Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-nvo3-framework

draft-ietf-nvo3-framework



Internet Engineering Task Force                          Marc Lasserre
Internet Draft                                            Florin Balus
Intended status: Informational                          Alcatel-Lucent
Expires: Jan 2015
                                                          Thomas Morin
                                                 France Telecom Orange

                                                           Nabil Bitar
                                                               Verizon

                                                         Yakov Rekhter
                                                               Juniper

                                                          July 4, 2014




                  Framework for DC Network Virtualization
                     draft-ietf-nvo3-framework-09.txt





Abstract

   This document provides a framework for Data Center (DC) Network
   Virtualization Overlays (NVO3) and it defines a reference model
   along with logical components required to design a solution.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
   months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
   at any time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as
   reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on Jan 4, 2015.






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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors. All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document. Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with
   respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this
   document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in
   Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without
   warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction..................................................3
      1.1. General terminology......................................3
      1.2. DC network architecture..................................6
   2. Reference Models..............................................8
      2.1. Generic Reference Model..................................8
      2.2. NVE Reference Model.....................................10
      2.3. NVE Service Types.......................................10
         2.3.1. L2 NVE providing Ethernet LAN-like service.........11
         2.3.2. L3 NVE providing IP/VRF-like service...............11
      2.4. Operational Management Considerations...................11
   3. Functional components........................................12
      3.1. Service Virtualization Components.......................12
         3.1.1. Virtual Access Points (VAPs).......................12
         3.1.2. Virtual Network Instance (VNI).....................12
         3.1.3. Overlay Modules and VN Context.....................12
         3.1.4. Tunnel Overlays and Encapsulation options..........13
         3.1.5. Control Plane Components...........................14
         3.1.5.1. Distributed vs Centralized Control Plane.........14
         3.1.5.2. Auto-provisioning/Service discovery..............14
         3.1.5.3. Address advertisement and tunnel mapping.........15
         3.1.5.4. Overlay Tunneling................................15
      3.2. Multi-homing............................................16
      3.3. VM Mobility.............................................17
   4. Key aspects of overlay networks..............................17
      4.1. Pros & Cons.............................................17
      4.2. Overlay issues to consider..............................19
         4.2.1. Data plane vs Control plane driven.................19
         4.2.2. Coordination between data plane and control plane..19




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         4.2.3. Handling Broadcast, Unknown Unicast and Multicast (BUM)
         traffic...................................................19
         4.2.4. Path MTU...........................................20
         4.2.5. NVE location trade-offs............................21
         4.2.6. Interaction between network overlays and underlays.22
   5. Security Considerations......................................22
   6. IANA Considerations..........................................23
   7. References...................................................23
      7.1. Informative References..................................23
   8. Acknowledgments..............................................25

1. Introduction

   This document provides a framework for Data Center (DC) Network
   Virtualization over Layer3 (L3) tunnels. This framework is intended
   to aid in standardizing protocols and mechanisms to support large-
   scale network virtualization for data centers.

   [NVOPS] defines the rationale for using overlay networks in order to
   build large multi-tenant data center networks. Compute, storage and
   network virtualization are often used in these large data centers to
   support a large number of communication domains and end systems.

   This document provides reference models and functional components of
   data center overlay networks as well as a discussion of technical
   issues that have to be addressed.

1.1. General terminology

   This document uses the following terminology:

   NVO3 Network: An overlay network that provides a Layer2 (L2) or
   Layer3 (L3) service to Tenant Systems over an L3 underlay network
   using the architecture and protocols as defined by the NVO3 Working
   Group.

   Network Virtualization Edge (NVE). An NVE is the network entity that
   sits at the edge of an underlay network and implements L2 and/or L3
   network virtualization functions. The network-facing side of the NVE
   uses the underlying L3 network to tunnel tenant frames to and from
   other NVEs. The tenant-facing side of the NVE sends and receives
   Ethernet frames to and from individual Tenant Systems.  An NVE could
   be implemented as part of a virtual switch within a hypervisor, a
   physical switch or router, a Network Service Appliance, or be split
   across multiple devices.




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   Virtual Network (VN): A VN is a logical abstraction of a physical
   network that provides L2 or L3 network services to a set of Tenant
   Systems. A VN is also known as a Closed User Group (CUG).

   Virtual Network Instance (VNI): A specific instance of a VN from the
   perspective of an NVE.

   Virtual Network Context (VN Context) Identifier: Field in overlay
   encapsulation header that identifies the specific VN the packet
   belongs to. The egress NVE uses the VN Context identifier to deliver
   the packet to the correct Tenant System. The VN Context identifier
   can be a locally significant identifier or a globally unique
   identifier.

   Underlay or Underlying Network: The network that provides the
   connectivity among NVEs and over which NVO3 packets are tunneled,
   where an NVO3 packet carries an NVO3 overlay header followed by a
   tenant packet. The Underlay Network does not need to be aware that
   it is carrying NVO3 packets. Addresses on the Underlay Network
   appear as "outer addresses" in encapsulated NVO3 packets. In
   general, the Underlay Network can use a completely different
   protocol (and address family) from that of the overlay. In the case
   of NVO3, the underlay network is IP.

   Data Center (DC): A physical complex housing physical servers,
   network switches and routers, network service appliances and
   networked storage. The purpose of a Data Center is to provide
   application, compute and/or storage services. One such service is
   virtualized infrastructure data center services, also known as
   Infrastructure as a Service.

   Virtual Data Center (Virtual DC): A container for virtualized
   compute, storage and network services. A Virtual DC is associated
   with a single tenant, and can contain multiple VNs and Tenant
   Systems connected to one or more of these VNs.

   Virtual machine (VM): A software implementation of a physical
   machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical,
   non-virtualized machine.  Applications (generally) do not know they
   are running on a VM as opposed to running on a "bare metal" host or
   server, though some systems provide a para-virtualization
   environment that allows an operating system or application to be
   aware of the presence of virtualization for optimization purposes.

   Hypervisor: Software running on a server that allows multiple VMs to
   run on the same physical server. The hypervisor manages and provides



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   shared compute/memory/storage and network connectivity to the VMs
   that it hosts. Hypervisors often embed a Virtual Switch (see below).

   Server: A physical end host machine that runs user applications. A
   standalone (or "bare metal") server runs a conventional operating
   system hosting a single-tenant application. A virtualized server
   runs a hypervisor supporting one or more VMs.

   Virtual Switch (vSwitch): A function within a Hypervisor (typically
   implemented in software) that provides similar forwarding services
   to a physical Ethernet switch. A vSwitch forwards Ethernet frames
   between VMs running on the same server, or between a VM and a
   physical NIC card connecting the server to a physical Ethernet
   switch or router. A vSwitch also enforces network isolation between
   VMs that by policy are not permitted to communicate with each other
   (e.g., by honoring VLANs). A vSwitch may be bypassed when an NVE is
   enabled on the host server.

   Tenant: The customer using a virtual network and any associated
   resources (e.g., compute, storage and network).  A tenant could be
   an enterprise, or a department/organization within an enterprise.

   Tenant System: A physical or virtual system that can play the role
   of a host, or a forwarding element such as a router, switch,
   firewall, etc. It belongs to a single tenant and connects to one or
   more VNs of that tenant.

   Tenant Separation: Tenant Separation refers to isolating traffic of
   different tenants such that traffic from one tenant is not visible
   to or delivered to another tenant, except when allowed by policy.
   Tenant Separation also refers to address space separation, whereby
   different tenants can use the same address space without conflict.

   Virtual Access Points (VAPs): A logical connection point on the NVE
   for connecting a Tenant System to a virtual network. Tenant Systems
   connect to VNIs at an NVE through VAPs. VAPs can be physical ports
   or virtual ports identified through logical interface identifiers
   (e.g., VLAN ID, internal vSwitch Interface ID connected to a VM).

   End Device: A physical device that connects directly to the DC
   Underlay Network. This is in contrast to a Tenant System, which
   connects to a corresponding tenant VN. An End Device is administered
   by the DC operator rather than a tenant, and is part of the DC
   infrastructure. An End Device may implement NVO3 technology in
   support of NVO3 functions. Examples of an End Device include hosts
   (e.g., server or server blade), storage systems (e.g., file servers,



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   iSCSI storage systems), and network devices (e.g., firewall, load-
   balancer, IPSec gateway).

   Network Virtualization Authority (NVA): Entity that provides
   reachability and forwarding information to NVEs.

1.2. DC network architecture

   A generic architecture for Data Centers is depicted in Figure 1:

                                ,---------.
                              ,'           `.
                             (  IP/MPLS WAN )
                              `.           ,'
                                `-+------+'
                                 \      /
                          +--------+   +--------+
                          |   DC   |+-+|   DC   |
                          |gateway |+-+|gateway |
                          +--------+   +--------+
                                |       /
                                .--. .--.
                              (    '    '.--.
                            .-.' Intra-DC     '
                           (     network      )
                            (             .'-'
                             '--'._.'.    )\ \
                             / /     '--'  \ \
                            / /      | |    \ \
                   +--------+   +--------+   +--------+
                   | access |   | access |   | access |
                   | switch |   | switch |   | switch |
                   +--------+   +--------+   +--------+
                      /     \    /    \     /      \
                   __/_      \  /      \   /_      _\__
             '--------'   '--------'   '--------'   '--------'
             :  End   :   :  End   :   :  End   :   :  End   :
             : Device :   : Device :   : Device :   : Device :
             '--------'   '--------'   '--------'   '--------'

             Figure 1 : A Generic Architecture for Data Centers

   An example of multi-tier DC network architecture is presented in
   Figure 1. It provides a view of physical components inside a DC.





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   A DC network is usually composed of intra-DC networks and network
   services, and inter-DC network and network connectivity services.

   DC networking elements can act as strict L2 switches and/or provide
   IP routing capabilities, including network service virtualization.

   In some DC architectures, some tier layers could provide L2 and/or
   L3 services. In addition, some tier layers may be collapsed, and
   Internet connectivity, inter-DC connectivity and VPN support may be
   handled by a smaller number of nodes. Nevertheless, one can assume
   that the network functional blocks in a DC fit in the architecture
   depicted in Figure 1.

   The following components can be present in a DC:

   - Access switch: Hardware-based Ethernet switch aggregating all
      Ethernet links from the End Devices in a rack representing the
      entry point in the physical DC network for the hosts. It may also
      provide routing functionality, virtual IP network connectivity, or
      Layer2 tunneling over IP for instance. Access switches are usually
      multi-homed to aggregation switches in the Intra-DC network. A
      typical example of an access switch is a Top of Rack (ToR) switch.
      Other deployment scenarios may use an intermediate Blade Switch
      before the ToR, or an EoR (End of Row) switch, to provide similar
      functions to a ToR.

   - Intra-DC Network: Network composed of high capacity core nodes
      (Ethernet switches/routers). Core nodes may provide virtual
      Ethernet bridging and/or IP routing services.

   - DC Gateway (DC GW): Gateway to the outside world providing DC
      Interconnect and connectivity to Internet and VPN customers. In
      the current DC network model, this may be simply a router
      connected to the Internet and/or an IP Virtual Private Network
      (VPN)/L2VPN PE. Some network implementations may dedicate DC GWs
      for different connectivity types (e.g., a DC GW for Internet, and
      another for VPN).

   Note that End Devices may be single or multi-homed to access
   switches.








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2. Reference Models

2.1. Generic Reference Model

   Figure 2 depicts a DC reference model for network virtualization
   overlay where NVEs provide a logical interconnect between Tenant
   Systems that belong to a specific VN.



         +--------+                                    +--------+
         | Tenant +--+                            +----| Tenant |
         | System |  |                           (')   | System |
         +--------+  |    .................     (   )  +--------+
                     |  +---+           +---+    (_)
                     +--|NVE|---+   +---|NVE|-----+
                        +---+   |   |   +---+
                        / .    +-----+      .
                       /  . +--| NVA |--+   .
                      /   . |  +-----+   \  .
                     |    . |             \ .
                     |    . |   Overlay   +--+--++--------+
         +--------+  |    . |   Network   | NVE || Tenant |
         | Tenant +--+    . |             |     || System |
         | System |       .  \ +---+      +--+--++--------+
         +--------+       .....|NVE|.........
                               +---+
                                 |
                                 |
                       =====================
                         |               |
                     +--------+      +--------+
                     | Tenant |      | Tenant |
                     | System |      | System |
                     +--------+      +--------+

      Figure 2 : Generic reference model for DC network virtualization
                                 overlay





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   In order to obtain reachability information, NVEs may exchange
   information directly between themselves via a control plane
   protocol. In this case, a control plane module resides in every NVE.

   It is also possible for NVEs to communicate with an external Network
   Virtualization Authority (NVA) to obtain reachability and forwarding
   information. In this case, a protocol is used between NVEs and
   NVA(s) to exchange information.

   It should be noted that NVAs may be organized in clusters for
   redundancy and scalability and can appear as one logically
   centralized controller. In this case, inter-NVA communication is
   necessary to synchronize state among nodes within a cluster or share
   information across clusters. The information exchanged between NVAs
   of the same cluster could be different from the information
   exchanged across clusters.

   A Tenant System can be attached to an NVE in several ways:

   - locally, by being co-located in the same End Device

   - remotely, via a point-to-point connection or a switched network

   When an NVE is co-located with a Tenant System, the state of the
   Tenant System can be determined without protocol assistance. For
   instance, the operational status of a VM can be communicated via a
   local API. When an NVE is remotely connected to a Tenant System, the
   state of the Tenant System or NVE needs to be exchanged directly or
   via a management entity, using a control plane protocol or API, or
   directly via a dataplane protocol.

   The functional components in Figure 2 do not necessarily map
   directly to the physical components described in Figure 1. For
   example, an End Device can be a server blade with VMs and a virtual
   switch. A VM can be a Tenant System and the NVE functions may be
   performed by the host server. In this case, the Tenant System and
   NVE function are co-located. Another example is the case where the
   End Device is the Tenant System, and the NVE function can be
   implemented by the connected ToR. In this case, the Tenant System
   and NVE function are not co-located.

   Underlay nodes utilize L3 technologies to interconnect NVE nodes.
   These nodes perform forwarding based on outer L3 header information,
   and generally do not maintain per tenant-service state albeit some
   applications (e.g., multicast) may require control plane or
   forwarding plane information that pertain to a tenant, group of



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   tenants, tenant service or a set of services that belong to one or
   more tenants. Mechanisms to control the amount of state maintained
   in the underlay may be needed.

2.2. NVE Reference Model

   Figure 3 depicts the NVE reference model. One or more VNIs can be
   instantiated on an NVE. A Tenant System interfaces with a
   corresponding VNI via a VAP. An overlay module provides tunneling
   overlay functions (e.g., encapsulation and decapsulation of tenant
   traffic, tenant identification and mapping, etc.).



                     +-------- L3 Network -------+
                     |                           |
                     |        Tunnel Overlay     |
         +------------+---------+       +---------+------------+
         | +----------+-------+ |       | +---------+--------+ |
         | |  Overlay Module  | |       | |  Overlay Module  | |
         | +---------+--------+ |       | +---------+--------+ |
         |           |VN context|       | VN context|          |
         |           |          |       |           |          |
         |  +--------+-------+  |       |  +--------+-------+  |
         |  | |VNI|   .  |VNI|  |       |  | |VNI|   .  |VNI|  |
    NVE1 |  +-+------------+-+  |       |  +-+-----------+--+  | NVE2
         |    |   VAPs     |    |       |    |    VAPs   |     |
         +----+------------+----+       +----+-----------+-----+
              |            |                 |           |
              |            |                 |           |
             Tenant Systems                 Tenant Systems

                  Figure 3 : Generic NVE reference model

   Note that some NVE functions (e.g., data plane and control plane
   functions) may reside in one device or may be implemented separately
   in different devices.

2.3. NVE Service Types

   An NVE provides different types of virtualized network services to
   multiple tenants, i.e. an L2 service or an L3 service. Note that an
   NVE may be capable of providing both L2 and L3 services for a


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   tenant. This section defines the service types and associated
   attributes.

2.3.1. L2 NVE providing Ethernet LAN-like service

   An L2 NVE implements Ethernet LAN emulation, an Ethernet based
   multipoint service similar to an IETF VPLS [RFC4761][RFC4762] or
   EVPN [EVPN] service, where the Tenant Systems appear to be
   interconnected by a LAN environment over an L3 overlay. As such, an
   L2 NVE provides per-tenant virtual switching instance (L2 VNI), and
   L3 (IP/MPLS) tunneling encapsulation of tenant MAC frames across the
   underlay. Note that the control plane for an L2 NVE could be
   implemented locally on the NVE or in a separate control entity.

2.3.2. L3 NVE providing IP/VRF-like service

   An L3 NVE provides Virtualized IP forwarding service, similar to
   IETF IP VPN (e.g., BGP/MPLS IPVPN [RFC4364]) from a service
   definition perspective. That is, an L3 NVE provides per-tenant
   forwarding and routing instance (L3 VNI), and L3 (IP/MPLS) tunneling
   encapsulation of tenant IP packets across the underlay. Note that
   routing could be performed locally on the NVE or in a separate
   control entity.

2.4. Operational Management Considerations

   NVO3 services are overlay services over an IP underlay.

   As far as the IP underlay is concerned, existing IP OAM facilities
   are used.

   With regards to the NVO3 overlay, both L2 and L3 services can be
   offered. it is expected that existing fault and performance OAM
   facilities will be used. Sections 4.1. and 4.2.6.  below provide
   further discussion of additional fault and performance management
   issues to consider.

   As far as configuration is concerned, the DC environment is driven
   by the need to bring new services up rapidly and is typically very
   dynamic specifically in the context of virtualized services. It is
   therefore critical to automate the configuration of NVO3 services.








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3. Functional components

   This section decomposes the Network Virtualization architecture into
   functional components described in Figure 3 to make it easier to
   discuss solution options for these components.

3.1. Service Virtualization Components

3.1.1. Virtual Access Points (VAPs)

   Tenant Systems are connected to VNIs through Virtual Access Points
   (VAPs).

   VAPs can be physical ports or virtual ports identified through
   logical interface identifiers (e.g., VLAN ID, internal vSwitch
   Interface ID connected to a VM).

3.1.2. Virtual Network Instance (VNI)

   A VNI is a specific VN instance on an NVE. Each VNI defines a
   forwarding context that contains reachability information and
   policies.

3.1.3. Overlay Modules and VN Context

   Mechanisms for identifying each tenant service are required to allow
   the simultaneous overlay of multiple tenant services over the same
   underlay L3 network topology. In the data plane, each NVE, upon
   sending a tenant packet, must be able to encode the VN Context for
   the destination NVE in addition to the L3 tunneling information
   (e.g., source IP address identifying the source NVE and the
   destination IP address identifying the destination NVE, or MPLS
   label). This allows the destination NVE to identify the tenant
   service instance and therefore appropriately process and forward the
   tenant packet.

   The Overlay module provides tunneling overlay functions: tunnel
   initiation/termination as in the case of stateful tunnels (see
   Section 3.1.4), and/or simply encapsulation/decapsulation of frames
   from VAPs/L3 underlay.

   In a multi-tenant context, tunneling aggregates frames from/to
   different VNIs. Tenant identification and traffic demultiplexing are
   based on the VN Context identifier.

   The following approaches can be considered:



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   - VN Context identifier per Tenant: Globally unique (on a per-DC
      administrative domain) VN identifier used to identify the
      corresponding VNI. Examples of such identifiers in existing
      technologies are IEEE VLAN IDs and ISID tags that identify virtual
      L2 domains when using IEEE 802.1aq and IEEE 802.1ah, respectively.
      Note that multiple VN identifiers can belong to a tenant.

   - One VN Context identifier per VNI: Each VNI value is automatically
      generated by the egress NVE, or a control plane associated with
      that NVE, and usually distributed by a control plane protocol to
      all the related NVEs. An example of this approach is the use of
      per VRF MPLS labels in IP VPN [RFC4364]. The VNI value is
      therefore locally significant to the egress NVE.

   - One VN Context identifier per VAP: A value locally significant to
      an NVE is assigned and usually distributed by a control plane
      protocol to identify a VAP. An example of this approach is the use
      of per CE-PE MPLS labels in IP VPN [RFC4364].

   Note that when using one VN Context per VNI or per VAP, an
   additional global identifier (e.g., a VN identifier or name) may be
   used by the control plane to identify the Tenant context.

3.1.4. Tunnel Overlays and Encapsulation options

   Once the VN context identifier is added to the frame, an L3 Tunnel
   encapsulation is used to transport the frame to the destination NVE.

   Different IP tunneling options (e.g., GRE, L2TP, IPSec) and MPLS
   tunneling can be used. Tunneling could be stateless or stateful.
   Stateless tunneling simply entails the encapsulation of a tenant
   packet with another header necessary for forwarding the packet
   across the underlay (e.g., IP tunneling over an IP underlay).
   Stateful tunneling on the other hand entails maintaining tunneling
   state at the tunnel endpoints (i.e., NVEs). Tenant packets on an
   ingress NVE can then be transmitted over such tunnels to a
   destination (egress) NVE by encapsulating the packets with a
   corresponding tunneling header. The tunneling state at the endpoints
   may be configured or dynamically established. Solutions should
   specify the tunneling technology used, whether it is stateful or
   stateless. In this document, however, tunneling and tunneling
   encapsulation are used interchangeably to simply mean the
   encapsulation of a tenant packet with a tunneling header necessary
   to carry the packet between an ingress NVE and an egress NVE across
   the underlay. It should be noted that stateful tunneling, especially
   when configuration is involved, does impose management overhead and



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   scale constraints. When confidentiality is required, the use of
   opportunistic security [OPPSEC] can be used as a stateless tunneling
   solution.

3.1.5. Control Plane Components

3.1.5.1. Distributed vs Centralized Control Plane

   A control/management plane entity can be centralized or distributed.
   Both approaches have been used extensively in the past. The routing
   model of the Internet is a good example of a distributed approach.
   Transport networks have usually used a centralized approach to
   manage transport paths.

   It is also possible to combine the two approaches, i.e., using a
   hybrid model. A global view of network state can have many benefits
   but it does not preclude the use of distributed protocols within the
   network. Centralized models provide a facility to maintain global
   state, and distribute that state to the network. When used in
   combination with distributed protocols, greater network
   efficiencies, improved reliability and robustness can be achieved.
   Domain and/or deployment specific constraints define the balance
   between centralized and distributed approaches.

3.1.5.2. Auto-provisioning/Service discovery

   NVEs must be able to identify the appropriate VNI for each Tenant
   System. This is based on state information that is often provided by
   external entities. For example, in an environment where a VM is a
   Tenant System, this information is provided by VM orchestration
   systems, since these are the only entities that have visibility of
   which VM belongs to which tenant.

   A mechanism for communicating this information to the NVE is
   required. VAPs have to be created and mapped to the appropriate VNI.
   Depending upon the implementation, this control interface can be
   implemented using an auto-discovery protocol between Tenant Systems
   and their local NVE or through management entities. In either case,
   appropriate security and authentication mechanisms to verify that
   Tenant System information is not spoofed or altered are required.
   This is one critical aspect for providing integrity and tenant
   isolation in the system.

   NVEs may learn reachability information to VNIs on other NVEs via a
   control protocol that exchanges such information among NVEs, or via
   a management control entity.



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3.1.5.3. Address advertisement and tunnel mapping

   As traffic reaches an ingress NVE on a VAP, a lookup is performed to
   determine which NVE or local VAP the packet needs to be sent to. If
   the packet is to be sent to another NVE, the packet is encapsulated
   with a tunnel header containing the destination information
   (destination IP address or MPLS label) of the egress NVE.
   Intermediate nodes (between the ingress and egress NVEs) switch or
   route traffic based upon the tunnel destination information.

   A key step in the above process consists of identifying the
   destination NVE the packet is to be tunneled to. NVEs are
   responsible for maintaining a set of forwarding or mapping tables
   that hold the bindings between destination VM and egress NVE
   addresses. Several ways of populating these tables are possible:
   control plane driven, management plane driven, or data plane driven.

   When a control plane protocol is used to distribute address
   reachability and tunneling information, the auto-
   provisioning/Service discovery could be accomplished by the same
   protocol. In this scenario, the auto-provisioning/Service discovery
   could be combined with (be inferred from) the address advertisement
   and associated tunnel mapping. Furthermore, a control plane protocol
   that carries both MAC and IP addresses eliminates the need for ARP,
   and hence addresses one of the issues with explosive ARP handling as
   discussed in [RFC6820].

3.1.5.4. Overlay Tunneling

   For overlay tunneling, and dependent upon the tunneling technology
   used for encapsulating the Tenant System packets, it may be
   sufficient to have one or more local NVE addresses assigned and used
   in the source and destination fields of a tunneling encapsulation
   header. Other information that is part of the
   tunneling encapsulation header may also need to be configured. In
   certain cases, local NVE configuration may be sufficient while in
   other cases, some tunneling related information may need to
   be shared among NVEs. The information that needs to be shared will
   be technology dependent. For instance, potential information could
   include tunnel identity, encapsulation type, and/or tunnel
   resources. In certain cases, such as when using IP multicast in the
   underlay, tunnels which interconnect NVEs may need to be
   established. When tunneling information needs to be exchanged or
   shared among NVEs, a control plane protocol may be required. For
   instance, it may be necessary to provide active/standby status




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   information between NVEs, up/down status information,
   pruning/grafting information for multicast tunnels, etc.

   In addition, a control plane may be required to setup the tunnel
   path for some tunneling technologies. This applies to both unicast
   and multicast tunneling.

3.2. Multi-homing

   Multi-homing techniques can be used to increase the reliability of
   an NVO3 network. It is also important to ensure that physical
   diversity in an NVO3 network is taken into account to avoid single
   points of failure.

   Multi-homing can be enabled in various nodes, from Tenant Systems
   into ToRs, ToRs into core switches/routers, and core nodes into DC
   GWs.

   The NVO3 underlay nodes (i.e. from NVEs to DC GWs) rely on IP
   routing as the means to re-route traffic upon failures techniques or
   on MPLS re-rerouting capabilities.

   When a Tenant System is co-located with the NVE, the Tenant System
   is effectively single homed to the NVE via a virtual port. When the
   Tenant System and the NVE are separated, the Tenant System is
   connected to the NVE via a logical Layer2 (L2) construct such as a
   VLAN and it can be multi-homed to various NVEs. An NVE may provide
   an L2 service to the end system or an l3 service. An NVE may be
   multi-homed to a next layer in the DC at Layer2 (L2) or Layer3
   (L3). When an NVE provides an L2 service and is not co-located with
   the end system, loop avoidance techniques must be used. Similarly,
   when the NVE provides L3 service, similar dual-homing techniques can
   be used. When the NVE provides a L3 service to the end system, it is
   possible that no dynamic routing protocol is enabled between the end
   system and the NVE. The end system can be multi-homed to
   multiple physically-separated L3 NVEs over multiple interfaces. When
   one of the links connected to an NVE fails, the other interfaces can
   be used to reach the end system.

   External connectivity from a DC can be handled by two or more DC
   gateways. Each gateway provides access to external networks such as
   VPNs or the Internet. A gateway may be connected to two or more edge
   nodes in the external network for redundancy. When a connection to
   an upstream node is lost, the alternative connection is used and the
   failed route withdrawn.




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3.3. VM Mobility

   In DC environments utilizing VM technologies, an important feature
   is that VMs can move from one server to another server in the same
   or different L2 physical domains (within or across DCs) in a
   seamless manner.

   A VM can be moved from one server to another in stopped or suspended
   state ("cold" VM mobility) or in running/active state ("hot" VM
   mobility). With "hot" mobility, VM L2 and L3 addresses need to be
   preserved. With "cold" mobility, it may be desired to preserve at
   least VM L3 addresses.

   Solutions to maintain connectivity while a VM is moved are necessary
   in the case of "hot" mobility. This implies that connectivity among
   VMs is preserved. For instance, for L2 VNs, ARP caches are updated
   accordingly.

   Upon VM mobility, NVE policies that define connectivity among VMs
   must be maintained.

   During VM mobility, it is expected that the path to the VM's default
   gateway assures adequate QoS to VM applications, i.e. QoS that
   matches the expected service level agreement for these applications.

4. Key aspects of overlay networks

   The intent of this section is to highlight specific issues that
   proposed overlay solutions need to address.

4.1. Pros & Cons

   An overlay network is a layer of virtual network topology on top of
   the physical network.

   Overlay networks offer the following key advantages:

      - Unicast tunneling state management and association of Tenant
        Systems reachability are handled at the edge of the network (at
        the NVE). Intermediate transport nodes are unaware of such
        state. Note that when multicast is enabled in the underlay
        network to build multicast trees for tenant VNs, there would be
        more state related to tenants in the underlay core network.

      - Tunneling is used to aggregate traffic and hide tenant
        addresses from the underlay network, and hence offer the



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        advantage of minimizing the amount of forwarding state required
        within the underlay network

      - Decoupling of the overlay addresses (MAC and IP) used by VMs
        from the underlay network for tenant separation and separation
        of the tenant address spaces from the underlay address space.

      - Support of a large number of virtual network identifiers

   Overlay networks also create several challenges:

      - Overlay networks have typically no control of underlay networks
        and lack underlay network information (e.g. underlay
        utilization):

        - Overlay networks and/or their associated management entities
           typically probe the network to measure link or path
           properties, such as available bandwidth or packet loss rate.
           It is difficult to accurately evaluate network properties. It
           might be preferable for the underlay network to expose usage
           and performance information.
        - Miscommunication or lack of coordination between overlay and
           underlay networks can lead to an inefficient usage of network
           resources.
        - When multiple overlays co-exist on top of a common underlay
           network, the lack of coordination between overlays can lead
           to performance issues and/or resource usage inefficiencies.


      - Traffic carried over an overlay might fail to traverse
        firewalls and NAT devices.

      - Multicast service scalability: Multicast support may be
        required in the underlay network to address tenant flood
        containment or efficient multicast handling. The underlay may
        also be required to maintain multicast state on a per-tenant
        basis, or even on a per-individual multicast flow of a given
        tenant. Ingress replication at the NVE eliminates that
        additional multicast state in the underlay core, but depending
        on the multicast traffic volume, it may cause inefficient use
        of bandwidth.






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4.2. Overlay issues to consider

4.2.1. Data plane vs Control plane driven

   In the case of an L2 NVE, it is possible to dynamically learn MAC
   addresses against VAPs. It is also possible that such addresses be
   known and controlled via management or a control protocol for both
   L2 NVEs and L3 NVEs. Dynamic data plane learning implies that
   flooding of unknown destinations be supported and hence implies that
   broadcast and/or multicast be supported or that ingress replication
   be used as described in section 4.2.3. Multicasting in the underlay
   network for dynamic learning may lead to significant scalability
   limitations. Specific forwarding rules must be enforced to prevent
   loops from happening. This can be achieved using a spanning tree, a
   shortest path tree, or a split-horizon mesh.

   It should be noted that the amount of state to be distributed is
   dependent upon network topology and the number of virtual machines.
   Different forms of caching can also be utilized to minimize state
   distribution between the various elements. The control plane should
   not require an NVE to maintain the locations of all the Tenant
   Systems whose VNs are not present on the NVE. The use of a control
   plane does not imply that the data plane on NVEs has to maintain all
   the forwarding state in the control plane.

4.2.2. Coordination between data plane and control plane

   For an L2 NVE, the NVE needs to be able to determine MAC addresses
   of the Tenant Systems connected via a VAP. This can be achieved via
   dataplane learning or a control plane. For an L3 NVE, the NVE needs
   to be able to determine IP addresses of the Tenant Systems connected
   via a VAP.

   In both cases, coordination with the NVE control protocol is needed
   such that when the NVE determines that the set of addresses behind a
   VAP has changed, it triggers the NVE control plane to distribute
   this information to its peers.



4.2.3. Handling Broadcast, Unknown Unicast and Multicast (BUM) traffic

   There are several options to support packet replication needed for
   broadcast, unknown unicast and multicast. Typical methods include:

   - Ingress replication



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   - Use of underlay multicast trees

   There is a bandwidth vs state trade-off between the two approaches.
   Depending upon the degree of replication required (i.e. the number
   of hosts per group) and the amount of multicast state to maintain,
   trading bandwidth for state should be considered.

   When the number of hosts per group is large, the use of underlay
   multicast trees may be more appropriate. When the number of hosts is
   small (e.g. 2-3) and/or the amount of multicast traffic is small,
   ingress replication may not be an issue.

   Depending upon the size of the data center network and hence the
   number of (S,G) entries, and also the duration of multicast flows,
   the use of underlay multicast trees can be a challenge.

   When flows are well known, it is possible to pre-provision such
   multicast trees. However, it is often difficult to predict
   application flows ahead of time, and hence programming of (S,G)
   entries for short-lived flows could be impractical.

   A possible trade-off is to use in the underlay shared multicast
   trees as opposed to dedicated multicast trees.

4.2.4. Path MTU

   When using overlay tunneling, an outer header is added to the
   original frame. This can cause the MTU of the path to the egress
   tunnel endpoint to be exceeded.

   It is usually not desirable to rely on IP fragmentation for
   performance reasons. Ideally, the interface MTU as seen by a Tenant
   System is adjusted such that no fragmentation is needed.

   It is possible for the MTU to be configured manually or to be
   discovered dynamically. Various Path MTU discovery techniques exist
   in order to determine the proper MTU size to use:

   - Classical ICMP-based MTU Path Discovery [RFC1191] [RFC1981]

     - Tenant Systems rely on ICMP messages to discover the MTU of the
        end-to-end path to its destination. This method is not always
        possible, such as when traversing middle boxes (e.g. firewalls)
        which disable ICMP for security reasons





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   - Extended MTU Path Discovery techniques such as defined in
      [RFC4821]

     - Tenant Systems send probe packets of different sizes, and rely
        on confirmation of receipt or lack thereof from receivers to
        allow a sender to discover the MTU of the end-to-end paths.

   While it could also be possible to rely on the NVE to perform
   segmentation and reassembly operations without relying on the Tenant
   Systems to know about the end-to-end MTU, this would lead to
   undesired performance and congestion issues as well as significantly
   increase the complexity of hardware NVEs required for buffering and
   reassembly logic.

   Preferably, the underlay network should be designed in such a way
   that the MTU can accommodate the extra tunneling and possibly
   additional NVO3 header encapsulation overhead.

4.2.5. NVE location trade-offs

   In the case of DC traffic, traffic originated from a VM is native
   Ethernet traffic. This traffic can be switched by a local virtual
   switch or ToR switch and then by a DC gateway. The NVE function can
   be embedded within any of these elements.

   There are several criteria to consider when deciding where the NVE
   function should happen:

   - Processing and memory requirements

     - Datapath (e.g. lookups, filtering, encapsulation/decapsulation)

     - Control plane processing (e.g. routing, signaling, OAM) and
        where specific control plane functions should be enabled

   - FIB/RIB size

   - Multicast support

     - Routing/signaling protocols

     - Packet replication capability

     - Multicast FIB

   - Fragmentation support



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   - QoS support (e.g. marking, policing, queuing)

   - Resiliency

4.2.6. Interaction between network overlays and underlays

   When multiple overlays co-exist on top of a common underlay network,
   resources (e.g., bandwidth) should be provisioned to ensure that
   traffic from overlays can be accommodated and QoS objectives can be
   met. Overlays can have partially overlapping paths (nodes and
   links).

   Each overlay is selfish by nature. It sends traffic so as to
   optimize its own performance without considering the impact on other
   overlays, unless the underlay paths are traffic engineered on a per
   overlay basis to avoid congestion of underlay resources.

   Better visibility between overlays and underlays, or generally
   coordination in placing overlay demand on an underlay network, may
   be achieved by providing mechanisms to exchange performance and
   liveliness information between the underlay and overlay(s) or the
   use of such information by a coordination system. Such information
   may include:

   - Performance metrics (throughput, delay, loss, jitter) such as
      defined in [RFC3148], [RFC2679], [RFC2680], and [RFC3393].

   - Cost metrics

5. Security Considerations

   There are three points-of-view when considering security for NVO3.
   First, the service offered by a service provider via NVO3 technology
   to a tenant must meet the mutually agreed security requirements.
   Second, a network implementing NVO3 must be able to trust the
   virtual network identity associated with packets received from a
   tenant. Third, an NVO3 network must consider the security associated
   with running as an overlay across the underlaying network.

   To meet a tenant's security requirements, the NVO3 service must
   deliver packets from the tenant to the indicated destination(s) in
   the overlay network and external networks. The NVO3 service
   provides data confidentiality through data separation. The use of
   both VNIs and tunneling of tenant traffic by NVEs ensures that NVO3
   data is kept in a separate context and thus separated from other
   tenant traffic. The infrastructure supporting an NVO3 service (e.g.



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   management systems, NVEs, NVAs, and intermediate underlay networks)
   should be limited to authorized access so that data integrity can be
   expected. If a tenant requires that its data be confidential, then
   the tenant system may choose to encrypt its data before transmission
   into the NVO3 service.

   An NVO3 service must be able to verify the VNI received on a packet
   from the tenant.  To ensure this, not only tenant data but also NVO3
   control data must be secured (e.g. control traffic between NVAs and
   NVEs, between NVAs and between NVEs).  Since NVEs and NVAs play a
   central role in NVO3, it is critical that a secure access to NVEs
   and NVAs be ensured such that no unauthorized access is possible. As
   discussed in section 3.1.5.2. , Tenant Systems identification is
   based upon state that is often provided by management systems (e.g.
   a VM orchestration system in a virtualized environment). Secure
   access to such management systems must also be ensured. When an NVE
   receives data from a Tenant System, the tenant identity needs to be
   verified in order to guarantee that it is authorized to access the
   corresponding VN. This can be achieved by identifying incoming
   packets against specific VAPs in some cases. In other circumstances,
   authentication may be necessary.  Once this verification is done,
   the packet is allowed into the NVO3 overlay and no integrity
   protection is provided on the overlay packet encapsulation (e.g. the
   VNI, destination VNE, etc.).

   Since an NVO3 service can run across diverse underlay networks, when
   the underlay network is not trusted to provide at least data
   integrity, data encryption is needed to assure correct packet
   delivery.

   It is also desirable to restrict the types of information (e.g.
   topology information, such as discussed in Section 4.2.6) that can
   be exchanged between an NVO3 service and underlaying networks based
   upon their agreed security requirements.

6. IANA Considerations

   IANA does not need to take any action for this draft.

7. References

7.1. Informative References

   [EVPN]    Sajassi, A. et al, "BGP MPLS Based Ethernet VPN", draft-
             ietf-l2vpn-evpn (work in progress)




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   [NVOPS]   Narten, T. et al, "Problem Statement : Overlays for
             Network Virtualization", draft-ietf-nvo3-overlay-problem-
             statement (work in progress)

   [OPPSEC]  Dukhovni, V. "Opportunistic Security: some protection most
             of the time", draft-dukhovni-opportunistic-security (work
             in progress)

   [RFC1191] Mogul, J. "Path MTU Discovery", RFC1191, November 1990

   [RFC1981] McCann, J. et al, "Path MTU Discovery for IPv6", RFC1981,
             August 1996

   [RFC2679] Almes, G. et al, "A One-way Delay Metric for IPPM",
             RFC2679, September 1999

   [RFC2680] Almes, G. et al, "A One-way Packet Loss Metric for IPPM",
             RFC2680, September 1999

   [RFC3148] Mathis, M. et al, "A Framework for Defining Empirical Bulk
             Transfer Capacity Metrics", RFC3148, July 2001

   [RFC3393] Demichelis, C. and Chimeto, P., "IP Packet Delay Variation
             Metric for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)", RFC3393,
             November 2002

   [RFC4364] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
             Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006.

   [RFC4761] Kompella, K. et al, "Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)
             Using BGP for auto-discovery and Signaling", RFC4761,
             January 2007

   [RFC4762] Lasserre, M. et al, "Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)
             Using Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) Signaling",
             RFC4762, January 2007

   [RFC4821] Mathis, M. et al, "Packetization Layer Path MTU
             Discovery", RFC4821, March 2007

   [RFC6820] Narten, T. et al, "Address Resolution Problems in Large
             Data Center Networks", RFC6820, January 2013







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8. Acknowledgments

   In addition to the authors the following people have contributed to
   this document:

   Dimitrios Stiliadis, Rotem Salomonovitch, Lucy Yong, Thomas Narten,
   Larry Kreeger, David Black.

   This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.



Authors' Addresses

   Marc Lasserre
   Alcatel-Lucent
   Email: marc.lasserre@alcatel-lucent.com

   Florin Balus
   Alcatel-Lucent
   777 E. Middlefield Road
   Mountain View, CA, USA 94043
   Email: florin.balus@alcatel-lucent.com

   Thomas Morin
   France Telecom Orange
   Email: thomas.morin@orange.com

   Nabil Bitar
   Verizon
   40 Sylvan Road
   Waltham, MA 02145
   Email: nabil.bitar@verizon.com

   Yakov Rekhter
   Juniper
   Email: yakov@juniper.net











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