Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-ppvpn-as2547

draft-ietf-ppvpn-as2547









Network Working Group                                      Eric C. Rosen
Internet Draft                                       Cisco Systems, Inc.
Expiration Date: July 2003

                                                            January 2003


          Applicability Statement for VPNs Based on rfc2547bis


                     draft-ietf-ppvpn-as2547-01.txt

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
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   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

Abstract

   This document provides an Applicability Statement for the VPN
   solution described in [2547bis] and other documents listed in the
   References section.














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Table of Contents

    1        Introduction  .........................................   2
    2        SP Provisioning Model  ................................   4
    3        Supported Topologies and Traffic Types  ...............   6
    4        Isolated Exchange of Data and Routing Information  ....   7
    5        Access Control and Authentication  ....................   8
    6        Security  .............................................   9
    6.1      Protection of User Data  ..............................   9
    6.2      SP Security Measures  .................................  10
    7        Addressing  ...........................................  11
    8        Interoperability and Interworking  ....................  12
    9        Network Access  .......................................  12
    9.1      Physical/Link Layer Topology  .........................  12
    9.2      Temporary Access  .....................................  12
    9.3      Access Connectivity  ..................................  13
   10        Service Access  .......................................  13
   10.1      Internet Access  ......................................  14
   10.2      Hosting, ASP, Other Services  .........................  14
   11        SP Routing  ...........................................  15
   12        Migration Impact  .....................................  15
   13        Scalability  ..........................................  16
   14        QoS, SLA  .............................................  19
   15        Management  ...........................................  20
   15.1      Management by the Provider  ...........................  20
   15.2      Management by the Customer  ...........................  21
   16        Acknowledgments  ......................................  21
   17        References  ...........................................  21





1. Introduction

   This document provides an Applicability Statement for the VPN
   solution described in [2547bis] and other documents listed in the
   References section.  We refer to these as "2547-style VPNs".  It does
   so by comparing the characteristics of 2547-style VPNs against the
   requirements specified in [PPVPN-REQs].

   Any VPN service is provided by a Service Provider to a Customer.
   2547-style VPNs are intended for the situation in which:






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     - The customer does  not want to manage a routed  backbone; the
       customer may be using routing within his  sites, but wishes to
       outsource the inter-site routing to the SP.

     - The customer wants the SP to make the backbone and its routing
       completely transparent to the customer's routing. If the customer
       has a routed infrastructure at his sites, he does not want his
       site routing algorithms to need to be aware of any part of the SP
       backbone network, other than the PE routers to which the sites
       are attached.  In particular, the customer does not want his
       routers to need to be aware of either the native structure of the
       SP backbone, or of an overlay topology of tunnels through the SP
       backbone.

     - The customer is willing to send IP packets exclusively on this
       VPN.

     - The Service Provider has an IP backbone, possibly MPLS-enabled.

     - The Service Provider wants to provide a service which meets the
       customer requirements above.

     - The Service Provider does not want to maintain a distinct overlay
       topology of tunnels for each VPN customer.

   The basic principle is to model each VPN as a self-contained
   "internet", where each site makes one or more access connections to a
   SP, sends the SP its routing information, and then relies on the SP
   to distribute routing information to and from the other sites in that
   same VPN.  The service differs from Internet service, however, in
   that the SP strictly controls the distribution of this routing
   information so that routes from within a VPN are not sent outside the
   VPN, unless that is explicitly authorized by the customer.  In fact,
   even within the VPN, the distribution of routes may be controlled by
   the SP so as to meet some policy of the customer.

   The routers at a given customer site need not be routing peers of the
   routers at other customer sites, and indeed need not know anything
   about the internal structure of other customer sites.  In fact,
   different routing protocols may run at the different sites, with each
   site using whatever protocol is most appropriate for that particular
   site.

   In some cases, it is considered desirable for routers at different
   sites to know about each other (e.g., to support "IGP backdoors").
   To support such cases, when a route is distributed from one site to
   another, the corresponding routing metric is distributed with it.  If
   a customer runs OSPF within his sites and needs this functionality,



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   the optional procedures of [2547-OSPF] should be used.

   If EBGP is used on the PE/CE access links, the SP and the customer do
   not peer in any IGP.

   2547-style VPNs are optimized for the situation in which a customer
   (an enterprise) expects a service provider to operate and maintain
   the customer's "backbone" (i.e., the customer's inter-site routing).
   As such, the service provider becomes a "business partner" of the
   enterprise.  The technical mechanisms accommodate the case in which a
   number of closely cooperating SPs can jointly offer the VPN service
   to a customer, in that the BGP-based route distribution mechanisms
   can operate between different SPs.  If a set of SPs have sufficient
   agreements with respect to QoS, SLA, etc., then the customer's VPN
   could have sites attached to different SPs from that set.

   2547-style VPNs are NOT an optimum solution for the customer who
   wants to purchase local connectivity from whatever ISP happens to
   offer the best price at a given site, nor for the customer who wants
   his VPN backbone to consist of tunnels running over the public
   Internet.

   [2547bis] specifies the inter-AS mechanisms that allow a single VPN
   to have sites attached to different SPs..  However, the design center
   is not an environment where a given VPN is spread among a very large
   number (e.g., hundreds) of SPs.

   However, in cases where remote offices, individual telecommuters,
   etc., must use the public Internet to access the VPN, it is possible
   to "tunnel" the remote traffic to a PE router, and the PE router will
   treat the traffic as if it had arrived over an interface connected to
   the PE.  Remote PPP connections can be tunneled via L2TP to a PE
   router; IPsec tunnels can also be used to tunnel traffic to a PE
   router across the public Internet. Of course when the public Internet
   is used, issues such as QoS and SLAs must be carefully considered.


2. SP Provisioning Model

   If a particular VPN attaches to a particular PE router, the SP must
   configure that PE router with a VRF ("Virtual Routing and Forwarding
   table"), a routing table that is specific to the specified VPN.
   (This is known as a VFI, "VPN Forwarding Instance", in the language
   of [PPVPN-REQ] and [PPVPN-FRMWRK].)  Each interface or sub-interface
   at that PE which attaches to a site in the specified VPN (i.e., each
   local access link of that VPN) must be configured so as to be
   associated with that VRF.  Each such interface may be unnumbered, or
   may be assigned an address from within the VPN's address space.  In



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   general, a routing algorithm needs to be run on each of these links
   (though static routing can be used instead).  The routing algorithm
   can be EBGP, or an IGP such as RIP or OSPF.  (If OSPF is used, the
   procedures of [2547-OSPF] must be implemented.)  In an IGP is run on
   the access links, the IGP MUST be a separate IGP instance, different
   than the IGP instance running among the backbone routers, and
   different than the IGP instance running on the access links of any
   other VPN.  Static routing is also allowed.

   The VRF is populated automatically with routes distributed from
   locally attached CE routers via whatever routing algorithm is run on
   the PE/CE links.  It is also populated automatically with routes
   distributed from other VRFs via BGP.  Standard routing decision
   processes are used to automatically select the proper routes.  Static
   configuration of routes in the VRF is optional.

   Each PE router must run BGP, and must be pre-configured with the
   identities of a small set of BGP Route Reflectors, with which it is
   to peer via IBGP.

   (In lieu of using Route Reflectors, one could configure each PE with
   the identities of all the other PEs, and set up a full mesh of IBGP
   connections.  But the use of Route Reflectors is necessary to achieve
   adequate scalability.  See section 4.3.3 of [2547bis] for a more
   complete discussion of the use of Route Reflectors, and related
   scalability mechanisms such as Outbound Route Filtering.)

   Each VRF must be configured with three parameters:

     - A Route Distinguisher.  This is a globally unique 8-byte value.
       Each VRF may have a unique RD, or there may be a single unique RD
       for an entire VPN.  When BGP is used to distribute VPN routing
       information across the SP backbone, this value is prepended to
       the VPN's IPv4 address prefixes, creating a new address family,
       the VPN-IPv4 address family.  Thus even when two VPNs have
       overlapping IPv4 address spaces, they have unique VPN-IPv4
       address spaces.

     - One or more Export Route Targets.  An RT is a globally unique 8-
       byte value which BGP carries, as the Extended Communities Route
       Target attribute, along with routes that are exported form the
       VRF.

     - One or more Import Route Targets.  This RT is used to select
       routes to be imported from other VRFs into this VRF.

   In the simplest cases and most common cases, the Export RT, Import
   RT, and RD can be identical, and all VRFs in the same VPN will



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   distribute routes to each other (a typical intranet).  In more
   complex cases, they can be set differently, allowing a very fine
   degree of control over the distribution of routes among VRFs.  This
   can be used to create extranets, or to enforce various customer
   policies.  In complicated cases, particular Export RTs can be
   assigned to particular routes using router management mechanisms.

   Adding a new site to a VPN is a matter of attaching the site's CE
   router to a PE router, configuring the interface, and, if a VRF for
   that VPN already exists in the PE router, associating that interface
   with the VRF.  If a VRF for that VPN does not already exist in the
   PE, then one must be configured as specified above.  Changes to the
   configuration of a PE are automatically reflected via BGP to the
   other PEs.

   The RTs and RDs are made unique by being structured as an SP
   identifier followed by a number which is assigned by the identified
   SP.  SPs may be identified by their AS numbers, or by a registered IP
   address owned by that SP.

   Although RTs are encoded as BGP Extended Communities, the encoding
   itself distinguishes them from any other kind of BGP Extended
   Community.


3. Supported Topologies and Traffic Types

   The scheme is optimized for full inter-site connectivity, in the
   sense that this is what the simplest configurations provide.

   However, the SP has full control, through the mechanism of Route
   Targets, of the distribution of routing information among the set of
   VRFs.  This enables the SP to provide hub-and-spoke or partial mesh
   connectivity as well as full mesh connectivity.

   Note that, strictly speaking, the scheme does not create a topology,
   as it does not create layer 2 connections among the sites.  It does
   however allow for control over the IP connectivity among the sites.
   It is also possible to constrain the distribution of routing in
   arbitrary ways, e.g., so that data from site A to site B must travel
   through a third site C.  (In fact, if it is desired to do so, this
   level of control can be specified at the granularity of a single
   route.)

   It is possible for some of the routes from a particular customer site
   A to be distributed to one set of remote sites, while other routes
   from site A are distributed to a different set of remote sites.  This
   is done with the Route Target mechanism previously described.



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   Unicast IP traffic is fully supported.  Customer IP packets are
   passed transparently.

   Multicast IP traffic is optionally supported, if the SP provides the
   optional mechanisms of [2547-MCAST].  There are however scaling
   implications to the use of these mechanisms.  Discussion of these
   implications is deferred.

   Non-IP traffic is not supported.  If support for non-IP traffic is
   necessary, either the SP must additionally provide a layer 2
   tunneling service, or the customer must use IP tunneling.


4. Isolated Exchange of Data and Routing Information

   The Route Target mechanism is used to control the distribution of
   routing information, so that routes from one VPN do not get sent to
   another. VPN routes are treated by BGP as a different address family
   than general Internet routes.  Routes from a VRF do not get leaked to
   the Internet unless the VRF has been explicitly configured to allow
   it (and this is NOT the default).

   The way in which a particular VPN is divided into sites, or the
   topology of any particular VPN site, are hidden from the Internet and
   from other VPNs.  (Of course, if a particular site can receive
   Internet traffic, and if it responds to traceroute probes from the
   Internet, then any user of the Internet can learn something about the
   site topology.  The fact that the site is in a VPN does not make this
   any easier or any harder.)

   Similarly, Internet routes do not get leaked into the VPN, unless a
   VRF of that VPN is explicitly configured to import the Internet
   routes.

   Proper configuration is essential to maintaining the isolation.  In
   particular, each access link must be associated with the proper VRF
   for that access link, and each VRF must be configured with the proper
   set of RTs.

   A number of means for exchanging reachability information between the
   PE and CE devices are supported:  static routing, EBGP, and RIP are
   supported by the procedures of [2547bis].  If the procedures of
   [2547-OSPF] are implemented, OSPF may be used; if OSPF is used, and
   any VPN access link is an area 0 link, the procedures of [2547-OSPF-
   Area0] must be used as well.  If OSPF is used between two VPN sites
   which are in the same OSPF area, and if it is desired for routes over
   the VPN backbone to be preferred to the OSPF intra-site routes, then
   the "sham link" procedures of [2547-OSPF] must be used.



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   The routing protocols used among the customer routers are not in any
   way restricted by the VPN scheme, as whatever IGP is used within the
   VPN, the PE/CE access links may run EBGP, or may otherwise be in a
   different routing domain than the site's internal links.

   BGP is used for passing routing information among SPs.  BGP may be
   authenticated by use of the TCP MD5 option, or by operating through
   an IPsec tunnel.

   Data traveling between two customer sites is encapsulated while in
   transit through the backbone.  The encapsulation contains sufficient
   information to ensure that the packet is sent to the proper PE
   router, and then, in conjunction with the VRF and related information
   at that PE, to the proper CE routers.

   If two VPNs attach to the same PE, there is strict separation of
   forwarding at that PE, as well as strict separation of the routing
   information.

   Isolation of traffic is similar to that provided by classical L2 VPNs
   (FR-based and ATM-based).  As in classical L2 VPNs, the customer must
   rely on the SP to properly configure the backbone network to ensure
   proper isolation, and to maintain the security of his communications
   gear.


5. Access Control and Authentication

   No particular means of PE/CE authentication is specified for 2547-
   style VPNs.  PE/CE mutual authentication may be done via any
   mechanism supported by the routing protocol in which the CE and PE
   are peers (e.g., use of the TCP MD5 authentication when the CE/PE
   protocol is BGP), or by any other mechanism that may be desired.

   Currently there is no specified method by which a CE may be kept out
   of the VPN if it is not authorized by a customer-managed
   authentication mechanism.  This is for further study.

   No particular means of access control is specified for 2547-style
   VPNs.  It is possible to cause extranet traffic to be directed
   through a firewall, if that is desired.  2547-style VPNs are
   compatible with any ACL features that are supported on the PE
   routers.

   It is possible for various sorts of "tunnel interfaces" to be
   associated with a VRF.  In this case, whatever authentication is
   natively used in the establishment of the tunnel interface may be
   used.  For example, an IPsec tunnel can be used as an "access link"



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   to attach a remote user or site to a VRF.  The authentication
   procedure in this case is part of IPsec, not part of the VPN scheme.

   Where L2TP is used, each PPP session carried in an L2TP tunnel can be
   associated with a VRF.  The SP's AAA server can be used to determine
   the VPN to which the PPP session belongs, and then the customer's
   AAA server can be given the opportunity to authenticate that session
   as well.


6. Security

6.1. Protection of User Data

   No particular means of ensuring user data security is specified for
   2547-style VPNs.

   The optional procedures of [2547-IPsec] may be used to provide
   authentication and/or encryption of user data as it travels from the
   ingress PE to the egress PE.  However, the data is exposed at those
   two PEs, as well as on the PE/CE access links.

   The customer may provide his own user data security by using IPsec
   tunnels that terminate within the customer sites.  Such tunnels are
   transparent to the VPN scheme.  Schemes that discover the remote
   tunnel endpoints automatically and then set up the tunnels
   automatically as needed are the best fit with this VPN technology.
   Note that there is no requirement in general that IPsec tunnels
   between customer sites terminate at CE routers.

   The use of end-to-end transport mode IPsec by the customer is also
   transparent to the VPN scheme.  In fact, the VPN scheme is compatible
   with any use of security by the customer, as long as a cleartext IP
   header is passed from CE to PE.

   When data must cross the Internet to reach the ingress PE router,
   IPsec tunnels between the enduser and the PE router can be used; the
   PE router must then associate each IPsec tunnel with the proper VRF.
   This association would have to be based on user-specific information
   provided by the IKE exchange, such as a VPN-id.

   If data is going from one SP network to another, and must cross the
   public Internet to get between those two networks, IPsec tunnels can
   be used to secure the data.  This would require bilateral agreement
   between the two SPs.  BGP connections can also be passed through an
   IPsec tunnel if this is deemed necessary, in order to protect user
   data, by a pair of SPs.  QoS/SLA factors would have to be carefully
   considered in this case.



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6.2. SP Security Measures

   In order to prevent traffic from illegitimately entering a VPN, the
   SP must take various security measures.  The PE and P routers must
   themselves be secure against breakins (either from someone physically
   present or from the Internet), and neither P nor PE routers should
   form routing adjacencies to other P or PE routers without benefit of
   some kind of security.  This may be authentication in the IGP, or
   physical security.

   The CE/PE access link should be secured in some manner, though the
   provider may make it the responsibility of the customer to ensure
   that the CE is secure from compromise.  If the CE/PE access link is a
   tunnel over the Internet, then of course some sort of authentication
   protocol should always be used.

   LDP sessions and BGP sessions between PE and/or P routers should be
   authenticated.  This can be done via the TCP MD5 option, or by use of
   IPsec.

   If the SP is providing the VPN service over an MPLS backbone, it
   should not accept MPLS packets from its external interfaces (i.e.
   interfaces to CE devices or to other providers' networks) unless the
   top label of the packet was legitimately distributed to the system
   from which the packet is being received.  If the packet's incoming
   interface leads to a different SP (rather than to a customer), an
   appropriate trust relationship must also be present, including the
   trust that the other SP also provides appropriate security measures.

   If the SP is providing the VPN service by using an IP (rather than an
   MPLS) encapsulation, or if it accepts IP-encapsulated VPN packets
   from other SPs, it should apply filtering at its borders so that it
   does not accept from other SPs or from customers any IP packets which
   are addressed to the PE routers, unless appropriate trust
   relationships are in place.

   Cryptographic authentication of the encapsulated data packets is
   certainly advantageous when there are multiple SPs providing a single
   VPN.












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7. Addressing

   Overlapping customer addresses are supported.  There is no
   requirement that such addresses be in conformance with RFC 1918.
   There is no requirement that customer VPN addresses be distinct from
   addresses in the SP network.

   Any set of addresses used in the VPN can be supported, irrespective
   of how they are assigned, how well they aggregate, whether they are
   public or private.  However, the set of addresses which are reachable
   from a given site must be unique.

   Network address translation for packets leaving/entering a VPN is
   possible, and is transparent to the VPN scheme.

   There is nothing in the architecture to preclude the mechanisms from
   being extended to support IPv6, provided that the appropriate IPv6-
   capable routing algorithms are in place.  I.e., PE/CE routing must
   support IPv6, and the PE-PE BGP must support the labeled IPv6 address
   family.  The latter has not been specified, but its specification is
   obvious from the specification of the labeled IPv4 address family.
   The IGP used in the SP backbone need not be IPv6 capable in order to
   support customer IPv6 networks.

   In theory, the same could be said of other network layers, but in
   practice a customer who has non-IP traffic to carry must expect to
   carry it either in site-to-site IP tunnels, or using some additional
   service (such as a layer 2 service) from the SP.

   Layer 2 addresses and identifiers are never carried across the SP
   backbone.

   No restrictions are placed on the customer's addressing schemes or
   policies.  Note though that the SP may place restrictions on the
   number of routes from a given customer site, or may charge
   differentially depending on the number of such routes, and such
   restrictions may have implications for the customer's addressing
   scheme.  In particular, addressing schemes which facilitate route
   aggregation on a per-site basis will result in the most efficient use
   of the SP's resources, and this may be reflected in SP charging
   policies.










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8. Interoperability and Interworking

   Interoperability should be ensured by proper implementation of the
   published standards.

   Direct PE-PE interworking over the SP backbone with other VPN
   solutions is not supported.

   As all the different types of L3VPNs are IP networks, they can of
   course interwork in the same way that any two IP networks can
   interwork.  For example, a single site can contain a CE router of one
   VPN scheme and a CE router of another VPN scheme, and these CE
   routers could be IGP peers, or they might even be the same CE router.
   This would result in the redistribution of routes from one type of
   VPN to the other, providing the necessary interworking.


9. Network Access

9.1. Physical/Link Layer Topology

   The architecture and protocols do not restrict the link layer or the
   physical layer in any manner.


9.2. Temporary Access

   Temporary access via PPP is possible, using industry standard PPP-
   based authentication mechanisms.  For example:

     - A dial-up user (or other PPP user) is authenticated by the PE,
       using the SP's  AAA server, based on a login string or on the
       number dialed.

     - The SP's  AAA server returns a VPN-id to PE.

     - The PE assigns the user to a VRF, based on that VPN-id.

     - The user is then authenticated by a AAA server within the VPN
       (i.e., managed by the customer rather than by the SP).  This AAA
       server would typically be addressed through the VRF (i.e., may be
       in VPN's private address space).

     - The user gets disconnected if either authentication step is
       unsuccessful.

   IPsec access to a VRF is also possible.  In this case, the security
   association is between the enduser and the SP.



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   In these ways, a user can access a 2547-style VPN via the public
   Internet.

   There is no explicit support for mobility, other than what is stated
   above.


9.3. Access Connectivity

   Homing of a CE to two PEs is fully supported, whether the two PEs are
   on the same SP network or not.

   If a CE is connected to two PEs in the same SP network, both
   connections will be used to carry traffic, as the routing in the
   backbone of the traffic to the CE is determined by the BGP decision
   process of the ingress PE for that traffic.  Thus traffic from
   different ingress PEs to a particular CE may be sent over different
   PE-CE links, depending on the backbone routing itself.  (By default,
   a particular ingress PE would choose the egress PE which is closest
   to it according to the backbone network's IGP routing metric.)
   Splitting of the traffic from a single ingress PE can be done, if the
   ingress PE router has the "IBGP load sharing feature".

   If a CE is connected to two PEs in different networks, both
   connections will be used to carry traffic, but traffic from a single
   ingress PE will in general not be split, as this would require an
   "EBGP load sharing" feature.  At the current time, EBGP load sharing
   is only done in certain specific scenarios.

   BGP contains a multitude of knobs which allow a SP to control the
   traffic sent on one PE-CE link as opposed to the other.  One can also
   make use of the Link Bandwidth extended community [BGP-EXT-COMM] to
   control how traffic is distributed among multiple egress PE-CE links.

   The VPN scheme is of course compatible with the use of traffic
   engineering techniques (RSVP-TE based or otherwise) in the backbone
   network.


10. Service Access











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10.1. Internet Access

   Internet access and VPN access are possible from the same site.  This
   is even possible over the same interface, as long as the VPN's
   internal addresses are distinct from the addresses of the systems
   which must be reached via the Internet.  This requires only that
   Internet routes as well as VPN routes be imported into the VRF
   associated with that interface.  This may be as simple as putting a
   default route to the Internet into that VRF.

   The "route to the Internet" which is in a particular VRF need not
   lead directly to the Internet, it may lead to a firewall or other
   security device at another site of the VPN.  The VPN customer can
   cause this to happen simply by exporting a default route from the
   site with the firewall.  Generally, a site with a firewall will use a
   different virtual interface for Internet access than for VPN access,
   since the firewall needs to distinguish the "clean interface" from
   the "dirty interface".

   In such a configuration, the customer would export his routes to the
   Internet via the firewall's dirty interface, but would export the
   same routes to the VPN via the clean interface.  Thus all traffic
   from the Internet would come through the dirty interface, then though
   the firewall, and possibly go to another VPN site though the clean
   interface.  This also allows any necessary NAT functionality to be
   done in the firewall.


10.2. Hosting, ASP, Other Services

   Any externally provided service can be accessed from the VPN,
   provided that it can be addressed with an address that is not
   otherwise in use within the VPN.  Access can be firewalled or non-
   firewalled.  If the client accessing the service does not have a
   globally unique IP address, and a single server provides a service to
   multiple VPNs, NAT will have to be applied to the client's packets
   before they reach the server.  This can be done at a customer site,
   or by a VRF-specific NAT function in a PE router.













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11. SP Routing

   Routing through the backbone is independent of the VPN scheme, and is
   unaffected by the presence or absence of VPNs.  The only impact is
   that the backbone routing must carry routes to the PE routers.

   The VPN routes themselves are carried in BGP as a distinct address
   family, different than the address family that is used to carry
   "ordinary" IP routes. These routes are passed from PE router to Route
   Reflector to PE router, and are never seen by the P routers.  The
   Route Reflectors that carry the VPN routes can be entirely separate
   from the Route Reflectors that carry the "ordinary" IP routes.

   The fact that two PE routers support a common VPN does not require
   those PE routers to form an IGP routing adjacency between themselves.
   The number of adjacencies in the backbone IGP is independent of and
   unrelated to the number of VPNs supported by any set of PE routers.

   No VPN-specific protection and restoration mechanisms are needed;
   these are general routing considerations, and the VPN scheme is
   compatible with any protection and restoration mechanisms that may be
   available.

   The SP does not manage the customer's IGP in any way, and routes are
   never leaked between the SP's IGP and any customer's IGP.

   If the PE/CE protocol is EBGP, the SP and the customer do not ever
   participate in a common IGP.


12. Migration Impact

   Generally, this means replacement of an existing legacy backbone with
   VPN backbone.  The general migration mechanism would be to hook up
   the sites one at a time to the VPN backbone, and to start giving the
   routes via the VPN backbone preference to routes via the legacy
   backbone.  Details depend on the legacy backbone's IGP.  In general,
   one would have to manipulate the IGP metrics to provide the proper
   route preference.

   If the legacy backbone routing protocol is OSPF, then migration is
   best done with OSPF as the PE/CE protocol and the PE supporting the
   [2547-OSPF] procedures, OR with BGP as the PE/CE protocol, and the CE
   supporting the BGP/OSPF interaction specified in [2547-OSPF].

   With other legacy backbone routing protocols, the proper metrics must
   be set at the point (PE or CE) where the BGP routes from the SP
   network are being redistributed into the legacy IGP.



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13. Scalability

   There is no upper limit on the number of VPNs per SP network, as
   there is no one box in the SP network which needs to know of all
   VPNs.  Knowledge of a particular VPN is confined to the PE routers
   that attach to sites in that VPN, and to the BGP Route Reflectors
   which receive routing data from those PEs; other systems maintain no
   state at all for the VPN.  Note though that there is no need for any
   one Route Reflector to know of all VPNs.

   If the SP is providing the VPN service over an MPLS backbone, then
   the backbone IGP must carry a host route for every LSP egress node
   within the routing domain.  Every PE router in the routing domain is
   an LSP egress node.  If there are VPNs attached to PE routers that
   are within the routing domain, as well as PE routers which are in
   some second routing domain, then the border routers leading towards
   the second routing domain will also be LSP egress nodes.  Thus the
   sum of the number of PE routers plus number of border routers within
   a routing domain is limited by the number of routes that can be
   carried within the domain's IGP.  This does not seem to create any
   practical scalability issue.

   There is no upper limit on the number of site interfaces per VPN, as
   state for a particular interface is maintained only at the PE router
   to which that interface attaches.  The number of site interfaces per
   VPN at a given PE router is limited only by the number of interfaces
   which that PE router can support.

   The number of routes per VPN is constrained only by the number of
   routes that can be supported in BGP, the number of routes which can
   be maintained in the PEs that attach to that VPN, and the number of
   routes which can be maintained in the BGP Route Reflectors which hold
   the routes of that VPN.

   The major constraint in considering scalability is the number of
   routes which a given PE can support.  In general, a given PE can
   support as many VPNs as it has interfaces (including virtual
   interfaces or "sub-interfaces", not just physical interfaces), but it
   is constrained in the total number of routes it can handle.  The
   number of routes a given PE must handle depends on the particular set
   of VPNs it attaches to, and the number of routes in each such VPN,
   and the number of "non-VPN" Internet routes that it must also handle.

   The SP may need to engage in significant planning to ensure that
   these limits are not often reached.  If these limits are reached, it
   may be necessary either to replace the PE with one of larger
   capacity, or to reorganize the way in which access links lead from
   CEs to PEs, in order to better concentrate the set of access links



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   from sites that are in the same VPN.  Rehoming a site to a different
   PE may not involve actual rewiring; if the access technology is
   switched, this is a matter of provisioning, but may still be a
   significant undertaking.  If it is necessary to have down time while
   performing the rehoming, the customer is impacted as well.  Rehoming
   can also be done "virtually", by creating a layer 2 tunnel from a
   CE's "old" PE to its "new" PE.

   An important consideration to remember is that one may have any
   number of INDEPENDENT BGP systems carrying VPN routes.  This is
   unlike the case of the Internet, where the Internet BGP system must
   carry all the Internet routes.  The difference stems from the fact
   that all Internet addresses much be reachable from each other, but a
   given VPN address is only supposed to be reachable from other
   addresses in the same VPN.

   Scalability is also affected by the rate of changes in the
   reachability advertisements from CE to PE, as changes reported by a
   CE to its attached PE may be propagated to the other PEs.  BGP
   mechanisms to control the rate of reported changes should be used by
   the SP.

   Another constraint on the number of VPNs which can be supported by a
   particular PE router is based on the number of routing instances
   which the PE router can support.  If the PE/CE routing is static, or
   is done by BGP, the number of routing protocol instances in a PE
   device does not depend on the number of CEs supported by the PE
   device. In the case of BGP, a single BGP protocol instance can
   support all CEs that exchange routing information using BGP.  If the
   CE/PE router is done via RIP or OSPF, then the PE must maintain one
   RIP or OSPF instance per VRF.  Note that the number of routing
   instances which can be supported may be different for different
   routing protocols.

   Inter-AS scenarios constructed according to option (b) of section 10
   of [2547bis] require BGP "border routers" to hold the routes for a
   set of VPNs.  If two SPs share in a small number of VPNs, a single
   border router between them provide adequate capacity.  As the number
   of shared VPNs increases, additional border routers may be needed to
   handle the increased number of routes.  Again, no single border
   router would handle all the routes from all the VPNs, so an increase
   in the number of VPNs can always be supported by adding more border
   routers.

   Inter-AS scenarios constructed according to option (c) of section 10
   of [2547bis] eliminates the need for border routers to contain VPN
   routes (thus improving scalability in that dimension), but at the
   cost of requiring that each AS have a route to the PEs in the others.



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   (Inter-AS scenarios constructed according to option (a) of section 10
   of [2547bis] do not scale well.)

   The solution of [2547bis] is intended to simplify CE and site
   operations, by hiding the structure of the rest of the VPN from a
   site, and by hiding the structure of the backbone.  Thus CEs need
   have only a single sub-interface to the backbone, CEs at one site
   need not even be aware of the existence of CEs at another, and CEs at
   one site need not be routing peers of CEs at another.  CEs are never
   routing peers of P routers.  These factors help to scale the
   customer's network, but limiting the number of adjacencies each CE
   must see, and by limiting the total number of links which the
   customer's IGP must handle.

   The solution of [2547bis] is also intended to simplify the SP's VPN
   provisioning, so that potentially the SP will have to do little more
   than say which sites belong to which VPNs.  However, as the system
   scales up, planning is needed to determine which PEs should home
   which VPNs, and which BGP RRs should take which VPNs' routing
   information.

   P routers maintain NO per-VPN state at all; the only requirement on
   them is to maintain routes to the PE routers.  When MPLS is used, a P
   router must also maintain one multipoint-to-point LSP for each such
   route.

   However, certain VPN multicast schemes require per-multicast-group
   state in the P routers, summed over all VPNs.  Others require only no
   state in the P routers at all, but will result in sending more
   unnecessary traffic.  The complete set of tradeoffs for multicast is
   not that well understood yet.

   Note that as the scaling of a particular PE is primarily a matter of
   the total number of routes which it must maintain, scalability is
   facilitated if the addresses are assigned in a way that permits them
   to be aggregated.  (I.e., if the customers have a sensible addressing
   plan.)














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14. QoS, SLA

   The provision of appropriate QoS capabilities may require any
   combination of the following:

     - QoS in the access network.

     - Admission control (policing) by the PE router on the ingress
       access links.

     - Traffic conditioning (shaping) by the PE router on the ingress
       access links.

     - Traffic engineering in the backbone.

     - Intserv/diffserv classification by the PE, for traffic arriving
       from the CE.  Once the PE classifies the user packets, this
       classification needs to be preserved in the encapsulation (MPLS
       or IP) used to  send the packet across the backbone.

     - DSCP mapping.

     - DSCP transparency.

     - Random Early Discard in the backbone.

   None of these features are VPN-specific.  The ability to support them
   depends on whether the features are available on the edge and core
   platforms, rather than on any particular VPN scheme.

   MPLS support for differentiated services is detailed in RFC3270
   [MPLS-DIFFSERV]. DSCP mapping and transparency is covered in section
   2.6 of that document.  2547-style VPNs can support either the "hose
   model" or the "pipe model", though the hose model is a more natural
   fit and is what would tend to be used by default; the addition of
   pipes would tend to be done on a more limited basis.

   It is possible to use traffic engineering to provide, e.g.,
   guaranteed bandwidth between two PEs for the traffic of a given VPN.
   The VRF entries for that VPN in each PE need to be modified so that
   the traffic to the other PE is directed onto the traffic engineered
   path.  How this is done is a local matter.

   Many of the requirements specified in [PPVPN-REQS] stipulate that the
   NMS should support SLAs monitoring and verification between the SP
   and the various customers by measurement of the indicators defined
   within the context of the SLA. The measurement of these indicators
   (i.e.: counters) can be achieved when 2547-like VPNs are used by



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   employing a combination of the PPVPN-MPLS-VPN-MIB [PPVPN-MIB] as well
   as other standard MIBs such as the IF-MIB [IF-MIB]. Devices
   supporting these MIBs can calculate SLAs based on real-time
   performance measurements using indicators and threshold crossing
   alerts. Devices can make these thresholds configurable either via a
   management interface such as SNMP.



15. Management

   The PPVPN Requirements document [PPVPN-REQS] stipulates that The term
   "Provider Provisioned VPN" refers to VPNs for which the service
   provider participates in management and provisioning of the VPN. RFC
   2547-style VPNs can be provisioned and managed to meet these
   requirements. The following subsections will outline how devices
   supporting RFC 2547-like VPNs can satisfy these requirements.


15.1. Management by the Provider

   The SP manages all the VPN-specific information in the PE device.
   This can be done using the PPVPN-MPLS-VPN-MIB [PPVPN-MIB], in
   combination with other standard MIBs such as IF-MIB [IF-MIB], and
   other MPLS MIBs [LSRMIB], [LDPMIB], [TEMIB], [FTNMIB].

   Devices supporting RFC 2547-like VPNs that employ the management
   interface characteristics described above will also support the ITU
   TMN 'FCAPS' functionalities as required in the the PPVPN Requirements
   document. These include: Fault, Configuration, Accounting,
   Provisioning, and Security.

   In 2547-style VPNs, the SP is not required to manage the CE devices.
   However, if it is desired for the SP to do so, the SP may manage CE
   devices from a central site, provided that a route to the central
   site is exported into the CE's VPN, and the central site is in a VPN
   into which the routes to the managed CE devices have been imported.
   This is a form of extranet.

   If the central site is managing CE devices from several VPNs, those
   CE devices must have mutually unique addresses.  Note that this does
   not enable the CE devices from different VPNs to reach each other.

   The CE devices have no VPN-specific information in them.  Hence the
   fact that they are connected together into a VPN does not require
   them to have any VPN-specific management MIBs or capabilities.





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15.2. Management by the Customer

   CE devices may be managed from within the VPN, transparently to the
   SP.  The CE devices have no VPN-specific information in them,  and
   the fact that they are tied together into a VPN does not impact the
   customer's management of them.

   Customer access to a PE device is totally at the discretion of the
   SP, but is not required by the solution.  The PE device is a routing
   peer of a CE device, and can be pinged, etc.


16. Acknowledgments

   Many thanks to Jeremy De Clercq, Luyuan Fang, Dave McDysan, Ananth
   Nagarajan, Yakov Rekhter, and Muneyoshi Suzuki, for their comments,
   criticisms, and help in preparing this document.  Thanks also to
   Thomas Nadeau for his help with the section on management, and to
   Francois LeFaucheur for his help with the section on QoS.


17. References

   [2547bis] "BGP/MPLS VPNs", Rosen, Rekhter, et. al., draft-ietf-
   ppvpn-rfc2547bis-03.txt, October 2002

   [2547-GRE-IP] "Use of PE-PE GRE or IP in RFC2547 VPNs", Rekhter,
   Rosen, draft-ietf-ppvpn-gre-ip-2547-01.txt, February 2002

   [2547-OSPF] "OSPF as the PE/CE Protocol in BGP/MPLS VPNs", draft-
   rosen-vpns-ospf-bgp-mpls-05.txt, Rosen, Psenak, Pillay-Esnault, July
   2002

   [2547-OSPF-Area0] "OSPF Area 0 PE/CE Links in BGP/MPLS VPNs", Rosen,
   Psenak, Pillay-Esnault, draft-rosen-ppvpn-ospf2547-area0-01.txt, July
   2002

   [2547-IPsec] "Use of PE-PE IPsec in RFC2547 VPNs", Rosen, De Clercq,
   Paridaens, T'Joens, Sargor, draft-ietf-ppvpn-ipsec-2547-02.txt,
   August 2002

   [2547-MCAST] "Multicast in MPLS/BGP VPNs", Rosen, Cai, Tappan,
   Wijsnands, Rekhter, Farinacci, draft-rosen-vpn-mcast-04.txt, August
   2002

   [BGP-EXT-COMM] "BGP Extended Communities Attribute", Rekhter, Tappan,
   Sangli, draft-ietf-idr-bgp-ext-communities-05.txt, May 2002




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   [FTNMIB] "Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) FEC-To-NHLFE (FTN)
   Management Information Base", Nadeau, Srinivasan, Viswanathan,
   draft-ietf-mpls-ftn-mib-05.txt>, November 2002

   [LDPMIB] "Definitions of Managed Objects for the Multiprotocol Label
   Switching, Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)", Cucchiara, et al.,
   draft-ietf-mpls-ldp-mib-09.txt, October 2002

   [LSRMIB] "MPLS Label Switch Router Management Information Base",
   Srinivasan, Viswanathan, Nadeau, draft-ietf-mpls-lsr-mib-09.txt>,
   October 2002

   [MPLS-DIFFSERV] RFC 3270, "Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
   Support of Differentiated Services", Le Faucheur, Wu, Davie, Davari,
   Vaananen, Krishnan, Cheval, Heinanen, May 2002

   [PPVPN-FRMWRK] "A Framework for Provider Provisioned Virtual Private
   Networks", Callon, Suzuki, De Clercq, Gleeson, Malis, Muthukrishnan,
   Rosen, Sargor, Yu, draft-ietf-ppvpn-framework-06.txt, October 2002

   [PPVPN-REQS] "Service requirements for Provider Provisioned Virtual
   Private Networks", Carugi, McDysan, Fang, Johansson, Nagarajan,
   Sumimoto, Wilder, draft-ietf-ppvpn-requirements-05.txt, November 2002

   [PPVPN-MIB]  "MPLS/BGP Virtual Private Network Management Information
   Base Using SMIv2", Nadeau, et al., draft-ietf-ppvpn-mpls-vpn-mib-
   05.txt, November 2002

   [IF-MIB] "The Interfaces Group MIB using SMIv2", McCloghrie,
   Kastenholtz, RFC 2233, Noember 1997

   [RFC2570] "Introduction to Version 3 of the Internet-standard Network
   Management Framework", Case, Mundy, Partain, Stewart, RFC 2570, April
   1999

   [RFC2571] "An Architecture for Describing SNMP Management
   Frameworks", Harrington, Presuhn, Wijnen, RFC 2571, April 1999

   [RFC2572] "Message Processing and Dispatching for the Simple Network
   Management Protocol (SNMP)" Case, Harrington, Presuhn, Wijnen, RFC
   2572, April 1999

   [TEMIB] "MPLS Traffic Engineering Management Information Base Using
   SMIv2", Srinivasan, Viswanathan,Nadeau, draft-ietf-mpls-te-mib-
   09.txt, November 2002






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