIMA Request includes parameters that control the nature of
   the response (as will be described in the following sections) and
   without knowing those parameters the SWIMA Response cannot be
   reliably interpreted.  Most often receiving an unsolicited SWIMA
   Response attribute happens when a NEA Server has multiple SWIMA-PVs;
   one SWIMA-PV sends a SWIMA Request but, unless exclusive delivery is
   set by the sender and honored by the recipient, both SWIMA-PVs
   receive copies of the resulting SWIMA Response.  In this case, the
   SWIMA-PV that didn't send the SWIMA Request would lack the context
   necessary to correctly interpret the SWIMA Response it received and
   would simply discard it.  Note, however, that proprietary measures
   might allow a SWIMA-PV to discover the SWIMA Request parameters for a
   SWIMA Response even if that SWIMA-PV did not send the given SWIMA
   Request.  As such, there is no blanket requirement for a SWIMA-PV to
   discard all SWIMA Responses to SWIMA Request the SWIMA-PV did not
   generate itself, only that SWIMA-PVs are required to discard SWIMA
   Responses for which they cannot get the necessary context to
   interpret.





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   In the case that it is possible to do so, the SWIMA-PC SHOULD send
   its SWIMA Response attribute to the SWIMA-PV that requested it using
   exclusive delivery as described in section 4.5 of RFC 5793 (PB-TNC)
   [RFC5793].  Exclusive delivery requests that only the sender of the
   SWIMA Request receives the resulting SWIMA Response.  Note, however,
   that PB-TNC does not require the recipient to honor the exclusive
   delivery flag in messages that it receives, so setting the flag
   cannot be guaranteed to prevent a SWIMA-PV from receiving unsolicited
   SWIMA Responses.

   All numeric values sent in SWIMA messages are sent in network (big
   endian) byte order.

3.4.  Core Software Reporting Information

   Different parameters in the SWIMA Request can influence what
   information is returned in the SWIMA Response.  However, while each
   SWIMA Response provides different additional information about this
   installed software, they all share a common set of fields that
   support reliable software identification on an endpoint.  These
   fields include: Software Identifiers, the Data Model Type, Record
   Identifiers, Software Locators, and Source Identifiers.  These fields
   are present for each reported piece of software in each type of SWIMA
   Response.  The following sections examine these information types in
   more detail.

3.4.1.  Software Identifiers

   A Software Identifier uniquely identifies a specific version of a
   specific software product.  The SWIMA specification does not dictate
   the structure of a Software Identifier (beyond stating that it is a
   string) or define how it is created.  Instead, each data model
   described in the Software Data Model IANA table (Section 10.4)
   includes its own rules for how a Software Identifier is created based
   on a record in the Endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection
   expressed in that data model.  Other data models will have their own
   procedures for the creation of associated Software Identifiers.
   Within the SWIMA specification, the Software Identifier is simply an
   opaque string and there is never any need to unpack any information
   that might be part of that identifier.

   A Software Identifier is a fraction of the size of the inventory
   record from which it is derived.  For some combinations of data
   models and sources, the full record might never be necessary as the
   identifier can be directly correlated to the contents of the full
   record.  This is possible with authoritative SWID tags, since these
   tags always have the same contents and thus a Software Identifier
   derived from these tags can be used as a lookup to a local copy of



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   the full tag.  For other combinations of source and data model, a
   server might not be able to determine the specific software product
   and version associated with the identifier without requesting
   delivery of the full record.  However, even in those cases,
   downstream consumers of this information might never need the full
   record as long as the Software Identifiers they receive can be
   tracked reliably.  A SWIMA-PV can use Software Identifiers to track
   the presence of specific software products on an endpoint over time
   in a bandwidth-efficient manner.

   There are two important limitations of Software Identifiers to keep
   in mind:

   1.  The identifiers do not necessarily change when the associated
       record changes.  In some situations, a record in the endpoint's
       Software Inventory Evidence Collection will change due to new
       information becoming available or in order to correct prior
       errors in that information.  Such changes might or might not
       result in changes to the Software Identifier, depending on the
       nature of the changes and the rules governing how Software
       Identifiers are derived from records of the appropriate data
       model.

   2.  It is possible that a single software product is installed on a
       single endpoint multiple times.  If both of these installation
       instances are reported by the same source using the same data
       format, then this can result in identical Software Identifiers
       for each installation instances.  In other words, Software
       Identifiers might not uniquely identify installation instances;
       they just are intended to uniquely identify software products
       (which might have more than one installation instance).  Instead,
       to reliably distinguish between multiple instances of a single
       software product, one needs to make use of Record Identifiers,
       described in Section 3.4.3.

3.4.2.  Data Model Type

   The Data Model Type consists of two fields: the Data Model Type PEN
   and the Data Model Type.  The combination of these fields is used to
   identify the type of data model of the associated software inventory
   record.  The data model is significant not only because it informs
   the recipient of the data model of the associated record, but because
   the process for generation of the Software Identifier for the record
   depends on the record's data model.  Clearly identifying the type of
   data model from which the Software Identifier was derived thus
   provides useful context for that value.





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   The PEN (or Private Enterprise Number) identifies the organization
   that assigns meaning to the Data Model Type field value.  PENs are
   managed by IANA in the Private Enterprise Numbers registry.  PENs
   allow vendors to designate their own set of data models for software
   inventory description.  IANA reserves the PEN of 0x000000.  Data
   Model Types associated with this PEN are defined in the Software Data
   Model IANA table, created in Section 10.4 of this specification.
   Note that this IANA table reserves all values greater than or equal
   to 0xC0 (192) for enterprise use.  This means that local enterprises
   can use custom data formats and indicate them with the IANA PEN and a
   Data Model Type value between 0xC0 and 0XFF, inclusive.  Those
   enterprises are responsible for configuring their SWIMA-PCs to
   correctly report those custom data models.

3.4.3.  Record Identifiers

   A Record Identifier is a 4-byte unsigned integer generated by the
   SWIMA-PC that is uniquely associated with a specific record within
   the Endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection.  The SWIMA-PC
   MUST assign a unique identifier to each record when it is added to
   the Endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection.  The Record
   Identifier SHOULD remain unchanged if that record is modified.
   (However, it is recognized that, in some circumstances, record
   modification might be hard to distinguish from record deletion
   followed by creation of a new record.  For this reason, retaining a
   constant Record Identifier across record modification is recommended
   but not required.)  The SWIMA-PC might wish to assign Record
   Identifiers sequentially, but any scheme is acceptable provided that
   no two records receive the same identifier.

   Servers can use Record Identifiers to distinguish between multiple
   instances of a single software product installed on an endpoint.
   Since each installation instance of a software product is associated
   with a separate record, servers can use the record identifier to
   distinguish between instances.  For example, if an event is reported
   (as described in Section 3.7), the record identifier will allow the
   server to discern which instance of a software product is involved.

3.4.4.  Software Locators

   In addition to the need to identify software products, many use cases
   of inventory information need to know where software is located on
   the endpoint.  This information might be needed to direct remediation
   actions or similar processes.  For this reason, every reported
   software product also includes a Software Locator to identify where
   the software is installed on the endpoint.





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   If the location is not provided directly by the record source the
   SWIMA-PC is responsible for attempting to determine the location of
   the software product.  The "location" of a product SHOULD be the
   directory in which the software products' executables are kept.  The
   source and/or SWIMA-PC MUST be consistent in reporting the location
   of a software product (i.e., assuming a software product has not
   moved, the SWIMA-PC cannot use one location in one report and a
   different location for the same software product in another).

   The location is expressed as a URI string.  The string MUST conform
   to URI syntax requirements.  [RFC3986] The URI schema describes the
   context of the described location.  For example, in most cases the
   location of the installed software product will be expressed in terms
   of its path in the filesystem.  For such locations, the location URI
   scheme MUST be "file" and the URI MUST conform to the "file" URI
   scheme standard [RFC8089] including percent-encoding of whitespace
   and other special characters.  It is possible that other schemes
   could be used to represent other location contexts.  Apart from
   specifying the use of the "file" scheme, this specification does not
   identify other schemes or define their use.  When representing
   software products in other location contexts, tools MUST be
   consistent in their use of schemes, but the exact schemes are not
   normatively defined here.  SWIMA implementations are not limited to
   the IANA list of URI schemes [1] and can define new schemes to
   support other types of application locations.

   It is possible, that a SWIMA-PC is unable to determine the location
   of a reported software product.  In this case, the SWIMA-PC MUST
   provide a zero-length Software Locator.

3.4.5.  Source Identifiers

   All SWIMA-PCs MUST track the source of each piece of software
   information they report.  Each time a SWIMA-PC gets information to
   send to a given SWIMA-PV from a new source (from the perspective of
   that SWIMA-PV), the SWIMA-PC MUST assign that source a Source
   Identification Number, which is an 8-bit unsigned integer.  Each item
   reported includes the Source Identification Number that provided that
   information.  All information that is provided by that source, MUST
   be delivered with this same Source Identification Number.  This MUST
   be done for each source used.  If the SWIMA-PC ever is unclear as to
   whether a given source is new or not, it MUST assume that this is a
   new source and assign it a new Source Identification Number.  Source
   Identification Numbers do not need to be assigned sequentially.
   SWIMA does not support the presence of more than 256 sources as the
   chance that a single endpoint will have more than 256 methods of
   collecting inventory information is vanishingly small.  All possible




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   values between 0 and 255 are valid; there are no reserved Source
   Identification Numbers

   Source Identification Numbers can help with (although will not
   completely eliminate) the challenges posed by multiple reporting of a
   single software instance: since a single source would only report an
   instance or event once, if multiple reports of a similar instance
   come from multiple sources, this might be an instance of multiple
   reporting (although it still might not be so).  On the other hand, if
   multiple instances are reported by a single source, this almost
   certainly means that there are actually multiple instances that are
   being legitimately reported.

   The SWIMA-PC is responsible for tracking associations between Source
   Identifiers and the given data source.  This association MUST remain
   consistent with regard to a given SWIMA-PV while there is an active
   PB-TNC session with that SWIMA-PV.  The SWIMA-PC MAY have a different
   Source Identifier association for different SWIMA-PVs.  Likewise, the
   SWIMA-PC MAY change the Source Identifier association for a given
   SWIMA-PV if the PB-TNC session terminates.  However, implementers of
   SWIMA-PCs will probably find it easier to manage associations by
   maintaining the same association for all SWIMA-PVs and across
   multiple sessions.

   Of special note, events records reported from the SWIMA-PC's event
   log (discussed in Section 3.7) also need to be sent with their
   associated data source.  The Source Identifier reported with events
   MUST be the current (i.e., at the time the event is sent) Source
   Identifier associated with the data source that produced the event,
   regardless of how long ago that event occurred.  Event logs are
   likely to persist far longer than a single PB-TNC session.  SWIMA-PCs
   MUST ensure that each event can be linked to the appropriate data
   source, even if the Source Identifiers used when the event was
   created have since been reassigned.  In other words, when sending an
   event, it needs to be sent with the Source Identifier currently
   linked to the data source that produced it, regardless of whether a
   different Source Identifier would have been associated with the event
   when the event was first created.

   Note that the Source Identification Number is primarily used to
   support recognition, rather than identification, of sources.  That is
   to say, a Software Identification Number can tell a recipient that
   two events were reported by the same source, but will not necessarily
   help that recipient determine which source was used.  Moreover,
   different SWIMA-PCs will not necessarily use the same Source
   Identification Numbers for the same sources.  SWIMA-PCs MUST track
   the assignment of Source Identification Numbers to ensure consistent
   application thereof.  SWIMA-PCs MUST also track which Source



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   Identification Numbers have been used with each SWIMA-PV with which
   they communicate.

3.4.6.  Using Software and Record Identifiers in SWIMA Attributes

   A SWIMA Attribute reporting an endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection always contains the Software Identifiers associated with
   the identified software products.  A SWIMA Attribute might or might
   not also contain copies of software inventory evidence records.  The
   attribute exchange is identical to the diagram shown in Figure 2
   regardless of whether software inventory evidence records are
   included.  The SWIMA Request attribute indicates whether the response
   is required to include software inventory evidence records.
   Excluding software inventory evidence records can reduce the
   attribute size of the response by multiple orders of magnitude when
   compared to sending the same inventory with full records.

3.5.  Targeted Requests

   Sometimes a SWIMA-PV does not require information about every piece
   of software on an endpoint but only needs to receive updates about
   certain software instances.  For example, enterprise endpoints might
   be required to have certain software products installed and to keep
   these updated.  Instead of requesting a complete inventory just to
   see if these products are present, the SWIMA-PV can make a "targeted
   request" for the software in question.

   Targeted requests follow the same attribute exchange described in
   Figure 2.  The SWIMA-PV targets its request by providing one or more
   Software Identifiers in its SWIMA Request attribute.  The SWIMA-PC
   MUST then limit its response to contain only records that match the
   indicated Software Identifier(s).  This allows the network exchange
   to exclude information that is not relevant to a given policy
   question, thus reducing unnecessary bandwidth consumption.  The
   SWIMA-PC's response might or might not include software inventory
   evidence records, depending on the parameters of the SWIMA Request.

   Note that targeted requests identify the software relevant to the
   request only through Software Identifiers.  This specification does
   not support arbitrary, parameterized querying of records.  For
   example, one cannot request all records from a certain software
   publisher, or all records created by a particular record source.
   Targeted requests only allow a requestor to request specific software
   (as identified by their Software Identifiers) and receive a response
   that is limited to the named software.

   There is no assumption that a SWIMA-PC will recognize "synonymous
   records" - that is, records from different sources for the same



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   software.  Recall that different sources and data models may use
   different Software Identifier strings for the same software product.
   The SWIMA-PC returns only records that match the Software Identifiers
   in the SWIMA Request, even if there might be other records in the
   endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection for the same
   software product.  This is necessary because SWIMA-PCs might not have
   the ability to determine that two Software Identifiers refer to the
   same product.

   Targeted requests do not include Record Identifiers or Software
   Locators.  The response to a targeted request MUST include all
   records associated with the named Software Identifiers, including the
   case where there are multiple records associated with a single
   Software Identifier.

   SWIMA-PCs MUST accept targeted requests and process them correctly as
   described above.  SWIMA-PVs MUST be capable of making targeted
   requests and processing the responses thereto.

3.6.  Monitoring Changes in an Endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
      Collection

   The software collection on an endpoint is not static.  As software is
   installed, uninstalled, patched, or updated, the Software Inventory
   Evidence Collection is expected to change to reflect the new software
   state on the endpoint.  Different record sources might update the
   evidence collection at different rates.  For example, a package
   manager might update its records in the Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection immediately whenever it is used to add or remove a
   software product.  By contrast, sources that perform periodic
   examination of the endpoint would likely only update their records in
   the Software Inventory Evidence Collection after each examination.

   All SWIMA-PCs MUST be able to be able to detect changes to the
   Software Inventory Evidence Collection.  Specifically, SWIMA-PCs MUST
   be able to detect:

   o  The creation of records

   o  The deletion of records

   o  The alteration of records

   An "alteration" is anything that modifies the contents of a record
   (or would modify it, if the record is dynamically generated on
   demand) in any way, regardless of whether the change is functionally
   meaningful.




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   SWIMA-PCs MUST detect such changes to the endpoint's Software
   Inventory Evidence Collection in close to real-time (i.e., within
   seconds) when the Posture Collector is operating.  In addition, in
   the case where there is a period during which the SWIMA-PC is not
   operating, the SWIMA-PC MUST be able to determine the net change to
   the endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection over the period
   it was not operational.  Specifically, the "net change" represents
   the difference between the state of the endpoint's Software Inventory
   Evidence Collection when the SWIMA-PC was last operational and
   monitoring its state, and the state of the endpoint's software
   inventory evidence collection when the SWIMA-PC resumed operation.
   Note that a net change might not reflect the total number of change
   events over this interval.  For example, if a record was altered
   three times during a period when the SWIMA-PC was unable to monitor
   for changes, the net change of this interval might only note that
   there was an alteration to the record, but not how many individual
   alteration events occurred.  It is sufficient for a SWIMA-PC's
   determination of a net change to note that there was a difference
   between the earlier and current state rather than enumerating all the
   individual events that allowed the current state to be reached.

   The SWIMA-PC MUST assign a time to each detected change in the
   endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection.  These timestamps
   correspond to the SWIMA-PC's best understanding as to when the
   detected change occurred.  For changes to the endpoint's Software
   Inventory Evidence Collection that occur while the SWIMA-PC is
   operating, the SWIMA-PC ought to be able to assign a time to the
   event that is accurate to within a few seconds.  For changes to the
   endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection that occur while
   the SWIMA-PC is not operational, upon becoming operational the SWIMA-
   PC needs to make a best guess as to the time of the relevant events
   (possibly by looking at timestamps on files), but these values might
   be off.  In the case of dynamically generated records, the time of
   change is the time at which the data from which the records are
   generate changes, not the time at which a changed record is
   generated.  For example, if records are dynamically generated based
   on data in an RPM database, the time of change would be when the RPM
   database changed.

   With regard to deletions of records, the SWIMA-PC needs to detect the
   deletion and MUST retain a copy of the full deleted record along with
   the associated Record Identifier and Software Locator so that the
   record and associated information can be provided to the SWIMA-PV
   upon request.  This copy of the record MUST be retained for a
   reasonable amount of time.  Vendors and administrators determine what
   "reasonable" means, but a copy of the record SHOULD be retained for
   as long as the event recording the deletion of the record remains in
   the SWIMA-PC's event log (as described in Section 3.7).  This is



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   recommended because, as long as the event is in the SWIMA-PC's change
   logs, the SWIMA-PC might send an event attribute (described in
   Section 3.7) that references this record, and a copy of the record is
   needed if the SWIMA-PV wants a full copy of the relevant records.  In
   the case that a SWIMA-PC is called upon to report a deletion event
   that is still in the event log but where the record itself is no
   longer available, the SWIMA-PC will still return an entry
   corresponding to the deletion event, but the field of that entry that
   would normally contain the full copy of the record SHOULD be
   0-length.

   With regard to alterations to a record, SWIMA-PCs MUST detect any
   alterations to the contents of a record.  Alterations need to be
   detected even if they have no functional impact on the record.  A
   good guideline is that any alteration to a record that might change
   the value of a hash taken on the record's contents needs to be
   detected by the SWIMA-PC.  A SWIMA-PC might be unable to distinguish
   modifications to the content of a record from modifications to the
   metadata the file system associates with the record.  For example, a
   SWIMA-PC might use the "last modification" timestamp as an indication
   of alteration to a given record, but a record's last modification
   time can change for reasons other than modifications to the record
   contents.  A SWIMA-PC is still considered compliant with this
   specification if it also reports metadata change events that do not
   change the record itself as alterations to the record.  In other
   words, while SWIMA-PC authors are encouraged to exclude modifications
   that do not affect the bytes within the record, discriminating
   between modifications to file contents and changes to file metadata
   can be difficult and time consuming on some systems.  As such, as
   long as the alterations detected by a SWIMA-PC always cover all
   modifications to the contents of record, the SWIMA-PC is considered
   compliant even if it also registers alterations that do not modify
   the contents of a record as well.  When recording an alteration to a
   record, the SWIMA-PC is only required to note that an alteration
   occurred.  The SWIMA-PC is not required to note or record how the
   record altered, nor is it possible to include such details in SWIMA
   Attributes reporting the change to a SWIMA-PV.  There is no need to
   retain a copy of the original record prior to the alteration.

   When a record changes it SHOULD retain the same Record Identifier.
   The Software Locator might or might not change, depending on whether
   the software changed locations during the changes that led to the
   record change.  A record change MUST retain the same Software
   Identifier.  This means that any action that changes a software
   product (e.g., application of a patch that results in a change to the
   product's version) MUST NOT be reflected by a record change but
   instead MUST result in the deletion of the old record and the
   creation of a new record.  This reflects the requirement that a



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   record in the endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection
   correspond directly with an instance of a specific software product.

3.7.  Reporting Change Events

   As noted in Section 3.6, SWIMA-PCs are required to detect changes to
   the endpoints Software Inventory Evidence Collection (creation,
   deletion, and alteration) in near real-time while the SWIMA-PC is
   operational, and MUST be able to account for any net change to the
   endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection that occurs when
   the SWIMA-PC is not operational.  However, to be of use to the
   enterprise, the NEA Server needs to be able to receive these events
   and be able to understand how new changes relate to earlier changes.
   In SWIMA, this is facilitated by reporting change events.  All SWIMA-
   PCs MUST be capable of receiving requests for change events and
   sending change event attributes.  All SWIMA-PVs MUST be capable of
   requesting and receiving change event attributes.

3.7.1.  Event Identifiers

   To be useful, change events need to be correctly ordered.  Ordering
   of events is facilitated by two pieces of information: an Event
   Identifier (EID) value and an EID Epoch value.

   An EID is a 4-byte unsigned integer that the SWIMA-PC assigns
   sequentially to each observed event (whether detected in real-time or
   deduced by looking for net changes over a period of SWIMA-PC
   inactivity).  All EIDs exist within the context of some "EID Epoch",
   which is also represented as a 4-byte unsigned integer.  EID Epochs
   are used to ensure synchronization between the SWIMA-PC and any
   SWIMA-PVs with which it communicates.  EID Epoch values MUST be
   generated in such a way as to minimize the chance that an EID Epoch
   will be reused, even in the case where the SWIMA-PC reverts to an
   earlier state.  For this reason, sequential EID Epochs are
   discouraged, since loss of state could result in value reuse.  There
   are multiple reasons that a SWIMA-PC might need to deliberately reset
   its EID counter, including exhaustion of available EID values, the
   need to purge entries from the event log to recover memory, or
   corruption of the event log.  In all case where a SWIMA-PC needs to
   reset its EID counter, a new EID Epoch MUST be selected.

   Within an Epoch, EIDs MUST be assigned sequentially, so that if a
   particular event is assigned an EID of N, the next observed event is
   given an EID of N+1.  In some cases, events might occur
   simultaneously, or the SWIMA-PC might not otherwise be able to
   determine an ordering for events.  In these cases, the SWIMA-PC
   creates an arbitrary ordering of the events and assigns EIDs
   according to this ordering.  Two change events MUST NOT ever be



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   assigned the same EID within the same EID Epoch.  No meaningful
   comparison can be made between EID values of different Epochs.

   The EID value of 0 is reserved and MUST NOT be associated with any
   event.  Specifically, an EID of 0 in a SWIMA Request attribute
   indicates that a SWIMA-PV wants an inventory response rather than an
   event response, while an EID of 0 in a SWIMA Response is used to
   indicate the initial state of the endpoint's Software Inventory
   Evidence Collection prior to the observation of any events.  Thus the
   very first recorded event in a SWIMA-PC's records within an EID Epoch
   MUST be assigned a value of 1.  Note that EID and EID Epoch values
   are assigned by the SWIMA-PC without regard to whether events are
   being reported to one or more SWIMA-PVs.  The SWIMA-PC records events
   and assigns EIDs during its operation.  All SWIMA-PVs that request
   event information from the SWIMA-PC will have those requests served
   from the same event records and thus will see the same EIDs and EID
   Epochs for the same events.

   If a SWIMA-PC uses multiple sources, a SWIMA-PC's assignment of EIDs
   MUST reflect the presence and order of all events on the endpoint (at
   least for supported sources) regardless of the source.  This means
   that if source A experiences an event, and then source B experiences
   two events, and then source A experiences another two events, the
   SWIMA-PC is required to capture five events with consecutive EID
   values reflecting the order in which the events occur.

   The SWIMA-PC MUST ensure there is no coverage gap (i.e., change
   events that are not recorded in the SWIMA-PC's records) in its change
   event records.  This is necessary because a coverage gap might give a
   SWIMA-PV a false impression of the endpoint's state.  For example, if
   a SWIMA-PV saw an event indicating that a particular record had been
   added to the endpoint's software inventory evidence collection, and
   saw no subsequent events indicating that record had been deleted, it
   might reasonably assume that this record was still present and thus
   that the indicated software was still installed (assuming the Epoch
   has not changed).  If there is a coverage gap in the SWIMA-PC's event
   records, however, this assumption could be false.  For this reason,
   the SWIMA-PC's event records MUST NOT contain gaps.  In the case
   where there are periods where it is possible that changes occurred
   without the SWIMA-PC detecting or recording them, the SWIMA-PC MUST
   either compute a net change and update its event records
   appropriately, or pick a new EID Epoch to indicate a discontinuity
   with previous event records.

   Within a given Epoch, once a particular event has been assigned an
   EID, this association MUST NOT be changed.  That is, within an Epoch,
   once an EID is assigned to an event, that EID cannot be reassigned to
   a different event, and the event cannot be assigned a different EID.



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   When the SWIMA-PC's Epoch changes, all of these associations between
   EIDs and events are cancelled, and EID values once again become free
   for assignment.

3.7.2.  Core Event Tracking Information

   Whether reporting events or full inventories it is important to know
   how the reported information fits into the overall timeline of change
   events.  This is why all SWIMA Response attributes include fields to
   place that response within the sequence of detected events.
   Specifically, all SWIMA Responses include a Last EID and EID Epoch
   field.  The EID Epoch field identifies the EID Epoch in which the
   SWIMA Response was sent.  If the SWIMA Response is reporting events,
   all reported events occurred within the named EID Epoch.  The Last
   EID (which is also always from the named EID Epoch) indicates the EID
   of the last recorded change event at the time that the SWIMA Response
   was sent.  These two fields allow any response to be placed in the
   context of the complete set of detected change events within a given
   EID Epoch.

3.7.3.  Updating Inventory Knowledge Based on Events

   Modern endpoints can have hundreds of software products installed,
   most of which are unlikely to change from one day to the next.  As
   such, instead of exchanging a complete list of an endpoint's
   inventory on a regular basis, one might wish to only identify changes
   since some earlier known state of this inventory.  This is readily
   facilitated by the use of EIDs to place change events in a context
   relative to earlier state.

   As noted above, every SWIMA Response sent by a SWIMA-PC to a SWIMA-PV
   (as described in Section 3.3 through Section 3.5) includes the EID
   Epoch and EID of the last event recorded prior to that response being
   compiled.  This allows the SWIMA-PV to place all subsequently
   received event records in context relative to this SWIMA Response
   attribute (since the EIDs represent a total ordering of all changes
   to the endpoint's software inventory evidence collection).
   Specifically, a SWIMA-PV (or, more likely, a database that collects
   and records its findings) can record an endpoint's full inventory and
   also the EID and Epoch of the most recent event reflected at the time
   of that inventory.  From that point on, if change events are
   observed, the attribute describing these events indicates the nature
   of the change, the affected records, and the order in which these
   events occurred (as indicated by the sequential EIDs).  Using this
   information, any remote record of the endpoint's Software Inventory
   Evidence Collection can be updated appropriately.





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3.7.4.  Using Event Records in SWIMA Attributes

   A SWIMA-PV MUST be able to request a list of event records instead of
   an inventory.  The attribute flow in such an exchange looks the same
   as the basic flow shown in Figure 2.  The only difference is that, in
   the SWIMA Request attribute, the SWIMA-PV provides an EID other than
   0.  (A value of 0 in these fields represents a request for an
   inventory.)  When the SWIMA-PC receives such a request, instead of
   identifying records from the endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection, it consults its list of detected changes.  The SWIMA-PC
   MUST add an event record to the SWIMA Response attribute for each
   recorded change event with an EID greater than or equal to the EID in
   the SWIMA Request attribute (although targeting of requests, as
   described in the next paragraph, might limit this list).  A list of
   event records MUST only contain events with EIDs that all come from
   the current Epoch.

   SWIMA-PVs can target requests for event records by including one or
   more Software Identifiers, as described in Section 3.5, in the SWIMA
   Request that requests an event record list.  A targeted request for
   event records is used to indicate that only events affecting software
   that matches one of the provided Software Identifiers are to be
   returned.  Specifically, in response to a targeted request for event
   records, the SWIMA-PC MUST exclude any event records that are less
   than the indicated EID (within the current EID Epoch) and exclude any
   event records where the affected software does not match one of the
   provided Software Identifiers.  This might mean that the resulting
   list of event records sent in the response attribute does not provide
   a continuous sequence of EIDs.  Both SWIMA-PCs and SWIMA-PVs MUST
   support targeted request for event records.

3.7.5.  Partial and Complete Lists of Event Records in SWIMA Attributes

   Over time, a SWIMA-PC might record a large number of change events.
   If a SWIMA-PV requests all change events covering a large period of
   time, the resulting SWIMA Response attribute might be extremely
   large, especially if the SWIMA-PV requests inclusion of software
   inventory evidence records in the response.  In the case that the
   resulting attribute is too large to send (either because it exceeds
   the 4GB attribute size limit imposed by the PA-TNC specification, or
   because it exceeds some smaller size limit imposed on the SWIMA-PC)
   the SWIMA-PC MAY send a partial list of event records back to the
   SWIMA-PV.

   Generation of a partial list of events in a SWIMA Response attribute
   requires the SWIMA-PC to identify a "consulted range" of EIDs.  A
   consulted range is the set of event records that are examined for
   inclusion in the SWIMA Response attribute and that are included in



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   that attribute if applicable.  Recall that, if a SWIMA Request is
   targeted, only event records that involve the indicated software
   would be applicable.  (See Section 3.5 for more on Targeted Request.)
   If a request is not targeted, all event records in the considered
   range are applicable and included in the SWIMA Response attribute.

   The lower bound of the consulted range MUST be the EID provided in
   the SWIMA Request.  (Recall that a SWIMA Request indicates a request
   for event records by providing a non-0 EID value in the SWIMA
   Request.  See Section 3.7.4.)  The upper bound of the consulted range
   is the EID of the latest event record (as ordered by EID values) that
   is included in the SWIMA Response attribute if it is applicable to
   the request.  The EID of this last event record is called the "Last
   Consulted EID".  The SWIMA-PC chooses this Last Consulted EID based
   on the size of the event record list it is willing to provide to the
   SWIMA-PV.

   A partial result list MUST include all applicable event records
   within the consulted range.  This means that for any applicable event
   record (i.e., any event record in an un-targeted request, or any
   event record associated with software matching a requested Software
   Identifier in a targeted request) whose EID is greater than or equal
   to the EID provided in the SWIMA Request and whose EID is less than
   or equal to the Last Consulted EID, that event record MUST be
   included in the SWIMA Response conveying this partial list of event
   records.  This ensures that every partial list of event records is
   always complete within its indicated range.  Remember that, for
   targeted requests, "complete" doesn't mean that all EIDs between the
   range endpoints are present, but only that every matching EID between
   the range endpoints is included.

   All SWIMA Response attributes that convey event records include a
   Last Consulted EID field.  This is in addition to the EID Epoch and
   Last EID fields that are present in all SWIMA Responses.  Note that,
   if responding to a targeted SWIMA Request, the SWIMA Response
   attribute might not contain the event record whose EID matches the
   Last Consulted EID value.  For example, the last consulted EID record
   might have been deemed inapplicable because it did not match the
   specified list of Software Identifiers in the SWIMA Request.

   If a SWIMA-PV receives a SWIMA Response attribute where the Last EID
   and Last Consulted EID fields are identical, the SWIMA-PV knows that
   it has received a result list that is complete, given the parameters
   of the request, up to the present time.

   On the other hand, if the Last EID is greater than the Last Consulted
   EID, the SWIMA-PV has received a partial result list.  (The Last
   Consulted EID MUST NOT exceed the Last EID.)  In this case, if the



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   SWIMA-PV wishes to try to collect the rest of the partially delivered
   result list it then sends a new SWIMA Request whose EID is one
   greater than the Last Consulted EID in the preceding response.  Doing
   this causes the SWIMA-PC to generate another SWIMA Response attribute
   containing event records where the earliest reported event record is
   the one immediately after the event record with the Last Consulted
   EID (since EIDs are assigned sequentially).  By repeating this
   process until it receives a SWIMA Response where the Last EID and
   Last Consulted EID are equal, the SWIMA-PV is able to collect all
   event records over a given range, even if the complete set of event
   records would be too large to deliver via a single attribute.

   Implementers need to be aware that a SWIMA Request might specify an
   EID that is greater than the EID of the last event recorded by a
   SWIMA-PC.  In accordance with the behaviors described in
   Section 3.7.4, a SWIMA-PC MUST respond to such a request with a SWIMA
   Response attribute that contains zero event records.  This is because
   the SWIMA-PC has recorded no event records with EIDs greater than or
   equal to the EID in the SWIMA Request.  In such a case, the Last
   Consulted EID field MUST be set to the same value as the Last EID
   field in this SWIMA Response attribute.  This case is called out
   because the consulted range on a SWIMA-PC in such a situation is a
   negative range, where the "first" EID in the range (provided in the
   SWIMA Request) is greater than the "last" EID in the range (this
   being the EID of the last recorded event on the SWIMA-PC).
   Implementers need to ensure that SWIMA-PCs do not experience problems
   in such a circumstance.

   Note that this specification only supports the returning of partial
   results when returning event records.  There is no way to return a
   partial inventory list under this specification.

3.7.6.  Synchronizing Event Identifiers and Epochs

   Since EIDs are sequential within an Epoch, if a SWIMA-PV's list of
   event records contains gaps in the EID values within a single Epoch,
   the SWIMA-PV knows that there are events that have not been accounted
   for.  The SWIMA-PV can either request a new event list to collect the
   missing events or request a full inventory to re-sync its
   understanding of the state of the endpoint's Software Inventory
   Evidence Collection.  In either case, after the SWIMA-PV's record of
   the endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection has been
   updated, the SWIMA-PV can record the new latest EID value and track
   events normally from that point on.

   If the SWIMA-PV receives any attribute from a SWIMA-PC where the EID
   Epoch differs from the EID Epoch that was used previously, then
   SWIMA-PV or any entity using this information to track the endpoint's



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   Software Inventory Evidence Collection knows that there is a
   discontinuity in their understanding of the endpoint's state.  To
   move past this discontinuity and reestablish a current understanding
   of the state of the endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection, the SWIMA-PV needs to receive a full inventory from the
   endpoint.  The SWIMA-PV cannot be brought in sync with the endpoint's
   state through the collection of any set of event records in this
   situation.  This is because it is not possible to account for all
   events on the SWIMA-PC since the previous Epoch was used, because
   there is no way to query for EIDs from a previous Epoch.  Once the
   SWIMA-PV has received a full inventory for the new Epoch, the SWIMA-
   PV records the latest EID reported in this new Epoch and can track
   further events normally.

   A SWIMA-PC MUST NOT report events with EIDs from any Epoch other than
   the current EID Epoch.  The SWIMA-PC MAY choose to purge all event
   records from a previous Epoch from memory after an Epoch change.
   Alternately, the SWIMA-PC MAY choose to retain some event records
   from a previous EID Epoch and assign them new EIDs in the current
   Epoch.  However, in the case where a SWIMA-PC chooses the latter
   option it MUST ensure that the order of events according to their
   EIDs is unchanged and that there is no coverage gap between the first
   retained event recorded during the previous Epoch (now reassigned
   with an EID in the current Epoch) and the first event recorded during
   the current Epoch.  In particular, the SWIMA-PC MUST ensure that all
   change events that occurred after the last recorded event from the
   previous Epoch are known and recorded.  (This might not be possible
   if the Epoch change is due to state corruption on the SWIMA-PC.)  A
   SWIMA-PC might choose to reassign EIDs to records from a preceding
   Epoch to create a "sliding window" of events, where each Epoch change
   represents a shift in the window of available events.

   In the case where a SWIMA-PC suffers a crash and loses track of its
   current EID Epoch or current EID, then it MUST generate a new EID
   Epoch value and begin assigning EIDs within that Epoch.  In this
   case, the SWIMA-PC MUST purge all event records from before the crash
   as it cannot ensure that there is not a gap between the last of those
   records and the next detected event.  The process for generating a
   new EID Epoch MUST minimize the possibility that the newly generated
   EID Epoch is the same as a previously used EID Epoch.

   The SWIMA-PV will normally never receive an attribute indicating that
   the latest EID is less than the latest EID reported in a previous
   attribute within the same EID Epoch.  If this occurs, the SWIMA-PC
   has suffered an error of some kind, possibly indicative of at least
   partial corruption of its event log.  In this case, the SWIMA-PV MUST
   treat the situation as if there was a change in Epoch and treat any
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   as out-of-sync until a full inventory can be reported by the SWIMA-
   PC.  In this case, the SWIMA-PV SHOULD log the occurrence so the
   SWIMA-PC can be examined to ensure it is now operating properly.

3.8.  Subscriptions

   Thus far, all attribute exchanges discussed assume that a SWIMA-PV
   sent an SWIMA Request attribute and the SWIMA-PC is providing a
   direct response to that request.  The SWIMA specification also
   supports the ability for a SWIMA-PC to send a SWIMA Response to the
   SWIMA-PV in response to observed changes in the endpoint's software
   inventory evidence collection, instead of in direct response to a
   SWIMA Request.  An agreement by a SWIMA-PC to send content when
   certain changes are detected to the endpoint's Software Inventory
   Evidence Collection is referred to in this specification as a
   "subscription", and the SWIMA-PV that receives this content is said
   to be "subscribed to" the given SWIMA-PC.  All SWIMA-PCs and SWIMA-
   PVs MUST support the use of subscriptions.

3.8.1.  Establishing Subscriptions

   A SWIMA-PV establishes a subscription on a particular SWIMA-PC by
   sending a SWIMA Request attribute with the Subscription flag set.
   The SWIMA Request attribute is otherwise identical to the SWIMA
   Requests discussed in previous sections.  Specifically, such a SWIMA
   Request might or might not request inclusion of software inventory
   evidence records, might or might not be targeted, and might request
   change event records or endpoint inventory.  Assuming no error is
   encountered, a SWIMA-PC MUST send a SWIMA Response attribute in
   direct response to this SWIMA Request attribute, just as if the
   Subscription flag was not set.  As such, the attribute exchange that
   establishes a new subscription in a SWIMA-PC has the same flow seen
   in the previous attribute exchanges, as depicted in Figure 2.  If the
   SWIMA-PV does not receive a PA-TNC Error attribute (as described in
   Section 3.9 and Section 5.16) in response to their subscription
   request, the subscription has been successfully established on the
   SWIMA-PC.  The SWIMA Request attribute that establishes a new
   subscription is referred to as the "establishing request" for that
   subscription.

   When a subscription is established it is assigned a Subscription ID
   value.  The Subscription ID is equal to the value of the Request ID
   of the establishing request.  (For more about Request IDs, see
   Section 5.6.)

   A SWIMA-PC MUST have the ability to record and support at least 8
   simultaneous subscriptions and SHOULD have the ability to support
   more than this.  These subscriptions might all come from a single



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   SWIMA-PV, might all be from different SWIMA-PVs, or might be a mix.
   In the case that a SWIMA-PC receives a subscription request but is
   unable to support an additional subscription, it MUST respond to the
   request with a PA-TNC Error attribute of type
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_DENIED_ERROR.

   A SWIMA-PV MUST have the ability to record and support at least 256
   simultaneous subscriptions and SHOULD have the ability to support
   more than this.  Any number of these subscriptions might be to the
   same SWIMA-PC and any number of these subscriptions might be to
   different SWIMA-PCs.

3.8.2.  Managing Subscriptions

   The SWIMA-PC MUST record each accepted subscription along with the
   identity of the party to whom attributes are to be pushed in
   compliance with the subscription.  This identity includes both the
   NEA Server's connection ID and the Posture Validator Identifier from
   the PB-PA message that delivered the request.

   Likewise, SWIMA-PVs MUST record each accepted subscription for which
   they are the subscribing party along with the associated Subscription
   ID and the identity of the SWIMA-PC that will be fulfilling the
   subscription.  The SWIMA-PV needs to retain this information in order
   to correctly interpret pushed SWIMA Response attributes sent in
   fulfillment of the subscription.  The identity of the SWIMA-PC is
   given in the Posture Collector Identifier of the PB-PA message header
   in all messages from that SWIMA-PC.

3.8.3.  Terminating Subscriptions

   Subscriptions MAY be terminated at any time by the subscribing SWIMA-
   PV by setting the Clear Subscriptions flag in a SWIMA Request.  (See
   Section 5.7 for more on using this flag.)  In the case that a SWIMA
   Request with the Clear Subscriptions flag set is received the SWIMA-
   PC MUST only clear subscriptions that match both the NEA server
   connection ID and the SWIMA-PV ID for this SWIMA Request, and MUST
   clear all such subscriptions.

   This specification does not give the SWIMA-PV the ability to
   terminate subscriptions individually - all subscriptions to the
   SWIMA-PV are cleared when the Clear Subscriptions flag is set.

   This specification does not give the SWIMA-PC the ability to
   unilaterally terminate a subscription.  However, if the SWIMA-PC
   experiences a fatal error fulfilling a subscription, resulting in
   sending a PA-TNC Error attribute of type
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR, then the subscription whose



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   fulfillment led to the error MUST be treated as terminated by both
   the SWIMA-PC and the SWIMA-PV.  Only the subscription experiencing
   the error is cancelled and other subscriptions are unaffected.  See
   Section 3.9 for more on this error condition.

   Finally, a subscription is terminated if the connection between the
   SWIMA-PC and SWIMA-PV is deleted.  This occurs when the connection ID
   used in the messages between the SWIMA-PC and the SWIMA-PV becomes
   unbound.  Loss of this connection ID would prevent the SWIMA-PC from
   sending messages in fulfillment of this subscription.  As such, loss
   of the connection ID necessarily forces subscription termination
   between the affected parties.

3.8.4.  Subscription Status

   A SWIMA-PV can request that a SWIMA-PC report the list of active
   subscriptions for which the SWIMA-PV is the subscriber.  A SWIMA-PV
   can use this to recover lost information about active subscriptions.
   A SWIMA-PV can also use this capability to verify that a SWIMA-PC has
   not forgotten any of its subscriptions.  The latter is especially
   useful where a SWIMA-PC does not send any attributes in fulfillment
   of a given subscription for a long period of time.  The SWIMA-PV can
   check the list of active subscriptions on the SWIMA-PC and verify
   whether the inactivity is due to a lack of reportable events or due
   to the SWIMA-PC forgetting its obligations to fulfill a given
   subscription.

   A SWIMA-PV requests a list of its subscriptions on a given SWIMA-PC
   by sending that SWIMA-PC a Subscription Status Request.  The SWIMA-PC
   MUST then respond with a Subscription Status Response (or a PA-TNC
   Error if an error condition is experienced).  The Subscription Status
   Response MUST contain one subscription record for each of the active
   subscriptions for which the SWIMA-PV is the subscribing party.

3.8.5.  Fulfilling Subscriptions

   As noted in Section 3.6 SWIMA-PCs are required to automatically
   detect changes to an endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection in near real-time.  For every active subscription, the
   SWIMA-PC MUST send an attribute to the subscribed SWIMA-PV whenever a
   change is detected to relevant records within the endpoint's Software
   Inventory Evidence Collection.  Such an attribute is said to be sent
   "in fulfillment of" the given subscription and any such attribute
   MUST include that subscription's Subscription ID.  If the
   establishing request for that subscription was a targeted request,
   then only records that match the Software Identifiers provided in
   that establishing request are considered relevant.  Otherwise, (i.e.,
   for non-targeted requests) any record is considered relevant for this



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   purpose.  Figure 3 shows a sample attribute exchange where a
   subscription is established and then later attributes are sent from
   the SWIMA-PC in fulfillment of the established subscription.


            +-------------+                    +--------------+
            |  SWIMA-PC   |                    |   SWIMA-PV   |  Time
            +-------------+                    +--------------+   |
                  |                                   |           |
                  |<----------SWIMA Request-----------|           |
                  |                                   |           |
                  |-----------SWIMA Response--------->|           |
                  |                                   |           |
                  .                                   .           .
                  .                                   .           .
                  .                                   .           .
    <Change Event>|                                   |           |
                  |----------SWIMA Response---------->|           |
                  |                                   |           |
                  .                                   .           .
                  .                                   .           .
                  .                                   .           .
    <Change Event>|                                   |           |
                  |----------SWIMA Response---------->|           |
                  |                                   |           V


           Figure 3: Subscription Establishment and Fulfillment

   The contents of an attribute sent in fulfillment of a subscription
   depend on the parameters provided in the establishing request for
   that subscription.  Specifically, the contents of an attribute sent
   in fulfillment of a subscription have the same format as would a
   direct response to the establishing request.  For example, if the
   establishing request stipulated a response that contained an event
   record list that included software inventory evidence records, all
   attributes sent in fulfillment of this subscription will also consist
   of event record lists with software inventory evidence records.  As
   such, all SWIMA Responses displayed in the exchange depicted in
   Figure 3 have the same format.  A SWIMA Response generated in
   fulfillment of an active subscription MUST be a valid SWIMA Response
   attribute according to all the rules outlined in the preceding
   sections.  In other words, an attribute constructed in fulfillment of
   a subscription will look the same as an attribute sent in direct
   response to an explicit request from a SWIMA-PV that had the same
   request parameters and which arrived immediately after the given
   change event.  There are a few special rules that expand on this
   guideline:



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3.8.5.1.  Subscriptions Reporting Inventories

   In the case that a SWIMA-PV subscribes to a SWIMA-PC requesting an
   inventory attribute whenever changes are detected (i.e., the EID in
   the establishing request is 0), then the SWIMA-PC MUST send the
   requested inventory whenever a relevant change is detected.  (A
   "relevant change" is any change for untargeted requests, or a change
   to an indicated record in a targeted request.)  Upon detection of a
   relevant change for an active subscription, the SWIMA-PC sends the
   appropriate inventory information as if it had just received the
   establishing request.  Attributes sent in fulfillment of this
   subscription will probably have a large amount of redundancy, as the
   same records are likely to be present in each of these SWIMA
   Attributes.  The role of an inventory subscription is not to report
   records just for the items that changed - that is the role of a
   subscription that reports events (see Section 3.8.5.2).  A SWIMA-PC
   MUST NOT exclude a record from an attribute sent in fulfillment of an
   inventory subscription simply because that record was not involved in
   the triggering event (although a record might be excluded for other
   reasons, such as if the subscription is targeted - see
   Section 3.8.5.3).

3.8.5.2.  Subscriptions Reporting Events

   The way in which a SWIMA-PV indicates it wishes to establish a
   subscription requesting event records is by providing a non-zero EID
   in the SWIMA Request establishing the subscription (see
   Section 3.7.1).  However, when the SWIMA-PC constructs an attribute
   in fulfillment of the subscription (other than the direct response to
   the establishing request), it MUST only include event records for the
   detected change(s) that precipitated this response attribute.  In
   other words, it MUST NOT send a complete list of all changes starting
   with the establishing request's EID, up through the latest change,
   every time a new event is detected.  In effect, the EID in the
   establishing request is treated as being updated every time an
   attribute is sent in fulfillment of this subscription, such that a
   single event is not reported twice in fulfillment of a single
   subscription.  As such, every SWIMA-PC MUST track the EID of the last
   event that triggered an attribute for the given subscription.  When
   the next event (or set of events) is detected, the SWIMA-PC MUST only
   report events with EIDs after the last reported event.  In the case
   that the EID Epoch of the SWIMA-PC changes, the SWIMA-PC MUST reset
   this EID tracker to 0 (if the event log is completely purged) or to
   the new EID of the last reported retained event (if the event log is
   partially purged to create a "sliding window").  Doing this ensures
   that the SWIMA-PC continues to only send events that have not been
   previously reported.




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   Note that while a subscription is active, the subscribing SWIMA-PV
   MAY make other requests for event records that overlap with events
   that are reported in fulfillment of a subscription.  Such requests
   are unaffected by the presence of the subscription, nor is the
   subscription affected by such requests.  In other words, a given
   request will get the same results back whether or not there was a
   subscription.  Likewise, an attribute sent in fulfillment of a
   subscription will contain the same information whether or not other
   requests had been received from the SWIMA-PV.

   A SWIMA-PV needs to pay attention to the EID Epoch in these
   attributes, as changes in the Epoch might create discontinuities in
   the SWIMA-PV's understanding of the endpoint's Software Inventory
   Evidence Collection state, as discussed in Section 3.7.6.  In
   particular, once the EID Epoch changes, a SWIMA-PV is unable to have
   confidence that it has a correct understanding of the state of an
   endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection until after the
   SWIMA-PV collects a complete inventory.

   SWIMA-PCs MAY send partial lists of event records in fulfillment of a
   subscription.  (See Section 3.7.5 for more on partial list of event
   records.)  In the case that a SWIMA-PC sends a partial list of event
   records in fulfillment of a subscription, it MUST immediately send
   the next consecutive partial list, and continue doing so until it has
   sent the equivalent of the complete list of event records.  In other
   words, if the SWIMA-PC sends a partial list it does not wait for
   another change event to send another SWIMA Response, but continues
   sending SWIMA Responses until it has sent all event records that
   would have been included in a complete fulfillment of the
   subscription.  Note that the direct response to the establishing
   request is not considered to be sent in fulfillment of a
   subscription.  However, in this case the SWIMA-PC MUST treat the
   presence of unreported events as a triggering event for pushing
   additional messages in fulfillment of the newly established
   subscription.  As such, the net effect is that, if the direct
   response to the establishing request (i.e., the Subscription
   Fulfillment flag is unset) is partial, the SWIMA-PC will immediately
   follow this with additional attributes (with the Subscription
   Fulfillment flag set) until the complete set of events has been sent
   to the SWIMA-PV.

3.8.5.3.  Targeted Subscriptions

   Subscriptions MAY be targeted to only apply to records that match a
   given set of Software Identifiers.  In the case where changes are
   detected that affect multiple records, some matching the establishing
   request's Software Identifiers and some not, the attribute sent in
   fulfillment of the subscription MUST only include inventory or events



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   (as appropriate) for records that match the establishing request's
   Software Identifiers.  The SWIMA-PC MUST NOT include non-matching
   records in the attribute, even if those non-matching records
   experienced change events that were co-temporal with change events on
   the matching records.

   In addition, a SWIMA-PC MUST send an attribute in fulfillment of a
   targeted subscription only when changes to the endpoint's Software
   Inventory Evidence Collection impact one or more records matching the
   subscription's establishing request's Software Identifiers.  A SWIMA-
   PC MUST NOT send any attribute in fulfillment of a targeted
   subscription based on detected change to the endpoint's Software
   Inventory Evidence Collection that did not involve any of the records
   targeted by that subscription.

3.8.5.4.  No Subscription Consolidation

   A SWIMA-PV MAY establish multiple subscriptions to a given SWIMA-PC.
   If this is the case, it is possible that a single change event on the
   endpoint might require fulfillment by multiple subscriptions, and
   that the information included in attributes that fulfill each of
   these subscriptions might overlap.  The SWIMA-PC MUST send separate
   attributes for each established subscription that requires a response
   due to the given event.  Each of these attributes MUST contain all
   information required to fulfill that individual subscription, even if
   that information is also sent in other attributes sent in fulfillment
   of other subscriptions at the same time.  In other words, SWIMA-PCs
   MUST NOT attempt to combine information when fulfilling multiple
   subscriptions simultaneously, even if this results in some redundancy
   in the attributes sent to the SWIMA-PV.

3.8.5.5.  Delayed Subscription Fulfillment

   A SWIMA-PC MAY delay the fulfillment of a subscription following a
   change event in the interest of waiting to see if additional change
   events are forthcoming and, if so, conveying the relevant records
   back to the SWIMA-PV in a single SWIMA Response attribute.  This can
   help reduce network bandwidth consumption between the SWIMA-PC and
   the SWIMA-PV.  For example, consider a situation where 10 changes
   occur a tenth of a second apart.  If the SWIMA-PC does not delay in
   assembling and sending SWIMA Response attributes, the SWIMA-PV will
   receive 10 separate SWIMA Response attributes over a period of 1
   second.  However, if the SWIMA-PC waits half a second after the
   initial event before assembling a SWIMA Response, the SWIMA-PV only
   receives two SWIMA Response attributes over the same period of time.

   Note that the ability to consolidate events for a single subscription
   over a given period of time does not contradict the rules in



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   Section 3.8.5.4 prohibiting consolidation across multiple
   subscriptions.  When delaying fulfillment of subscriptions, SWIMA-PCs
   are still required to fulfill each individual subscription
   separately.  Moreover, in the case that change events within the
   delay window cancel each other out (e.g., a record is deleted and
   then re-added), the SWIMA-PC MUST still report each change event
   rather than just reporting the net effect of changes over the delay
   period.  In other words, delayed fulfillment can decrease the number
   of attributes send by the SWIMA-PC, but it does not reduce the total
   number of change events reported.

   SWIMA-PCs are not required to support delayed fulfillment of
   subscriptions.  However, in the case that the SWIMA-PC does support
   delayed subscription fulfillment, it MUST be possible to configure
   the SWIMA-PC to disable delayed fulfillment.  In other words, parties
   deploying SWIMA-PCs need to be allowed to disable delayed
   subscription fulfillment in their SWIMA-PCs.  The manner in which
   such configuration occurs is left to the discretion of implementers,
   although implementers MUST protect the configuration procedure from
   unauthorized tampering.  In other words, there needs to be some
   assurance that unauthorized individuals are not able to introduce
   long delays in subscription fulfillment.

3.9.  Error Handling

   In the case where the SWIMA-PC detects an error in a SWIMA Request
   attribute that it receives it MUST respond with a PA-TNC Error
   attribute with an error code appropriate to the nature of the error.
   (See Section 4.2.8 of PA-TNC [RFC5792] for more details about PA-TNC
   Error attributes and error codes as well as Section 5.16 in this
   specification for error codes specific to SWIMA Attributes.)  In the
   case that an error is detected in a SWIMA Request the SWIMA-PC MUST
   NOT take any action requested by this SWIMA Request, even if partial
   completion of the request is possible.  In other words, a SWIMA
   Request that contains an error is completely ignored by the SWIMA-PC
   (beyond sending a PA-TNC Error attribute, and possibly logging the
   error locally) rather than being partially executed.

   In the case where the SWIMA-PC receives a valid SWIMA Request
   attribute but experiences an error during the process of responding
   to that attribute's instructions where that error prevents the SWIMA-
   PC from properly or completely fulfilling that request, the SWIMA-PC
   MUST send a PA-TNC Error attribute with an error code appropriate to
   the nature of the error.  In the case where a PA-TNC Error attribute
   is sent, the SWIMA-PC MUST NOT take any of the actions requested by
   the SWIMA Request attribute which led to the detected error.  This is
   the case even if some actions could have been completed successfully,
   and might even require the SWIMA-PC to reverse some successful



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   actions already taken before the error condition was detected.  In
   other words, either all aspects of a SWIMA Request complete fully and
   successfully (in which case the SWIMA-PC sends a SWIMA Response
   attribute), or no aspects of the SWIMA Request occur (in which case
   the SWIMA-PC sends a PA-TNC Error attribute).  In the case that a
   SWIMA-PC sends a PA-TNC Error attribute in response to a SWIMA
   Request then the SWIMA-PC MUST NOT also send any SWIMA Response
   attribute in response to the same SWIMA Request.  For this reason,
   the sending of a SWIMA Response attribute MUST be the last action
   taken by a SWIMA-PC in response to a SWIMA Request to avoid the
   possibility of a processing error occurring after that SWIMA Response
   attribute is sent.

   In the case that the SWIMA-PC detects an error that prevents it from
   properly or completely fulfilling its obligations under an active
   subscription, the SWIMA-PC MUST send a PA-TNC Error attribute of type
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR to the SWIMA-PV that established
   this subscription.  This type of PA-TNC Error attribute identifies
   the specific subscription that cannot be adequately honored due to
   the error condition as well as an error "sub-type".  The error sub-
   type is used to indicate the type of error condition the SWIMA-PC
   experienced that prevented it from honoring the given subscription.
   In the case that the error condition cannot be identified or does not
   align with any of the defined error codes, the SWIMA_ERROR error code
   SHOULD be used in the sub-type.  In the case that a
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR is sent, the associated
   subscription MUST be treated as cancelled by both the SWIMA-PC and
   SWIMA-PV.

   The SWIMA-PV MUST NOT send any PA-TNC Error attributes to SWIMA-PCs.
   In the case that a SWIMA-PV detects an error condition, it SHOULD log
   this error but does not inform any SWIMA-PC's of this event.  Errors
   might include, but are not limited to, detection of malformed SWIMA
   Response attributes sent from a given SWIMA-PC, as well as detection
   of error conditions when the SWIMA-PV processes SWIMA Responses.

   Both SWIMA-PCs and SWIMA-PVs SHOULD log errors so that administrators
   can trace the causes of errors.  Log entries SHOULD include the type
   of the error, the time it was detected, and additional descriptive
   information to aid in understanding the nature and cause of the
   error.  Logs are an important debugging tool and implementers are
   strongly advised to include comprehensive logging capabilities in
   their products.








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4.  Protocol

   The software inventory protocol supports two different types of
   message exchanges which are described the following subsections,
   along with implementation requirements for supporting these
   exchanges.

4.1.  Direct Response to a SWIMA Request

   The first type of exchange is used to provide the SWIMA-PV with a
   software inventory or event collection from the queried endpoint.


       +-------------+                      +--------------+
       |  SWIMA-PC   |                      |   SWIMA-PV   |  Time
       +-------------+                      +--------------+   |
             |                                     |           |
             |<-----------SWIMA Request------------|           |
             |                                     |           |
             |           SWIMA Response*           |           |
             |-----------------or----------------->|           |
             |             PA-TNC Error            |           |
             |                                     |           V

     *SWIMA Response is one of the following: Software Identifier
      Inventory, Software Identifier Events, Software Inventory,
      or Software Events.


   Figure 4: SWIMA Attribute Exchange (Direct Response to SWIMA Request)

   In this exchange, the SWIMA-PV indicates to the SWIMA-PC, via a SWIMA
   Request, the nature of the information it wishes to receive
   (inventory vs. events, full or targeted) and how it wishes the
   returned inventory to be expressed (with or without software
   inventory evidence records).  The SWIMA-PC responds with the
   requested information using the appropriate attribute type.  A single
   SWIMA Request MUST only lead to a single SWIMA Response or PA-TNC
   Error that is in direct response to that request.

4.2.  Subscription-Based Response

   The second type of exchange allows change event-based reporting based
   on a subscription.  If there is an active subscription on the
   endpoint, the SWIMA-PC sends a SWIMA Response to the SWIMA-PV
   following a change event on the endpoint in fulfillment of that
   subscription.  Such an exchange is shown in Figure 5.




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            +-------------+                +--------------+
            |  SWIMA-PC   |                |   SWIMA-PV   |  Time
            +-------------+                +--------------+   |
                  |                               |           |
    <Change Event>|                               |           |
                  |------SWIMA Response(s)*------>|           |
                  |                               |           |

     *SWIMA Response is one of the following: Software Identifier
      Inventory, Software Identifier Events, Software Inventory,
      or Software Events.


      Figure 5: SWIMA Attribute Exchange (In Fulfillment of an Active
                               Subscription)

   Note that, unlike direct responses to a SWIMA Request, a single
   change event can precipitate multiple SWIMA Responses for a single
   subscription, but only if all but the last of those SWIMA Responses
   convey partial lists of event records.  When providing multiple SWIMA
   Responses in this way, the initial responses contain partial lists of
   event records and the last of those SWIMA Responses conveys the
   remainder of the relevant event records, completing the delivery of
   all relevant events in response to the change event.  A single Change
   Event MUST NOT otherwise be followed by multiple SWIMA Response or
   PA-TNC Error attributes in any combination.

4.3.  Required Exchanges

   All SWIMA-PVs and SWIMA-PCs MUST support both types of exchanges.  In
   particular, SWIMA-PCs MUST be capable of pushing a SWIMA Response to
   a SWIMA-PV immediately upon detection of a change to the endpoint's
   Software Inventory Evidence Collection in fulfillment of established
   SWIMA-PV subscriptions, as described in Section 3.8.

5.  Software Inventory Messages and Attributes

   This section describes the format and semantics of the SWIMA
   protocol.  This protocol uses the PA-TNC message header format
   [RFC5792].

5.1.  PA Subtype (AKA PA-TNC Component Type)

   The NEA PB-TNC interface provides a general message-batching protocol
   capable of carrying one or more PA-TNC messages between the Posture
   Broker Client and Posture Broker Server.  When PB-TNC is carrying a
   PA-TNC message, the PB-TNC message headers contain a 32 bit
   identifier called the PA Subtype.  The PA Subtype field indicates the



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   type of component associated with all of the PA-TNC attributes
   carried by the PB-TNC message.  The core set of PA Subtypes is
   defined in the PA-TNC specification.  This specification defines a
   new "SWIMA Attributes" PA Subtype, which is registered in
   Section 10.1 of this document, which is used as a namespace for the
   collection of SWIMA Attributes defined in this document.

   For more information on PB-TNC and PA-TNC messages and message
   headers, see the PB-TNC [RFC5793] and PA-TNC [RFC5792]
   specifications, respectively.

5.2.  SWIMA Attribute Overview

   Each PA-TNC attribute described in this specification is intended to
   be sent between the SWIMA-PC and SWIMA-PV, so will be carried in a
   PB-TNC message indicating a PA Subtype of "SWIMA Attributes".  PB-TNC
   messages MUST always include the SWIMA Attributes Subtype defined in
   Section 5.1 when carrying SWIMA Attributes over PA-TNC.  The
   attributes defined in this specification appear below along with a
   short summary of their purposes.

   PA-TNC attribute types are identified in the PA-TNC Attribute Header
   via the Attribute Type Vendor ID and Attribute Type fields.  Table 1
   identifies the appropriate values for these fields for each attribute
   type used within the SWIMA protocol.  All attributes have a PEN value
   of 0x000000.  For the Integer value field, both the hexadecimal and
   decimal values are provided.  Each attribute is described in greater
   detail in subsequent sections identified in the attribute
   description.

   +--------------+------------+---------------------------------------+
   | Attribute    | Integer    | Description                           |
   | Name         |            |                                       |
   +--------------+------------+---------------------------------------+
   | SWIMA        | 0x0000000D | Request sent from a SWIMA-PV to a     |
   | Request      | (13)       | SWIMA-PC for the SWIMA-PC to provide  |
   |              |            | a software inventory or event list.   |
   |              |            | It might also establish a             |
   |              |            | subscription. (Section 5.7)           |
   |              |            |                                       |
   | Software     | 0x0000000E | An inventory sent without software    |
   | Identifier   | (14)       | inventory evidence records sent from  |
   | Inventory    |            | a SWIMA-PC.  (Section 5.8)            |
   |              |            |                                       |
   | Software     | 0x0000000F | A collection of events impacting the  |
   | Identifier   | (15)       | endpoint's Software Inventory         |
   | Events       |            | Evidence Collection, where events do  |
   |              |            | not include software inventory        |



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   |              |            | evidence records. (Section 5.9)       |
   |              |            |                                       |
   | Software     | 0x00000010 | An inventory including software       |
   | Inventory    | (16)       | inventory evidence records sent from  |
   |              |            | a SWIMA-PC. (Section 5.10)            |
   |              |            |                                       |
   | Software     | 0x00000011 | A collection of events impacting the  |
   | Events       | (17)       | endpoint's Software Inventory         |
   |              |            | Evidence Collection, where events     |
   |              |            | include software inventory evidence   |
   |              |            | records. (Section 5.11)               |
   |              |            |                                       |
   | Subscription | 0x00000012 | A request for a list of a SWIMA-PV's  |
   | Status       | (18)       | active subscription on a SWIMA-PC.    |
   | Request      |            | (Section 5.12)                        |
   |              |            |                                       |
   | Subscription | 0x00000013 | A list of a SWIMA-PV's active         |
   | Status       | (19)       | subscriptions on a SWIMA-PC. (Section |
   | Response     |            | 5.13)                                 |
   |              |            |                                       |
   | Source       | 0x00000014 | A request for information about a     |
   | Metadata     | (20)       | SWIMA-PC's data sources. (Section     |
   | Request      |            | 5.14)                                 |
   |              |            |                                       |
   | Subscription | 0x00000015 | Descriptive metadata about a SWIMA-   |
   | Metadata     | (21)       | PC's data sources. (Section 5.15)     |
   | Response     |            |                                       |
   |              |            |                                       |
   | PA-TNC Error | 0x00000008 | An error attribute as defined in the  |
   |              | (8)        | PA-TNC specification [RFC5792].       |
   +--------------+------------+---------------------------------------+

                   Table 1: SWIMA Attribute Enumeration

   Because one of the Software Identifier Inventory, Software Identifier
   Events, Software Inventory, or Software Events attributes are
   expected to be sent to a SWIMA-PV in direct response to a SWIMA
   Request attribute or in fulfillment of an active subscription, those
   four attribute types are referred to collectively in this document as
   "SWIMA Response attributes".

   All SWIMA-PVs MUST be capable of sending SWIMA Request attributes and
   be capable of receiving and processing all SWIMA Response attributes
   as well as PA-TNC Error attributes.  All SWIMA-PCs MUST be capable of
   receiving and processing SWIMA Request attributes and be capable of
   sending all types of SWIMA Response attributes as well as PA-TNC
   Error attributes.  In other words, both SWIMA-PVs and SWIMA-PCs are
   required to support their role in exchanges using any of the



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   attribute types defined in this section.  SWIMA-PVs MUST ignore any
   SWIMA Request attributes that they receive.  SWIMA-PCs MUST ignore
   any SWIMA Response attributes or PA-TNC Error attributes that they
   receive.

5.3.  Message Diagram Syntax

   This specification defines the syntax of new PA-TNC messages and
   attributes using diagrams.  Each diagram depicts the format and size
   of each field in bits.  Implementations MUST send the bits in each
   diagram as they are shown from left to right for each 32-bit quantity
   traversing the diagram from top to bottom.  Fields representing
   numeric values MUST be sent in network (big endian) byte order.

   Descriptions of bit fields (e.g., flags) values refer to the position
   of the bit within the field.  These bit positions are numbered from
   the most significant bit through the least significant bit.  As such,
   an octet with only bit 0 set would have a value of 0x80 (1000 0000),
   an octet with only bit 1 set would have a value of 0x40 (0100 0000),
   and an octet with only bit 7 set would have a value of 0x01 (0000
   0001).

5.4.  SWIMA Attribute Enumeration

5.5.  Normalization of Text Encoding

   In order to ensure consistency of transmitted attributes some fields
   require normalization of their format.  When this is necessary, this
   is indicated in the field's description.  In such cases, the field
   contents MUST be normalized to Network Unicode format as defined in
   RFC 5198 [RFC5198].  Network Unicode format defines a refinement of
   UTF-8 [RFC3629] that ensures a normalized expression of characters.
   SWIMA-PCs and SWIMA-PVs MUST NOT perform conversion and normalization
   on any field values except those specifically identified as requiring
   normalization in the following sections.  Note, however, that some
   data models require additional normalization before source
   information is added to an Endpoint's Inventory Evidence Collection
   as a record.  The references from the Software Data Model IANA table
   (see Section 10.4) will note where this is necessary.

5.6.  Request IDs

   All SWIMA Request attributes MUST include a Request ID value.  The
   Request ID field provides a value that identifies a given request
   relative to other requests between a SWIMA-PV and the receiving
   SWIMA-PC.  Specifically, the SWIMA-PV assigns each SWIMA Request
   attribute a Request ID value that is intended to be unique within the




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   lifetime of a given network connection ID as assigned by the SWIMA-
   PV's Posture Broker Server.

   In the case that a SWIMA Request requests the establishment of a
   subscription and the receiving SWIMA-PC agrees to that subscription,
   the Request ID of that SWIMA Request (i.e., the establishing request
   of the subscription) becomes that subscription's Subscription ID.
   All attributes sent in fulfillment of this subscription include a
   flag indicating that the attribute fulfills a subscription and the
   subscription's Subscription ID.  A SWIMA-PV MUST NOT reuse a Request
   ID value in communicating to a given SWIMA-PC while that Request ID
   is also serving as a Subscription ID for an active subscription with
   that SWIMA-PC.  In the case where a SWIMA-PC receives a SWIMA Request
   from a given SWIMA-PV where that Request ID is also the Subscription
   ID of an active subscription with that SWIMA-PV, the SWIMA-PC MUST
   respond with a PA-TNC Error attribute with an error code of
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_ID_REUSE_ERROR.  Note that this error does not
   cancel the indicated subscription.

   Subscription Status Requests and Subscription Status Responses do not
   include Request IDs.

   In the case where all possible Request ID values have been exhausted
   within the lifetime of a single network connection ID, the sender MAY
   reuse previously used Request IDs within the same network connection
   if the ID is not being used as a Subscription ID.  In such a case of
   Request ID reuse, Request IDs SHOULD be reused in the order of their
   original use.  In other words, a SWIMA-PC SHOULD NOT use a given
   Request ID value more than once within a persistent connection
   between a given Posture Broker Client-Posture Broker Server pair.  In
   the case where reuse is necessary due to exhaustion of possible ID
   values, the SWIMA-PC SHOULD structure the reuse to maximize the time
   between original and subsequent use.  The Request ID value is
   included in a SWIMA Response attribute directly responding to this
   SWIMA Request to indicate which SWIMA Request was received and caused
   the response.  Request IDs can be randomly generated or sequential,
   as long as values are not repeated per the rules in this paragraph.
   SWIMA-PCs are not required to check for duplicate Request IDs.

5.7.  SWIMA Request

   A SWIMA-PV sends this attribute to a SWIMA-PC to request that the
   SWIMA-PC send software inventory information to the SWIMA-PV.  A
   SWIMA-PC MUST NOT send this attribute.







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                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Flags        |       Software Identifier Count               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       Request ID                              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       Earliest EID                            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |    SUB-BLOCK (Repeated "Software Identifier Count" times)     |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 6: SWIMA Request Attribute


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Software Identifier Length  | Software Identifier (var len) |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                Figure 7: SWIMA Request Attribute SUB-BLOCK

   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
   | Field         | Description                                       |
   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
   | Flags: Bit 0  | If set (1), the SWIMA-PC MUST delete all          |
   | - Clear       | subscriptions established by the requesting       |
   | Subscriptions | SWIMA-PV (barring any errors).                    |
   |               |                                                   |
   | Flags: Bit 1  | If set (1), in addition to responding to the      |
   | - Subscribe   | request as described, the SWIMA-PC MUST establish |
   |               | a subscription with parameters matching those in  |
   |               | the request attribute (barring any errors).       |
   |               |                                                   |
   | Flags: Bit 2  | If unset (0), the SWIMA-PC's response MUST        |
   | - Result Type | include software inventory evidence records and   |
   |               | thus the response MUST be a Software Inventory, a |
   |               | Software Events, or a PA-TNC Error attribute. If  |
   |               | set (1), the response MUST NOT include software   |
   |               | inventory evidence records and thus the response  |
   |               | MUST be a Software Identifier Inventory, a        |
   |               | Software Identifier Events, or a PA-TNC Error     |
   |               | attribute.                                        |
   |               |                                                   |
   | Flags: Bit    | Reserved for future use. This field MUST be set   |



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   | 3-7 -         | to zero on transmission and ignored upon          |
   | Reserved      | reception.                                        |
   |               |                                                   |
   | Software      | A 3-byte unsigned integer indicating the number   |
   | Identifier    | of Software Identifiers that follow. If this      |
   | Count         | value is non-zero, this is a targeted request, as |
   |               | described in Section 3.5.  The Software           |
   |               | Identifier Length and Software Identifier fields  |
   |               | are repeated, in order, the number of times       |
   |               | indicated in this field. In the case where        |
   |               | Software Identifiers are present, the SWIMA-PC    |
   |               | MUST only report software that corresponds to the |
   |               | identifiers the SWIMA-PV provided in this         |
   |               | attribute (or with a PA-TNC Error attribute).     |
   |               | This field value MAY be 0, in which case there    |
   |               | are no instances of the Software Identifier       |
   |               | Length and Software Identifier fields. In this    |
   |               | case, the SWIMA-PV is indicating an interest in   |
   |               | all software inventory evidence records on the    |
   |               | endpoint (i.e., this is not a targeted request).  |
   |               |                                                   |
   | Request ID    | A value that uniquely identifies this SWIMA       |
   |               | Request from a particular SWIMA-PV.               |
   |               |                                                   |
   | Earliest EID  | In the case where the SWIMA-PV is requesting      |
   |               | software events, this field contains the EID      |
   |               | value of the earliest event the SWIMA-PV wishes   |
   |               | to have reported. (Note - the report will be      |
   |               | inclusive of the event with this EID value.) In   |
   |               | the case where the SWIMA-PV is requesting an      |
   |               | inventory, then this field MUST be 0.             |
   |               | (0x00000000) In the case where this field is non- |
   |               | zero, the SWIMA-PV is requesting events and the   |
   |               | SWIMA-PC MUST respond using a Software Events,    |
   |               | Software Identifier Events, or a PA-TNC Error     |
   |               | attribute. In the case where this field is zero,  |
   |               | the SWIMA-PV is requesting an inventory and the   |
   |               | SWIMA-PC MUST respond using a Software Inventory, |
   |               | a Software Identifier Inventory, or a PA-TNC      |
   |               | Error attribute.                                  |
   |               |                                                   |
   | Software      | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length   |
   | Identifier    | in bytes of the Software Identifier field.        |
   | Length        |                                                   |
   |               |                                                   |
   | Software      | A string containing the Software Identifier value |
   | Identifier    | from a software inventory evidence record. This   |
   |               | field value MUST be normalized to Network Unicode |



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   |               | format, as described in Section 5.5.  This string |
   |               | MUST NOT be NULL terminated.                      |
   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+

                  Table 2: SWIMA Request Attribute Fields

   The SWIMA-PV sends the SWIMA Request attribute to a SWIMA-PC to
   request the indicated information.  Note that between the Result Type
   flag and the Earliest EID field, the SWIMA-PC is constrained to a
   single possible SWIMA Response attribute type (or a PA-TNC Error
   attribute) in its response to the request.

   The Subscribe and Clear Subscription flags are used to manage
   subscriptions for the requesting SWIMA-PV on the receiving SWIMA-PC.
   Specifically, an attribute with the Subscribe flag set seeks to
   establish a new subscription by the requesting SWIMA-PV to the given
   SWIMA-PC, while an attribute with the Clear Subscription flag seeks
   to delete all existing subscriptions by the requesting SWIMA-PV on
   the given SWIMA-PC.  Note that, in the latter case, only the
   subscriptions associated with the Connection ID and the Posture
   Validator ID of the requester are deleted as described in
   Section 3.8.3.  A newly established subscription has the parameters
   outlined in the Request attribute.  Specifically, the Result Type
   flag indicates the type of result to send in fulfillment of the
   subscription, the value of the Earliest EID field indicates whether
   the fulfillment attributes list inventories or events, and the fields
   describing Software Identifiers (if present) indicate if and how a
   subscription is targeted.  In the case that the SWIMA-PC is unable or
   unwilling to comply with the SWIMA-PV's request to establish or clear
   subscriptions, the SWIMA-PC MUST respond with a PA-TNC Error
   attribute with the SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_DENIED_ERROR error code.  If
   the SWIMA-PV requests that subscriptions be cleared but has no
   existing subscriptions, this is not an error.

   An attribute requesting the establishment of a subscription is
   effectively doing double-duty, as it is a request for an immediate
   response from the SWIMA-PC in addition to setting up the
   subscription.  Assuming the SWIMA-PC is willing to comply with the
   subscription it MUST send an appropriate response attribute to a
   request with the Subscribe flag set containing all requested
   information.  The same is true of the Clear Subscription flag -
   assuming there is no error the SWIMA-PC MUST generate a response
   attribute without regard to the presence of this flag in addition to
   clearing its subscription list.

   Both the Subscribe and Clear Subscription flags MAY be set in a
   single SWIMA Request attribute.  In the case where this request is
   successful, the end result MUST be equivalent to the SWIMA-PC



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   clearing its subscription list for the given SWIMA-PV first and then
   creating a new subscription in accordance with the request
   parameters.  In other words, do not first create the new subscription
   and then clear all the subscriptions including the one that was just
   created.  In the case that the requested actions are successfully
   completed, the SWIMA-PC MUST respond with a SWIMA Response attribute.
   The specific type of SWIMA Response attribute depends on the Result
   Type and Earliest EID fields, as described above.  In the case where
   there is a failure that prevents some part this request from
   completing, the SWIMA-PC MUST NOT add a new subscription, MUST NOT
   clear the old subscriptions, and the SWIMA-PC MUST respond with a PA-
   TNC Error attribute.  In other words, the SWIMA-PC MUST NOT partially
   succeed at implementing such a request; either all actions succeed,
   or none succeed.

   The Earliest EID field is used to indicate if the SWIMA-PV is
   requesting an inventory or event list from the SWIMA-PC.  A value of
   0 (0x00000000) represents a request for inventory information.
   Otherwise, the SWIMA-PV is requesting event information.  For
   Earliest EID values other than 0, the SWIMA-PC's response MUST
   respond with event records, as described in Section 3.7.  Note that
   the request does not identify a particular EID Epoch, since responses
   can only include events in the SWIMA-PC's current EID Epoch.

   The Software Identifier Count indicates the number of Software
   Identifiers in the attribute.  This number might be any value between
   0 and 16,777,216, inclusive.  A single Software Identifier is
   represented by the following fields: Software Identifier Length and
   Software Identifier.  These fields are repeated a number of times
   equal to the Software Identifier Count, which may be 0.  The Software
   Identifier Length field indicates the number of bytes allocated to
   the Software Identifier field.  The Software Identifier field
   contains a Software Identifier as describe in Section 3.4.1.  The
   presence of one or more Software Identifiers is used by the SWIMA-PV
   to indicate a targeted request, which seeks only inventories of or
   events affecting software corresponding to the given identifiers.
   The SWIMA-PC MUST only report software that matched the Software
   Identifiers provided in the SWIMA-PVs SWIMA Request attribute.

5.8.  Software Identifier Inventory

   A SWIMA-PC sends this attribute to a SWIMA-PV to convey the inventory
   of the endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection without the
   inclusion of software inventory evidence records.  This list might
   represent a complete inventory or a targeted list of records,
   depending on the parameters in the SWIMA-PV's request.  A SWIMA-PV
   MUST NOT send this attribute.  The SWIMA-PC either sends this
   attribute in fulfillment of an existing subscription where the



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   establishing request has a Result Type of 1 and the Earliest EID is
   zero, or in direct response to a SWIMA Request attribute where the
   Result Type is 1 and the Earliest EID is zero.


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Flags        |         Software Identifier Count             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Request ID Copy / Subscription ID               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        EID Epoch                              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Last EID                              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |    SUB-BLOCK (Repeated "Software Identifier Count" times)     |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

             Figure 8: Software Identifier Inventory Attribute


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Record Identifier                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |           Data Model Type PEN                 |Data Model Type|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Source Id Num |   Software Identifier Length  |Software Id (v)|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Software Locator Length     |Software Locator (variable len)|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

        Figure 9: Software Identifier Inventory Attribute SUB-BLOCK

   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Field          | Description                                      |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Flags: Bit 0 - | In the case that this attribute is sent in       |
   | Subscription   | fulfillment of a subscription this bit MUST be   |
   | Fulfillment    | set (1).  In the case that this attribute is a   |
   |                | direct response to a SWIMA Request, this bit     |
   |                | MUST be unset (0).                               |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Flags: Bit 1-7 | Reserved for future use. This field MUST be set  |



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   | - Reserved     | to zero on transmission and ignored upon         |
   |                | reception.                                       |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | The number of Software Identifiers that follow.  |
   | Identifier     | This field is an unsigned integer. The Record    |
   | Count          | Identifier, Data Model Type PEN, Data Model      |
   |                | Type, Source Identification Number, Software     |
   |                | Identifier Length, Software Identifier, Software |
   |                | Locator Length, and Software Locator fields are  |
   |                | repeated, in order, the number of times          |
   |                | indicated in this field. This field value MAY be |
   |                | 0, in which case there are no instances of these |
   |                | fields.                                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Request ID     | In the case where this attribute is in direct    |
   | Copy /         | response to a SWIMA Request attribute from a     |
   | Subscription   | SWIMA-PV, this field MUST contain an exact copy  |
   | ID             | of the Request ID field from that SWIMA Request. |
   |                | In the case where this attribute is sent in      |
   |                | fulfillment of an active subscription, this      |
   |                | field MUST contain the Subscription ID of the    |
   |                | subscription being fulfilled by this attribute.  |
   |                |                                                  |
   | EID Epoch      | The EID Epoch of the Last EID value. This field  |
   |                | is an unsigned 4-byte unsigned integer.          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Last EID       | The EID of the last event recorded by the SWIMA- |
   |                | PC, or 0 if the SWIMA-PC has no recorded events. |
   |                | This field is an unsigned 4-byte unsigned        |
   |                | integer.                                         |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Record         | A 4-byte unsigned integer containing the Record  |
   | Identifier     | Identifier value from a software inventory       |
   |                | evidence record.                                 |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Data Model     | A 3-byte unsigned integer containing the Private |
   | Type PEN       | Enterprise Number (PEN) of the organization that |
   |                | assigned the meaning of the Data Model Type      |
   |                | value.                                           |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Data Model     | A 1-byte unsigned integer containing an          |
   | Type           | identifier number that identifies the data model |
   |                | of the reported record.                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Source         | The Source Identification Number associated with |
   | Identification | the source from which this software installation |
   | Number         | inventory instance was reported.                 |
   |                |                                                  |



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   | Software       | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length  |
   | Identifier     | in bytes of the SW ID field.                     |
   | Length         |                                                  |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A string containing the Software Identifier      |
   | Identifier     | value from a software inventory evidence record. |
   |                | This field value MUST be normalized to Network   |
   |                | Unicode format as described in Section 5.5. This |
   |                | string MUST NOT be NULL terminated.              |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length  |
   | Locator Length | in bytes of the Software Locator field.          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A string containing the Software Locator value.  |
   | Locator        | This field value MUST first be normalized to     |
   |                | Network Unicode format, as described in Section  |
   |                | 5.5, and then encoded as a URI [RFC3986].  This  |
   |                | string MUST NOT be NULL terminated.              |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+

          Table 3: Software Identifier Inventory Attribute Fields

   In the case that this attribute is sent in fulfillment of a
   subscription, the Subscription Fulfillment bit MUST be set (1).  In
   the case that this attribute is sent in direct response to a SWIMA
   Request, the Subscription Fulfillment bit MUST be unset (0).  Note
   that the SWIMA Response attribute sent in direct response to a SWIMA
   Request that establishes a subscription (i.e., a subscription's
   establishing request) MUST be treated as a direct response to that
   SWIMA Request (and thus the Subscription Fulfillment bit is unset).
   SWIMA Response attributes are only treated as being in fulfillment of
   a subscription (i.e., Subscription Fulfillment bit set) if they are
   sent following a change event, as shown in Figure 3.

   The Software Identifier Count field indicates the number of Software
   Identifiers present in this inventory.  Each Software Identifier is
   represented by the following set of fields: Record Identifier, Data
   Model Type, Software Identifier Length, Software Identifier, Software
   Locator Length, and Software Locator.  These fields will appear once
   for each reported record.

   When responding directly to a SWIMA Request attribute, the Request ID
   Copy / Subscription ID field MUST contain an exact copy of the
   Request ID field from that SWIMA Request.  When this attribute is
   sent in fulfillment of an existing subscription on this Posture
   Collector, then this field MUST contain the Subscription ID of the
   fulfilled subscription.




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   The EID Epoch field indicates the EID Epoch of the Last EID value.
   The Last EID field MUST contain the EID of the last recorded change
   event (see Section 3.7 for more about EIDs and recorded events) at
   the time this inventory was collected.  In the case where there are
   no recorded change events at the time that this inventory was
   collected, the Last EID field MUST contain 0.  These fields can be
   interpreted to indicate that the provided inventory reflects the
   state of the endpoint after all changes up to and including this last
   event have been accounted for.

   The Data Model Type PEN and Data Model Type fields are used to
   identify the data model associated with the given software record.
   These fields are discussed more in Section 3.4.2.

   The Source Identification Number field is used to identify the source
   that provided the given record, as described in Section 3.1.

5.9.  Software Identifier Events

   A SWIMA-PC sends this attribute to a SWIMA-PV to convey events where
   the affected records are reported without software inventory evidence
   records.  A SWIMA-PV MUST NOT send this attribute.  The SWIMA-PC
   either sends this attribute in fulfillment of an existing
   subscription where the establishing request has a Result Type is 1
   and the Earliest EID is non-zero, or in direct response to a SWIMA
   Request attribute where the Result Type is 1 and the Earliest EID is
   non-zero.


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Flags        |                Event Count                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |            Request ID Copy / Subscription ID                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       EID Epoch                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Last EID                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Last Consulted EID                              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |            SUB-BLOCK (Repeated "Event Count" times)           |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

              Figure 10: Software Identifier Events Attribute



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                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                            EID                                |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +-                                                             -+
   |                                                               |
   +-                                                             -+
   |                         Timestamp                             |
   +-                                                             -+
   |                                                               |
   +-                                                             -+
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                   Record Identifier                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |           Data Model Type PEN                 |Data Model Type|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Source Id Num |  Action       |   Software Identifier Length  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |              Software Identifier (variable length)            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Software Locator Length     |Software Locator (variable len)|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

         Figure 11: Software Identifier Events Attribute SUB-BLOCK

   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Field          | Description                                      |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Flags: Bit 0 - | In the case that this attribute is sent in       |
   | Subscription   | fulfillment of a subscription this bit MUST be   |
   | Fulfillment    | set (1).  In the case that this attribute is a   |
   |                | direct response to a SWIMA Request, this bit     |
   |                | MUST be unset (0).                               |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Flags: Bit 1-7 | Reserved for future use. This field MUST be set  |
   | - Reserved     | to zero on transmission and ignored upon         |
   |                | reception.                                       |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Event Count    | The number of events that are reported in this   |
   |                | attribute. This field is a 3-byte unsigned       |
   |                | integer.  The EID, Timestamp, Record Identifier, |
   |                | Data Model Type PEN, Data Model Type, Source     |
   |                | Identification Number, Action, Software          |
   |                | Identifier Length, Software Identifier, Software |
   |                | Locator Length, and Software Locator fields are  |



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   |                | repeated, in order, the number of times          |
   |                | indicated in this field. This field value MAY be |
   |                | 0, in which case there are no instances of these |
   |                | fields.                                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Request ID     | In the case where this attribute is in direct    |
   | Copy /         | response to a SWIMA Request attribute from a     |
   | Subscription   | SWIMA-PV, this field MUST contain an exact copy  |
   | ID             | of the Request ID field from that SWIMA Request. |
   |                | In the case where this attribute is sent in      |
   |                | fulfillment of an active subscription, this      |
   |                | field MUST contain the Subscription ID of the    |
   |                | subscription being fulfilled by this attribute.  |
   |                |                                                  |
   | EID Epoch      | The EID Epoch of the Last EID value. This field  |
   |                | is an unsigned 4-byte unsigned integer.          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Last EID       | The EID of the last event recorded by the SWIMA- |
   |                | PC, or 0 if the SWIMA-PC has no recorded events. |
   |                | This field contains the EID of the SWIMA-PC's    |
   |                | last recorded change event (which might or might |
   |                | not be included as an event record in this       |
   |                | attribute).                                      |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Last Consulted | The EID of the last event record that was        |
   | EID            | consulted when generating the event record list  |
   |                | included in this attribute. This is different    |
   |                | from the Last EID field value if and only if     |
   |                | this attribute is conveying a partial list of    |
   |                | event records. See Section 3.7.5 for more on     |
   |                | partial list of event records.                   |
   |                |                                                  |
   | EID            | The EID of the event in this event record.       |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Timestamp      | The timestamp associated with the event in this  |
   |                | event record. This timestamp is the SWIMA-PC's   |
   |                | best understanding of when the given event       |
   |                | occurred. Note that this timestamp might be an   |
   |                | estimate.  The Timestamp date and time MUST be   |
   |                | represented as an RFC 3339 [RFC3339] compliant   |
   |                | ASCII string in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) |
   |                | time with the additional restrictions that the   |
   |                | 'T' delimiter and the 'Z' suffix MUST be         |
   |                | capitalized and fractional seconds (time-        |
   |                | secfrac) MUST NOT be included. This field        |
   |                | conforms to the date-time ABNF production from   |
   |                | section 5.6 of RFC 3339 with the above           |
   |                | restrictions.  Leap seconds are permitted and    |



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   |                | SWIMA-PVs MUST support them.  The Timestamp      |
   |                | string MUST NOT be NULL terminated or padded in  |
   |                | any way. The length of this field is always 20   |
   |                | octets.                                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Record         | A 4-byte unsigned integer containing the Record  |
   | Identifier     | Identifier value from a software inventory       |
   |                | evidence record.                                 |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Data Model     | A 3-byte unsigned integer containing the Private |
   | Type PEN       | Enterprise Number (PEN) of the organization that |
   |                | assigned the meaning of the Data Model Type      |
   |                | value.                                           |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Data Model     | A 1-byte unsigned integer containing an          |
   | Type           | identifier number that identifies the data model |
   |                | of the reported record.                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Source         | The Source Identification Number associated with |
   | Identification | the source from which this software installation |
   | Number         | inventory instance was reported.                 |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Action         | The type of event that is recorded in this event |
   |                | record. Possible values are: 1 = CREATION - the  |
   |                | addition of a record to the endpoint's Software  |
   |                | Inventory Evidence Collection; 2 = DELETION -    |
   |                | the removal of a record from the endpoint's      |
   |                | Software Inventory Evidence Collection; 3 =      |
   |                | ALTERATION - There was an alteration to a record |
   |                | within the endpoint's Software Inventory         |
   |                | Evidence Collection. All other values are        |
   |                | reserved for future use and MUST NOT be used     |
   |                | when sending attributes. In the case where a     |
   |                | SWIMA-PV receives an event record that uses an   |
   |                | action value other than the ones defined here,   |
   |                | it MUST ignore that event record but SHOULD      |
   |                | process other event records in this attribute as |
   |                | normal.                                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length  |
   | Identifier     | in bytes of the SW ID field.                     |
   | Length         |                                                  |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A string containing the Software Identifier      |
   | Identifier     | value from a software inventory evidence record. |
   |                | This field value MUST first be normalized to     |
   |                | Network Unicode format as described in Section   |
   |                | 5.5.  This string MUST NOT be NULL terminated.   |



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   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length  |
   | Locator Length | in bytes of the Software Locator field.          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A string containing the Software Locator value.  |
   | Locator        | This field value MUST first be normalized to     |
   |                | Network Unicode format, as described in Section  |
   |                | 5.5, and then encoded as a URI [RFC3986]. This   |
   |                | string MUST NOT be NULL terminated.              |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+

           Table 4: Software Identifier Events Attribute Fields

   The first few fields in the Software Identifier Events attribute
   mirror those in the Software Identifier Inventory attribute.  The
   primary difference is that, instead of conveying an inventory, the
   attribute conveys zero or more event records, consisting of the EID,
   timestamp, Record Identifier, action type, data model type, Software
   Identifier, and Software Locator of the affected software inventory
   evidence record.

   With regard to the Timestamp field, it is important to note that
   clock skew between the SWIMA-PC and SWIMA-PV as well as between
   different SWIMA-PCs within an enterprise might make correlation of
   timestamp values difficult.  This specification does not attempt to
   resolve clock skew issues, although other mechanisms outside of this
   specification do exist to reduce the impact of clock skew and make
   the timestamp more useful for such correlation.  Instead, SWIMA uses
   the Timestamp value primarily as a means to indicate the amount of
   time between two events on a single endpoint.  For example, by taking
   the difference of the times for when a record was removed and then
   subsequently re-added, one can get an indication as to how long the
   system was without the given record (and, thus without the associated
   software).  Since this will involve comparison of timestamp values
   all originating on the same system, clock skew between the SWIMA-PC
   and SWIMA-PV is not an issue.  However, if the SWIMA-PC's clock was
   adjusted between two recorded events, it is possible for such a
   calculation to lead to incorrect understandings of the temporal
   distance between events.  Users of this field need to be aware of the
   possibility for such occurrences.  In the case where the Timestamp
   values of two events appear to contradict the EID ordering of those
   events (i.e., the later EID has an earlier timestamp) the recipient
   MUST treat the EID ordering as correct.

   All events recorded in a Software Identifier Events Attribute are
   required to be part of the same EID Epoch.  Specifically, all
   reported events MUST have an EID from the same EID Epoch as each
   other, and which is the same as the EID Epoch of the Last EID and



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   Last Consulted EID values.  The SWIMA-PC MUST NOT report events with
   EIDs from different EID Epochs.

   The Last Consulted EID field contains the EID of the last event
   record considered for inclusion in this attribute.  If this attribute
   contains a partial event set (as described in Section 3.7.5) this
   field value will be less than the Last EID value; if this attribute
   contains a complete event set, the Last EID and Last Consulted EID
   values are identical.

   If multiple events are sent in a Software Identifier Events
   attribute, the order in which they appear within the attribute is not
   significant.  The EIDs associated with them are used for ordering the
   indicated events appropriately.  Also note that a single software
   record might be reported multiple times in an attribute, such as if
   multiple events involving the associated record were being reported.

5.10.  Software Inventory

   A SWIMA-PC sends this attribute to a SWIMA-PV to convey a list of
   inventory records.  A SWIMA-PV MUST NOT send this attribute.  The
   SWIMA-PC either sends this attribute in fulfillment of an existing
   subscription where the establishing request had a Result Type of 0
   and the Earliest EID is zero, or in direct response to a SWIMA
   Request attribute where the Result Type is 0 and the Earliest EID is
   zero.


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Flags         |             Record Count                      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                Request ID Copy / Subscription ID              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                            EID Epoch                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                            Last EID                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |          SUB-BLOCK (Repeated "Record Count" times)            |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                  Figure 12: Software Inventory Attribute






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                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Record Identifier                      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |           Data Model Type PEN                 |Data Model Type|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Source Id Num |   Software Identifier Length  |Software Id (v)|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Software Locator Length     |Software Locator (variable len)|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Record Length                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                   Record (variable length)                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

              Figure 13: SWIMA Inventory Attribute SUB-BLOCK

   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Field          | Description                                      |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Flags: Bit 0 - | In the case that this attribute is sent in       |
   | Subscription   | fulfillment of a subscription this bit MUST be   |
   | Fulfillment    | set (1).  In the case that this attribute is a   |
   |                | direct response to a SWIMA Request, this bit     |
   |                | MUST be unset (0).                               |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Flags: Bit 1-7 | Reserved for future use. This field MUST be set  |
   | - Reserved     | to zero on transmission and ignored upon         |
   |                | reception.                                       |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Record Count   | The number of records that follow. This field is |
   |                | a 3-byte unsigned integer. The Record            |
   |                | Identifier, Data Model Type PEN, Data Model      |
   |                | Type, Source Identification Number, Software     |
   |                | Identifier Length, Software Identifier, Software |
   |                | Locator Length, Software Locator, Record Length, |
   |                | and Record fields are repeated, in order, the    |
   |                | number of times indicated in this field. This    |
   |                | field value MAY be 0 in which case there are no  |
   |                | instances of these fields.                       |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Request ID     | In the case where this attribute is in direct    |
   | Copy /         | response to a SWIMA Request attribute from a     |
   | Subscription   | SWIMA-PV, this field MUST contain an exact copy  |
   | ID             | of the Request ID field from that SWIMA Request. |
   |                | In the case where this attribute is sent in      |
   |                | fulfillment of an active subscription, this      |



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   |                | field MUST contain the Subscription ID of the    |
   |                | subscription being fulfilled by this attribute.  |
   |                |                                                  |
   | EID Epoch      | The EID Epoch of the Last EID value. This field  |
   |                | is an unsigned 4-byte unsigned integer.          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Last EID       | The EID of the last event recorded by the SWIMA- |
   |                | PC, or 0 if the SWIMA-PC has no recorded events. |
   |                | This field is an unsigned 4-byte unsigned        |
   |                | integer.                                         |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Record         | A 4-byte unsigned integer containing the Record  |
   | Identifier     | Identifier value from a software inventory       |
   |                | evidence record.                                 |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Data Model     | A 3-byte unsigned integer containing the Private |
   | Type PEN       | Enterprise Number (PEN) of the organization that |
   |                | assigned the meaning of the Data Model Type      |
   |                | value.                                           |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Data Model     | A 1-byte unsigned integer containing an          |
   | Type           | identifier number that identifies the data model |
   |                | of the reported record.                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Source         | The Source Identification Number associated with |
   | Identification | the source from which this software installation |
   | Number         | inventory instance was reported.                 |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length  |
   | Identifier     | in bytes of the SW ID field.                     |
   | Length         |                                                  |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A string containing the Software Identifier      |
   | Identifier     | value from a software inventory evidence record. |
   |                | This field value MUST first be normalized to     |
   |                | Network Unicode format as described in Section   |
   |                | 5.5. This string MUST NOT be NULL terminated.    |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length  |
   | Locator Length | in bytes of the Software Locator field.          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A string containing the Software Locator value.  |
   | Locator        | This field value MUST first be normalized to     |
   |                | Network Unicode format, as described in Section  |
   |                | 5.5, and then encoded as a URI [RFC3986]. This   |
   |                | string MUST NOT be NULL terminated.              |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Record Length  | This is a 4-byte unsigned integer indicating the |



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   |                | length of the Record field in bytes.             |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Record         | A software inventory evidence record as a        |
   |                | string. The record MUST be converted and         |
   |                | normalized to Network Unicode format as          |
   |                | described in Section 5.5. This string MUST NOT   |
   |                | be NULL terminated.                              |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+

               Table 5: Software Inventory Attribute Fields

   The Software Inventory attribute contains some number of software
   inventory evidence records along with the core response attribute
   fields.  Given that the size of records can vary considerably, the
   length of this attribute is highly variable and, if transmitting a
   complete inventory, can be extremely large.  Enterprises might wish
   to constrain the use of Software Inventory attributes to targeted
   requests to avoid over-burdening the network unnecessarily.

   When copying a software inventory evidence record into the Record
   field, the record MUST be converted and normalized to use Network
   Unicode format prior to its inclusion in the record field.

5.11.  Software Events

   A SWIMA-PC sends this attribute to a SWIMA-PV to convey a list of
   events that include software inventory evidence records.  A SWIMA-PV
   MUST NOT send this attribute.  The SWIMA-PC either sends this
   attribute in fulfillment of an existing subscription where the
   establishing request has a Result Type of 0 and the Earliest EID is
   non-zero, or in direct response to a SWIMA Request attribute where
   the Result Type is 0 and the Earliest EID is non-zero.



















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                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Flags       |                  Event Count                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Request ID Copy / Subscription ID               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           EID Epoch                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           Last EID                            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       Last Consulted EID                      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |             SUB-BLOCK (Repeated "Event Count" times)          |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                   Figure 14: Software Events Attribute
































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                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                             EID                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +-                                                             -+
   |                                                               |
   +-                                                             -+
   |                         Timestamp                             |
   +-                                                             -+
   |                                                               |
   +-                                                             -+
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                       Record Identifier                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |           Data Model Type PEN                 |Data Model Type|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Source Id Num |  Action       |   Software Identifier Length  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |              Software Identifier (variable length)            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Software Locator Length     |Software Locator (variable len)|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Record Length                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                  Record (variable Length)                     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                Figure 15: SWIMA Events Attribute SUB-BLOCK

   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Field          | Description                                      |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
   | Flags: Bit 0 - | In the case that this attribute is sent in       |
   | Subscription   | fulfillment of a subscription this bit MUST be   |
   | Fulfillment    | set (1).  In the case that this attribute is a   |
   |                | direct response to a SWIMA Request, this bit     |
   |                | MUST be unset (0).                               |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Flags: Bit 1-7 | Reserved for future use. This field MUST be set  |
   | - Reserved     | to zero on transmission and ignored upon         |
   |                | reception.                                       |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Event Count    | The number of events being reported in this      |
   |                | attribute. This field is a 3-byte unsigned       |
   |                | integer.  The EID, Timestamp, Record Identifier, |



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   |                | Data Model Type PEN, Data Model Type, Source     |
   |                | Identification Number, Action, Software          |
   |                | Identifier Length, Software Identifier, Software |
   |                | Locator Length, Software Locator, Record Length, |
   |                | and Record fields are repeated, in order, the    |
   |                | number of times indicated in this field.  This   |
   |                | field value MAY be 0, in which case there are no |
   |                | instances of these fields.                       |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Request ID     | In the case where this attribute is in direct    |
   | Copy /         | response to a SWIMA Request attribute from a     |
   | Subscription   | SWIMA-PV, this field MUST contain an exact copy  |
   | ID             | of the Request ID field from that SWIMA Request. |
   |                | In the case where this attribute is sent in      |
   |                | fulfillment of an active subscription, this      |
   |                | field MUST contain the Subscription ID of the    |
   |                | subscription being fulfilled by this attribute.  |
   |                |                                                  |
   | EID Epoch      | The EID Epoch of the Last EID value. This field  |
   |                | is an unsigned 4-byte unsigned integer.          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Last EID       | The EID of the last event recorded by the SWIMA- |
   |                | PC, or 0 if the SWIMA-PC has no recorded events. |
   |                | This field contains the EID of the SWIMA-PC's    |
   |                | last recorded change event (which might or might |
   |                | not be included as an event record in this       |
   |                | attribute).                                      |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Last Consulted | The EID of the last event record that was        |
   | EID            | consulted when generating the event record list  |
   |                | included in this attribute. This is different    |
   |                | from the Last EID field value if and only if     |
   |                | this attribute is conveying a partial list of    |
   |                | event records. See Section 3.7.5 for more on     |
   |                | partial list of event records.                   |
   |                |                                                  |
   | EID            | The EID of the event in this event record.       |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Timestamp      | The timestamp associated with the event in this  |
   |                | event record. This timestamp is the SWIMA-PC's   |
   |                | best understanding of when the given event       |
   |                | occurred. Note that this timestamp might be an   |
   |                | estimate.  The Timestamp date and time MUST be   |
   |                | represented as an RFC 3339 [RFC3339] compliant   |
   |                | ASCII string in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) |
   |                | time with the additional restrictions that the   |
   |                | 'T' delimiter and the 'Z' suffix MUST be         |
   |                | capitalized and fractional seconds (time-        |



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   |                | secfrac) MUST NOT be included. This field        |
   |                | conforms to the date-time ABNF production from   |
   |                | section 5.6 of RFC 3339 with the above           |
   |                | restrictions.  Leap seconds are permitted and    |
   |                | SWIMA-PVs MUST support them.  The Timestamp      |
   |                | string MUST NOT be NULL terminated or padded in  |
   |                | any way. The length of this field is always 20   |
   |                | octets.                                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Record         | A 4-byte unsigned integer containing the Record  |
   | Identifier     | Identifier value from a software inventory       |
   |                | evidence record.                                 |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Data Model     | A 3-byte unsigned integer containing the Private |
   | Type PEN       | Enterprise Number (PEN) of the organization that |
   |                | assigned the meaning of the Data Model Type      |
   |                | value.                                           |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Data Model     | A 1-byte unsigned integer containing an          |
   | Type           | identifier number that identifies the data model |
   |                | of the reported record.                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Source         | The Source Identification Number associated with |
   | Identification | the source from which this software installation |
   | Number         | inventory instance was reported.                 |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Action         | The type of event that is recorded in this event |
   |                | record. Possible values are: 1 = CREATION - the  |
   |                | addition of a record to the endpoint's Software  |
   |                | Inventory Evidence Collection; 2 = DELETION -    |
   |                | the removal of a record from the endpoint's      |
   |                | Software Inventory Evidence Collection; 3 =      |
   |                | ALTERATION - There was an alteration to a record |
   |                | within the endpoint's Software Inventory         |
   |                | Evidence Collection. All other values are        |
   |                | reserved for future use and MUST NOT be used     |
   |                | when sending attributes. In the case where a     |
   |                | SWIMA-PV receives an event record that uses an   |
   |                | action value other than the ones defined here,   |
   |                | it MUST ignore that event record but SHOULD      |
   |                | process other event records in this attribute as |
   |                | normal.                                          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length  |
   | Identifier     | in bytes of the Software Identifier field.       |
   | Length         |                                                  |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A string containing the Software Identifier      |



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   | Identifier     | value from a software inventory evidence record. |
   |                | This field value MUST first be normalized to     |
   |                | Network Unicode format as described in Section   |
   |                | 5.5. This string MUST NOT be NULL terminated.    |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length  |
   | Locator Length | in bytes of the Software Locator field.          |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Software       | A string containing the Software Locator value.  |
   | Locator        | This field value MUST first be normalized to     |
   |                | Network Unicode format, as described in Section  |
   |                | 5.5, and then encoded as a URI [RFC3986]. This   |
   |                | string MUST NOT be NULL terminated.              |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Record Length  | This is a 4-byte unsigned integer indicating the |
   |                | length of the Record field in bytes.             |
   |                |                                                  |
   | Record         | A software inventory evidence record as a        |
   |                | string. The record MUST be converted and         |
   |                | normalized to Network Unicode format as          |
   |                | described in Section 5.5. This string MUST NOT   |
   |                | be NULL terminated.                              |
   +----------------+--------------------------------------------------+

                 Table 6: Software Events Attribute Fields

   The fields of this attribute are used in the same way as the
   corresponding fields of the previous attributes.  As with the
   Software Inventory attribute, a Software Events attribute can be
   quite large if many events have occurred following the event
   indicated by a request's Earliest EID.  As such, it is recommended
   that the SWIMA Request attributes only request full records be sent
   (Result Type set to 0) in a targeted request, thus constraining the
   response just to records that match a given set of Software
   Identifiers.

   As with the Software Identifier Events Attribute, this attribute MUST
   only contain event records with EIDs coming from the current EID
   Epoch of the SWIMA-PC.

   As with the Software Inventory Attribute, the SWIMA-PC MUST perform
   conversion and normalization of the record.

5.12.  Subscription Status Request

   A SWIMA-PV sends this attribute to a SWIMA-PC to request a list of
   active subscriptions for which the requesting SWIMA-PV is the
   subscriber.  A SWIMA-PC MUST NOT send this attribute.



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   This attribute has no fields.

   A SWIMA-PC MUST respond to this attribute by sending a Subscription
   Status Response attribute (or a PA-TNC Error attribute if it is
   unable to correctly provide a response).

5.13.  Subscription Status Response

   A SWIMA-PC sends this attribute to a SWIMA-PV to report the list of
   active subscriptions for which the receiving SWIMA-PV is the
   subscriber.  A SWIMA-PV MUST NOT send this attribute.


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Status Flags  |            Subscription Record Count          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |    SUB-BLOCK (Repeated "Subscription Record Count" times)     |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

             Figure 16: Subscription Status Response Attribute


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Flags         |          Software Identifier Count            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Request ID                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Earliest EID                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |  SUB-SUB-BLOCK (Repeated "Software Identifier Count" times)   |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

           Figure 17: SWIMA Status Response Attribute SUB-BLOCK










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                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Software Identifier Length   | Software Identifier (var len) |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

         Figure 18: SWIMA Status Response Attribute SUB-SUB-BLOCK

   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | Field        | Description                                        |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | Status       | Reserved for future use. This field MUST be set to |
   | Flags: Bit   | zero on transmission and ignored upon reception.   |
   | 0-7 -        |                                                    |
   | Reserved     |                                                    |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Subscription | The number of subscription records that follow.    |
   | Record Count | This field is a 3-byte unsigned integer.  The      |
   |              | Flags, Software Identifier Count, Request ID, and  |
   |              | Earliest EID fields, and 0 or more instances of    |
   |              | Software Identifier Length and Software            |
   |              | Identifier, are repeated, in order, the number of  |
   |              | times indicated in this field. (The Software       |
   |              | Identifier Length and Software Identifier fields   |
   |              | within each of these sets of fields are repeated a |
   |              | number of times equal to the preceding Software    |
   |              | Identifier Count value.) The Subscription Record   |
   |              | Count field value MAY be 0 in which case there are |
   |              | no instances of these fields.                      |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Flags,       | For each active subscription, these fields contain |
   | Software     | an exact copy of the fields with the same name as  |
   | Identifier   | provided in the subscription's establishing        |
   | Count,       | request.                                           |
   | Request ID,  |                                                    |
   | Earliest     |                                                    |
   | EID,         |                                                    |
   | Software     |                                                    |
   | Identifier   |                                                    |
   | Length, and  |                                                    |
   | Software     |                                                    |
   | Identifier   |                                                    |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+

               Table 7: Subscription Status Response Fields

   A Subscription Status Response contains zero or more subscription
   records.  Specifically, it MUST contain one subscription record for



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   each active subscription associated with the party that sent the
   Subscription Status Request to which this attribute is a response.
   As described in Section 3.8.2, the SWIMA-PC MUST use the requester's
   Connection ID and its Posture Validator ID to determine which
   subscriptions are associated with the requester.

   A SWIMA-PC MUST send a Subscription Status Response attribute in
   response to a Subscription Status Request attribute.  The only
   exception to this is if the SWIMA-PC experiences an error condition
   that prevents it from correctly populating the Subscription Status
   Response attribute, in which case it MUST respond with a PA-TNC Error
   attribute appropriate to the type of error experienced.  If there are
   no active subscriptions associated with the requesting party, the
   Subscription Status Response attribute will consist of its Status
   Flags field, a Subscription Record Count field with a value of 0, and
   no additional fields.

   Each subscription record included in a Subscription Status Response
   attribute duplicates the fields of a SWIMA Request attribute that was
   the establishing request of a subscription.  Note that the Request ID
   field in the record captures the Subscription ID associated with the
   given subscription record (since the Subscription ID is the same as
   the Request ID of the establishing request).  Note also that if the
   establishing request is targeted, then its Record Count field will be
   non-zero and, within that subscription record, the Software
   Identifier Length and Software Identifier fields are repeated, in
   order, the number of times indicated in the Record Count field.  As
   such, each subscription record can be different sizes.  If the
   establishing request is not targeted (Record Count field is 0), the
   subscription record has no Software Identifier Length or Software
   Identifier fields.

   When a SWIMA-PV compares the information received in a Subscription
   Status Response to its own records of active subscriptions it should
   be aware that the SWIMA-PC might be unable to distinguish this SWIMA-
   PV from other SWIMA-PVs on the same NEA Server.  As a result, it is
   possible that the SWIMA-PC will report more subscription records than
   the SWIMA-PV recognizes.  For this reason, SWIMA-PVs SHOULD NOT
   automatically assume that extra subscriptions reported in a
   Subscription Status Response indicate a problem.

5.14.  Source Metadata Request

   A SWIMA-PV sends this attribute to a SWIMA-PC to request metadata
   about sources that the SWIMA-PC is using to collect software
   inventory information.  A SWIMA-PC MUST NOT send this attribute.

   This attribute has no fields.



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   A SWIMA-PC MUST respond to this attribute by sending a Sources
   Metadata Response attribute (or a PA-TNC Error attribute if it is
   unable to correctly provide a response).

5.15.  Source Metadata Response

   A SWIMA-PC sends this attribute to a SWIMA-PV to provide descriptive
   metadata about the sources of software inventory information used by
   the SWIMA-PC.  A SWIMA-PV MUST NOT send this attribute.


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |           Reserved            | Source Count  |               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+               |
   |                                                               |
   |           SUB-BLOCK (Repeated "Source Count" times            |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Source Metadata Response Attribute


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Source ID     |       Metadata Length         | Metadata (var)|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

               Source Metadata Response Attribute SUB-BLOCK




















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   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   | Field    | Description                                            |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   | Reserved | Reserved for future use. This field MUST be set to     |
   |          | zero on transmission and ignored upon reception.       |
   |          |                                                        |
   | Source   | The number of source records that follow. The Source   |
   | Count    | ID, Metadata Size, and Metadata fields are repeated,   |
   |          | in order, the number of times indicated by this field. |
   |          | This field MAY be 0, in which case no fields follow    |
   |          | (but this would only be done to indicate that the      |
   |          | SWIMA-PC has no active sources, which would not be a   |
   |          | usual situation).                                      |
   |          |                                                        |
   | Source   | The Source ID number associated with the described     |
   | ID       | source for any communications with the recipient       |
   |          | SWIMA-PV.                                              |
   |          |                                                        |
   | Metadata | A 2-byte unsigned integer indicating the length in     |
   | Length   | bytes of the Metadata field.                           |
   |          |                                                        |
   | Metadata | A string containing descriptive metadata about the     |
   |          | indicated data source. This string MUST NOT be NULL    |
   |          | terminated.                                            |
   +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+

                      Source Metadata Response Fields

   A Source Metadata Response attribute contains 0 or more records, each
   describing one of the data sources the SWIMA-PC uses to collect
   software inventory information.  It SHOULD contain one metadata
   record for each source that the SWIMA-PC uses.  (There might be
   reasons not to inform certain SWIMA-PVs of the presence of certain
   data sources.)  The attribute MUST contain a metadata record for each
   source that has been identified in inventory or event messages to the
   given SWIMA-PV.

   A SWIMA-PC MUST send a Source Metadata Response attribute in response
   to a Source Metadata Request attribute.  The only exception to this
   is if the SWIMA-PC experiences an error condition that prevents it
   from correctly populating the Source Metadata Response attribute, in
   which case it MUST respond with a PA-TNC Error attribute appropriate
   to the type of error experienced.

   The Source Count field indicates how many source metadata records are
   included in the attribute.  Each included record consists of a Source
   Identifier, Metadata Length, and Metadata field.




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   The Source Identifier corresponds to the Source Identifier field in
   inventory and event messages.  In the case where the Source
   Identifier value in a Source Metadata Response attribute matches a
   Source Identifier associated with an event or inventory record and
   both the Source Metadata Response and the inventory/event record were
   sent to the same SWIMA-PV, the source described in the Metadata field
   MUST be the same source that provided the event or inventory record
   associated with the Source Identifier.  Recall that a SWIMA-PC MAY
   use different Source Identifier associations with different SWIMA-
   PVs.  As such, the association between a Source Identifier and the
   conveyed metadata is also only meaningful for communications between
   the sending SWIMA-PC and receiving SWIMA-PV.  When sending to a given
   SWIMA-PV, the SWIMA-PC MUST use the recipient SWIMA-PVs Source
   Identifier associations.

   The Metadata Length indicates the length, in bytes, if the Metadata
   field.  The Metadata field contains information about the indicated
   data source.  This specification does not dictate a format for the
   contents of the Metadata field.  This field MAY include machine-
   readable information.  For broadest utility, the Metadata field
   SHOULD include human-readable, descriptive information about the data
   source.

5.16.  PA-TNC Error as Used by SWIMA

   The PA-TNC Error attribute is defined in the PA-TNC specification
   [RFC5792], and its use here conforms to that specification.  A PA-TNC
   Error can be sent due to any error in the PA-TNC exchange and might
   also be sent in response to error conditions specific to the SWIMA
   exchange.  The latter case utilizes error codes defined below.

   A PA-TNC Error MUST be sent by a SWIMA-PC in response to a SWIMA
   Request in the case where the SWIMA-PC encounters a fatal error
   (i.e., an error that prevents further processing of an exchange)
   relating to the attribute exchange.  A SWIMA-PV MUST NOT send this
   attribute.  In the case where the SWIMA-PV experiences a fatal error,
   it MUST handle the error without sending a PA-TNC Error attribute.
   The SWIMA-PV MAY take other actions in response to the error, such as
   logging the cause of the error, or even taking actions to isolate the
   endpoint.

   A PA-TNC Error attribute is sent instead of a SWIMA Response
   attribute due to factors that prevent the reliable creation of a
   SWIMA Response.  As such, a SWIMA-PC MUST NOT send both a PA-TNC
   Error attribute and a SWIMA Response attribute in response to a
   single SWIMA Request attribute.





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   Table 8 lists the Error Code values for the PA-TNC Error attribute
   specific to the SWIMA exchange.  Error codes are shown in both
   hexadecimal and decimal format.  In all of these cases, the Error
   Code Vendor ID field MUST be set to 0x000000, corresponding to the
   IETF SMI Private Enterprise Number.  The Error Information structures
   for each error type are described in the following subsections.

   Note that a message with a SWIMA attribute might also result in an
   error condition covered by the Standard PA-TNC Error Codes defined in
   PA-TNC.  For example, a SWIMA Attribute might have an invalid
   parameter, leading to an error code of "Invalid Parameter".  In this
   case, the SWIMA-PC MUST use the appropriate PA-TNC Error Code value
   as defined in Section 4.2.8 of PA-TNC specification.






































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   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | Error Code | Description                                          |
   | Value      |                                                      |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
   | 0x00000004 | SWIMA_ERROR. This indicates a fatal error (i.e., an  |
   | (4)        | error that precludes the creation of a suitable      |
   |            | response attribute) other than the errors described  |
   |            | below but still specific to the processing of SWIMA  |
   |            | Attributes. The Description field SHOULD contain     |
   |            | additional diagnostic information.                   |
   |            |                                                      |
   | 0x00000005 | SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_DENIED_ERROR. This indicates that |
   | (5)        | the SWIMA-PC denied the SWIMA-PV's request to        |
   |            | establish a subscription. The Description field      |
   |            | SHOULD contain additional diagnostic information.    |
   |            |                                                      |
   | 0x00000006 | SWIMA_RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE_ERROR. This indicates that  |
   | (6)        | the SWIMA-PC's response to the SWIMA-PV's request    |
   |            | was too large to be serviced. The error information  |
   |            | structure indicates the largest possible size of a   |
   |            | response supported by the SWIMA-PC (see Section      |
   |            | 5.16.2).  The Description field SHOULD contain       |
   |            | additional diagnostic information.                   |
   |            |                                                      |
   | 0x00000007 | SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR. This indicates |
   | (7)        | that the SWIMA-PC experienced an error fulfilling a  |
   |            | given subscription. The error information includes   |
   |            | the Subscription ID of the relevant subscription, as |
   |            | well as a sub-error that describes the nature of the |
   |            | error the SWIMA-PC experienced. The SWIMA-PC and     |
   |            | SWIMA-PV MUST treat the identified subscription as   |
   |            | cancelled.                                           |
   |            |                                                      |
   | 0x00000008 | SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_ID_REUSE_ERROR. This indicates    |
   | (8)        | that the SWIMA-PC received a SWIMA Request from a    |
   |            | given SWIMA-PV where the Request ID of that SWIMA    |
   |            | Request is currently used as the Subscription ID of  |
   |            | an active subscription with that SWIMA-PV. This      |
   |            | error does not cancel the identified subscription.   |
   +------------+------------------------------------------------------+

                   Table 8: PA-TNC Error Codes for SWIMA

   The following subsections describe the structures present in the
   Error Information fields.  Note that all error structures include a
   variable-length field, but do not include any fields indicating the
   length of those fields.  Such a field is unnecessary because all
   other fields in the PA-TNC Error attribute are fixed-length, and thus



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   the length of the variable-length field can be found by subtracting
   the size of these fixed-length fields from the PA-TNC Attribute
   Length field in the PA-TNC Attribute Header.

5.16.1.  SWIMA_ERROR, SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_DENIED_ERROR and
         SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_ID_REUSE_ERROR Information

   The SWIMA_ERROR error code indicates that the sender (the SWIMA-PC)
   has encountered an error related to the processing of a SWIMA Request
   attribute but which is not covered by more specific SWIMA error
   codes.  The SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_DENIED_ERROR is used when the SWIMA-PV
   requests to establish a subscription or clear all subscriptions from
   the given SWIMA-PV, but the SWIMA-PC is unable or unwilling to comply
   with this request.  The SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_ID_REUSE_ERROR is used
   when the SWIMA-PC receives a SWIMA Request whose Request ID
   duplicates a Subscription ID of an active subscription with the
   request's sender.  All of these error codes use the following error
   information structure.


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |            Copy of Request ID / Subscription ID               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                Description (variable length)                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Figure 19: SWIMA Error, Subscription Error, and Subscription ID Reuse
                                Information




















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   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | Field        | Description                                        |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | Copy of      | In the case that this error condition is generated |
   | Request ID / | in direct response to a SWIMA Request attribute,   |
   | Subscription | this field MUST contain an exact copy of the       |
   | ID           | Request ID field in the SWIMA Request attribute    |
   |              | that caused this error.  In the case that the      |
   |              | attribute in question is generated in fulfillment  |
   |              | of an active subscription, this field MUST contain |
   |              | the Subscription ID of the subscription for which  |
   |              | the attribute was generated.  (This is only        |
   |              | possible if the error code is SWIMA_ERROR as the   |
   |              | other errors are not generated by subscription     |
   |              | fulfillment.) Note that, in this case, the         |
   |              | indicated error appears as a sub-error for a       |
   |              | SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR, as described |
   |              | in Section 5.16.3.                                 |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Description  | A UTF-8 [RFC3629] string describing the condition  |
   |              | that caused this error. This field MAY be          |
   |              | 0-length. However, senders SHOULD include some     |
   |              | description in all PA-TNC Error attributes of      |
   |              | these types. This field MUST NOT be NULL           |
   |              | terminated.                                        |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+

    Table 9: SWIMA Error, Subscription Error, and Subscription ID Reuse
                            Information Fields

   This error information structure is used with SWIMA_ERROR,
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_DENIED_ERROR, and
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_ID_REUSE_ERROR status codes to identify the SWIMA
   Request attribute that precipitated the error condition and to
   describe the error.  The Description field contains text describing
   the error.  The SWIMA-PC MAY encode machine-interpretable information
   in this field, but SHOULD also include a human-readable description
   of the error, since the receiving SWIMA-PV might not recognize the
   SWIMA-PC's encoded information.

5.16.2.  SWIMA_RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE_ERROR Information

   The SWIMA_RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE_ERROR error code indicates that a
   response generated by a SWIMA-PC in response to a SWIMA-PV's SWIMA
   Request attribute was too large to send.






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                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |              Copy of Request ID / Subscription I              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                    Maximum Allowed Size                       |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                  Description (variable length)                |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


           Figure 20: SWIMA Response Too Large Error Information

   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | Field        | Description                                        |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | Copy of      | In the case that the attribute in question is      |
   | Request ID / | generated in direct response to a SWIMA Request,   |
   | Subscription | this field MUST contain an exact copy of the       |
   | ID           | Request ID field in the SWIMA Request attribute    |
   |              | that caused this error.  In the case that the      |
   |              | attribute in question is generated in fulfillment  |
   |              | of an active subscription, this field MUST contain |
   |              | the Subscription ID of the subscription for which  |
   |              | the attribute was generated. Note that, in the     |
   |              | latter case, the SWIMA_RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE_ERROR    |
   |              | appears as a sub-error for a                       |
   |              | SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR, as described |
   |              | in Section 5.16.3.                                 |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Maximum      | This field MUST contain an unsigned integer        |
   | Allowed Size | indicating the largest permissible size, in bytes, |
   |              | of SWIMA Attribute that the SWIMA-PC is currently  |
   |              | willing to send in response to a SWIMA Request     |
   |              | attribute.                                         |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Description  | A UTF-8 [RFC3629] string describing the condition  |
   |              | that caused this error. This field MAY be          |
   |              | 0-length. However, senders SHOULD include some     |
   |              | description in all PA-TNC Error attributes of      |
   |              | these types. This field MUST NOT be NULL           |
   |              | terminated.                                        |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+

        Table 10: SWIMA Response Too Large Error Information Fields

   This error structure is used with the SWIMA_RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE_ERROR
   status code to identify the SWIMA Request attribute that precipitated



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   the error condition and to describe the error.  The Maximum Allowed
   Size field indicates the largest attribute the SWIMA-PC is willing to
   send in response to a SWIMA Request under the current circumstances.
   Note that under other circumstances, the SWIMA-PC might be willing to
   return larger or smaller responses than indicated (such as if the
   endpoint connects to the NEA Server using a different network
   protocol).  The other fields in this error information structure have
   the same meanings as corresponding fields in the SWIMA_ERROR and
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_DENIED_ERROR information structure.

5.16.3.  SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR Information

   The SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR error code indicates that
   the SWIMA-PC encountered an error while fulfilling a subscription.
   The bytes after the first 4 octets duplicate a PA-TNC Error attribute
   (as described in Section 4.2.8 of PA-TNC) that is used to identify
   the nature of the encountered error.


                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                        Subscription ID                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Reserved   |           Sub Error Code Vendor ID            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                             Sub Error Code                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |           Sub Error Information (variable Length)             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


        Figure 21: SWIMA Subscription Fulfillment Error Information


















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   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | Field        | Description                                        |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
   | Subscription | This field MUST contain the Subscription ID of the |
   | ID           | subscription whose fulfillment caused this error.  |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Reserved     | This field MUST contain the value of the Reserved  |
   |              | field of a PA-TNC Error attribute that describes   |
   |              | the error condition encountered during             |
   |              | subscription processing.                           |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Sub Error    | This field MUST contain the value of the Error     |
   | Code Vendor  | Code Vendor ID field of a PA-TNC Error attribute   |
   | ID           | that describes the error condition encountered     |
   |              | during subscription processing.                    |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Sub Error    | This field MUST contain the value of the Error     |
   | Code         | Code field of a PA-TNC Error attribute that        |
   |              | describes the error condition encountered during   |
   |              | subscription processing.                           |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Sub Error    | This field MUST contain the value of the Error     |
   | Information  | Information field of a PA-TNC Error attribute that |
   |              | describes the error condition encountered during   |
   |              | subscription processing.                           |
   +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+

     Table 11: SWIMA Subscription Fulfillment Error Information Fields

   This error structure is used with the
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR status code.  The first 4 octets
   of this error structure contain the Subscription ID of the
   subscription that was being fulfilled when the error occurred.  The
   remaining fields of this error structure duplicate the fields of a
   PA-TNC Error attribute, referred to as the "sub-error".  The error
   code of the sub-error corresponds to the type of error that the
   SWIMA-PC encountered while fulfilling the given subscription.  The
   sub-error MUST NOT have an error code of
   SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERROR.

   The SWIMA-PC sending a PA-TNC Error attribute with this error code,
   and the SWIMA-PV receiving it, MUST treat the subscription identified
   by the Subscription ID field as cancelled.  All other subscriptions
   are unaffected.







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6.  Supported Data Models

   SWIMA supports an extensible list of data models for representing and
   transmitting software inventory information.  This list of data
   models appears in the Software Data Model IANA registry (see
   Section 10.4).  This document provides guidance for an initial set of
   data models.  Other documents might provide guidance on the use of
   new data models by SWIMA, and will be referenced by extensions to the
   Software Data Model IANA registry.

6.1.  ISO 2015 SWID Tags using XML

   The International Organization for Standardization and the
   International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) published the
   specification governing SWID tag construction and use in 2009 with a
   revised version published in 2015.  [SWID15] Since that time, a
   growing number of vendors have integrated SWID tags into their
   software products.  Doing so significantly simplifies the task of
   identifying these pieces of software: instead of relying on discovery
   processes that look for clues as to software presence, such as the
   presence of particular files or registry keys.  A readily available
   list of SWID tags provides simple and immediate evidence as to the
   presence of the given piece of software.

   SWIMA has no reliance on the presence or management of SWID tags on
   an endpoint as described in the ISO specification.  However, the data
   model for describing software that is presented in the ISO
   specification provides a robust and comprehensive way of describing
   software and is adopted here as a means of representing and
   transmitting software information.  It should be emphasized, the use
   of the ISO SWID tag data model makes no assumption as to whether the
   source of the recorded information was, in fact, an ISO SWID tag
   harvested from the endpoint or whether the information was created
   using some other source and normalized to the SWID format.

6.1.1.  Guidance on Normalizing Source Data to ISO 2015 SWID Tags using
        XML

   Any record associated with this Software Data Model Type MUST conform
   to the ISO/IEC 19770-2-2015 [SWID15] specification.

   If generating a new ISO 2015 SWID tag, the software generating the
   tag MUST use a Tag Creator RegID that is associated with the
   generating software, unless this is impossible, in which case it MUST
   use the "http://invalid.unavailable" Tag Creator RegID value.  (This
   conforms to conventions for an unknown Tag Creator in the ISO 2015
   SWID tag specification.)  Do not use a RegID associated with any
   other party.  In particular, it is incorrect to use a Tag Creator



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   RegID associated with the software being described by the tag, the
   enterprise that is using the software, or any other entity except
   that of the party that built the tool that is generating the SWID
   tag.  This reflects the requirement that the Tag Creator RegID
   identify the party that created the tag.  Moreover, any generated
   tags SHOULD conform with guidance for tag creators provided NIST IR
   8060 [NIST8060], which provides additional recommendations to
   increase interoperable use of SWID tags.

6.1.2.  Guidance on Creation of Software Identifiers from ISO 2015 SWID
        Tags

   A Software Identifier generated from an ISO 2015 SWID tag is
   expressed as a concatenation of the value of the Tag Creator RegID
   field and the Unique ID field.  Specifically, it MUST be of the form:
   TAG_CREATOR_REGID "_" "_" UNIQUE_ID.  Specifically, the Software
   Identifier consists of, the Tag Creator RegID and the Unique ID from
   the tag connected with a double underscore (_), without any other
   connecting character or whitespace.

6.2.  ISO 2009 SWID Tags using XML

   As noted above, ISO's SWID tag specification provides a useful data
   model for representation of software information.  As of the writing
   of this specification, while the 2015 specification is considered
   more comprehensive and addresses some issues with the 2009
   specification, 2009-format SWID tags remain far more common in
   deployments.  For this reason, ISO 2009 SWID tags are included in the
   Software Data Model IANA table.

6.2.1.  Guidance on Normalizing Source Data to ISO 2009 SWID Tags using
        XML

   Any record associated with this Software Data Model Type MUST conform
   to the ISO/IEC 19770-2-2009 [SWID09] specification.  Any such tag
   SHOULD use a UTF-8 encoding [RFC3629], but MUST NOT alter the
   existing encoding if doing so would invalidate digital signatures
   included in the tag.

   If generating a new ISO 2009 SWID tag, the software generating the
   tag MUST use a Tag Creator RegID that is associated with the
   generating software unless this is impossible, in which case it MUST
   use "unknown", which indicates the Tag Creator is unknown.  (This
   conforms to conventions for an unknown Tag Creator in the ISO 2009
   SWID specification.)  Do not use a RegID associated with any other
   party.  In particular, it is incorrect to use a Tag Creator RegID
   associated with the software being described by the tag, the
   enterprise that is using the software, or any other entity except



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   that of the party that built the tool that is generating the SWID
   tag.  This reflects the requirement that the Tag Creator RegID
   identify the party that created the tag.

6.2.2.  Guidance on Creation of Software Identifiers from ISO 2009 SWID
        Tags

   A Software Identifier generated from an ISO 2009 SWID tag is
   expressed as a concatenation of the value of the Tag Creator RegID
   field and the Unique ID field.  Specifically, it MUST be of the form:
   TAG_CREATOR_REGID "_" "_" UNIQUE_ID.  Specifically, the Software
   Identifier consists of, the Tag Creator RegID and the Unique ID from
   the tag connected with a double underscore (_), without any other
   connecting character or whitespace.

7.  Relationship to Other Specifications

   This specification is expected to participate in a standard NEA
   architecture.  As such, it is expected to be used in conjunction with
   the other protocols used in a NEA exchange.  In particular, SWIMA
   Attributes are conveyed over PB-TNC [RFC5793], which is in turn
   conveyed over some variant of PT (either PT-TLS [RFC6876] or PT-EAP
   [RFC7171]).  These protocols have an especially important role, as
   they are responsible for ensuring that attributes defined under this
   specification are delivered reliably, securely, and to the
   appropriate party.

   It is important to note that the Product Information, Numeric
   Version, and String Version attributes defined in the PA-TNC
   specification [RFC5792] are also meant to convey information about
   installed applications and the versions thereof.  As such, there is
   some conceptual overlap between those attributes and the intent of
   this specification.  However, PA-TNC was designed to respond to very
   specific queries about specific classes of products, while the SWIMA
   specification is able to convey a broader query, resulting in a more
   comprehensive set of evidence regarding an endpoint's installed
   software.  As such, this specification provides important
   capabilities not present in the PA-TNC specification.

   The NEA architecture is intended to support a broad range of
   activities and, as such, might be employed by other specifications.
   For example, requirement T-001 in the SACM Requirements document
   [RFC8248] notes that NEA can support data collection from endpoints
   within the broader SACM architecture.  (Other parts of the NEA
   architecture, which SWIMA uses, meet the other SACM data transport
   requirements.)  In the SACM architecture, a SWIMA-PV corresponds to a
   "SACM Collector" and a SWIMA-PC corresponds to a "SACM Internal
   Collector".  In the SACM architecture, the SWIMA specification can



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   support activities relating to software inventory collection.
   Specifically, SWIMA supports the SACM "Endpoint Posture Attribute
   Value Collection" use case (section 2.1.3 in [RFC7632]) by describing
   a collection mechanism that enables event driven, scheduled, and ad-
   hoc data collection of software inventory information.  SWIMA's
   flexibility with regard to the format of inventory data records means
   that it is compatible with virtually any data format that implements
   SACM's "Define, Publish, Query, and Retrieve Security Automation
   Data" (section 2.1.1 in [RFC7632]).  This is just one example of how
   SWIMA can support broader security solution standards.  Note that,
   while SWIMA can support these SACM use cases, SWIMA has no
   dependencies upon the SACM architecture or any other context in which
   NEA might reasonably be applied.

8.  Security Considerations

   This section discusses some of the security threats facing Posture
   Collectors and Posture Validators that implement the SWIMA protocol.
   This section primarily notes potential issues for implementers to
   consider, although it does contain a handful of normative
   requirements to address certain security issues.  The issues
   identified below focus on capabilities specific to this document.
   Implementers are advised to consult other relevant NEA
   specifications, particularly [RFC5209] (the NEA Architecture) and
   [RFC5792] (PA-TNC), for security issues that are applicable to such
   components in general.

8.1.  Evidentiary Value of Software Inventory Evidence Records

   The degree to which an endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection accurately reflects the endpoint's actual software load
   and any changes made to this software load is dependent on the
   accuracy of the tools used to populate and manage the software
   inventory evidence records in this collection.  While the SWIMA-PC is
   required to detect changes to an endpoint's Software Inventory
   Evidence Collection in near real-time, some tools might not be
   designed to update records in the Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection in real time.  This can result in a collection that is
   out-of-sync with actual system state.  Moreover, tools might
   inaccurately characterize software, or fail to properly record its
   removal.  Finally, it is likely that there will be software on the
   endpoint that is not tracked by any source and thus is not reflected
   in the Software Inventory Evidence Collection.  Tools that implement
   SWIMA ought to be aware of these potential issues and minimize them,
   but completely eliminating such issues is likely impossible.  Users
   of collected software inventory evidence records need to understand
   that the information provided by the SWIMA capability cannot be
   treated as completely accurate.  Nonetheless, having endpoints report



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   this information can still provide useful insights into the state of
   the endpoint's software load, and can alert administrators and policy
   tools of situations that require remediation.

8.2.  Sensitivity of Collected Records

   Collected software records can be sensitive in nature.  This can
   include both security sensitivities and privacy sensitivities.
   Privacy sensitivities are discussed more in Section 9.  With regard
   to security, inventory records represent a wealth of information
   about the endpoint in question and, for an adversary who does not
   already have access to the endpoint, a collection of the endpoint's
   inventory records might provide many details that are useful for
   mounting an attack.  A list of the inventory records associated with
   an endpoint reveals a list of software installed on the endpoint.
   This list can be very detailed, noting specific versions and even
   patch levels, which an adversary can use to identify vulnerable
   software and design efficacious attacks.

   In addition, other information might also be gleaned from a
   collection of software inventory records:

   o  An inventory record might include information about where the
      product was installed on a given endpoint.  This can reveal
      details about the file organization of that endpoint that an
      attacker can utilize.

   o  An inventory record might include information about how the
      software was provided to the endpoint, who in an organization
      signs off on the package release, and who packaged the product for
      installation.  This information might be used as a starting point
      for the development of supply chain attacks.

   o  Events affecting inventory records are reported with timestamps
      indicating when each given event occurred.  This can give the
      attacker an indication of how quickly an organization distributes
      patches and updates, helping the attacker determine how long an
      attack window might remain open.

   Any consolidated software inventory is a potential risk, because such
   an inventory can provide an adversary an insight into the
   enterprise's configuration and management process.  It is recommended
   that a centralized software inventory record collection be protected
   against unauthorized access.  Mechanisms to accomplish this can
   include encrypting the data at rest, ensuring that access to the data
   is limited only to authorized individuals and processes, and other
   basic security precautions.




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8.3.  Integrity of Endpoint Records

   SWIMA-PCs maintain records of detected changes to the endpoint's
   Software Inventory Evidence Collection.  These records are used to
   respond to a SWIMA-PV's request for change events.  The SWIMA-PV
   might use a list of reported events to update its understanding of
   the endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection without needing
   to receive a full inventory report from the SWIMA-PC.  For this
   reason, preserving the integrity of the SWIMA-PC's record of events
   is extremely important.  If an attacker modifies the SWIMA-PC's
   record of changes to the endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence
   Collection, this might cause the SWIMA-PV's understanding of the
   endpoint's Software Inventory Evidence Collection to differ from its
   actual state.  Results might include leading the SWIMA-PV to believe
   that absent software was present, that present software was absent,
   that patches have been installed even if this is not the case, or to
   be unaware of other changes to Software Inventory Evidence Records.
   As such, the SWIMA-PC MUST take steps to protect the integrity of its
   event records.

   In addition, records of established SWIMA-PV subscriptions also
   require protection against manipulation or corruption.  If an
   attacker is able to modify or delete records of an established
   subscription by a SWIMA-PV, the SWIMA-PC might fail to correctly
   fulfill this subscription.  The SWIMA-PV would not be aware that its
   subscription was not being correctly fulfilled unless it received
   additional information that indicated a discrepancy.  For example,
   the SWIMA-PV might collect a full inventory and realize from this
   that certain events had not been correctly reported in accordance
   with an established subscription.  For this reason, the SWIMA-PC MUST
   protect the integrity of subscription records.

8.4.  SWIMA-PC Access Permissions

   A SWIMA-PC requires sufficient permissions to collect Software
   Inventory Evidence Records from all of its supported sources, as well
   as sufficient permissions to interact with the endpoint's Posture
   Broker Client.  With regard to the former, this might require
   permissions to read the contents of directories throughout the file
   system.  Depending on the operating environment and other activities
   undertaken by a SWIMA-PC (or software that incorporates a SWIMA-PC as
   one of its capabilities) additional permissions might be required by
   the SWIMA-PC software.  The SWIMA-PC SHOULD NOT be granted
   permissions beyond what it needs in order to fulfill its duties.







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8.5.  Sanitization of Record Fields

   Not all sources of software inventory evidence are necessarily
   tightly controlled.  For example, consider a source that gathers
   .swid files from the endpoint's file system.  Any party could create
   a new .swid file that could be collected and turned into a Software
   Inventory Evidence Record.  As a result, it is important that the
   contents of source information not be automatically trusted.  In
   particular, tools that read source information and the Software
   Inventory Evidence Records derived therefrom, including SWIMA-PCs,
   need to be careful to sanitize input to prevent buffer overflow
   attacks, encoding attacks, and other weaknesses that might be
   exploited by an adversary who can control the contents of a record.

8.6.  PA-TNC Security Threats

   In addition to the aforementioned considerations the SWIMA protocol
   is subject to the same security threats as other PA-TNC transactions,
   as noted in Section 5.2 of PA-TNC [RFC5792].  These include, but are
   not limited to, attribute theft, message fabrication, attribute
   modification, attribute replay, attribute insertion, and denial of
   service.  Implementers are advised to consult the PA-TNC
   specification to better understand these security issues.

9.  Privacy Considerations

   As noted in Section 8.2, if an adversary can gain an understanding of
   the software installed on an endpoint, they can utilize this to
   launch attacks and maintain footholds on this endpoint.  For this
   reason, the NEA Server needs to ensure adequate safeguards are in
   place to prevent exposure of collected inventory records.  For
   similar reasons, it is advisable that an endpoint only send records
   to a NEA Server that is authorized to receive this information and
   that can be trusted to safeguard this information after collection.

   In addition, software inventory information can lead to insights
   about the endpoint's primary user if that user is able to install
   software.  (Note that users might be "able" to install their own
   software even if they are not "allowed" to do so.)  This is
   especially true on endpoints that support "apps", as individual apps
   can be closely tied to specific groups or activities.  This could
   conceivably allow inferences about things such as a user's hobbies,
   the banks and other financial institutions that they use, and
   information about the user's race, sex, or sexual orientation.

   Organizations that collect software inventory information from
   endpoints ought to make sure the endpoints' users are aware of this
   collection.  In addition, organizations should be aware that a



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   software inventory associated with an individual, such as the
   inventory of the individual's primary endpoint, could expose
   sensitive personal information.  For this reason, privacy safeguards
   are necessary for collected inventory information.  Such safeguards
   would require not only protection of the inventory's confidentiality,
   but also appropriate access controls so that only those trained in
   relevant privacy requirements are able to view the data.

10.  IANA Considerations

   This section extends multiple existing IANA registries.
   Specifically, it extends the PA-TNC Attribute Types and PA-TNC Error
   Codes defined in the PA-TNC specification [RFC5792] and the PA-
   Subtypes registry defined in the PB-TNC specification [RFC5793] and
   extended in PA-TNC.  This specification only adds values to these
   registries and does not alter how these registries work or are
   maintained.  Consult the appropriate specifications for details on
   the operations and maintenance of these registries.

10.1.  PA Subtypes

   The following is an extension to the PA Subtype registry [2] defined
   in section 7.2 of the PA-TNC specification [RFC5792].

       +-----+---------+------------------+------------------------+
       | PEN | Integer | Name             | Defining Specification |
       +-----+---------+------------------+------------------------+
       | 0   | 9       | SWIMA Attributes | [RFC-to-be]            |
       +-----+---------+------------------+------------------------+

10.2.  Registry for PA-TNC Attribute Types

   Section 5.4 of this specification defines several new PA-TNC
   attributes.  The following values are added to the registry for PA-
   TNC Attribute Types defined in the PA-TNC specification.  Note that
   Table 1 in Section 5.4 lists these attributes but uses a hexadecimal
   value to identify their associated integer.  The integer values given
   in that table are identical to those provided here.  Note also that
   Table 1 includes an entry for PA-TNC Error attributes, but the IANA
   information associated with that attribute is already defined in the
   PA-TNC specification and is not reproduced here.










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   +-----+---------+----------------------------+----------------------+
   | PEN | Integer | Name                       | Defining             |
   |     |         |                            | Specification        |
   +-----+---------+----------------------------+----------------------+
   | 0   | 13      | SWIMA Request              | [RFC-to-be]          |
   |     |         |                            |                      |
   | 0   | 14      | Software Identifier        | [RFC-to-be]          |
   |     |         | Inventory                  |                      |
   |     |         |                            |                      |
   | 0   | 15      | Software Identifier Events | [RFC-to-be]          |
   |     |         |                            |                      |
   | 0   | 16      | Software Inventory         | [RFC-to-be]          |
   |     |         |                            |                      |
   | 0   | 17      | Software Events            | [RFC-to-be]          |
   |     |         |                            |                      |
   | 0   | 18      | Subscription Status        | [RFC-to-be]          |
   |     |         | Request                    |                      |
   |     |         |                            |                      |
   | 0   | 19      | Subscription Status        | [RFC-to-be]          |
   |     |         | Response                   |                      |
   |     |         |                            |                      |
   | 0   | 20      | Source Metadata Request    | [RFC-to-be]          |
   |     |         |                            |                      |
   | 0   | 21      | Source Metadata Response   | [RFC-to-be]          |
   +-----+---------+----------------------------+----------------------+

10.3.  Registry for PA-TNC Error Codes

   Section 5.16 of this specification defines several new PA-TNC Error
   Codes.  The following values are added to the registry for PA-TNC
   Error Codes defined in the PA-TNC specification.  Note that Table 8
   in Section 5.16 lists these codes but uses a hexadecimal value to
   identify their associated integer.  The integer values given in that
   table are identical to those provided here.

















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   +----+--------+-------------------------------------+---------------+
   | PE | Intege | Name                                | Defining      |
   | N  | r      |                                     | Specification |
   +----+--------+-------------------------------------+---------------+
   | 0  | 4      | SWIMA_ERROR                         | [RFC-to-be]   |
   |    |        |                                     |               |
   | 0  | 5      | SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_DENIED_ERROR     | [RFC-to-be]   |
   |    |        |                                     |               |
   | 0  | 6      | SWIMA_RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE_ERROR      | [RFC-to-be]   |
   |    |        |                                     |               |
   | 0  | 7      | SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_FULFILLMENT_ERRO | [RFC-to-be]   |
   |    |        | R                                   |               |
   |    |        |                                     |               |
   | 0  | 8      | SWIMA_SUBSCRIPTION_ID_REUSE_ERROR   | [RFC-to-be]   |
   +----+--------+-------------------------------------+---------------+

10.4.  Registry for Software Data Models

   The name for this registry is "Software Data Model Types".  Each
   entry in this registry should include a human readable name, an SMI
   Private Enterprise Number, a decimal integer value between 1 and
   2^8-1 (inclusive), and a reference to the specification where the use
   of this data model is defined.  This specification needs to provide
   both a description of the format used by the data model and the
   procedures by which Software Identifiers are derived from a record
   expressed using this data model.  Note that a specification that just
   defines the data model structure and its use is generally not
   sufficient as it would likely lack the procedures for constructing a
   Software Identifier.  This is why the table below references the
   current specification for ISO SWID tags, rather than using the actual
   ISO SWID tag specification.

   The following entries for this registry are defined in this document.
   They are the initial entries in the registry for Software Data Model
   Types.  Additional entries to this registry are added by Expert
   Review with Specification Required, following the guidelines in
   [RFC8126].














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   +-----+---------+-----------------------------+---------------------+
   | PEN | Integer | Name                        | Defining            |
   |     |         |                             | Specification       |
   +-----+---------+-----------------------------+---------------------+
   | 0   | 0       | ISO 2015 SWID Tags using    | [RFC-to-be]         |
   |     |         | XML                         |                     |
   |     |         |                             |                     |
   | 0   | 1       | ISO 2009 SWID Tags using    | [RFC-to-be]         |
   |     |         | XML                         |                     |
   |     |         |                             |                     |
   | 0   | 192-255 | Reserved for local          | N/A                 |
   |     |         | enterprise use              |                     |
   +-----+---------+-----------------------------+---------------------+

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [NIST8060]
              Waltermire, D., Cheikes, B., Feldman, L., and G. Witte,
              "Guidelines for the Creation of Interoperable Software
              Identification (SWID) Tags", April 2016.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
              Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC5198]  Klensin, J. and M. Padlipsky, "Unicode Format for Network
              Interchange", RFC 5198, DOI 10.17487/RFC5198, March 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5198>.







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   [RFC5792]  Sangster, P. and K. Narayan, "PA-TNC: A Posture Attribute
              (PA) Protocol Compatible with Trusted Network Connect
              (TNC)", RFC 5792, DOI 10.17487/RFC5792, March 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5792>.

   [RFC8089]  Kerwin, M., "The "file" URI Scheme", RFC 8089,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8089, February 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8089>.

   [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
              Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
              RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [SWID09]   The International Organization for Standardization/
              International Electrotechnical Commission, "Information
              Technology - Software Asset Management - Part 2: Software
              Identification Tag, ISO/IEC 19770-2", November 2009.

   [SWID15]   The International Organization for Standardization/
              International Electrotechnical Commission, "Information
              Technology - Software Asset Management - Part 2: Software
              Identification Tag, ISO/IEC 19770-2", October 2015.

11.2.  Informative References

   [RFC5209]  Sangster, P., Khosravi, H., Mani, M., Narayan, K., and J.
              Tardo, "Network Endpoint Assessment (NEA): Overview and
              Requirements", RFC 5209, DOI 10.17487/RFC5209, June 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5209>.

   [RFC5793]  Sahita, R., Hanna, S., Hurst, R., and K. Narayan, "PB-TNC:
              A Posture Broker (PB) Protocol Compatible with Trusted
              Network Connect (TNC)", RFC 5793, DOI 10.17487/RFC5793,
              March 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5793>.

   [RFC6876]  Sangster, P., Cam-Winget, N., and J. Salowey, "A Posture
              Transport Protocol over TLS (PT-TLS)", RFC 6876,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6876, February 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6876>.







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   [RFC7171]  Cam-Winget, N. and P. Sangster, "PT-EAP: Posture Transport
              (PT) Protocol for Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
              Tunnel Methods", RFC 7171, DOI 10.17487/RFC7171, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7171>.

   [RFC7632]  Waltermire, D. and D. Harrington, "Endpoint Security
              Posture Assessment: Enterprise Use Cases", RFC 7632,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7632, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7632>.

   [RFC8248]  Cam-Winget, N. and L. Lorenzin, "Security Automation and
              Continuous Monitoring (SACM) Requirements", RFC 8248,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8248, September 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8248>.

11.3.  URIs

   [1] https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/uri-schemes.xhtml

   [2] https://www.iana.org/assignments/pb-tnc-parameters/pb-tnc-
       parameters.xhtml#pb-tnc-parameters-2

Authors' Addresses

   Charles Schmidt
   The MITRE Corporation
   202 Burlington Road
   Bedford, MA  01730
   USA

   Email: cmschmidt@mitre.org


   Daniel Haynes
   The MITRE Corporation
   202 Burlington Road
   Bedford, MA  01730
   USA

   Email: dhaynes@mitre.org











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   Chris Coffin
   The MITRE Corporation
   202 Burlington Road
   Bedford, MA  01730
   USA

   Email: ccoffin@mitre.org


   David Waltermire
   National Institute of Standards and Technology
   100 Bureau Drive
   Gaithersburg, Maryland
   USA

   Email: david.waltermire@nist.gov


   Jessica Fitzgerald-McKay
   United States National Security Agency
   9800 Savage Road
   Ft. Meade, Maryland
   USA

   Email: jmfitz2@radium.ncsc.mil


























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