Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-nfsv4-rfc5661-msns-update

draft-ietf-nfsv4-rfc5661-msns-update







NFSv4                                                     D. Noveck, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                    NetApp
Updates: 5661 (if approved)                                     C. Lever
Intended status: Standards Track                                  ORACLE
Expires: October 18, 2019                                 April 16, 2019


           NFS Version 4.1 Update for Multi-Server Namespace
                draft-ietf-nfsv4-rfc5661-msns-update-00

Abstract

   This document presents necessary clarifications and corrections
   concerning features related to the use of attributes in NFSv4.1
   related to file system location.  These revised features include
   migration, which transfers responsibility for a file system from one
   server to another, and include facilities to support trunking by
   allowing discovery of the set of network addresses to use to access a
   file system.  This document updates RFC5661.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 18, 2019.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must



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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Summary of Issues Addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.3.  Relationship of this Document to [RFC5661]  . . . . . . .  11
     3.4.  Compatibility Issues  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   4.  Revised Preparatory Sections  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     4.1.  Updated Section 1.7.3.3 of [RFC5661]       to be retitled
           "Introduction to Multi-Server Namespace"  . . . . . . . .  14
     4.2.  Updated Section 2.10.4 of [RFC5661]              entitled
           "Server Scope"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     4.3.  Updated Section 2.10.5 of [RFC5661]              entitled
           "Trunking"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       4.3.1.  Updated Section 2.10.5.1 of [RFC5661]        entitled
               "Verifying Claims of Matching Server Identity"  . . .  19
   5.  Replacement for Section 11 of [RFC5661]              entitled
       "Multi-Server Namespace"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     5.1.  New section to be added as the first sub-section of
           Section 11 of [RFC5661]                    to be entitled
           "Terminology Related to File System Location" . . . . . .  21
     5.2.  Replacement for Section 11.1 of [RFC5661]  to be retitled
           "File System Location Attributes" . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     5.3.  Transferred Section 11.2 of [RFC5661]      to be entitled
           "File System Presence or Absence" . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     5.4.  Transferred Section 11.3 of [RFC5661]            entitled
           "Getting Attributes for an Absent File System"  . . . . .  25
       5.4.1.  GETATTR within an Absent File System (transferred
               section)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       5.4.2.  READDIR and Absent File Systems (transferred section)  26



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     5.5.  Updated Section 11.4 of [RFC5661]          to be retitled
           "Uses of File System Location Information"  . . . . . . .  27
       5.5.1.  New section to be added as the first sub-section of
               Section 11.4 of [RFC5661]              to be entitled
               "Combining Multiple Uses in a Single Attribute" . . .  28
       5.5.2.  New section to be added as the second sub-section of
               Section 11.4 of [RFC5661]              to be entitled
               "File System Location Attributes and Trunking"  . . .  29
       5.5.3.  New section to be added as the third sub-section of
               Section 11.4 of [RFC5661]              to be entitled
               "File System Location Attributes and Connection Type
               Selection"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       5.5.4.  Updated Section 11.4.1 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "File System Replication" . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       5.5.5.  Updated Section 11.4.2 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "File System Migration" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       5.5.6.  Updated Section 11.4.3 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "Referrals" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       5.5.7.  New section to be added after Section 11.4.3 of
               [RFC5661]                              to be entitled
               "Changes in a File System Location Attribute" . . . .  33
     5.6.  Transferred Section 11.6 of [RFC5661]            entitled
           "Additional Client-Side Considerations" . . . . . . . . .  34
     5.7.  New section to be added after Section 11.6 of [RFC5661]
           to be entitled "Overview of File Access Transitions"  . .  35
     5.8.  New section to be added second after Section 11.6 of
           [RFC5661]                                  to be entitled
           "Effecting Network Endpoint Transitions"  . . . . . . . .  35
     5.9.  Updated Section 11.7 of [RFC5661]                entitled
           "Effecting File System Transitions" . . . . . . . . . . .  36
       5.9.1.  Updated Section 11.7.1 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "File System Transitions and Simultaneous Access" . .  37
       5.9.2.  Updated Section 11.7.3 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "Filehandles and File System Transitions" . . . . . .  38
       5.9.3.  Updated Section 11.7.4 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "Fileids and File System Transitions" . . . . . . . .  38
       5.9.4.  Updated section 11.7.5 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "Fsids and File System Transitions" . . . . . . . . .  40
       5.9.5.  Updated Section 11.7.6 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "The Change Attribute and File System Transitions"  .  40
       5.9.6.  Updated Section 11.7.8 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "Write Verifiers and File System Transitions" . . . .  41
       5.9.7.  Updated Section 11.7.9 of [RFC5661]          entitled
               "Readdir Cookies and Verifiers and File System
               Transitions)" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
       5.9.8.  Updated Section 11.7.10                      entitled
               "File System Data and File System Transitions"  . . .  42
       5.9.9.  Updated Section 11.7.7                       entitled



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               "Lock State and File System Transitions"  . . . . . .  43
     5.10. New section to be added after Section 11.7 of [RFC5661]
           to be entitled "Transferring State upon Migration"  . . .  45
       5.10.1.  Only sub-section within new section to be added to
                [RFC5661]                             to be entitled
                "Transparent State Migration and pNFS" . . . . . . .  46
     5.11. New section to be added second after Section 11.7 of
           [RFC5661]                                  to be entitled
           "Client Responsibilities when Access is Transitioned" . .  47
       5.11.1.  First sub-section within new section to be added to
                [RFC5661]                             to be entitled
                "Client Transition Notifications"  . . . . . . . . .  48
       5.11.2.  Second sub-section within new section to be added to
                [RFC5661]                             to be entitled
                "Performing Migration Discovery" . . . . . . . . . .  50
       5.11.3.  Third sub-section within new section to be added to
                [RFC5661]                             to be entitled
                "Overview of Client Response to NFS4ERR_MOVED" . . .  52
       5.11.4.  Fourth sub-section within new section to be added to
                [RFC5661]                             to be entitled
                "Obtaining Access to Sessions and State after
                Migration" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
       5.11.5.  Fifth sub-section within new section to be added to
                [RFC5661]                             to be entitled
                "Obtaining Access to Sessions and State after
                Network Address Transfer"  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     5.12. New section to be added third after Section 11.7 of
           [RFC5661]                                  to be entitled
           "Server Responsibilities Upon Migration"  . . . . . . . .  57
       5.12.1.  First sub-section within new section to be added to
                [RFC5661]                             to be entitled
                "Server Responsibilities in Effecting State Reclaim
                after Migration" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       5.12.2.  Second sub-section within new section to be added to
                [RFC5661]                             to be entitled
                "Server Responsibilities in Effecting Transparent
                State Migration" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
       5.12.3.  Third sub-section within new section to be added to
                [RFC5661]                             to be entitled
                "Server Responsibilities in Effecting Session
                Transfer"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
     5.13. Transferred Section 11.8 of [RFC5661]            entitled
           "Effecting File System Referrals" . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
       5.13.1.  Referral Example (LOOKUP) (transferred section)  . .  63
       5.13.2.  Referral Example (READDIR) (transferred section) . .  67
     5.14. Transferred Section 11.9 of [RFC5661]"           entitled
           "The Attribute fs_locations"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     5.15. Updated Section 11.10 of [RFC5661]               entitled



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           "The Attribute fs_locations_info" . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
       5.15.1.  Updated section 11.10.1 of [RFC5661]        entitled
                "The fs_locations_server4 Structure" . . . . . . . .  76
       5.15.2.  Updated Section 11.10.2 of [RFC5661]        entitled
                "The fs_locations_info4 Structure" . . . . . . . . .  83
       5.15.3.  Updated Section 11.10.3 of [RFC5661]        entitled
                "The fs_locations_item4 Structure" . . . . . . . . .  84
     5.16. Transferred Section 11.11 of [RFC5661]"          entitled
           "The Attribute fs_status" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
   6.  Revised Error Definitions within [RFC5661]  . . . . . . . . .  90
     6.1.  Added Initial subsection of Section 15.1 of [RFC5661]
           entitled "Overall Error Table"  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     6.2.  Updated Section 15.1.2.4 of [RFC5661]            entitled
           "NFS4ERR_MOVED (Error Code 10013)"  . . . . . . . . . . .  93
     6.3.  Updated Section 15.1.9 of [RFC5661]              entitled
           "Reclaim Errors"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
   7.  Revised Operations within [RFC5661] . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95
     7.1.  Updated Section 18.35 of [RFC5661]               entitled
           "Operation 42: EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Client ID" . . .  95
     7.2.  Updated Section 18.51 of [RFC5661]               entitled
           "Operation 58: RECLAIM_COMPLETE - Indicates Reclaims
           Finished" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
   Appendix A.  Classification of Document Sections  . . . . . . . . 121
   Appendix B.  Revisions Made to [RFC5661]  . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
     B.1.  Revisions Made to Section 11 of [RFC5661] . . . . . . . . 123
     B.2.  Revisions Made to Operations in RFC5661 . . . . . . . . . 127
     B.3.  Revisions Made to Error Definitions in [RFC5661]  . . . . 129
     B.4.  Other Revisions Made to [RFC5661] . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
   Appendix C.  Disposition of Sections Within [RFC5661] . . . . . . 130
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

1.  Introduction

   This document defines the proper handling, within NFSv4.1, of the
   attributes related to file system location (fs_locations and
   fs_locations_info) and how necessary changes in those attributes are
   to be dealt with.  It supersedes the treatment of these issues that
   appeared in Section 11 of [RFC5661].  The necessary corrections and
   clarifications parallel those done for NFSv4.0 in [RFC7931] and
   [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-mv0-trunking-update].





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   A large part of the changes to be made are necessary to clarify the
   handling of Transparent State Migration in NFSv4.1, which was not
   described in [RFC5661].  In addition, many of the issues dealt with
   in [RFC7931] for NFSv4.0 need to be addressed in the context of
   NFSv4.1.

   Another important issue to be dealt with concerns the handling of
   multiple entries within attributes related to file system locations
   that represent different ways to access the same file system.
   Unfortunately, [RFC5661] while recognizing that these entries can
   represent different ways to access the same file system, confuses the
   matter by treating network access paths as "replicas", making it
   difficult for these attributes to be used to obtain information about
   the network addresses to be used to access particular file system
   instances and engendering confusion between two different sorts of
   transition: those involving a change of network access paths to the
   same file system instance and those in which there is a shift between
   two distinct replicas.

   This document supplements facilities related to trunking, introduced
   in [RFC5661].  For some important terminology regarding trunking, see
   Section 3.1.  When file system location information is used to
   determine the set of network addresses to access a particular file
   system instance (i.e. to perform trunking discovery), clarification
   is needed regarding the interaction of trunking and transitions
   between file system replicas, including migration.  Unfortunately
   [RFC5661], while it provided a method of determining whether two
   network addresses were connected to the same server, did not address
   the issue of trunking discovery, making it necessary to address it in
   this document.

2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Preliminaries

3.1.  Terminology

   While most of the terms related to multi-server namespace issues are
   appropriately defined in the section replacing Section 11 in
   [RFC5661] and appear in Section 5.1 below, there are a number of
   terms used outside that context that are explained here.




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   In this document, the phrase "client ID" always refers to the 64-bit
   shorthand identifier assigned by the server (a clientid4) and never
   to the structure which the client uses to identify itself to the
   server (called an nfs_client_id4 or client_owner in NFSv4.0 and
   NFSv4.1 respectively).  The opaque identifier within those structures
   is referred to as a "client id string".

   It is particularly important to clarify the distinction between
   trunking detection and trunking discovery.  The definitions we
   present will be applicable to all minor versions of NFSv4, but we
   will put particular emphasis on how these terms apply to NFS version
   4.1.

   o  Trunking detection refers to ways of deciding whether two specific
      network addresses are connected to the same NFSv4 server.  The
      means available to make this determination depends on the protocol
      version, and, in some cases, on the client implementation.

      In the case of NFS version 4.1 and later minor versions, the means
      of trunking detection are as described by [RFC5661] and are
      available to every client.  Two network addresses connected to the
      same server are always server-trunkable but cannot necessarily be
      used together to access a single session.

   o  Trunking discovery is a process by which a client using one
      network address can obtain other addresses that are connected to
      the same server.  Typically, it builds on a trunking detection
      facility by providing one or more methods by which candidate
      addresses are made available to the client who can then use
      trunking detection to appropriately filter them.

      Despite the support for trunking detection there was no
      description of trunking discovery provided in [RFC5661].

   Regarding network addresses and the handling of trunking we use the
   following terminology:

   o  Each NFSv4 server is assumed to have a set of IP addresses to
      which NFSv4 requests may be sent by clients.  These are referred
      to as the server's network addresses.  Access to a specific server
      network address may involve the use of multiple ports, since the
      ports to be used for various types of connections might be
      required to be different.

   o  Each network address, when combined with a pathname providing the
      location of a file system root directory relative to the
      associated server root file handle, defines a file system network
      access path.



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   o  Server network addresses are used to establish connections to
      servers which may be of a number of connection types.  Separate
      connection types are used to support NFSv4 layered on top of the
      RPC stream transport as described in [RFC5531] and on top of RPC-
      over-RDMA as described in [RFC8166].

   o  The combination of a server network address and a particular
      connection type to be used by a connection is referred to as a
      "server endpoint".  Although using different connection types may
      result in different ports being used, the use of different ports
      by multiple connections to the same network address is not the
      essence of the distinction between the two endpoints used.

   o  Two network addresses connected to the same server are said to be
      server-trunkable.  Two such addresses support the use of clientid
      ID trunking, as described in [RFC5661].

   o  Two network addresses connected to the same server such that those
      addresses can be used to support a single common session are
      referred to as session-trunkable.  Note that two addresses may be
      server-trunkable without being session-trunkable and that when two
      connections of different connection types are made to the same
      network address and are based on a single file system location
      entry they are always session-trunkable, independent of the
      connection type, as specified by [RFC5661], since their derivation
      from the same file system location entry together with the
      identity of their network addresses assures that both connections
      are to the same server and will return server-owner information
      allowing session trunking to be used.

   Discussion of the term "replica" is complicated for a number of
   reasons:

   o  Even though the term is used in explaining the issues in [RFC5661]
      that need to be addressed in this document, a full explanation of
      this term requires explanation of related terms connected to the
      file system location attributes which are provided in Section 5.1
      of the current document.

   o  The term is also used in [RFC5661], with a meaning different from
      that in the current document.  In short, in [RFC5661] each replica
      is identified by a single network access path while, in the
      current document a set of network access paths which have server-
      trunkable network addresses and the same root-relative file system
      pathname is considered to be a single replica with multiple
      network access paths.





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3.2.  Summary of Issues Addressed

   This document explains how clients and servers are to determine the
   particular network access paths to be used to access a file system.
   This includes describing how changes to the specific replica to be
   used or to the set of addresses to be used to access it are to be
   dealt with, and how transfers of responsibility that need to be made
   can be dealt with transparently.  This includes cases in which there
   is a shift between one replica and another and those in which
   different network access paths are used to access the same replica.

   As a result of the following problems in [RFC5661], it is necessary
   to provide the specific updates which are made by this document.
   These updates are described in Appendix B

   o  [RFC5661], while it dealt with situations in which various forms
      of clustering allowed co-ordination of the state assigned by co-
      operating servers to be used, made no provisions for Transparent
      State Migration, as introduced by [RFC7530] and corrected and
      clarified by [RFC7931].

   o  Although NFSv4.1 was defined with a clear definition of how
      trunking detection was to be done, there was no clear
      specification of how trunking discovery was to be done, despite
      the fact that the specification clearly indicated that this
      information could be made available via the file system location
      attributes.

   o  Because the existence of multiple network access paths to the same
      file system was dealt with as if there were multiple replicas,
      issues relating to transitions between replicas could never be
      clearly distinguished from trunking-related transitions between
      the addresses used to access a particular file system instance.
      As a result, in situations in which both migration and trunking
      configuration changes were involved, neither of these could be
      clearly dealt with and the relationship between these two features
      was not seriously addressed.

   o  Because use of two network access paths to the same file system
      instance (i.e. trunking) was often treated as if two replicas were
      involved, it was considered that two replicas were being used
      simultaneously.  As a result, the treatment of replicas being used
      simultaneously in [RFC5661] was not clear as it covered the two
      distinct cases of a single file system instance being accessed by
      two different network access paths and two replicas being accessed
      simultaneously, with the limitations of the latter case not being
      clearly laid out.




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   The majority of the consequences of these issues are dealt with by
   presenting in Section 5 below, a replacement for Section 11 within
   [RFC5661].  This replacement modifies existing sub-sections within
   that section and adds new ones, as described in Appendix B.1.  Also,
   some existing sections are deleted.  These changes were made in order
   to:

   o  Reorganize the description so that the case of two network access
      paths to the same file system instance needs to be distinguished
      clearly from the case of two different replicas since, in the
      former case, locking state is shared and there also can be sharing
      of session state.

   o  Provide a clear statement regarding the desirability of
      transparent transfer of state between replicas together with a
      recommendation that either that or a single-fs grace period be
      provided.

   o  Specifically delineate how such transfers are to be dealt with by
      the client, taking into account the differences from the treatment
      in [RFC7931] made necessary by the major protocol changes made in
      NFSv4.1.

   o  Provide discussion of the relationship between transparent state
      transfer and Parallel NFS (pNFS).

   o  Provide clarification of the fs_locations_info attribute in order
      to specify which portions of the information provided apply to a
      specific network access path and which to the replica which that
      path is used to access.

   In addition, there are also updates to other sections of [RFC5661],
   where the consequences of the incorrect assumptions underlying the
   current treatment of multi-server namespace issues also need to be
   corrected.  These are to be dealt with as described in Sections B.2
   through B.4 of the current document.

   o  A revised introductory section regarding multi-server namespace
      facilities is provided.

   o  A more realistic treatment of server scope is provided, which
      reflects the more limited co-ordination of locking state adopted
      by servers actually sharing a common server scope.

   o  Some confusing text regarding changes in server_owner has been
      clarified.





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   o  The description of some existing errors has been modified to more
      clearly explain certain errors situations to reflect the existence
      of trunking and the possible use of fs-specific grace periods.
      For details, see Appendix B.3.

   o  New descriptions of certain existing operations are provided,
      either because the existing treatment did not account for
      situations that would arise in dealing with transparent state
      migration, or because some types of reclaim issues were not
      adequately dealt with in the context of fs-specific grace periods.
      For details, see Appendix B.3.

3.3.  Relationship of this Document to [RFC5661]

   The role of this document is to explain and specify a set of needed
   changes to [RFC5661].  All of these changes are related to the multi-
   server namespace features of NFSv4.1.

   This document contains sections that provide additions to and other
   modifications of [RFC5661] as well as others that explain the reasons
   for modifications but do not directly affect existing specifications.

   In consequence, the sections of this document can be divided into
   five groups based on how they relate to the eventual updating of the
   NFSv4.1 specification.  Once the update is published, NFSv4.1 will be
   specified by two documents that need to be read together, until such
   time as a consolidated specification is produced.

   o  Explanatory sections do not contain any material that is meant to
      update the specification of NFSv4.1.  Such sections may contain
      explanations about why and how changes are to be done, without
      including any text that is to update [RFC5661] or appear in an
      eventual consolidated document.

   o  Replacement sections contain text that is to replace and thus
      supersede text within [RFC5661] and then appear in an eventual
      consolidated document.  The titles of replacement sections
      indicate the section(s) within [RFC5661] that is to be replaced.

   o  Additional sections contain text which, although not replacing
      anything in [RFC5661], will be part of the specification of
      NFSv4.1 and will be expected to be part of an eventual
      consolidated document.  The titles of additional sections indicate
      where, within [RFC5661], the new section would appear.

   o  Transferred sections contain text which reproduces that from a
      corresponding section of [RFC5661].  Such sections are reproduced
      in this document, to avoid the need for the reader to continually



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      switch between this document and [RFC5661] in reading about a
      particular topic.  Many subsections within Section 5 are of this
      type.  The titles of transferred sections typically indicate the
      source within [RFC5661], of the transferred material.  An
      exception is the case transferred sub-sections of a transferred
      section where the title only notes that the subsection is
      transferred.

   o  Editing sections contain some text that replaces text within
      [RFC5661], although the entire section will not consist of such
      text and will include other text as well.  Such sections make
      relatively minor adjustments in the existing NFSv4.1 specification
      which are expected to be reflected in an eventual consolidated
      document.  Generally, such replacement text appears in the form of
      a quotation, which may be rendered as an indented set of
      paragraphs.

   See Appendix A for a classification of the sections of this document
   according to the categories above.

   Overall, explanatory sections explain why the document makes the
   changes it does to the specification of NFSv4.1 in [RFC5661] while
   the other section types are used to specify how the specification of
   NFSv4.1 will be changed.  While the details of that process are
   described in Appendix B, the following summarizes the necessary
   changes:

   o  Section 4 provides replacements for preparatory sections important
      to establish the background for and updated treatment of issues
      related to multi-server namespace.

   o  Section 5 provides a complete replacement for Section 11 of
      [RFC5661].  This replacement is necessary to adapt the section to
      the existence of trunking with the multi-server namespace, to
      describe transparent state migration and session migration and to
      clarify how continuity of locking state is to be provided in the
      absence of transparent state migration.

   o  Section 6 provides updated descriptions of errors affected by the
      changes made in this document.

   o  Section 7 provides updated descriptions of two operations affected
      by the changes made in this document.

   o  Section 8 describes the changes to Section 21 of [RFC5661] (i.e.
      the Security Considerations Section) made necessary by the other
      changes in this document.




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   When this document is approved and published, [RFC5661] would be
   significantly updated as described above with most of the changed
   sections appearing within the current Section 11 of that document.  A
   detailed discussion of how this affects each section of [RFC5661] can
   be found in Appendix C.

3.4.  Compatibility Issues

   Because of the extensive modification to the specification for an
   existing protocol, proper attention to compatibility issues is
   needed.  In general, the following, besides the fact that no XDR
   changes have been made, are the main reasons that compatibility
   issues have been avoided.

   o  The addition of explicit reference to the fact that network
      addresses presented within location entries can provide the
      clients with candidates for trunking, while not mentioned in
      [RFC5661], is not incompatible with anything specified there.
      This is because in situation in which there are multiple addresses
      by which a server could be reached, these addresses would be
      presented within additional location entries, even though the
      earlier document would erroneously present these as additional
      "replicas" which might be migrated to or used simultaneously with
      those at other addresses that are trunkable with them.

   o  Many of the facilities described here, such as transparent state
      migration and session migration are clearly specified as optional,
      with it being made clear how clients can be aware of this server
      functionality.  As a result, clients previously unaware of these
      facilities will not look for them and not use them while all
      clients will be able to see that they are not provided by servers
      unaware of them.

   o  In cases such as the handling of server scope in which [RFC5661]
      specified a level of inter-server co-operation, which is,
      practically speaking, impossible to achieve, the necessary
      correction cannot give rise to compatibility issues.  This is
      because clients could not rely on these assurances, since they
      could not be realized.

4.  Revised Preparatory Sections

   A number of sections appearing early in [RFC5661] require revisions
   to provide need clarification and to be compatible with changes
   needed in this document.  The reasons for these revisions are
   discussed in Appendix B.4





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4.1.  Updated Section 1.7.3.3 of [RFC5661] to be retitled "Introduction
      to Multi-Server Namespace"

   NFSv4.1 contains a number of features to allow implementation of
   namespaces that cross server boundaries and that allow and facilitate
   a non-disruptive transfer of support for individual file systems
   between servers.  They are all based upon attributes that allow one
   file system to specify alternate, additional, and new location
   information that specifies how the client may access that file
   system.

   These attributes can be used to provide for individual active file
   systems:

   o  Alternate network addresses to access the current file system
      instance.

   o  The locations of alternate file system instances or replicas to be
      used in the event that the current file system instance becomes
      unavailable.

   These file system location attributes may be used together with the
   concept of absent file systems, in which a position in the server
   namespace is associated with locations on other servers without there
   being any corresponding file system instance on the current server.

   o  These attributes may be used with absent file systems to implement
      referrals whereby one server may direct the client to a file
      system provided by another server.  This allows extensive multi-
      server namespaces to be constructed.

   o  These attributes may be provided when a previously present file
      system becomes absent.  This allows non-disruptive migration of
      file systems to alternate servers.

4.2.  Updated Section 2.10.4 of [RFC5661] entitled "Server Scope"

   Servers each specify a server scope value in the form of an opaque
   string eir_server_scope returned as part of the results of an
   EXCHANGE_ID operation.  The purpose of the server scope is to allow a
   group of servers to indicate to clients that a set of servers sharing
   the same server scope value has arranged to use compatible values of
   otherwise opaque identifiers.  Thus, the identifiers generated by two
   servers within that set can be assumed compatible so that, in some
   cases, identifiers generated by one server in that set that set may
   be presented to another server of the same scope.





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   The use of such compatible values does not imply that a value
   generated by one server will always be accepted by another.  In most
   cases, it will not.  However, a server will not accept a value
   generated by another inadvertently.  When it does accept it, it will
   be because it is recognized as valid and carrying the same meaning as
   on another server of the same scope.

   When servers are of the same server scope, this compatibility of
   values applies to the following identifiers:

   o  Filehandle values.  A filehandle value accepted by two servers of
      the same server scope denotes the same object.  A WRITE operation
      sent to one server is reflected immediately in a READ sent to the
      other.

   o  Server owner values.  When the server scope values are the same,
      server owner value may be validly compared.  In cases where the
      server scope values are different, server owner values are treated
      as different even if they contain identical strings of bytes.

   The coordination among servers required to provide such compatibility
   can be quite minimal, and limited to a simple partition of the ID
   space.  The recognition of common values requires additional
   implementation, but this can be tailored to the specific situations
   in which that recognition is desired.

   Clients will have occasion to compare the server scope values of
   multiple servers under a number of circumstances, each of which will
   be discussed under the appropriate functional section:

   o  When server owner values received in response to EXCHANGE_ID
      operations sent to multiple network addresses are compared for the
      purpose of determining the validity of various forms of trunking,
      as described in Section 5.5.2 of the current document.

   o  When network or server reconfiguration causes the same network
      address to possibly be directed to different servers, with the
      necessity for the client to determine when lock reclaim should be
      attempted, as described in Section 8.4.2.1 of [RFC5661].

   When two replies from EXCHANGE_ID, each from two different server
   network addresses, have the same server scope, there are a number of
   ways a client can validate that the common server scope is due to two
   servers cooperating in a group.

   o  If both EXCHANGE_ID requests were sent with RPCSEC_GSS ([RFC2203],
      [RFC5403], [RFC7861]) authentication and the server principal is
      the same for both targets, the equality of server scope is



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      validated.  It is RECOMMENDED that two servers intending to share
      the same server scope also share the same principal name,
      simplifying the client's task of validating server scope.

   o  The client may accept the appearance of the second server in the
      fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute for a relevant file
      system.  For example, if there is a migration event for a
      particular file system or there are locks to be reclaimed on a
      particular file system, the attributes for that particular file
      system may be used.  The client sends the GETATTR request to the
      first server for the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute
      with RPCSEC_GSS authentication.  It may need to do this in advance
      of the need to verify the common server scope.  If the client
      successfully authenticates the reply to GETATTR, and the GETATTR
      request and reply containing the fs_locations or fs_locations_info
      attribute refers to the second server, then the equality of server
      scope is supported.  A client may choose to limit the use of this
      form of support to information relevant to the specific file
      system involved (e.g. a file system being migrated).

4.3.  Updated Section 2.10.5 of [RFC5661] entitled "Trunking"

   Trunking is the use of multiple connections between a client and
   server in order to increase the speed of data transfer.  NFSv4.1
   supports two types of trunking: session trunking and client ID
   trunking.

   In the context of a single server network address, it can be assumed
   that all connections are accessing the same server and NFSv4.1
   servers MUST support both forms of trunking.  When multiple
   connections use a set of network addresses accessing the same server,
   the server MUST support both forms of trunking.  NFSv4.1 servers in a
   clustered configuration MAY allow network addresses for different
   servers to use client ID trunking.

   Clients may use either form of trunking as long as they do not, when
   trunking between different server network addresses, violate the
   servers' mandates as to the kinds of trunking to be allowed (see
   below).  With regard to callback channels, the client MUST allow the
   server to choose among all callback channels valid for a given client
   ID and MUST support trunking when the connections supporting the
   backchannel allow session or client ID trunking to be used for
   callbacks.

   Session trunking is essentially the association of multiple
   connections, each with potentially different target and/or source
   network addresses, to the same session.  When the target network
   addresses (server addresses) of the two connections are the same, the



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   server MUST support such session trunking.  When the target network
   addresses are different, the server MAY indicate such support using
   the data returned by the EXCHANGE_ID operation (see below).

   Client ID trunking is the association of multiple sessions to the
   same client ID.  Servers MUST support client ID trunking for two
   target network addresses whenever they allow session trunking for
   those same two network addresses.  In addition, a server MAY, by
   presenting the same major server owner ID (see Section 2.5 of
   [RFC5661]) and server scope (Section 4.2), allow an additional case
   of client ID trunking.  When two servers return the same major server
   owner and server scope, it means that the two servers are cooperating
   on locking state management, which is a prerequisite for client ID
   trunking.

   Distinguishing when the client is allowed to use session and client
   ID trunking requires understanding how the results of the EXCHANGE_ID
   (Section 7.1) operation identify a server.  Suppose a client sends
   EXCHANGE_IDs over two different connections, each with a possibly
   different target network address, but each EXCHANGE_ID operation has
   the same value in the eia_clientowner field.  If the same NFSv4.1
   server is listening over each connection, then each EXCHANGE_ID
   result MUST return the same values of eir_clientid,
   eir_server_owner.so_major_id, and eir_server_scope.  The client can
   then treat each connection as referring to the same server (subject
   to verification; see Section 4.3.1 below), and it can use each
   connection to trunk requests and replies.  The client's choice is
   whether session trunking or client ID trunking applies.

   Session Trunking.  If the eia_clientowner argument is the same in two
      different EXCHANGE_ID requests, and the eir_clientid,
      eir_server_owner.so_major_id, eir_server_owner.so_minor_id, and
      eir_server_scope results match in both EXCHANGE_ID results, then
      the client is permitted to perform session trunking.  If the
      client has no session mapping to the tuple of eir_clientid,
      eir_server_owner.so_major_id, eir_server_scope, and
      eir_server_owner.so_minor_id, then it creates the session via a
      CREATE_SESSION operation over one of the connections, which
      associates the connection to the session.  If there is a session
      for the tuple, the client can send BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to
      associate the connection to the session.

      Of course, if the client does not desire to use session trunking,
      it is not required to do so.  It can invoke CREATE_SESSION on the
      connection.  This will result in client ID trunking as described
      below.  It can also decide to drop the connection if it does not
      choose to use trunking.




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   Client ID Trunking.  If the eia_clientowner argument is the same in
      two different EXCHANGE_ID requests, and the eir_clientid,
      eir_server_owner.so_major_id, and eir_server_scope results match
      in both EXCHANGE_ID results, then the client is permitted to
      perform client ID trunking (regardless of whether the
      eir_server_owner.so_minor_id results match).  The client can
      associate each connection with different sessions, where each
      session is associated with the same server.

      The client completes the act of client ID trunking by invoking
      CREATE_SESSION on each connection, using the same client ID that
      was returned in eir_clientid.  These invocations create two
      sessions and also associate each connection with its respective
      session.  The client is free to decline to use client ID trunking
      by simply dropping the connection at this point.

      When doing client ID trunking, locking state is shared across
      sessions associated with that same client ID.  This requires the
      server to coordinate state across sessions and the client to be
      able to associate the same locking state with multiple sessions.

   It is always possible that, as a result of various sorts of
   reconfiguration events, eir_server_scope and eir_server_owner values
   may be different on subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests made to the same
   network address.

   In most cases such reconfiguration events will be disruptive and
   indicate that an IP address formerly connected to one server is now
   connected to an entirely different one.

   Some guidelines on client handling of such situations follow:

   o  When eir_server_scope changes, the client has no assurance that
      any id's it obtained previously (e.g. file handles, state ids,
      client ids) can be validly used on the new server, and, even if
      the new server accepts them, there is no assurance that this is
      not due to accident.  Thus, it is best to treat all such state as
      lost/stale although a client may assume that the probability of
      inadvertent acceptance is low and treat this situation as within
      the next case.

   o  When eir_server_scope remains the same and
      eir_server_owner.so_major_id changes, the client can use the
      filehandles it has, consider its locking state lost, and attempt
      to reclaim or otherwise re-obtain its locks.  It may find that its
      file handle IS now stale but if NFS4ERR_STALE is not received, it
      can proceed to reclaim or otherwise re-obtain its open locking
      state.



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   o  When eir_server_scope and eir_server_owner.so_major_id remain the
      same, the client has to use the now-current values of
      eir_server_owner.so_minor_id in deciding on appropriate forms of
      trunking.  This may result in connections being dropped or new
      sessions being created.

4.3.1.  Updated Section 2.10.5.1 of [RFC5661] entitled "Verifying Claims
        of Matching Server Identity"

   When the server responses using two different connections claim
   matching or partially matching eir_server_owner, eir_server_scope,
   and eir_clientid values, the client does not have to trust the
   servers' claims.  The client may verify these claims before trunking
   traffic in the following ways:

   o  For session trunking, clients SHOULD reliably verify if
      connections between different network paths are in fact associated
      with the same NFSv4.1 server and usable on the same session, and
      servers MUST allow clients to perform reliable verification.  When
      a client ID is created, the client SHOULD specify that
      BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION is to be verified according to the SP4_SSV or
      SP4_MACH_CRED (Section 7.1) state protection options.  For
      SP4_SSV, reliable verification depends on a shared secret (the
      SSV) that is established via the SET_SSV (see Section 18.27 of
      [RFC5661]) operation.

      When a new connection is associated with the session (via the
      BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION operation, see Section 18.34 of [RFC5661]),
      if the client specified SP4_SSV state protection for the
      BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION operation, the client MUST send the
      BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION with RPCSEC_GSS protection, using integrity
      or privacy, and an RPCSEC_GSS handle created with the GSS SSV
      mechanism (see section 2.10.9 of [RFC5661]).

      If the client mistakenly tries to associate a connection to a
      session of a wrong server, the server will either reject the
      attempt because it is not aware of the session identifier of the
      BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION arguments, or it will reject the attempt
      because the RPCSEC_GSS authentication fails.  Even if the server
      mistakenly or maliciously accepts the connection association
      attempt, the RPCSEC_GSS verifier it computes in the response will
      not be verified by the client, so the client will know it cannot
      use the connection for trunking the specified session.

      If the client specified SP4_MACH_CRED state protection, the
      BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION operation will use RPCSEC_GSS integrity or
      privacy, using the same credential that was used when the client
      ID was created.  Mutual authentication via RPCSEC_GSS assures the



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      client that the connection is associated with the correct session
      of the correct server.



   o  For client ID trunking, the client has at least two options for
      verifying that the same client ID obtained from two different
      EXCHANGE_ID operations came from the same server.  The first
      option is to use RPCSEC_GSS authentication when sending each
      EXCHANGE_ID operation.  Each time an EXCHANGE_ID is sent with
      RPCSEC_GSS authentication, the client notes the principal name of
      the GSS target.  If the EXCHANGE_ID results indicate that client
      ID trunking is possible, and the GSS targets' principal names are
      the same, the servers are the same and client ID trunking is
      allowed.

      The second option for verification is to use SP4_SSV protection.
      When the client sends EXCHANGE_ID, it specifies SP4_SSV
      protection.  The first EXCHANGE_ID the client sends always has to
      be confirmed by a CREATE_SESSION call.  The client then sends
      SET_SSV.  Later, the client sends EXCHANGE_ID to a second
      destination network address different from the one the first
      EXCHANGE_ID was sent to.  The client checks that each EXCHANGE_ID
      reply has the same eir_clientid, eir_server_owner.so_major_id, and
      eir_server_scope.  If so, the client verifies the claim by sending
      a CREATE_SESSION operation to the second destination address,
      protected with RPCSEC_GSS integrity using an RPCSEC_GSS handle
      returned by the second EXCHANGE_ID.  If the server accepts the
      CREATE_SESSION request, and if the client verifies the RPCSEC_GSS
      verifier and integrity codes, then the client has proof the second
      server knows the SSV, and thus the two servers are cooperating for
      the purposes of specifying server scope and client ID trunking.

5.  Replacement for Section 11 of [RFC5661] entitled "Multi-Server
    Namespace"

   NFSv4.1 supports attributes that allow a namespace to extend beyond
   the boundaries of a single server.  It is desirable that clients and
   servers support construction of such multi-server namespaces.  Use of
   such multi-server namespaces is OPTIONAL however, and for many
   purposes, single-server namespaces are perfectly acceptable.  Use of
   multi-server namespaces can provide many advantages, by separating a
   file system's logical position in a namespace from the (possibly
   changing) logistical and administrative considerations that result in
   particular file systems being located on particular servers via a
   single network access paths known in advance or determined using DNS.





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5.1.  New section to be added as the first sub-section of Section 11 of
      [RFC5661] to be entitled "Terminology Related to File System
      Location"

   Regarding terminology relating to the construction of multi-server
   namespaces out of a set of local per-server namespaces:

   o  Each server has a set of exported file systems which may be
      accessed by NFSv4 clients.  Typically, this is done by assigning
      each file system a name within the pseudo-fs associated with the
      server, although the pseudo-fs may be dispensed with if there is
      only a single exported file system.  Each such file system is part
      of the server's local namespace, and can be considered as a file
      system instance within a larger multi-server namespace.

   o  The set of all exported file systems for a given server
      constitutes that server's local namespace.

   o  In some cases, a server will have a namespace more extensive than
      its local namespace by using features associated with attributes
      that provide file system location information.  These features,
      which allow construction of a multi-server namespace are all
      described in individual sections below and include referrals
      (described in Section 5.5.6), migration (described in
      Section 5.5.5), and replication (described in Section 5.5.4).

   o  A file system present in a server's pseudo-fs may have multiple
      file system instances on different servers associated with it.
      All such instances are considered replicas of one another.

   o  When a file system is present in a server's pseudo-fs, but there
      is no corresponding local file system, it is said to be "absent".
      In such cases, all associated instances will be accessed on other
      servers.

   Regarding terminology relating to attributes used in trunking
   discovery and other multi-server namespace features:

   o  File system location attributes include the fs_locations and
      fs_locations_info attributes.

   o  File system location entries provide the individual file system
      locations within the file system location attributes.  Each such
      entry specifies a server, in the form of a host name or IP
      address, and an fs name, which designates the location of the file
      system within the server's pseudo-fs.  A file system location
      entry designates a set of server endpoints to which the client may
      establish connections.  There may be multiple endpoints because a



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      host name may map to multiple network addresses and because
      multiple connection types may be used to communicate with a single
      network address.  However, all such endpoints MUST provide a way
      of connecting to a single server.  The exact form of the location
      entry varies with the particular file system location attribute
      used, as described in Section 5.2.

   o  File system location elements are derived from location entries
      and each describes a particular network access path, consisting of
      a network address and a location within the server's pseudo-fs.
      Such location elements need not appear within a file system
      location attribute, but the existence of each location element
      derives from a corresponding location entry.  When a location
      entry specifies an IP address there is only a single corresponding
      location element.  File system location entries that contain a
      host name are resolved using DNS, and may result in one or more
      location elements.  All location elements consist of a location
      address which is the IP address of an interface to a server and an
      fs name which is the location of the file system within the
      server's pseudo-fs.  The fs name is empty if the server has no
      pseudo-fs and only a single exported file system at the root
      filehandle.

   o  Two file system location elements are said to be server-trunkable
      if they specify the same fs name and the location addresses are
      such that the location addresses are server-trunkable.  When the
      corresponding network paths are used, the client will always be
      able to use client ID trunking, but will only be able to use
      session trunking if the paths are also session-trunkable.

   o  Two file system location elements are said to be session-trunkable
      if they specify the same fs name and the location addresses are
      such that the location addresses are session-trunkable.  When the
      corresponding network paths are used, the client will be able to
      able to use either client ID trunking or session trunking.

   Each set of server-trunkable location elements defines a set of
   available network access paths to a particular file system.  When
   there are multiple such file systems, each of which contains the same
   data, these file systems are considered replicas of one another.
   Logically, such replication is symmetric, since the fs currently in
   use and an alternate fs are replicas of each other.  Often, in other
   documents, the term "replica" is not applied to the fs currently in
   use, despite the fact that the replication relation is inherently
   symmetric.






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5.2.  Replacement for Section 11.1 of [RFC5661] to be retitled "File
      System Location Attributes"

   NFSv4.1 contains attributes that provide information about how (i.e.,
   at what network address and namespace position) a given file system
   may be accessed.  As a result, file systems in the namespace of one
   server can be associated with one or more instances of that file
   system on other servers.  These attributes contain file system
   location entries specifying a server address target (either as a DNS
   name representing one or more IP addresses or as a specific IP
   address) together with the pathname of that file system within the
   associated single-server namespace.

   The fs_locations_info RECOMMENDED attribute allows specification of
   one or more file system instance locations where the data
   corresponding to a given file system may be found.  This attribute
   provides to the client, in addition to specification of file system
   instance locations, other helpful information such as:

   o  Information guiding choices among the various file system
      instances provided (e.g., priority for use, writability, currency,
      etc.).

   o  Information to help the client efficiently effect as seamless a
      transition as possible among multiple file system instances, when
      and if that should be necessary.

   o  Information helping to guide the selection of the appropriate
      connection type to be used when establishing a connection.

   Within the fs_locations_info attribute, each fs_locations_server4
   entry corresponds to a file system location entry with the fls_server
   field designating the server, with the location pathname within the
   server's pseudo-fs given by the fl_rootpath field of the encompassing
   fs_locations_item4.

   The fs_locations attribute defined in NFSv4.0 is also a part of
   NFSv4.1.  This attribute only allows specification of the file system
   locations where the data corresponding to a given file system may be
   found.  Servers should make this attribute available whenever
   fs_locations_info is supported, but client use of fs_locations_info
   is preferable, as it provides more information.

   Within the fs_location attribute, each fs_location4 contains a file
   system location entry with the server field designating the server
   and the rootpath field giving the location pathname within the
   server's pseudo-fs.




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5.3.  Transferred Section 11.2 of [RFC5661] to be entitled "File System
      Presence or Absence"

   A given location in an NFSv4.1 namespace (typically but not
   necessarily a multi-server namespace) can have a number of file
   system instance locations associated with it (via the fs_locations or
   fs_locations_info attribute).  There may also be an actual current
   file system at that location, accessible via normal namespace
   operations (e.g., LOOKUP).  In this case, the file system is said to
   be "present" at that position in the namespace, and clients will
   typically use it, reserving use of additional locations specified via
   the location-related attributes to situations in which the principal
   location is no longer available.

   When there is no actual file system at the namespace location in
   question, the file system is said to be "absent".  An absent file
   system contains no files or directories other than the root.  Any
   reference to it, except to access a small set of attributes useful in
   determining alternate locations, will result in an error,
   NFS4ERR_MOVED.  Note that if the server ever returns the error
   NFS4ERR_MOVED, it MUST support the fs_locations attribute and SHOULD
   support the fs_locations_info and fs_status attributes.

   While the error name suggests that we have a case of a file system
   that once was present, and has only become absent later, this is only
   one possibility.  A position in the namespace may be permanently
   absent with the set of file system(s) designated by the location
   attributes being the only realization.  The name NFS4ERR_MOVED
   reflects an earlier, more limited conception of its function, but
   this error will be returned whenever the referenced file system is
   absent, whether it has moved or not.

   Except in the case of GETATTR-type operations (to be discussed
   later), when the current filehandle at the start of an operation is
   within an absent file system, that operation is not performed and the
   error NFS4ERR_MOVED is returned, to indicate that the file system is
   absent on the current server.

   Because a GETFH cannot succeed if the current filehandle is within an
   absent file system, filehandles within an absent file system cannot
   be transferred to the client.  When a client does have filehandles
   within an absent file system, it is the result of obtaining them when
   the file system was present, and having the file system become absent
   subsequently.

   It should be noted that because the check for the current filehandle
   being within an absent file system happens at the start of every
   operation, operations that change the current filehandle so that it



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   is within an absent file system will not result in an error.  This
   allows such combinations as PUTFH-GETATTR and LOOKUP-GETATTR to be
   used to get attribute information, particularly location attribute
   information, as discussed below.

   The RECOMMENDED file system attribute fs_status can be used to
   interrogate the present/absent status of a given file system.

5.4.  Transferred Section 11.3 of [RFC5661] entitled "Getting Attributes
      for an Absent File System"

   When a file system is absent, most attributes are not available, but
   it is necessary to allow the client access to the small set of
   attributes that are available, and most particularly those that give
   information about the correct current locations for this file system:
   fs_locations and fs_locations_info.

5.4.1.  GETATTR within an Absent File System (transferred section)

   As mentioned above, an exception is made for GETATTR in that
   attributes may be obtained for a filehandle within an absent file
   system.  This exception only applies if the attribute mask contains
   at least one attribute bit that indicates the client is interested in
   a result regarding an absent file system: fs_locations,
   fs_locations_info, or fs_status.  If none of these attributes is
   requested, GETATTR will result in an NFS4ERR_MOVED error.

   When a GETATTR is done on an absent file system, the set of supported
   attributes is very limited.  Many attributes, including those that
   are normally REQUIRED, will not be available on an absent file
   system.  In addition to the attributes mentioned above (fs_locations,
   fs_locations_info, fs_status), the following attributes SHOULD be
   available on absent file systems.  In the case of RECOMMENDED
   attributes, they should be available at least to the same degree that
   they are available on present file systems.

   change_policy:  This attribute is useful for absent file systems and
      can be helpful in summarizing to the client when any of the
      location-related attributes change.

   fsid:  This attribute should be provided so that the client can
      determine file system boundaries, including, in particular, the
      boundary between present and absent file systems.  This value must
      be different from any other fsid on the current server and need
      have no particular relationship to fsids on any particular
      destination to which the client might be directed.





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   mounted_on_fileid:  For objects at the top of an absent file system,
      this attribute needs to be available.  Since the fileid is within
      the present parent file system, there should be no need to
      reference the absent file system to provide this information.

   Other attributes SHOULD NOT be made available for absent file
   systems, even when it is possible to provide them.  The server should
   not assume that more information is always better and should avoid
   gratuitously providing additional information.

   When a GETATTR operation includes a bit mask for one of the
   attributes fs_locations, fs_locations_info, or fs_status, but where
   the bit mask includes attributes that are not supported, GETATTR will
   not return an error, but will return the mask of the actual
   attributes supported with the results.

   Handling of VERIFY/NVERIFY is similar to GETATTR in that if the
   attribute mask does not include fs_locations, fs_locations_info, or
   fs_status, the error NFS4ERR_MOVED will result.  It differs in that
   any appearance in the attribute mask of an attribute not supported
   for an absent file system (and note that this will include some
   normally REQUIRED attributes) will also cause an NFS4ERR_MOVED
   result.

5.4.2.  READDIR and Absent File Systems (transferred section)

   A READDIR performed when the current filehandle is within an absent
   file system will result in an NFS4ERR_MOVED error, since, unlike the
   case of GETATTR, no such exception is made for READDIR.

   Attributes for an absent file system may be fetched via a READDIR for
   a directory in a present file system, when that directory contains
   the root directories of one or more absent file systems.  In this
   case, the handling is as follows:

   o  If the attribute set requested includes one of the attributes
      fs_locations, fs_locations_info, or fs_status, then fetching of
      attributes proceeds normally and no NFS4ERR_MOVED indication is
      returned, even when the rdattr_error attribute is requested.

   o  If the attribute set requested does not include one of the
      attributes fs_locations, fs_locations_info, or fs_status, then if
      the rdattr_error attribute is requested, each directory entry for
      the root of an absent file system will report NFS4ERR_MOVED as the
      value of the rdattr_error attribute.

   o  If the attribute set requested does not include any of the
      attributes fs_locations, fs_locations_info, fs_status, or



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      rdattr_error, then the occurrence of the root of an absent file
      system within the directory will result in the READDIR failing
      with an NFS4ERR_MOVED error.

   o  The unavailability of an attribute because of a file system's
      absence, even one that is ordinarily REQUIRED, does not result in
      any error indication.  The set of attributes returned for the root
      directory of the absent file system in that case is simply
      restricted to those actually available.

5.5.  Updated Section 11.4 of [RFC5661] to be retitled "Uses of File
      System Location Information"

   The file system location attributes (i.e. fs_locations and
   fs_locations_info), together with the possibility of absent file
   systems, provide a number of important facilities in providing
   reliable, manageable, and scalable data access.

   When a file system is present, these attributes can provide

   o  The locations of alternative replicas, to be used to access the
      same data in the event of server failures, communications
      problems, or other difficulties that make continued access to the
      current replica impossible or otherwise impractical.  Provision
      and use of such alternate replicas is referred to as "replication"
      and is discussed in Section 5.5.4 below.

   o  The network address(es) to be used to access the current file
      system instance or replicas of it.  Client use of this information
      is discussed in Section 5.5.2 below.

   Under some circumstances, multiple replicas may be used
   simultaneously to provide higher-performance access to the file
   system in question, although the lack of state sharing between
   servers may be an impediment to such use.

   When a file system is present and becomes absent, clients can be
   given the opportunity to have continued access to their data, using a
   different replica.  In this case, a continued attempt to use the data
   in the now-absent file system will result in an NFS4ERR_MOVED error
   and, at that point, the successor replica or set of possible replica
   choices can be fetched and used to continue access.  Transfer of
   access to the new replica location is referred to as "migration", and
   is discussed in Section 5.5.4 below.

   Where a file system had been absent, specification of file system
   location provides a means by which file systems located on one server
   can be associated with a namespace defined by another server, thus



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   allowing a general multi-server namespace facility.  A designation of
   such a remote instance, in place of a file system never previously
   present, is called a "pure referral" and is discussed in
   Section 5.5.6 below.

   Because client support for attributes related to file system location
   is OPTIONAL, a server may choose to take action to hide migration and
   referral events from such clients, by acting as a proxy, for example.
   The server can determine the presence of client support from the
   arguments of the EXCHANGE_ID operation (see Section 7.1.3 in the
   current document).

5.5.1.  New section to be added as the first sub-section of Section 11.4
        of [RFC5661] to be entitled "Combining Multiple Uses in a Single
        Attribute"

   A file system location attribute will sometimes contain information
   relating to the location of multiple replicas which may be used in
   different ways.

   o  File system location entries that relate to the file system
      instance currently in use provide trunking information, allowing
      the client to find additional network addresses by which the
      instance may be accessed.

   o  File system location entries that provide information about
      replicas to which access is to be transferred.

   o  Other file system location entries that relate to replicas that
      are available to use in the event that access to the current
      replica becomes unsatisfactory.

   In order to simplify client handling and allow the best choice of
   replicas to access, the server should adhere to the following
   guidelines.

   o  All file system location entries that relate to a single file
      system instance should be adjacent.

   o  File system location entries that relate to the instance currently
      in use should appear first.

   o  File system location entries that relate to replica(s) to which
      migration is occurring should appear before replicas which are
      available for later use if the current replica should become
      inaccessible.





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5.5.2.  New section to be added as the second sub-section of
        Section 11.4 of [RFC5661] to be entitled "File System Location
        Attributes and Trunking"

   Trunking is the use of multiple connections between a client and
   server in order to increase the speed of data transfer.  A client may
   determine the set of network addresses to use to access a given file
   system in a number of ways:

   o  When the name of the server is known to the client, it may use DNS
      to obtain a set of network addresses to use in accessing the
      server.

   o  The client may fetch the file system location attribute for the
      file system.  This will provide either the name of the server
      (which can be turned into a set of network addresses using DNS),
      or a set of server-trunkable location entries.  Using the latter
      alternative, the server can provide addresses it regards as
      desirable to use to access the file system in question.

   It should be noted that the client, when it fetches a location
   attribute for a file system, may encounter multiple entries for a
   number of reasons, so that, when determining trunking information, it
   may have to bypass addresses not trunkable with one already known.

   The server can provide location entries that include either names or
   network addresses.  It might use the latter form because of DNS-
   related security concerns or because the set of addresses to be used
   might require active management by the server.

   Locations entries used to discover candidate addresses for use in
   trunking are subject to change, as discussed in Section 5.5.7 below.
   The client may respond to such changes by using additional addresses
   once they are verified or by ceasing to use existing ones.  The
   server can force the client to cease using an address by returning
   NFS4ERR_MOVED when that address is used to access a file system.
   This allows a transfer of client access which is similar to
   migration, although the same file system instance is accessed
   throughout.

5.5.3.  New section to be added as the third sub-section of Section 11.4
        of [RFC5661] to be entitled "File System Location Attributes and
        Connection Type Selection"

   Because of the need to support multiple connections, clients face the
   issue of determining the proper connection type to use when
   establishing a connection to a given server network address.  In some
   cases, this issue can be addressed through the use of the connection



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   "step-up" facility described in Section 18.16 of [RFC5661].  However,
   because there are cases is which that facility is not available, the
   client may have to choose a connection type with no possibility of
   changing it within the scope of a single connection.

   The two file system location attributes differ as to the information
   made available in this regard.  Fs_locations provides no information
   to support connection type selection.  As a result, clients
   supporting multiple connection types would need to attempt to
   establish connections using multiple connection types until the one
   preferred by the client is successfully established.

   Fs_locations_info includes a flag, FSLI4TF_RDMA, which, when set
   indicates that RPC-over-RDMA support is available using the specified
   location entry, by "stepping up" an existing TCP connection to
   include support for RDMA operation.  This flag makes it convenient
   for a client wishing to use RDMA.  When this flag is set, it can
   establish a TCP connection and then convert that connection to use
   RDMA by using the step-up facility.

   Irrespective of the particular attribute used, when there is no
   indication that a step-up operation can be performed, a client
   supporting RDMA operation can establish a new RDMA connection and it
   can be bound to the session already established by the TCP
   connection, allowing the TCP connection to be dropped and the session
   converted to further use in RDMA node.

5.5.4.  Updated Section 11.4.1 of [RFC5661] entitled "File System
        Replication"

   The fs_locations and fs_locations_info attributes provide alternative
   file system locations, to be used to access data in place of or in
   addition to the current file system instance.  On first access to a
   file system, the client should obtain the set of alternate locations
   by interrogating the fs_locations or fs_locations_info attribute,
   with the latter being preferred.

   In the event that the occurrence of server failures, communications
   problems, or other difficulties make continued access to the current
   file system impossible or otherwise impractical, the client can use
   the alternate locations as a way to get continued access to its data.

   The alternate locations may be physical replicas of the (typically
   read-only) file system data, or they may provide for the use of
   various forms of server clustering in which multiple servers provide
   alternate ways of accessing the same physical file system.  How these
   different modes of file system transition are represented within the
   fs_locations and fs_locations_info attributes and how the client



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   deals with file system transition issues will be discussed in detail
   below.

5.5.5.  Updated Section 11.4.2 of [RFC5661] entitled "File System
        Migration"

   When a file system is present and becomes absent, the NFSv4.1
   protocol provides a means by which clients can be given the
   opportunity to have continued access to their data, using a different
   replica.  The location of this replica is specified by a file system
   location attribute.  The ensuing migration of access to another
   replica includes the ability to retain locks across the transition,
   either by using lock reclaim or by taking advantage of Transparent
   State Migration.

   Typically, a client will be accessing the file system in question,
   get an NFS4ERR_MOVED error, and then use a file system location
   attribute to determine the new location of the data.  When
   fs_locations_info is used, additional information will be available
   that will define the nature of the client's handling of the
   transition to a new server.

   Such migration can be helpful in providing load balancing or general
   resource reallocation.  The protocol does not specify how the file
   system will be moved between servers.  It is anticipated that a
   number of different server-to-server transfer mechanisms might be
   used with the choice left to the server implementer.  The NFSv4.1
   protocol specifies the method used to communicate the migration event
   between client and server.

   The new location may be, in the case of various forms of server
   clustering, another server providing access to the same physical file
   system.  The client's responsibilities in dealing with this
   transition will depend on whether migration has occurred and the
   means the server has chosen to provide continuity of locking state.
   These issues will be discussed in detail below.

   Although a single successor location is typical, multiple locations
   may be provided.  When multiple locations are provided, the client
   will typically use the first one provided.  If that is inaccessible
   for some reason, later ones can be used.  In such cases the client
   might consider that the transition to the new replica as a migration
   event, even though some of the servers involved might not be aware of
   the use of the server which was inaccessible.  In such a case, a
   client might lose access to locking state as a result of the access
   transfer.





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   When an alternate location is designated as the target for migration,
   it must designate the same data (with metadata being the same to the
   degree indicated by the fs_locations_info attribute).  Where file
   systems are writable, a change made on the original file system must
   be visible on all migration targets.  Where a file system is not
   writable but represents a read-only copy (possibly periodically
   updated) of a writable file system, similar requirements apply to the
   propagation of updates.  Any change visible in the original file
   system must already be effected on all migration targets, to avoid
   any possibility that a client, in effecting a transition to the
   migration target, will see any reversion in file system state.

5.5.6.  Updated Section 11.4.3 of [RFC5661] entitled "Referrals"

   Referrals allow the server to associate a file system namespace entry
   located on one server with a file system located on another server.
   When this includes the use of pure referrals, servers are provided a
   way of placing a file system in a location within the namespace
   essentially without respect to its physical location on a particular
   server.  This allows a single server or a set of servers to present a
   multi-server namespace that encompasses file systems located on a
   wider range of servers.  Some likely uses of this facility include
   establishment of site-wide or organization-wide namespaces, with the
   eventual possibility of combining such together into a truly global
   namespace, such as the one provided by AFS (the Andrew File System)
   [TBD: appropriate reference needed]

   Referrals occur when a client determines, upon first referencing a
   position in the current namespace, that it is part of a new file
   system and that the file system is absent.  When this occurs,
   typically upon receiving the error NFS4ERR_MOVED, the actual location
   or locations of the file system can be determined by fetching a
   locations attribute.

   The file system location attribute may designate a single file system
   location or multiple file system locations, to be selected based on
   the needs of the client.  The server, in the fs_locations_info
   attribute, may specify priorities to be associated with various file
   system location choices.  The server may assign different priorities
   to different locations as reported to individual clients, in order to
   adapt to client physical location or to effect load balancing.  When
   both read-only and read-write file systems are present, some of the
   read-only locations might not be absolutely up-to-date (as they would
   have to be in the case of replication and migration).  Servers may
   also specify file system locations that include client-substituted
   variables so that different clients are referred to different file
   systems (with different data contents) based on client attributes
   such as CPU architecture.



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   When the fs_locations_info attribute is such that that there are
   multiple possible targets listed, the relationships among them may be
   important to the client in selecting which one to use.  The same
   rules specified in Section 5.5.5 below regarding multiple migration
   targets apply to these multiple replicas as well.  For example, the
   client might prefer a writable target on a server that has additional
   writable replicas to which it subsequently might switch.  Note that,
   as distinguished from the case of replication, there is no need to
   deal with the case of propagation of updates made by the current
   client, since the current client has not accessed the file system in
   question.

   Use of multi-server namespaces is enabled by NFSv4.1 but is not
   required.  The use of multi-server namespaces and their scope will
   depend on the applications used and system administration
   preferences.

   Multi-server namespaces can be established by a single server
   providing a large set of pure referrals to all of the included file
   systems.  Alternatively, a single multi-server namespace may be
   administratively segmented with separate referral file systems (on
   separate servers) for each separately administered portion of the
   namespace.  The top-level referral file system or any segment may use
   replicated referral file systems for higher availability.

   Generally, multi-server namespaces are for the most part uniform, in
   that the same data made available to one client at a given location
   in the namespace is made available to all clients at that location.
   However, there are facilities provided that allow different clients
   to be directed to different sets of data, for reasons such as
   enabling adaptation to such client characteristics as CPU
   architecture.  These facilities are described in Section 11.10.3 of
   [RFC5661] and in Section 5.15.3 of the current document.

5.5.7.  New section to be added after Section 11.4.3 of [RFC5661] to be
        entitled "Changes in a File System Location Attribute"

   Although clients will typically fetch a file system location
   attribute when first accessing a file system and when NFS4ERR_MOVED
   is returned, a client can choose to fetch the attribute periodically,
   in which case the value fetched may change over time.

   For clients not prepared to access multiple replicas simultaneously
   (see Section 5.9.1 of the current document), the handling of the
   various cases of location change are as follows:

   o  Changes in the list of replicas or in the network addresses
      associated with replicas do not require immediate action.  The



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      client will typically update its list of replicas to reflect the
      new information.

   o  Additions to the list of network addresses for the current file
      system instance need not be acted on promptly.  However, to
      prepare for the case in which a migration event occurs
      subsequently, the client can choose to take note of the new
      address and then use it whenever it needs to switch access to a
      new replica.

   o  Deletions from the list of network addresses for the current file
      system instance need not be acted on immediately, although the
      client might need to be prepared for a shift in access whenever
      the server indicates that a network access path is not usable to
      access the current file system, by returning NFS4ERR_MOVED.

   For clients that are prepared to access several replicas
   simultaneously, the following additional cases need to be addressed.
   As in the cases discussed above, changes in the set of replicas need
   not be acted upon promptly, although the client has the option of
   adjusting its access even in the absence of difficulties that would
   lead to a new replica to be selected.

   o  When a new replica is added which may be accessed simultaneously
      with one currently in use, the client is free to use the new
      replica immediately.

   o  When a replica currently in use is deleted from the list, the
      client need not cease using it immediately.  However, since the
      server may subsequently force such use to cease (by returning
      NFS4ERR_MOVED), clients might decide to limit the need for later
      state transfer.  For example, new opens might be done on other
      replicas, rather than on one not present in the list.

5.6.  Transferred Section 11.6 of [RFC5661] entitled "Additional Client-
      Side Considerations"

   When clients make use of servers that implement referrals,
   replication, and migration, care should be taken that a user who
   mounts a given file system that includes a referral or a relocated
   file system continues to see a coherent picture of that user-side
   file system despite the fact that it contains a number of server-side
   file systems that may be on different servers.

   One important issue is upward navigation from the root of a server-
   side file system to its parent (specified as ".." in UNIX), in the
   case in which it transitions to that file system as a result of
   referral, migration, or a transition as a result of replication.



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   When the client is at such a point, and it needs to ascend to the
   parent, it must go back to the parent as seen within the multi-server
   namespace rather than sending a LOOKUPP operation to the server,
   which would result in the parent within that server's single-server
   namespace.  In order to do this, the client needs to remember the
   filehandles that represent such file system roots and use these
   instead of sending a LOOKUPP operation to the current server.  This
   will allow the client to present to applications a consistent
   namespace, where upward navigation and downward navigation are
   consistent.

   Another issue concerns refresh of referral locations.  When referrals
   are used extensively, they may change as server configurations
   change.  It is expected that clients will cache information related
   to traversing referrals so that future client-side requests are
   resolved locally without server communication.  This is usually
   rooted in client-side name look up caching.  Clients should
   periodically purge this data for referral points in order to detect
   changes in location information.  When the change_policy attribute
   changes for directories that hold referral entries or for the
   referral entries themselves, clients should consider any associated
   cached referral information to be out of date.

5.7.  New section to be added after Section 11.6 of [RFC5661] to be
      entitled "Overview of File Access Transitions"

   File access transitions are of two types:

   o  Those that involve a transition from accessing the current replica
      to another one in connection with either replication or migration.
      How these are dealt with is discussed in Section 5.9 of the
      current document.

   o  Those in which access to the current file system instance is
      retained, while the network path used to access that instance is
      changed.  This case is discussed in Section 5.8 of the current
      document.

5.8.  New section to be added second after Section 11.6 of [RFC5661] to
      be entitled "Effecting Network Endpoint Transitions"

   The endpoints used to access a particular file system instance may
   change in a number of ways, as listed below.  In each of these cases,
   the same fsid, filehandles, stateids, client IDs and session are used
   to continue access, with a continuity of lock state.

   o  When use of a particular address is to cease and there is also one
      currently in use which is server-trunkable with it, requests that



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      would have been issued on the address whose use is to be
      discontinued can be issued on the remaining address(es).  When an
      address is not a session-trunkable one, the request might need to
      be modified to reflect the fact that a different session will be
      used.

   o  When use of a particular connection is to cease, as indicated by
      receiving NFS4ERR_MOVED when using that connection but that
      address is still indicated as accessible according to the
      appropriate file system location entries, it is likely that
      requests can be issued on a new connection of a different
      connection type, once that connection is established.  Since any
      two server endpoints that share a network address are inherently
      session-trunkable, the client can use BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to
      access the existing session using the new connection and proceed
      to access the file system using the new connection.

   o  When there are no potential replacement addresses in use but there
      are valid addresses session-trunkable with the one whose use is to
      be discontinued, the client can use BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to access
      the existing session using the new address.  Although the target
      session will generally be accessible, there may be cases in which
      that session is no longer accessible.  In this case, the client
      can create a new session to enable continued access to the
      existing instance and provide for use of existing filehandles,
      stateids, and client ids while providing continuity of locking
      state.

   o  When there is no potential replacement address in use and there
      are no valid addresses session-trunkable with the one whose use is
      to be discontinued, other server-trunkable addresses may be used
      to provide continued access.  Although use of CREATE_SESSION is
      available to provide continued access to the existing instance,
      servers have the option of providing continued access to the
      existing session through the new network access path in a fashion
      similar to that provided by session migration (see Section 5.10 of
      the current document).  To take advantage of this possibility,
      clients can perform an initial BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, as in the
      previous case, and use CREATE_SESSION only if that fails.

5.9.  Updated Section 11.7 of [RFC5661] entitled "Effecting File System
      Transitions"

   There are a range of situations in which there is a change to be
   effected in the set of replicas used to access a particular file
   system.  Some of these may involve an expansion or contraction of the
   set of replicas used as discussed in Section 5.9.1 below.




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   For reasons explained in that section, most transitions will involve
   a transition from a single replica to a corresponding replacement
   replica.  When effecting replica transition, some types of sharing
   between the replicas may affect handling of the transition as
   described in Sections 5.9.2 through 5.9.8 below.  The attribute
   fs_locations_info provides helpful information to allow the client to
   determine the degree of inter-replica sharing.

   With regard to some types of state, the degree of continuity across
   the transition depends on the occasion prompting the transition, with
   transitions initiated by the servers (i.e. migration) offering much
   more scope for a non-disruptive transition than cases in which the
   client on its own shifts its access to another replica (i.e.
   replication).  This issue potentially applies to locking state and to
   session state, which are dealt with below as follows:

   o  An introduction to the possible means of providing continuity in
      these areas appears in Section 5.9.9 below.

   o  Transparent State Migration is introduced in Section 5.10 of the
      current document.  The possible transfer of session state is
      addressed there as well.

   o  The client handling of transitions, including determining how to
      deal with the various means that the server might take to supply
      effective continuity of locking state is discussed in Section 5.11
      of the current document.

   o  The servers' (source and destination) responsibilities in
      effecting Transparent Migration of locking and session state are
      discussed in Section 5.12 of the current document.

5.9.1.  Updated Section 11.7.1 of [RFC5661] entitled "File System
        Transitions and Simultaneous Access"

   The fs_locations_info attribute (described in Section 11.10.1 of
   [RFC5661] and Section 5.15 of this document) may indicate that two
   replicas may be used simultaneously (see Section 11.7.2.1 of
   [RFC5661] for details).  Although situations in which multiple
   replicas may be accessed simultaneously are somewhat similar to those
   in which a single replica is accessed by multiple network addresses,
   there are important differences, since locking state is not shared
   among multiple replicas.

   Because of this difference in state handling, many clients will not
   have the ability to take advantage of the fact that such replicas
   represent the same data.  Such clients will not be prepared to use
   multiple replicas simultaneously but will access each file system



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   using only a single replica, although the replica selected might make
   multiple server-trunkable addresses available.

   Clients who are prepared to use multiple replicas simultaneously will
   divide opens among replicas however they choose.  Once that choice is
   made, any subsequent transitions will treat the set of locking state
   associated with each replica as a single entity.

   For example, if one of the replicas become unavailable, access will
   be transferred to a different replica, also capable of simultaneous
   access with the one still in use.

   When there is no such replica, the transition may be to the replica
   already in use.  At this point, the client has a choice between
   merging the locking state for the two replicas under the aegis of the
   sole replica in use or treating these separately, until another
   replica capable of simultaneous access presents itself.

5.9.2.  Updated Section 11.7.3 of [RFC5661] entitled "Filehandles and
        File System Transitions"

   There are a number of ways in which filehandles can be handled across
   a file system transition.  These can be divided into two broad
   classes depending upon whether the two file systems across which the
   transition happens share sufficient state to effect some sort of
   continuity of file system handling.

   When there is no such cooperation in filehandle assignment, the two
   file systems are reported as being in different handle classes.  In
   this case, all filehandles are assumed to expire as part of the file
   system transition.  Note that this behavior does not depend on the
   fh_expire_type attribute and supersedes the specification of the
   FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit, which only affects behavior when
   fs_locations_info is not available.

   When there is cooperation in filehandle assignment, the two file
   systems are reported as being in the same handle classes.  In this
   case, persistent filehandles remain valid after the file system
   transition, while volatile filehandles (excluding those that are only
   volatile due to the FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit) are subject to expiration
   on the target server.

5.9.3.  Updated Section 11.7.4 of [RFC5661] entitled "Fileids and File
        System Transitions"

   In NFSv4.0, the issue of continuity of fileids in the event of a file
   system transition was not addressed.  The general expectation had
   been that in situations in which the two file system instances are



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   created by a single vendor using some sort of file system image copy,
   fileids would be consistent across the transition, while in the
   analogous multi-vendor transitions they would not.  This poses
   difficulties, especially for the client without special knowledge of
   the transition mechanisms adopted by the server.  Note that although
   fileid is not a REQUIRED attribute, many servers support fileids and
   many clients provide APIs that depend on fileids.

   It is important to note that while clients themselves may have no
   trouble with a fileid changing as a result of a file system
   transition event, applications do typically have access to the fileid
   (e.g., via stat).  The result is that an application may work
   perfectly well if there is no file system instance transition or if
   any such transition is among instances created by a single vendor,
   yet be unable to deal with the situation in which a multi-vendor
   transition occurs at the wrong time.

   Providing the same fileids in a multi-vendor (multiple server
   vendors) environment has generally been held to be quite difficult.
   While there is work to be done, it needs to be pointed out that this
   difficulty is partly self-imposed.  Servers have typically identified
   fileid with inode number, i.e. with a quantity used to find the file
   in question.  This identification poses special difficulties for
   migration of a file system between vendors where assigning the same
   index to a given file may not be possible.  Note here that a fileid
   is not required to be useful to find the file in question, only that
   it is unique within the given file system.  Servers prepared to
   accept a fileid as a single piece of metadata and store it apart from
   the value used to index the file information can relatively easily
   maintain a fileid value across a migration event, allowing a truly
   transparent migration event.

   In any case, where servers can provide continuity of fileids, they
   should, and the client should be able to find out that such
   continuity is available and take appropriate action.  Information
   about the continuity (or lack thereof) of fileids across a file
   system transition is represented by specifying whether the file
   systems in question are of the same fileid class.

   Note that when consistent fileids do not exist across a transition
   (either because there is no continuity of fileids or because fileid
   is not a supported attribute on one of instances involved), and there
   are no reliable filehandles across a transition event (either because
   there is no filehandle continuity or because the filehandles are
   volatile), the client is in a position where it cannot verify that
   files it was accessing before the transition are the same objects.
   It is forced to assume that no object has been renamed, and, unless
   there are guarantees that provide this (e.g., the file system is



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   read-only), problems for applications may occur.  Therefore, use of
   such configurations should be limited to situations where the
   problems that this may cause can be tolerated.

5.9.4.  Updated section 11.7.5 of [RFC5661] entitled "Fsids and File
        System Transitions"

   Since fsids are generally only unique on a per-server basis, it is
   likely that they will change during a file system transition.
   Clients should not make the fsids received from the server visible to
   applications since they may not be globally unique, and because they
   may change during a file system transition event.  Applications are
   best served if they are isolated from such transitions to the extent
   possible.

   Although normally a single source file system will transition to a
   single target file system, there is a provision for splitting a
   single source file system into multiple target file systems, by
   specifying the FSLI4F_MULTI_FS flag.

5.9.4.1.  Updated section 11.7.5.1 of [RFC5661] entitled "File System
          Splitting"

   When a file system transition is made and the fs_locations_info
   indicates that the file system in question might be split into
   multiple file systems (via the FSLI4F_MULTI_FS flag), the client
   SHOULD do GETATTRs to determine the fsid attribute on all known
   objects within the file system undergoing transition to determine the
   new file system boundaries.

   Clients might choose to maintain the fsids passed to existing
   applications by mapping all of the fsids for the descendant file
   systems to the common fsid used for the original file system.

   Splitting a file system can be done on a transition between file
   systems of the same fileid class, since the fact that fileids are
   unique within the source file system ensure they will be unique in
   each of the target file systems.

5.9.5.  Updated Section 11.7.6 of [RFC5661] entitled "The Change
        Attribute and File System Transitions"

   Since the change attribute is defined as a server-specific one,
   change attributes fetched from one server are normally presumed to be
   invalid on another server.  Such a presumption is troublesome since
   it would invalidate all cached change attributes, requiring
   refetching.  Even more disruptive, the absence of any assured
   continuity for the change attribute means that even if the same value



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   is retrieved on refetch, no conclusions can be drawn as to whether
   the object in question has changed.  The identical change attribute
   could be merely an artifact of a modified file with a different
   change attribute construction algorithm, with that new algorithm just
   happening to result in an identical change value.

   When the two file systems have consistent change attribute formats,
   and this fact is communicated to the client by reporting in the same
   change class, the client may assume a continuity of change attribute
   construction and handle this situation just as it would be handled
   without any file system transition.

5.9.6.  Updated Section 11.7.8 of [RFC5661] entitled "Write Verifiers
        and File System Transitions"

   In a file system transition, the two file systems might be clustered
   in the handling of unstably written data.  When this is the case, and
   the two file systems belong to the same write-verifier class, write
   verifiers returned from one system may be compared to those returned
   by the other and superfluous writes avoided.

   When two file systems belong to different write-verifier classes, any
   verifier generated by one must not be compared to one provided by the
   other.  Instead, the two verifiers should be treated as not equal
   even when the values are identical.

5.9.7.  Updated Section 11.7.9 of [RFC5661] entitled "Readdir Cookies
        and Verifiers and File System Transitions)"

   In a file system transition, the two file systems might be consistent
   in their handling of READDIR cookies and verifiers.  When this is the
   case, and the two file systems belong to the same readdir class,
   READDIR cookies and verifiers from one system may be recognized by
   the other and READDIR operations started on one server may be validly
   continued on the other, simply by presenting the cookie and verifier
   returned by a READDIR operation done on the first file system to the
   second.

   When two file systems belong to different readdir classes, any
   READDIR cookie and verifier generated by one is not valid on the
   second, and must not be presented to that server by the client.  The
   client should act as if the verifier was rejected.









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5.9.8.  Updated Section 11.7.10 entitled "File System Data and File
        System Transitions"

   When multiple replicas exist and are used simultaneously or in
   succession by a client, applications using them will normally expect
   that they contain either the same data or data that is consistent
   with the normal sorts of changes that are made by other clients
   updating the data of the file system (with metadata being the same to
   the degree indicated by the fs_locations_info attribute).  However,
   when multiple file systems are presented as replicas of one another,
   the precise relationship between the data of one and the data of
   another is not, as a general matter, specified by the NFSv4.1
   protocol.  It is quite possible to present as replicas file systems
   where the data of those file systems is sufficiently different that
   some applications have problems dealing with the transition between
   replicas.  The namespace will typically be constructed so that
   applications can choose an appropriate level of support, so that in
   one position in the namespace a varied set of replicas will be
   listed, while in another only those that are up-to-date may be
   considered replicas.  The protocol does define three special cases of
   the relationship among replicas to be specified by the server and
   relied upon by clients:

   o  When multiple replicas exist and are used simultaneously by a
      client (see the FSLIB4_CLSIMUL definition within
      fs_locations_info), they must designate the same data.  Where file
      systems are writable, a change made on one instance must be
      visible on all instances, immediately upon the earlier of the
      return of the modifying requester or the visibility of that change
      on any of the associated replicas.  This allows a client to use
      these replicas simultaneously without any special adaptation to
      the fact that there are multiple replicas, beyond adapting to the
      fact that locks obtained on one replica are maintained separately
      (i.e. under a different client ID).  In this case, locks (whether
      share reservations or byte-range locks) and delegations obtained
      on one replica are immediately reflected on all replicas, in the
      sense that access from all other servers is prevented regardless
      of the replica used.  However, because the servers are not
      required to treat two associated client IDs as representing the
      same client, it is best to access each file using only a single
      client ID.

   o  When one replica is designated as the successor instance to
      another existing instance after return NFS4ERR_MOVED (i.e., the
      case of migration), the client may depend on the fact that all
      changes written to stable storage on the original instance are
      written to stable storage of the successor (uncommitted writes are
      dealt with in Section 5.9.6 above).



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   o  Where a file system is not writable but represents a read-only
      copy (possibly periodically updated) of a writable file system,
      clients have similar requirements with regard to the propagation
      of updates.  They may need a guarantee that any change visible on
      the original file system instance must be immediately visible on
      any replica before the client transitions access to that replica,
      in order to avoid any possibility that a client, in effecting a
      transition to a replica, will see any reversion in file system
      state.  The specific means of this guarantee varies based on the
      value of the fss_type field that is reported as part of the
      fs_status attribute (see Section 11.11 of [RFC5661]).  Since these
      file systems are presumed to be unsuitable for simultaneous use,
      there is no specification of how locking is handled; in general,
      locks obtained on one file system will be separate from those on
      others.  Since these are expected to be read-only file systems,
      this is not likely to pose an issue for clients or applications.

5.9.9.  Updated Section 11.7.7 entitled "Lock State and File System
        Transitions"

   While accessing a file system, clients obtain locks enforced by the
   server which may prevent actions by other clients that are
   inconsistent with those locks.

   When access is transferred between replicas, clients need to be
   assured that the actions disallowed by holding these locks cannot
   have occurred during the transition.  This can be ensured by the
   methods below.  Unless at least one of these is implemented, clients
   will not be assured of continuity of lock possession across a
   migration event.

   o  Providing the client an opportunity to re-obtain his locks via a
      per-fs grace period on the destination server.  Because the lock
      reclaim mechanism was originally defined to support server reboot,
      it implicitly assumes that file handles will on reclaim will be
      the same as those at open.  In the case of migration, this
      requires that source and destination servers use the same
      filehandles, as evidenced by using the same server scope (see
      Section 4.2) or by showing this agreement using fs_locations_info
      (see Section 5.9.2 above).

   o  Locking state can be transferred as part of the transition by
      providing Transparent State Migration as described in Section 5.10
      of the current document.

   Of these, Transparent State Migration provides the smoother
   experience for clients in that there is no grace-period-based delay
   before new locks can be obtained.  However, it requires a greater



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   degree of inter-server co-ordination.  In general, the servers taking
   part in migration are free to provide either facility.  However, when
   the filehandles can differ across the migration event, Transparent
   State Migration is the only available means of providing the needed
   functionality.

   It should be noted that these two methods are not mutually exclusive
   and that a server might well provide both.  In particular, if there
   is some circumstance preventing a specific lock from being
   transferred transparently, the destination server can allow it to be
   reclaimed, by implementing a per-fs grace period for the migrated
   file system.

5.9.9.1.  Transferred Section 11.7.7.1 [RFC5661] entitled "Leases and
          File System Transitions"

   In the case of lease renewal, the client may not be submitting
   requests for a file system that has been transferred to another
   server.  This can occur because of the lease renewal mechanism.  The
   client renews the lease associated with all file systems when
   submitting a request on an associated session, regardless of the
   specific file system being referenced.

   In order for the client to schedule renewal of its lease where there
   is locking state that may have been relocated to the new server, the
   client must find out about lease relocation before that lease expire.
   To accomplish this, the SEQUENCE operation will return the status bit
   SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED if responsibility for any of the renewed
   locking state has been transferred to a new server.  This will
   continue until the client receives an NFS4ERR_MOVED error for each of
   the file systems for which there has been locking state relocation.

   When a client receives an SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED indication from a
   server, for each file system of the server for which the client has
   locking state, the client should perform an operation.  For
   simplicity, the client may choose to reference all file systems, but
   what is important is that it must reference all file systems for
   which there was locking state where that state has moved.  Once the
   client receives an NFS4ERR_MOVED error for each such file system, the
   server will clear the SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED indication.  The client
   can terminate the process of checking file systems once this
   indication is cleared (but only if the client has received a reply
   for all outstanding SEQUENCE requests on all sessions it has with the
   server), since there are no others for which locking state has moved.

   A client may use GETATTR of the fs_status (or fs_locations_info)
   attribute on all of the file systems to get absence indications in a
   single (or a few) request(s), since absent file systems will not



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   cause an error in this context.  However, it still must do an
   operation that receives NFS4ERR_MOVED on each file system, in order
   to clear the SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED indication.

   Once the set of file systems with transferred locking state has been
   determined, the client can follow the normal process to obtain the
   new server information (through the fs_locations and
   fs_locations_info attributes) and perform renewal of that lease on
   the new server, unless information in the fs_locations_info attribute
   shows that no state could have been transferred.  If the server has
   not had state transferred to it transparently, the client will
   receive NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID from the new server, as described
   above, and the client can then reclaim locks as is done in the event
   of server failure.

5.9.9.2.  Transferred Section 11.7.7.2 of [RFC5661] entitled
          "Transitions and the Lease_time Attribute"

   In order that the client may appropriately manage its lease in the
   case of a file system transition, the destination server must
   establish proper values for the lease_time attribute.

   When state is transferred transparently, that state should include
   the correct value of the lease_time attribute.  The lease_time
   attribute on the destination server must never be less than that on
   the source, since this would result in premature expiration of a
   lease granted by the source server.  Upon transitions in which state
   is transferred transparently, the client is under no obligation to
   refetch the lease_time attribute and may continue to use the value
   previously fetched (on the source server).

   If state has not been transferred transparently, either because the
   associated servers are shown as having different eir_server_scope
   strings or because the client ID is rejected when presented to the
   new server, the client should fetch the value of lease_time on the
   new (i.e., destination) server, and use it for subsequent locking
   requests.  However, the server must respect a grace period of at
   least as long as the lease_time on the source server, in order to
   ensure that clients have ample time to reclaim their lock before
   potentially conflicting non-reclaimed locks are granted.

5.10.  New section to be added after Section 11.7 of [RFC5661] to be
       entitled "Transferring State upon Migration"

   When the transition is a result of a server-initiated decision to
   transition access and the source and destination servers have
   implemented appropriate co-operation, it is possible to:




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   o  Transfer locking state from the source to the destination server,
      in a fashion similar to that provided by Transparent State
      Migration in NFSv4.0, as described in [RFC7931].  Server
      responsibilities are described in Section 5.12.2 of the current
      document.

   o  Transfer session state from the source to the destination server.
      Server responsibilities in effecting such a transfer are described
      in Section 5.12.3 of the current document.

   The means by which the client determines which of these transfer
   events has occurred are described in Section 5.11 of the current
   document.

5.10.1.  Only sub-section within new section to be added to [RFC5661] to
         be entitled "Transparent State Migration and pNFS"

   When pNFS is involved, the protocol is capable of supporting:

   o  Migration of the Metadata Server (MDS), leaving the Data Servers
      (DS's) in place.

   o  Migration of the file system as a whole, including the MDS and
      associated DS's.

   o  Replacement of one DS by another.

   o  Migration of a pNFS file system to one in which pNFS is not used.

   o  Migration of a file system not using pNFS to one in which layouts
      are available.

   Note that migration per se is only involved in the transfer of the
   MDS function.  Although the servicing of a layout may be transferred
   from one data server to another, this not done using the file system
   location attributes.  The MDS can effect such transfers by recalling/
   revoking existing layouts and granting new ones on a different data
   server.

   Migration of the MDS function is directly supported by Transparent
   State Migration.  Layout state will normally be transparently
   transferred, just as other state is.  As a result, Transparent State
   Migration provides a framework in which, given appropriate inter-MDS
   data transfer, one MDS can be substituted for another.

   Migration of the file system function as a whole can be accomplished
   by recalling all layouts as part of the initial phase of the
   migration process.  As a result, IO will be done through the MDS



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   during the migration process, and new layouts can be granted once the
   client is interacting with the new MDS.  An MDS can also effect this
   sort of transition by revoking all layouts as part of Transparent
   State Migration, as long as the client is notified about the loss of
   locking state.

   In order to allow migration to a file system on which pNFS is not
   supported, clients need to be prepared for a situation in which
   layouts are not available or supported on the destination file system
   and so direct IO requests to the destination server, rather than
   depending on layouts being available.

   Replacement of one DS by another is not addressed by migration as
   such but can be effected by an MDS recalling layouts for the DS to be
   replaced and issuing new ones to be served by the successor DS.

   Migration may transfer a file system from a server which does not
   support pNFS to one which does.  In order to properly adapt to this
   situation, clients which support pNFS, but function adequately in its
   absence should check for pNFS support when a file system is migrated
   and be prepared to use pNFS when support is available on the
   destination.

5.11.  New section to be added second after Section 11.7 of [RFC5661] to
       be entitled "Client Responsibilities when Access is Transitioned"

   For a client to respond to an access transition, it must become aware
   of it.  The ways in which this can happen are discussed in
   Section 5.11.1 which discusses indications that a specific file
   system access path has transitioned as well as situations in which
   additional activity is necessary to determine the set of file systems
   that have been migrated.  Section 5.11.2 goes on to complete the
   discussion of how the set of migrated file systems might be
   determined.  Sections 5.11.3 through 5.11.5 discuss how the client
   should deal with each transition it becomes aware of, either directly
   or as a result of migration discovery.

   The following terms are used to describe client activities:

   o  "Transition recovery" refers to the process of restoring access to
      a file system on which NFS4ERR_MOVED was received.

   o  "Migration recovery" to that subset of transition recovery which
      applies when the file system has migrated to a different replica.

   o  "Migration discovery" refers to the process of determining which
      file system(s) have been migrated.  It is necessary to avoid a
      situation in which leases could expire when a file system is not



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      accessed for a long period of time, since a client unaware of the
      migration might be referencing an unmigrated file system and not
      renewing the lease associated with the migrated file system.

5.11.1.  First sub-section within new section to be added to [RFC5661]
         to be entitled "Client Transition Notifications"

   When there is a change in the network access path which a client is
   to use to access a file system, there are a number of related status
   indications with which clients need to deal:

   o  If an attempt is made to use or return a filehandle within a file
      system that is no longer accessible at the address previously used
      to access it, the error NFS4ERR_MOVED is returned.

      Exceptions are made to allow such file handles to be used when
      interrogating a file system location attribute.  This enables a
      client to determine a new replica's location or a new network
      access path.

      This condition continues on subsequent attempts to access the file
      system in question.  The only way the client can avoid the error
      is to cease accessing the file system in question at its old
      server location and access it instead using a different address at
      which it is now available.

   o  Whenever a SEQUENCE operation is sent by a client to a server
      which generated state held on that client which is associated with
      a file system that is no longer accessible on the server at which
      it was previously available, the response will contain a lease-
      migrated indication, with the SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED status bit
      being set.

      This condition continues until the client acknowledges the
      notification by fetching a file system location attribute for the
      file system whose network access path is being changed.  When
      there are multiple such file systems, a location attribute for
      each such file system needs to be fetched.  The location attribute
      for all migrated file system needs to be fetched in order to clear
      the condition.  Even after the condition is cleared, the client
      needs to respond by using the location information to access the
      file system at its new location to ensure that leases are not
      needlessly expired.

   Unlike the case of NFSv4.0, in which the corresponding conditions are
   both errors and thus mutually exclusive, in NFSv4.1 the client can,
   and often will, receive both indications on the same request.  As a
   result, implementations need to address the question of how to co-



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   ordinate the necessary recovery actions when both indications arrive
   in the response to the same request.  It should be noted that when
   processing an NFSv4 COMPOUND, the server will normally decide whether
   SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED is to be set before it determines which file
   system will be referenced or whether NFS4ERR_MOVED is to be returned.

   Since these indications are not mutually exclusive in NFSv4.1, the
   following combinations are possible results when a COMPOUND is
   issued:

   o  The COMPOUND status is NFS4ERR_MOVED and SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED
      is asserted.

      In this case, transition recovery is required.  While it is
      possible that migration discovery is needed in addition, it is
      likely that only the accessed file system has transitioned.  In
      any case, because addressing NFS4ERR_MOVED is necessary to allow
      the rejected requests to be processed on the target, dealing with
      it will typically have priority over migration discovery.

   o  The COMPOUND status is NFS4ERR_MOVED and SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED
      is clear.

      In this case, transition recovery is also required.  It is clear
      that migration discovery is not needed to find file systems that
      have been migrated other that the one returning NFS4ERR_MOVED.
      Cases in which this result can arise include a referral or a
      migration for which there is no associated locking state.  This
      can also arise in cases in which an access path transition other
      than migration occurs within the same server.  In such a case,
      there is no need to set SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED, since the lease
      remains associated with the current server even though the access
      path has changed.

   o  The COMPOUND status is not NFS4ERR_MOVED and
      SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED is asserted.

      In this case, no transition recovery activity is required on the
      file system(s) accessed by the request.  However, to prevent
      avoidable lease expiration, migration discovery needs to be done

   o  The COMPOUND status is not NFS4ERR_MOVED and
      SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED is clear.

      In this case, neither transition-related activity nor migration
      discovery is required.





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   Note that the specified actions only need to be taken if they are not
   already going on.  For example, when NFS4ERR_MOVED is received when
   accessing a file system for which transition recovery already going
   on, the client merely waits for that recovery to be completed while
   the receipt of SEQ4_STATUS_LEASE_MOVED indication only needs to
   initiate migration discovery for a server if such discovery is not
   already underway for that server.

   The fact that a lease-migrated condition does not result in an error
   in NFSv4.1 has a number of important consequences.  In addition to
   the fact, discussed above, that the two indications are not mutually
   exclusive, there are number of issues that are important in
   considering implementation of migration discovery, as discussed in
   Section 5.11.2.

   Because of the absence of NFSV4ERR_LEASE_MOVED, it is possible for
   file systems whose access path has not changed to be successfully
   accessed on a given server even though recovery is necessary for
   other file systems on the same server.  As a result, access can go on
   while,

   o  The migration discovery process is going on for that server.

   o  The transition recovery process is going on for on other file
      systems connected to that server.

5.11.2.  Second sub-section within new section to be added to [RFC5661]
         to be entitled "Performing Migration Discovery"

   Migration discovery can be performed in the same context as
   transition recovery, allowing recovery for each migrated file system
   to be invoked as it is discovered.  Alternatively, it may be done in
   a separate migration discovery thread, allowing migration discovery
   to be done in parallel with one or more instances of transition
   recovery.

   In either case, because the lease-migrated indication does not result
   in an error. other access to file systems on the server can proceed
   normally, with the possibility that further such indications will be
   received, raising the issue of how such indications are to be dealt
   with.  In general,

   o  No action needs to be taken for such indications received by the
      those performing migration discovery, since continuation of that
      work will address the issue.

   o  In other cases in which migration discovery is currently being
      performed, nothing further needs to be done to respond to such



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      lease migration indications, as long as one can be certain that
      the migration discovery process would deal with those indications.
      See below for details.

   o  For such indications received in all other contexts, the
      appropriate response is to initiate or otherwise provide for the
      execution of migration discovery for file systems associated with
      the server IP address returning the indication.

   This leaves a potential difficulty in situations in which the
   migration discovery process is near to completion but is still
   operating.  One should not ignore a LEASE_MOVED indication if the
   migration discovery process is not able to respond to the discovery
   of additional migrating file systems without additional aid.  A
   further complexity relevant in addressing such situations is that a
   lease-migrated indication may reflect the server's state at the time
   the SEQUENCE operation was processed, which may be different from
   that in effect at the time the response is received.  Because new
   migration events may occur at any time, and because a LEASE_MOVED
   indication may reflect the situation in effect a considerable time
   before the indication is received, special care needs to be taken to
   ensure that LEASE_MOVED indications are not inappropriately ignored.

   A useful approach to this issue involves the use of separate
   externally-visible migration discovery states for each server.
   Separate values could represent the various possible states for the
   migration discovery process for a server:

   o  non-operation, in which migration discovery is not being performed

   o  normal operation, in which there is an ongoing scan for migrated
      file systems.

   o  completion/verification of migration discovery processing, in
      which the possible completion of migration discovery processing
      needs to be verified.

   Given that framework, migration discovery processing would proceed as
   follows.

   o  While in the normal-operation state, the thread performing
      discovery would fetch, for successive file systems known to the
      client on the server being worked on, a file system location
      attribute plus the fs_status attribute.

   o  If the fs_status attribute indicates that the file system is a
      migrated one (i.e. fss_absent is true and fss_type !=
      STATUS4_REFERRAL) and thus that it is likely that the fetch of the



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      file system location attribute has cleared one the file systems
      contributing to the lease-migrated indication.

   o  In cases in which that happened, the thread cannot know whether
      the lease-migrated indication has been cleared and so it enters
      the completion/verification state and proceeds to issue a COMPOUND
      to see if the LEASE_MOVED indication has been cleared.

   o  When the discovery process is in the completion/verification
      state, if other requests get a lease-migrated indication they note
      that it was received.  Laater, the existence of such indications
      is used when the request completes, as described below.

   When the request used in the completion/verification state completes:

   o  If a lease-migrated indication is returned, the discovery
      continues normally.  Note that this is so even if all file systems
      have traversed, since new migrations could have occurred while the
      process was going on.

   o  Otherwise, if there is any record that other requests saw a lease-
      migrated indication while the request was going on, that record is
      cleared and the verification request retried.  The discovery
      process remains in completion/verification state.

   o  If there have been no lease-migrated indications, the work of
      migration discovery is considered completed and it enters the non-
      operating state.  Once it enters this state, subsequent lease-
      migrated indication will trigger a new migration discovery
      process.

   It should be noted that the process described above is not guaranteed
   to terminate, as a long series of new migration events might
   continually delay the clearing of the LEASE_MOVED indication.  To
   prevent unnecessary lease expiration, it is appropriate for clients
   to use the discovery of migrations to effect lease renewal
   immediately, rather than waiting for clearing of the LEASE_MOVED
   indication when the complete set of migrations is available.

5.11.3.  Third sub-section within new section to be added to [RFC5661]
         to be entitled "Overview of Client Response to NFS4ERR_MOVED"

   This section outlines a way in which a client that receives
   NFS4ERR_MOVED can effect transition recovery by using a new server or
   server endpoint if one is available.  As part of that process, it
   will determine:





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   o  Whether the NFS4ERR_MOVED indicates migration has occurred, or
      whether it indicates another sort of file system access transition
      as discussed in Section 5.8 above.

   o  In the case of migration, whether Transparent State Migration has
      occurred.

   o  Whether any state has been lost during the process of Transparent
      State Migration.

   o  Whether sessions have been transferred as part of Transparent
      State Migration.

   During the first phase of this process, the client proceeds to
   examine file system location entries to find the initial network
   address it will use to continue access to the file system or its
   replacement.  For each location entry that the client examines, the
   process consists of five steps:

   1.  Performing an EXCHANGE_ID directed at the location address.  This
       operation is used to register the client owner (in the form of a
       client_owner4) with the server, to obtain a client ID to be use
       subsequently to communicate with it, to obtain that client ID's
       confirmation status, and to determine server_owner and scope for
       the purpose of determining if the entry is trunkable with that
       previously being used to access the file system (i.e. that it
       represents another network access path to the same file system
       and can share locking state with it).

   2.  Making an initial determination of whether migration has
       occurred.  The initial determination will be based on whether the
       EXCHANGE_ID results indicate that the current location element is
       server-trunkable with that used to access the file system when
       access was terminated by receiving NFS4ERR_MOVED.  If it is, then
       migration has not occurred.  In that case, the transition is
       dealt with, at least initially, as one involving continued access
       to the same file system on the same server through a new network
       address.

   3.  Obtaining access to existing session state or creating new
       sessions.  How this is done depends on the initial determination
       of whether migration has occurred and can be done as described in
       Section 5.11.4 below in the case of migration or as described in
       Section 5.11.5 below in the case of a network address transfer
       without migration.

   4.  Verification of the trunking relationship assumed in step 2 as
       discussed in Section 2.10.5.1 of [RFC5661].  Although this step



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       will generally confirm the initial determination, it is possible
       for verification to fail with the result that an initial
       determination that a network address shift (without migration)
       has occurred may be invalidated and migration determined to have
       occurred.  There is no need to redo step 3 above, since it will
       be possible to continue use of the session established already.

   5.  Obtaining access to existing locking state and/or reobtaining it.
       How this is done depends on the final determination of whether
       migration has occurred and can be done as described below in
       Section 5.11.4 in the case of migration or as described in
       Section 5.11.5 in the case of a network address transfer without
       migration.

   Once the initial address has been determined, clients are free to
   apply an abbreviated process to find additional addresses trunkable
   with it (clients may seek session-trunkable or server-trunkable
   addresses depending on whether they support clientid trunking).
   During this later phase of the process, further location entries are
   examined using the abbreviated procedure specified below:

   1.  Before the EXCHANGE_ID, the fs name of the location entry is
       examined and if it does not match that currently being used, the
       entry is ignored.  otherwise, one proceeds as specified by step 1
       above.

   2.  In the case that the network address is session-trunkable with
       one used previously a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION is used to access that
       session using the new network address.  Otherwise, or if the bind
       operation fails, a CREATE_SESSION is done.

   3.  The verification procedure referred to in step 4 above is used.
       However, if it fails, the entry is ignored and the next available
       entry is used.

5.11.4.  Fourth sub-section within new section to be added to [RFC5661]
         to be entitled "Obtaining Access to Sessions and State after
         Migration"

   In the event that migration has occurred, migration recovery will
   involve determining whether Transparent State Migration has occurred.
   This decision is made based on the client ID returned by the
   EXCHANGE_ID and the reported confirmation status.

   o  If the client ID is an unconfirmed client ID not previously known
      to the client, then Transparent State Migration has not occurred.





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   o  If the client ID is a confirmed client ID previously known to the
      client, then any transferred state would have been merged with an
      existing client ID representing the client to the destination
      server.  In this state merger case, Transparent State Migration
      might or might not have occurred and a determination as to whether
      it has occurred is deferred until sessions are established and the
      client is ready to begin state recovery.

   o  If the client ID is a confirmed client ID not previously known to
      the client, then the client can conclude that the client ID was
      transferred as part of Transparent State Migration.  In this
      transferred client ID case, Transparent State Migration has
      occurred although some state might have been lost.

   Once the client ID has been obtained, it is necessary to obtain
   access to sessions to continue communication with the new server.  In
   any of the cases in which Transparent State Migration has occurred,
   it is possible that a session was transferred as well.  To deal with
   that possibility, clients can, after doing the EXCHANGE_ID, issue a
   BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to connect the transferred session to a
   connection to the new server.  If that fails, it is an indication
   that the session was not transferred and that a new session needs to
   be created to take its place.

   In some situations, it is possible for a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION to
   succeed without session migration having occurred.  If state merger
   has taken place then the associated client ID may have already had a
   set of existing sessions, with it being possible that the sessionid
   of a given session is the same as one that might have been migrated.
   In that event, a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION might succeed, even though
   there could have been no migration of the session with that
   sessionid.  In such cases, the client will receive sequence errors
   when the slot sequence values used are not appropriate on the new
   session.  When this occurs, the client can create a new a session and
   cease using the existing one.

   Once the client has determined the initial migration status, and
   determined that there was a shift to a new server, it needs to re-
   establish its locking state, if possible.  To enable this to happen
   without loss of the guarantees normally provided by locking, the
   destination server needs to implement a per-fs grace period in all
   cases in which lock state was lost, including those in which
   Transparent State Migration was not implemented.

   Clients need to be deal with the following cases:

   o  In the state merger case, it is possible that the server has not
      attempted Transparent State Migration, in which case state may



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      have been lost without it being reflected in the SEQ4_STATUS bits.
      To determine whether this has happened, the client can use
      TEST_STATEID to check whether the stateids created on the source
      server are still accessible on the destination server.  Once a
      single stateid is found to have been successfully transferred, the
      client can conclude that Transparent State Migration was begun and
      any failure to transport all of the stateids will be reflected in
      the SEQ4_STATUS bits.  Otherwise, Transparent State Migration has
      not occurred.

   o  In a case in which Transparent State Migration has not occurred,
      the client can use the per-fs grace period provided by the
      destination server to reclaim locks that were held on the source
      server.

   o  In a case in which Transparent State Migration has occurred, and
      no lock state was lost (as shown by SEQ4_STATUS flags), no lock
      reclaim is necessary.

   o  In a case in which Transparent State Migration has occurred, and
      some lock state was lost (as shown by SEQ4_STATUS flags), existing
      stateids need to be checked for validity using TEST_STATEID, and
      reclaim used to re-establish any that were not transferred.

   For all of the cases above, RECLAIM_COMPLETE with an rca_one_fs value
   of TRUE needs to be done before normal use of the file system
   including obtaining new locks for the file system.  This applies even
   if no locks were lost and there was no need for any to be reclaimed.

5.11.5.  Fifth sub-section within new section to be added to [RFC5661]
         to be entitled "Obtaining Access to Sessions and State after
         Network Address Transfer"

   The case in which there is a transfer to a new network address
   without migration is similar to that described in Section 5.11.4
   above in that there is a need to obtain access to needed sessions and
   locking state.  However, the details are simpler and will vary
   depending on the type of trunking between the address receiving
   NFS4ERR_MOVED and that to which the transfer is to be made

   To make a session available for use, a BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION should be
   used to obtain access to the session previously in use.  Only if this
   fails, should a CREATE_SESSION be done.  While this procedure mirrors
   that in Section 5.11.4 above, there is an important difference in
   that preservation of the session is not purely optional but depends
   on the type of trunking.





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   Access to appropriate locking state will generally need no actions
   beyond access to the session.  However, the SEQ4_STATUS bits need to
   be checked for lost locking state, including the need to reclaim
   locks after a server reboot, since there is always a possibility of
   locking state being lost.

5.12.  New section to be added third after Section 11.7 of [RFC5661] to
       be entitled "Server Responsibilities Upon Migration"

   In the event of file system migration, when the client connects to
   the destination server, that server needs to be able to provide the
   client continued to access the files it had open on the source
   server.  There are two ways to provide this:

   o  By provision of an fs-specific grace period, allowing the client
      the ability to reclaim its locks, in a fashion similar to what
      would have been done in the case of recovery from a server
      restart.  See Section 5.12.1 for a more complete discussion.

   o  By implementing Transparent State Migration possibly in connection
      with session migration, the server can provide the client
      immediate access to the state built up on the source server, on
      the destination.

      These features are discussed separately in Sections 5.12.2 and
      5.12.3, which discuss Transparent State Migration and session
      migration respectively.

   All the features described above can involve transfer of lock-related
   information between source and destination servers.  In some cases,
   this transfer is a necessary part of the implementation while in
   other cases it is a helpful implementation aid which servers might or
   might not use.  The sub-sections below discuss the information which
   would be transferred but do not define the specifics of the transfer
   protocol.  This is left as an implementation choice although
   standards in this area could be developed at a later time.

5.12.1.  First sub-section within new section to be added to [RFC5661]
         to be entitled "Server Responsibilities in Effecting State
         Reclaim after Migration"

   In this case, destination server need have no knowledge of the locks
   held on the source server, but relies on the clients to accurately
   report (via reclaim operations) the locks previously held, not
   allowing new locks to be granted on migrated file system until the
   grace period expires.





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   During this grace period clients have the opportunity to use reclaim
   operations to obtain locks for file system objects within the
   migrated file system, in the same way that they do when recovering
   from server restart, and the servers typically rely on clients to
   accurately report their locks, although they have the option of
   subjecting these requests to verification.  If the clients only
   reclaim locks held on the source server, no conflict can arise.  Once
   the client has reclaimed its locks, it indicates the completion of
   lock reclamation by performing a RECLAIM_COMPLETE specifying
   rca_one_fs as TRUE.

   While it is not necessary for source and destination servers to co-
   operate to transfer information about locks, implementations are
   well-advised to consider transferring the following useful
   information:

   o  If information about the set of clients that have locking state
      for the transferred file system is made available, the destination
      server will be able to terminate the grace period once all such
      clients have reclaimed their locks, allowing normal locking
      activity to resume earlier than it would have otherwise.

   o  Locking summary information for individual clients (at various
      possible levels of detail) can detect some instances in which
      clients do not accurately represent the locks held on the source
      server.

5.12.2.  Second sub-section within new section to be added to [RFC5661]
         to be entitled "Server Responsibilities in Effecting
         Transparent State Migration"

   The basic responsibility of the source server in effecting
   Transparent State Migration is to make available to the destination
   server a description of each piece of locking state associated with
   the file system being migrated.  In addition to client id string and
   verifier, the source server needs to provide, for each stateid:

   o  The stateid including the current sequence value.

   o  The associated client ID.

   o  The handle of the associated file.

   o  The type of the lock, such as open, byte-range lock, delegation,
      or layout.

   o  For locks such as opens and byte-range locks, there will be
      information about the owner(s) of the lock.



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   o  For recallable/revocable lock types, the current recall status
      needs to be included.

   o  For each lock type, there will be type-specific information, such
      as share and deny modes for opens and type and byte ranges for
      byte-range locks and layouts.

   Such information will most probably be organized by client id string
   on the destination server so that it can be used to provide
   appropriate context to each client when it makes itself known to the
   client.  Issues connected with a client impersonating another by
   presenting another client's id string are discussed in Section 8.

   A further server responsibility concerns locks that are revoked or
   otherwise lost during the process of file system migration.  Because
   locks that appear to be lost during the process of migration will be
   reclaimed by the client, the servers have to take steps to ensure
   that locks revoked soon before or soon after migration are not
   inadvertently allowed to be reclaimed in situations in which the
   continuity of lock possession cannot be assured.

   o  For locks lost on the source but whose loss has not yet been
      acknowledged by the client (by using FREE_STATEID), the
      destination must be aware of this loss so that it can deny a
      request to reclaim them.

   o  For locks lost on the destination after the state transfer but
      before the client's RECLAIM_COMPLTE is done, the destination
      server should note these and not allow them to be reclaimed.

   An additional responsibility of the cooperating servers concerns
   situations in which a stateid cannot be transferred transparently
   because it conflicts with an existing stateid held by the client and
   associated with a different file system.  In this case there are two
   valid choices:

   o  Treat the transfer, as in NFSv4.0, as one without Transparent
      State Migration.  In this case, conflicting locks cannot be
      granted until the client does a RECLAIM_COMPLETE, after reclaiming
      the locks it had, with the exception of reclaims denied because
      they were attempts to reclaim locks that had been lost.

   o  Implement Transparent State Migration, except for the lock with
      the conflicting stateid.  In this case, the client will be aware
      of a lost lock (through the SEQ4_STATUS flags) and be allowed to
      reclaim it.





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   When transferring state between the source and destination, the
   issues discussed in Section 7.2 of [RFC7931] must still be attended
   to.  In this case, the use of NFS4ERR_DELAY may still necessary in
   NFSv4.1, as it was in NFSv4.0, to prevent locking state changing
   while it is being transferred.

   There are a number of important differences in the NFS4.1 context:

   o  The absence of RELEASE_LOCKOWNER means that the one case in which
      an operation could not be deferred by use of NFS4ERR_DELAY no
      longer exists.

   o  Sequencing of operations is no longer done using owner-based
      operation sequences numbers.  Instead, sequencing is session-
      based

   As a result, when sessions are not transferred, the techniques
   discussed in Section 7.2 of [RFC7931] are adequate and will not be
   further discussed.

5.12.3.  Third sub-section within new section to be added to [RFC5661]
         to be entitled "Server Responsibilities in Effecting Session
         Transfer"

   The basic responsibility of the source server in effecting session
   transfer is to make available to the destination server a description
   of the current state of each slot with the session, including:

   o  The last sequence value received for that slot.

   o  Whether there is cached reply data for the last request executed
      and, if so, the cached reply.

   When sessions are transferred, there are a number of issues that pose
   challenges in terms of making the transferred state unmodifiable
   during the period it is gathered up and transferred to the
   destination server.

   o  A single session may be used to access multiple file systems, not
      all of which are being transferred.

   o  Requests made on a session may, even if rejected, affect the state
      of the session by advancing the sequence number associated with
      the slot used.

   As a result, when the file system state might otherwise be considered
   unmodifiable, the client might have any number of in-flight requests,




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   each of which is capable of changing session state, which may be of a
   number of types:

   1.  Those requests that were processed on the migrating file system,
       before migration began.

   2.  Those requests which got the error NFS4ERR_DELAY because the file
       system being accessed was in the process of being migrated.

   3.  Those requests which got the error NFS4ERR_MOVED because the file
       system being accessed had been migrated.

   4.  Those requests that accessed the migrating file system, in order
       to obtain location or status information.

   5.  Those requests that did not reference the migrating file system.

   It should be noted that the history of any particular slot is likely
   to include a number of these request classes.  In the case in which a
   session which is migrated is used by file systems other than the one
   migrated, requests of class 5 may be common and be the last request
   processed, for many slots.

   Since session state can change even after the locking state has been
   fixed as part of the migration process, the session state known to
   the client could be different from that on the destination server,
   which necessarily reflects the session state on the source server, at
   an earlier time.  In deciding how to deal with this situation, it is
   helpful to distinguish between two sorts of behavioral consequences
   of the choice of initial sequence ID values.

   o  The error NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED is returned when the sequence ID
      in a request is neither equal to the last one seen for the current
      slot nor the next greater one.

      In view of the difficulty of arriving at a mutually acceptable
      value for the correct last sequence value at the point of
      migration, it may be necessary for the server to show some degree
      of forbearance, when the sequence ID is one that would be
      considered unacceptable if session migration were not involved.

   o  Returning the cached reply for a previously executed request when
      the sequence ID in the request matches the last value recorded for
      the slot.

      In the cases in which an error is returned and there is no
      possibility of any non-idempotent operation having been executed,
      it may not be necessary to adhere to this as strictly as might be



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      proper if session migration were not involved.  For example, the
      fact that the error NFS4ERR_DELAY was returned may not assist the
      client in any material way, while the fact that NFS4ERR_MOVED was
      returned by the source server may not be relevant when the request
      was reissued, directed to the destination server.

   An important issue is that the specification needs to take note of
   all potential COMPOUNDs, even if they might be unlikely in practice.
   For example, a COMPOUND is allowed to access multiple file systems
   and might perform non-idempotent operations in some of them before
   accessing a file system being migrated.  Also, a COMPOUND may return
   considerable data in the response, before being rejected with
   NFS4ERR_DELAY or NFS4ERR_MOVED, and may in addition be marked as
   sa_cachethis.

   To address these issues, a destination server MAY do any of the
   following when implementing session transfer.

   o  Avoid enforcing any sequencing semantics for a particular slot
      until the client has established the starting sequence for that
      slot on the destination server.

   o  For each slot, avoid returning a cached reply returning
      NFS4ERR_DELAY or NFS4ERR_MOVED until the client has established
      the starting sequence for that slot on the destination server.

   o  Until the client has established the starting sequence for a
      particular slot on the destination server, avoid reporting
      NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED or return a cached reply returning
      NFS4ERR_DELAY or NFS4ERR_MOVED, where the reply consists solely of
      a series of operations where the response is NFS4_OK until the
      final error.

   Because of the considerations mentioned above, the destination server
   can respond appropriately to SEQUENCE operations received from the
   client by adopting the three policies listed below:

   o  Not responding with NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED for the initial request
      on a slot within a transferred session, since the destination
      server cannot be aware of requests made by the client after the
      server handoff but before the client became aware of the shift.

   o  Replying as it would for a retry whenever the sequence matches
      that transferred by the source server, even though this would not
      provide retry handling for requests issued after the server
      handoff, under the assumption that when such requests are issued
      they will never be responded to in a state-changing fashion,
      making retry support for them unnecessary.



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   o  Once a non-retry SEQUENCE is received for a given slot, using that
      as the basis for further sequence checking, with no further
      reference to the sequence value transferred by the sour server.

5.13.  Transferred Section 11.8 of [RFC5661] entitled "Effecting File
       System Referrals"

   Referrals are effected when an absent file system is encountered and
   one or more alternate locations are made available by the
   fs_locations or fs_locations_info attributes.  The client will
   typically get an NFS4ERR_MOVED error, fetch the appropriate location
   information, and proceed to access the file system on a different
   server, even though it retains its logical position within the
   original namespace.  Referrals differ from migration events in that
   they happen only when the client has not previously referenced the
   file system in question (so there is nothing to transition).
   Referrals can only come into effect when an absent file system is
   encountered at its root.

   The examples given in the sections below are somewhat artificial in
   that an actual client will not typically do a multi-component look
   up, but will have cached information regarding the upper levels of
   the name hierarchy.  However, these examples are chosen to make the
   required behavior clear and easy to put within the scope of a small
   number of requests, without getting a discussion of the details of
   how specific clients might choose to cache things.

5.13.1.  Referral Example (LOOKUP) (transferred section)

   Let us suppose that the following COMPOUND is sent in an environment
   in which /this/is/the/path is absent from the target server.  This
   may be for a number of reasons.  It may be that the file system has
   moved, or it may be that the target server is functioning mainly, or
   solely, to refer clients to the servers on which various file systems
   are located.

   o  PUTROOTFH

   o  LOOKUP "this"

   o  LOOKUP "is"

   o  LOOKUP "the"

   o  LOOKUP "path"

   o  GETFH




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   o  GETATTR (fsid, fileid, size, time_modify)

   Under the given circumstances, the following will be the result.

   o  PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is now the root of the
      pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this and is
      within the pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this/is and is
      within the pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this/is/the and
      is within the pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "path" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this/is/the/path
      and is within a new, absent file system, but ...  the client will
      never see the value of that fh.

   o  GETFH --> NFS4ERR_MOVED.  Fails because current fh is in an absent
      file system at the start of the operation, and the specification
      makes no exception for GETFH.

   o  GETATTR (fsid, fileid, size, time_modify).  Not executed because
      the failure of the GETFH stops processing of the COMPOUND.

   Given the failure of the GETFH, the client has the job of determining
   the root of the absent file system and where to find that file
   system, i.e., the server and path relative to that server's root fh.
   Note that in this example, the client did not obtain filehandles and
   attribute information (e.g., fsid) for the intermediate directories,
   so that it would not be sure where the absent file system starts.  It
   could be the case, for example, that /this/is/the is the root of the
   moved file system and that the reason that the look up of "path"
   succeeded is that the file system was not absent on that operation
   but was moved between the last LOOKUP and the GETFH (since COMPOUND
   is not atomic).  Even if we had the fsids for all of the intermediate
   directories, we could have no way of knowing that /this/is/the/path
   was the root of a new file system, since we don't yet have its fsid.

   In order to get the necessary information, let us re-send the chain
   of LOOKUPs with GETFHs and GETATTRs to at least get the fsids so we
   can be sure where the appropriate file system boundaries are.  The
   client could choose to get fs_locations_info at the same time but in
   most cases the client will have a good guess as to where file system
   boundaries are (because of where NFS4ERR_MOVED was, and was not,
   received) making fetching of fs_locations_info unnecessary.



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   OP01:  PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK

   -  Current fh is root of pseudo-fs.

   OP02:  GETATTR(fsid) --> NFS_OK

   -  Just for completeness.  Normally, clients will know the fsid of
      the pseudo-fs as soon as they establish communication with a
      server.

   OP03:  LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK

   OP04:  GETATTR(fsid) --> NFS_OK

   -  Get current fsid to see where file system boundaries are.  The
      fsid will be that for the pseudo-fs in this example, so no
      boundary.

   OP05:  GETFH --> NFS_OK

   -  Current fh is for /this and is within pseudo-fs.

   OP06:  LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK

   -  Current fh is for /this/is and is within pseudo-fs.

   OP07:  GETATTR(fsid) --> NFS_OK

   -  Get current fsid to see where file system boundaries are.  The
      fsid will be that for the pseudo-fs in this example, so no
      boundary.

   OP08:  GETFH --> NFS_OK

   -  Current fh is for /this/is and is within pseudo-fs.

   OP09:  LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK

   -  Current fh is for /this/is/the and is within pseudo-fs.

   OP10:  GETATTR(fsid) --> NFS_OK

   -  Get current fsid to see where file system boundaries are.  The
      fsid will be that for the pseudo-fs in this example, so no
      boundary.

   OP11:  GETFH --> NFS_OK




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   -  Current fh is for /this/is/the and is within pseudo-fs.

   OP12:  LOOKUP "path" --> NFS_OK

   -  Current fh is for /this/is/the/path and is within a new, absent
      file system, but ...

   -  The client will never see the value of that fh.

   OP13:  GETATTR(fsid, fs_locations_info) --> NFS_OK

   -  We are getting the fsid to know where the file system boundaries
      are.  In this operation, the fsid will be different than that of
      the parent directory (which in turn was retrieved in OP10).  Note
      that the fsid we are given will not necessarily be preserved at
      the new location.  That fsid might be different, and in fact the
      fsid we have for this file system might be a valid fsid of a
      different file system on that new server.

   -  In this particular case, we are pretty sure anyway that what has
      moved is /this/is/the/path rather than /this/is/the since we have
      the fsid of the latter and it is that of the pseudo-fs, which
      presumably cannot move.  However, in other examples, we might not
      have this kind of information to rely on (e.g., /this/is/the might
      be a non-pseudo file system separate from /this/is/the/path), so
      we need to have other reliable source information on the boundary
      of the file system that is moved.  If, for example, the file
      system /this/is had moved, we would have a case of migration
      rather than referral, and once the boundaries of the migrated file
      system was clear we could fetch fs_locations_info.

   -  We are fetching fs_locations_info because the fact that we got an
      NFS4ERR_MOVED at this point means that it is most likely that this
      is a referral and we need the destination.  Even if it is the case
      that /this/is/the is a file system that has migrated, we will
      still need the location information for that file system.

   OP14:  GETFH --> NFS4ERR_MOVED

   -  Fails because current fh is in an absent file system at the start
      of the operation, and the specification makes no exception for
      GETFH.  Note that this means the server will never send the client
      a filehandle from within an absent file system.

   Given the above, the client knows where the root of the absent file
   system is (/this/is/the/path) by noting where the change of fsid
   occurred (between "the" and "path").  The fs_locations_info attribute
   also gives the client the actual location of the absent file system,



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   so that the referral can proceed.  The server gives the client the
   bare minimum of information about the absent file system so that
   there will be very little scope for problems of conflict between
   information sent by the referring server and information of the file
   system's home.  No filehandles and very few attributes are present on
   the referring server, and the client can treat those it receives as
   transient information with the function of enabling the referral.

5.13.2.  Referral Example (READDIR) (transferred section)

   Another context in which a client may encounter referrals is when it
   does a READDIR on a directory in which some of the sub-directories
   are the roots of absent file systems.

   Suppose such a directory is read as follows:

   o  PUTROOTFH

   o  LOOKUP "this"

   o  LOOKUP "is"

   o  LOOKUP "the"

   o  READDIR (fsid, size, time_modify, mounted_on_fileid)

   In this case, because rdattr_error is not requested,
   fs_locations_info is not requested, and some of the attributes cannot
   be provided, the result will be an NFS4ERR_MOVED error on the
   READDIR, with the detailed results as follows:

   o  PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is at the root of the
      pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this and is
      within the pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this/is and is
      within the pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this/is/the and
      is within the pseudo-fs.

   o  READDIR (fsid, size, time_modify, mounted_on_fileid) -->
      NFS4ERR_MOVED.  Note that the same error would have been returned
      if /this/is/the had migrated, but it is returned because the
      directory contains the root of an absent file system.




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   So now suppose that we re-send with rdattr_error:

   o  PUTROOTFH

   o  LOOKUP "this"

   o  LOOKUP "is"

   o  LOOKUP "the"

   o  READDIR (rdattr_error, fsid, size, time_modify, mounted_on_fileid)

   The results will be:

   o  PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is at the root of the
      pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this and is
      within the pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this/is and is
      within the pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this/is/the and
      is within the pseudo-fs.

   o  READDIR (rdattr_error, fsid, size, time_modify, mounted_on_fileid)
      --> NFS_OK.  The attributes for directory entry with the component
      named "path" will only contain rdattr_error with the value
      NFS4ERR_MOVED, together with an fsid value and a value for
      mounted_on_fileid.

   Suppose we do another READDIR to get fs_locations_info (although we
   could have used a GETATTR directly, as in Section 5.13.1).

   o  PUTROOTFH

   o  LOOKUP "this"

   o  LOOKUP "is"

   o  LOOKUP "the"

   o  READDIR (rdattr_error, fs_locations_info, mounted_on_fileid, fsid,
      size, time_modify)

   The results would be:




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   o  PUTROOTFH --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is at the root of the
      pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "this" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this and is
      within the pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "is" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this/is and is
      within the pseudo-fs.

   o  LOOKUP "the" --> NFS_OK.  The current fh is for /this/is/the and
      is within the pseudo-fs.

   o  READDIR (rdattr_error, fs_locations_info, mounted_on_fileid, fsid,
      size, time_modify) --> NFS_OK.  The attributes will be as shown
      below.

   The attributes for the directory entry with the component named
   "path" will only contain:

   o  rdattr_error (value: NFS_OK)

   o  fs_locations_info

   o  mounted_on_fileid (value: unique fileid within referring file
      system)

   o  fsid (value: unique value within referring server)

   The attributes for entry "path" will not contain size or time_modify
   because these attributes are not available within an absent file
   system.

5.14.  Transferred Section 11.9 of [RFC5661]" entitled "The Attribute
       fs_locations"

   The fs_locations attribute is structured in the following way:

   struct fs_location4 {
           utf8str_cis     server<>;
           pathname4       rootpath;
   };

   struct fs_locations4 {
           pathname4       fs_root;
           fs_location4    locations<>;
   };





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   The fs_location4 data type is used to represent the location of a
   file system by providing a server name and the path to the root of
   the file system within that server's namespace.  When a set of
   servers have corresponding file systems at the same path within their
   namespaces, an array of server names may be provided.  An entry in
   the server array is a UTF-8 string and represents one of a
   traditional DNS host name, IPv4 address, IPv6 address, or a zero-
   length string.  An IPv4 or IPv6 address is represented as a universal
   address (see Section 3.3.9 of [RFC5661] and [RFC5665]), minus the
   netid, and either with or without the trailing ".p1.p2" suffix that
   represents the port number.  If the suffix is omitted, then the
   default port, 2049, SHOULD be assumed.  A zero-length string SHOULD
   be used to indicate the current address being used for the RPC call.
   It is not a requirement that all servers that share the same rootpath
   be listed in one fs_location4 instance.  The array of server names is
   provided for convenience.  Servers that share the same rootpath may
   also be listed in separate fs_location4 entries in the fs_locations
   attribute.

   The fs_locations4 data type and the fs_locations attribute each
   contain an array of such locations.  Since the namespace of each
   server may be constructed differently, the "fs_root" field is
   provided.  The path represented by fs_root represents the location of
   the file system in the current server's namespace, i.e., that of the
   server from which the fs_locations attribute was obtained.  The
   fs_root path is meant to aid the client by clearly referencing the
   root of the file system whose locations are being reported, no matter
   what object within the current file system the current filehandle
   designates.  The fs_root is simply the pathname the client used to
   reach the object on the current server (i.e., the object to which the
   fs_locations attribute applies).

   When the fs_locations attribute is interrogated and there are no
   alternate file system locations, the server SHOULD return a zero-
   length array of fs_location4 structures, together with a valid
   fs_root.

   As an example, suppose there is a replicated file system located at
   two servers (servA and servB).  At servA, the file system is located
   at path /a/b/c.  At, servB the file system is located at path /x/y/z.
   If the client were to obtain the fs_locations value for the directory
   at /a/b/c/d, it might not necessarily know that the file system's
   root is located in servA's namespace at /a/b/c.  When the client
   switches to servB, it will need to determine that the directory it
   first referenced at servA is now represented by the path /x/y/z/d on
   servB.  To facilitate this, the fs_locations attribute provided by
   servA would have an fs_root value of /a/b/c and two entries in
   fs_locations.  One entry in fs_locations will be for itself (servA)



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   and the other will be for servB with a path of /x/y/z.  With this
   information, the client is able to substitute /x/y/z for the /a/b/c
   at the beginning of its access path and construct /x/y/z/d to use for
   the new server.

   Note that there is no requirement that the number of components in
   each rootpath be the same; there is no relation between the number of
   components in rootpath or fs_root, and none of the components in a
   rootpath and fs_root have to be the same.  In the above example, we
   could have had a third element in the locations array, with server
   equal to "servC" and rootpath equal to "/I/II", and a fourth element
   in locations with server equal to "servD" and rootpath equal to
   "/aleph/beth/gimel/daleth/he".

   The relationship between fs_root to a rootpath is that the client
   replaces the pathname indicated in fs_root for the current server for
   the substitute indicated in rootpath for the new server.

   For an example of a referred or migrated file system, suppose there
   is a file system located at serv1.  At serv1, the file system is
   located at /az/buky/vedi/glagoli.  The client finds that object at
   glagoli has migrated (or is a referral).  The client gets the
   fs_locations attribute, which contains an fs_root of /az/buky/vedi/
   glagoli, and one element in the locations array, with server equal to
   serv2, and rootpath equal to /izhitsa/fita.  The client replaces
   /az/buky/vedi/glagoli with /izhitsa/fita, and uses the latter
   pathname on serv2.

   Thus, the server MUST return an fs_root that is equal to the path the
   client used to reach the object to which the fs_locations attribute
   applies.  Otherwise, the client cannot determine the new path to use
   on the new server.

   Since the fs_locations attribute lacks information defining various
   attributes of the various file system choices presented, it SHOULD
   only be interrogated and used when fs_locations_info is not
   available.  When fs_locations is used, information about the specific
   locations should be assumed based on the following rules.

   The following rules are general and apply irrespective of the
   context.

   o  All listed file system instances should be considered as of the
      same handle class, if and only if, the current fh_expire_type
      attribute does not include the FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit.  Note that
      in the case of referral, filehandle issues do not apply since
      there can be no filehandles known within the current file system,




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      nor is there any access to the fh_expire_type attribute on the
      referring (absent) file system.

   o  All listed file system instances should be considered as of the
      same fileid class if and only if the fh_expire_type attribute
      indicates persistent filehandles and does not include the
      FH4_VOL_MIGRATION bit.  Note that in the case of referral, fileid
      issues do not apply since there can be no fileids known within the
      referring (absent) file system, nor is there any access to the
      fh_expire_type attribute.

   o  All file system instances servers should be considered as of
      different change classes.

   For other class assignments, handling of file system transitions
   depends on the reasons for the transition:

   o  When the transition is due to migration, that is, the client was
      directed to a new file system after receiving an NFS4ERR_MOVED
      error, the target should be treated as being of the same write-
      verifier class as the source.

   o  When the transition is due to failover to another replica, that
      is, the client selected another replica without receiving an
      NFS4ERR_MOVED error, the target should be treated as being of a
      different write-verifier class from the source.

   The specific choices reflect typical implementation patterns for
   failover and controlled migration, respectively.  Since other choices
   are possible and useful, this information is better obtained by using
   fs_locations_info.  When a server implementation needs to communicate
   other choices, it MUST support the fs_locations_info attribute.

   See Section 8 for a discussion on the recommendations for the
   security flavor to be used by any GETATTR operation that requests the
   "fs_locations" attribute.

5.15.  Updated Section 11.10 of [RFC5661] entitled "The Attribute
       fs_locations_info"

   The fs_locations_info attribute is intended as a more functional
   replacement for the fs_locations attribute which will continue to
   exist and be supported.  Clients can use it to get a more complete
   set of data about alternative file system locations, including
   additional network paths to access replicas in use and additional
   replicas.  When the server does not support fs_locations_info,
   fs_locations can be used to get a subset of the data.  A server that
   supports fs_locations_info MUST support fs_locations as well.



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   There is additional data present in fs_locations_info, that is not
   available in fs_locations:

   o  Attribute continuity information.  This information will allow a
      client to select a replica that meets the transparency
      requirements of the applications accessing the data and to
      leverage optimizations due to the server guarantees of attribute
      continuity (e.g., if the change attribute of a file of the file
      system is continuous between multiple replicas, the client does
      not have to invalidate the file's cache when switching to a
      different replica).

   o  File system identity information that indicates when multiple
      replicas, from the client's point of view, correspond to the same
      target file system, allowing them to be used interchangeably,
      without disruption, as distinct synchronized replicas of the same
      file data.

      Note that having two replicas with common identity information is
      distinct from the case of two (trunked) paths to the same replica.

   o  Information that will bear on the suitability of various replicas,
      depending on the use that the client intends.  For example, many
      applications need an absolutely up-to-date copy (e.g., those that
      write), while others may only need access to the most up-to-date
      copy reasonably available.

   o  Server-derived preference information for replicas, which can be
      used to implement load-balancing while giving the client the
      entire file system list to be used in case the primary fails.

   The fs_locations_info attribute is structured similarly to the
   fs_locations attribute.  A top-level structure (fs_locations_info4)
   contains the entire attribute including the root pathname of the file
   system and an array of lower-level structures that define replicas
   that share a common rootpath on their respective servers.  The lower-
   level structure in turn (fs_locations_item4) contains a specific
   pathname and information on one or more individual network access
   paths.  For that last lowest level, fs_locations_info has an
   fs_locations_server4 structure that contains per-server-replica
   information in addition to the file system location entry.  This per-
   server-replica information includes a nominally opaque array,
   fls_info, within which specific pieces of information are located at
   the specific indices listed below.

   Two fs_location_server4 entries that are within different
   fs_location_item4 structures are never trunkable, while two entries
   within in the same fs_location_item4 structure might or might not be



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   trunkable.  Two entries that are trunkable will have identical
   identity information, although, as noted above, the converse is not
   the case.

   The attribute will always contain at least a single
   fs_locations_server entry.  Typically, there will be an entry with
   the FS4LIGF_CUR_REQ flag set, although in the case of a referral
   there will be no entry with that flag set.

   It should be noted that fs_locations_info attributes returned by
   servers for various replicas may differ for various reasons.  One
   server may know about a set of replicas that are not known to other
   servers.  Further, compatibility attributes may differ.  Filehandles
   might be of the same class going from replica A to replica B but not
   going in the reverse direction.  This might happen because the
   filehandles are the same, but replica B's server implementation might
   not have provision to note and report that equivalence.

   The fs_locations_info attribute consists of a root pathname
   (fli_fs_root, just like fs_root in the fs_locations attribute),
   together with an array of fs_location_item4 structures.  The
   fs_location_item4 structures in turn consist of a root pathname
   (fli_rootpath) together with an array (fli_entries) of elements of
   data type fs_locations_server4, all defined as follows.

   <CODE BEGINS>

   /*
    * Defines an individual server access path
    */
   struct  fs_locations_server4 {
           int32_t         fls_currency;
           opaque          fls_info<>;
           utf8str_cis     fls_server;
   };

   /*
    * Byte indices of items within
    * fls_info: flag fields, class numbers,
    * bytes indicating ranks and orders.
    */
   const FSLI4BX_GFLAGS            = 0;
   const FSLI4BX_TFLAGS            = 1;

   const FSLI4BX_CLSIMUL           = 2;
   const FSLI4BX_CLHANDLE          = 3;
   const FSLI4BX_CLFILEID          = 4;
   const FSLI4BX_CLWRITEVER        = 5;



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   const FSLI4BX_CLCHANGE          = 6;
   const FSLI4BX_CLREADDIR         = 7;

   const FSLI4BX_READRANK          = 8;
   const FSLI4BX_WRITERANK         = 9;
   const FSLI4BX_READORDER         = 10;
   const FSLI4BX_WRITEORDER        = 11;

   /*
    * Bits defined within the general flag byte.
    */
   const FSLI4GF_WRITABLE          = 0x01;
   const FSLI4GF_CUR_REQ           = 0x02;
   const FSLI4GF_ABSENT            = 0x04;
   const FSLI4GF_GOING             = 0x08;
   const FSLI4GF_SPLIT             = 0x10;

   /*
    * Bits defined within the transport flag byte.
    */
   const FSLI4TF_RDMA              = 0x01;

   /*
    * Defines a set of replicas sharing
    * a common value of the rootpath
    * within the corresponding
    * single-server namespaces.
    */
   struct  fs_locations_item4 {
           fs_locations_server4    fli_entries<>;
           pathname4               fli_rootpath;
   };

   /*
    * Defines the overall structure of
    * the fs_locations_info attribute.
    */
   struct  fs_locations_info4 {
           uint32_t                fli_flags;
           int32_t                 fli_valid_for;
           pathname4               fli_fs_root;
           fs_locations_item4      fli_items<>;
   };

   /*
    * Flag bits in fli_flags.
    */
   const FSLI4IF_VAR_SUB           = 0x00000001;



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   typedef fs_locations_info4 fattr4_fs_locations_info;

   <CODE ENDS>

   As noted above, the fs_locations_info attribute, when supported, may
   be requested of absent file systems without causing NFS4ERR_MOVED to
   be returned.  It is generally expected that it will be available for
   both present and absent file systems even if only a single
   fs_locations_server4 entry is present, designating the current
   (present) file system, or two fs_locations_server4 entries
   designating the previous location of an absent file system (the one
   just referenced) and its successor location.  Servers are strongly
   urged to support this attribute on all file systems if they support
   it on any file system.

   The data presented in the fs_locations_info attribute may be obtained
   by the server in any number of ways, including specification by the
   administrator or by current protocols for transferring data among
   replicas and protocols not yet developed.  NFSv4.1 only defines how
   this information is presented by the server to the client.

5.15.1.  Updated section 11.10.1 of [RFC5661] entitled "The
         fs_locations_server4 Structure"

   The fs_locations_server4 structure consists of the following items in
   addition to the fls_server field which specifies a network address or
   set of addresses to be used to access the specified file system.
   Note that both of these items (i.e., fls_currency and flinfo) specify
   attributes of the file system replica and should not be different
   when there are multiple fs_locations_server4 structures for the same
   replica, each specifying a network path to the chosen replica.

   When these values are different in two fs_locations_server4
   structures, a client has no basis for choosing one over the other and
   is best off simply ignoring both entries, whether these entries apply
   to migration replication or referral.  When there are more than two
   such entries, majority voting can be used to exclude a single
   erroneous entry from consideration.  In the case in which trunking
   information is provided for a replica currently being accessed, the
   additional trunked addresses can be ignored while access continues on
   the address currently being used, even if the entry corresponding to
   that path might be considered invalid.

   o  An indication of how up-to-date the file system is (fls_currency)
      in seconds.  This value is relative to the master copy.  A
      negative value indicates that the server is unable to give any
      reasonably useful value here.  A value of zero indicates that the
      file system is the actual writable data or a reliably coherent and



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      fully up-to-date copy.  Positive values indicate how out-of-date
      this copy can normally be before it is considered for update.
      Such a value is not a guarantee that such updates will always be
      performed on the required schedule but instead serves as a hint
      about how far the copy of the data would be expected to be behind
      the most up-to-date copy.

   o  A counted array of one-byte values (fls_info) containing
      information about the particular file system instance.  This data
      includes general flags, transport capability flags, file system
      equivalence class information, and selection priority information.
      The encoding will be discussed below.

   o  The server string (fls_server).  For the case of the replica
      currently being accessed (via GETATTR), a zero-length string MAY
      be used to indicate the current address being used for the RPC
      call.  The fls_server field can also be an IPv4 or IPv6 address,
      formatted the same way as an IPv4 or IPv6 address in the "server"
      field of the fs_location4 data type (see Section 11.9 of
      [RFC5661]).

   With the exception of the transport-flag field (at offset
   FSLI4BX_TFLAGS with the fls_info array), all of this data applies to
   the replica specified by the entry, rather that the specific network
   path used to access it.

   Data within the fls_info array is in the form of 8-bit data items
   with constants giving the offsets within the array of various values
   describing this particular file system instance.  This style of
   definition was chosen, in preference to explicit XDR structure
   definitions for these values, for a number of reasons.

   o  The kinds of data in the fls_info array, representing flags, file
      system classes, and priorities among sets of file systems
      representing the same data, are such that 8 bits provide a quite
      acceptable range of values.  Even where there might be more than
      256 such file system instances, having more than 256 distinct
      classes or priorities is unlikely.

   o  Explicit definition of the various specific data items within XDR
      would limit expandability in that any extension within would
      require yet another attribute, leading to specification and
      implementation clumsiness.  In the context of the NFSv4 extension
      model in effect at the time fs_locations_info was designed (i.e.
      that described in [RFC5661]), this would necessitate a new minor
      version to effect any Standards Track extension to the data in in
      fls_info.




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   The set of fls_info data is subject to expansion in a future minor
   version, or in a Standards Track RFC, within the context of a single
   minor version.  The server SHOULD NOT send and the client MUST NOT
   use indices within the fls_info array or flag bits that are not
   defined in Standards Track RFCs.

   In light of the new extension model defined in [RFC8178] and the fact
   that the individual items within fls_info are not explicitly
   referenced in the XDR, the following practices should be followed
   when extending or otherwise changing the structure of the data
   returned in fls_info within the scope of a single minor version.

   o  All extensions need to be described by Standards Track documents.
      There is no need for such documents to be marked as updating
      [RFC5661] or this document.

   o  It needs to be made clear whether the information in any added
      data items applies to the replica specified by the entry or to the
      specific network paths specified in the entry.

   o  There needs to be a reliable way defined to determine whether the
      server is aware of the extension.  This may be based on the length
      field of the fls_info array, but it is more flexible to provide
      fs-scope or server-scope attributes to indicate what extensions
      are provided.

   This encoding scheme can be adapted to the specification of multi-
   byte numeric values, even though none are currently defined.  If
   extensions are made via Standards Track RFCs, multi-byte quantities
   will be encoded as a range of bytes with a range of indices, with the
   byte interpreted in big-endian byte order.  Further, any such index
   assignments will be constrained by the need for the relevant
   quantities not to cross XDR word boundaries.

   The fls_info array currently contains:

   o  Two 8-bit flag fields, one devoted to general file-system
      characteristics and a second reserved for transport-related
      capabilities.

   o  Six 8-bit class values that define various file system equivalence
      classes as explained below.

   o  Four 8-bit priority values that govern file system selection as
      explained below.

   The general file system characteristics flag (at byte index
   FSLI4BX_GFLAGS) has the following bits defined within it:



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   o  FSLI4GF_WRITABLE indicates that this file system target is
      writable, allowing it to be selected by clients that may need to
      write on this file system.  When the current file system instance
      is writable and is defined as of the same simultaneous use class
      (as specified by the value at index FSLI4BX_CLSIMUL) to which the
      client was previously writing, then it must incorporate within its
      data any committed write made on the source file system instance.
      See Section 5.9.6, which discusses the write-verifier class.
      While there is no harm in not setting this flag for a file system
      that turns out to be writable, turning the flag on for a read-only
      file system can cause problems for clients that select a migration
      or replication target based on the flag and then find themselves
      unable to write.

   o  FSLI4GF_CUR_REQ indicates that this replica is the one on which
      the request is being made.  Only a single server entry may have
      this flag set and, in the case of a referral, no entry will have
      it set.  Note that this flag might be set even if the request was
      made on a network access path different from any of those
      specified in the current entry.

   o  FSLI4GF_ABSENT indicates that this entry corresponds to an absent
      file system replica.  It can only be set if FSLI4GF_CUR_REQ is
      set.  When both such bits are set, it indicates that a file system
      instance is not usable but that the information in the entry can
      be used to determine the sorts of continuity available when
      switching from this replica to other possible replicas.  Since
      this bit can only be true if FSLI4GF_CUR_REQ is true, the value
      could be determined using the fs_status attribute, but the
      information is also made available here for the convenience of the
      client.  An entry with this bit, since it represents a true file
      system (albeit absent), does not appear in the event of a
      referral, but only when a file system has been accessed at this
      location and has subsequently been migrated.

   o  FSLI4GF_GOING indicates that a replica, while still available,
      should not be used further.  The client, if using it, should make
      an orderly transfer to another file system instance as
      expeditiously as possible.  It is expected that file systems going
      out of service will be announced as FSLI4GF_GOING some time before
      the actual loss of service.  It is also expected that the
      fli_valid_for value will be sufficiently small to allow clients to
      detect and act on scheduled events, while large enough that the
      cost of the requests to fetch the fs_locations_info values will
      not be excessive.  Values on the order of ten minutes seem
      reasonable.





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      When this flag is seen as part of a transition into a new file
      system, a client might choose to transfer immediately to another
      replica, or it may reference the current file system and only
      transition when a migration event occurs.  Similarly, when this
      flag appears as a replica in the referral, clients would likely
      avoid being referred to this instance whenever there is another
      choice.

      This flag, like the other items within fls_info applies to the
      replica, rather than to a particular path to that replica.  When
      it appears, a transition to a new replica rather than to a
      different path to the same replica, is indicated.

   o  FSLI4GF_SPLIT indicates that when a transition occurs from the
      current file system instance to this one, the replacement may
      consist of multiple file systems.  In this case, the client has to
      be prepared for the possibility that objects on the same file
      system before migration will be on different ones after.  Note
      that FSLI4GF_SPLIT is not incompatible with the file systems
      belonging to the same fileid class since, if one has a set of
      fileids that are unique within a file system, each subset assigned
      to a smaller file system after migration would not have any
      conflicts internal to that file system.

      A client, in the case of a split file system, will interrogate
      existing files with which it has continuing connection (it is free
      to simply forget cached filehandles).  If the client remembers the
      directory filehandle associated with each open file, it may
      proceed upward using LOOKUPP to find the new file system
      boundaries.  Note that in the event of a referral, there will not
      be any such files and so these actions will not be performed.
      Instead, a reference to a portion of the original file system now
      split off into other file systems will encounter an fsid change
      and possibly a further referral.

      Once the client recognizes that one file system has been split
      into two, it can prevent the disruption of running applications by
      presenting the two file systems as a single one until a convenient
      point to recognize the transition, such as a restart.  This would
      require a mapping from the server's fsids to fsids as seen by the
      client, but this is already necessary for other reasons.  As noted
      above, existing fileids within the two descendant file systems
      will not conflict.  Providing non-conflicting fileids for newly
      created files on the split file systems is the responsibility of
      the server (or servers working in concert).  The server can encode
      filehandles such that filehandles generated before the split event
      can be discerned from those generated after the split, allowing




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      the server to determine when the need for emulating two file
      systems as one is over.

      Although it is possible for this flag to be present in the event
      of referral, it would generally be of little interest to the
      client, since the client is not expected to have information
      regarding the current contents of the absent file system.

   The transport-flag field (at byte index FSLI4BX_TFLAGS) contains the
   following bits related to the transport capabilities of the specific
   network path(s) specified by the entry.

   o  FSLI4TF_RDMA indicates that any specified network paths provide
      NFSv4.1 clients access using an RDMA-capable transport.

   Attribute continuity and file system identity information are
   expressed by defining equivalence relations on the sets of file
   systems presented to the client.  Each such relation is expressed as
   a set of file system equivalence classes.  For each relation, a file
   system has an 8-bit class number.  Two file systems belong to the
   same class if both have identical non-zero class numbers.  Zero is
   treated as non-matching.  Most often, the relevant question for the
   client will be whether a given replica is identical to / continuous
   with the current one in a given respect, but the information should
   be available also as to whether two other replicas match in that
   respect as well.

   The following fields specify the file system's class numbers for the
   equivalence relations used in determining the nature of file system
   transitions.  See Sections 5.7 through 5.12 and their various
   subsections for details about how this information is to be used.
   Servers may assign these values as they wish, so long as file system
   instances that share the same value have the specified relationship
   to one another; conversely, file systems that have the specified
   relationship to one another share a common class value.  As each
   instance entry is added, the relationships of this instance to
   previously entered instances can be consulted, and if one is found
   that bears the specified relationship, that entry's class value can
   be copied to the new entry.  When no such previous entry exists, a
   new value for that byte index (not previously used) can be selected,
   most likely by incrementing the value of the last class value
   assigned for that index.

   o  The field with byte index FSLI4BX_CLSIMUL defines the
      simultaneous-use class for the file system.

   o  The field with byte index FSLI4BX_CLHANDLE defines the handle
      class for the file system.



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   o  The field with byte index FSLI4BX_CLFILEID defines the fileid
      class for the file system.

   o  The field with byte index FSLI4BX_CLWRITEVER defines the write-
      verifier class for the file system.

   o  The field with byte index FSLI4BX_CLCHANGE defines the change
      class for the file system.

   o  The field with byte index FSLI4BX_CLREADDIR defines the readdir
      class for the file system.

   Server-specified preference information is also provided via 8-bit
   values within the fls_info array.  The values provide a rank and an
   order (see below) to be used with separate values specifiable for the
   cases of read-only and writable file systems.  These values are
   compared for different file systems to establish the server-specified
   preference, with lower values indicating "more preferred".

   Rank is used to express a strict server-imposed ordering on clients,
   with lower values indicating "more preferred".  Clients should
   attempt to use all replicas with a given rank before they use one
   with a higher rank.  Only if all of those file systems are
   unavailable should the client proceed to those of a higher rank.
   Because specifying a rank will override client preferences, servers
   should be conservative about using this mechanism, particularly when
   the environment is one in which client communication characteristics
   are neither tightly controlled nor visible to the server.

   Within a rank, the order value is used to specify the server's
   preference to guide the client's selection when the client's own
   preferences are not controlling, with lower values of order
   indicating "more preferred".  If replicas are approximately equal in
   all respects, clients should defer to the order specified by the
   server.  When clients look at server latency as part of their
   selection, they are free to use this criterion, but it is suggested
   that when latency differences are not significant, the server-
   specified order should guide selection.

   o  The field at byte index FSLI4BX_READRANK gives the rank value to
      be used for read-only access.

   o  The field at byte index FSLI4BX_READORDER gives the order value to
      be used for read-only access.

   o  The field at byte index FSLI4BX_WRITERANK gives the rank value to
      be used for writable access.




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   o  The field at byte index FSLI4BX_WRITEORDER gives the order value
      to be used for writable access.

   Depending on the potential need for write access by a given client,
   one of the pairs of rank and order values is used.  The read rank and
   order should only be used if the client knows that only reading will
   ever be done or if it is prepared to switch to a different replica in
   the event that any write access capability is required in the future.

5.15.2.  Updated Section 11.10.2 of [RFC5661] entitled "The
         fs_locations_info4 Structure"

   The fs_locations_info4 structure, encoding the fs_locations_info
   attribute, contains the following:

   o  The fli_flags field, which contains general flags that affect the
      interpretation of this fs_locations_info4 structure and all
      fs_locations_item4 structures within it.  The only flag currently
      defined is FSLI4IF_VAR_SUB.  All bits in the fli_flags field that
      are not defined should always be returned as zero.

   o  The fli_fs_root field, which contains the pathname of the root of
      the current file system on the current server, just as it does in
      the fs_locations4 structure.

   o  An array called fli_items of fs_locations4_item structures, which
      contain information about replicas of the current file system.
      Where the current file system is actually present, or has been
      present, i.e., this is not a referral situation, one of the
      fs_locations_item4 structures will contain an fs_locations_server4
      for the current server.  This structure will have FSLI4GF_ABSENT
      set if the current file system is absent, i.e., normal access to
      it will return NFS4ERR_MOVED.

   o  The fli_valid_for field specifies a time in seconds for which it
      is reasonable for a client to use the fs_locations_info attribute
      without refetch.  The fli_valid_for value does not provide a
      guarantee of validity since servers can unexpectedly go out of
      service or become inaccessible for any number of reasons.  Clients
      are well-advised to refetch this information for an actively
      accessed file system at every fli_valid_for seconds.  This is
      particularly important when file system replicas may go out of
      service in a controlled way using the FSLI4GF_GOING flag to
      communicate an ongoing change.  The server should set
      fli_valid_for to a value that allows well-behaved clients to
      notice the FSLI4GF_GOING flag and make an orderly switch before
      the loss of service becomes effective.  If this value is zero,
      then no refetch interval is appropriate and the client need not



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      refetch this data on any particular schedule.  In the event of a
      transition to a new file system instance, a new value of the
      fs_locations_info attribute will be fetched at the destination.
      It is to be expected that this may have a different fli_valid_for
      value, which the client should then use in the same fashion as the
      previous value.  Because a refetch of the attribute cause
      information from all component entries to be refetched, the server
      will typically provide a low value for this field if any of the
      replicas are likely to go out of service in a short time frame.
      Note that, because of the ability of the server to return
      NFS4ERR_MOVED to change to use of different paths, when alternate
      trunked paths are available, there is generally no need to use low
      values of fli_valid_for in connection with the management of
      alternate paths to the same replica.

   The FSLI4IF_VAR_SUB flag within fli_flags controls whether variable
   substitution is to be enabled.  See Section 5.15.3 for an explanation
   of variable substitution.

5.15.3.  Updated Section 11.10.3 of [RFC5661] entitled "The
         fs_locations_item4 Structure"

   The fs_locations_item4 structure contains a pathname (in the field
   fli_rootpath) that encodes the path of the target file system
   replicas on the set of servers designated by the included
   fs_locations_server4 entries.  The precise manner in which this
   target location is specified depends on the value of the
   FSLI4IF_VAR_SUB flag within the associated fs_locations_info4
   structure.

   If this flag is not set, then fli_rootpath simply designates the
   location of the target file system within each server's single-server
   namespace just as it does for the rootpath within the fs_location4
   structure.  When this bit is set, however, component entries of a
   certain form are subject to client-specific variable substitution so
   as to allow a degree of namespace non-uniformity in order to
   accommodate the selection of client-specific file system targets to
   adapt to different client architectures or other characteristics.

   When such substitution is in effect, a variable beginning with the
   string "${" and ending with the string "}" and containing a colon is
   to be replaced by the client-specific value associated with that
   variable.  The string "unknown" should be used by the client when it
   has no value for such a variable.  The pathname resulting from such
   substitutions is used to designate the target file system, so that
   different clients may have different file systems, corresponding to
   that location in the multi-server namespace.




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   As mentioned above, such substituted pathname variables contain a
   colon.  The part before the colon is to be a DNS domain name, and the
   part after is to be a case-insensitive alphanumeric string.

   Where the domain is "ietf.org", only variable names defined in this
   document or subsequent Standards Track RFCs are subject to such
   substitution.  Organizations are free to use their domain names to
   create their own sets of client-specific variables, to be subject to
   such substitution.  In cases where such variables are intended to be
   used more broadly than a single organization, publication of an
   Informational RFC defining such variables is RECOMMENDED.

   The variable ${ietf.org:CPU_ARCH} is used to denote that the CPU
   architecture object files are compiled.  This specification does not
   limit the acceptable values (except that they must be valid UTF-8
   strings), but such values as "x86", "x86_64", and "sparc" would be
   expected to be used in line with industry practice.

   The variable ${ietf.org:OS_TYPE} is used to denote the operating
   system, and thus the kernel and library APIs, for which code might be
   compiled.  This specification does not limit the acceptable values
   (except that they must be valid UTF-8 strings), but such values as
   "linux" and "freebsd" would be expected to be used in line with
   industry practice.

   The variable ${ietf.org:OS_VERSION} is used to denote the operating
   system version, and thus the specific details of versioned
   interfaces, for which code might be compiled.  This specification
   does not limit the acceptable values (except that they must be valid
   UTF-8 strings).  However, combinations of numbers and letters with
   interspersed dots would be expected to be used in line with industry
   practice, with the details of the version format depending on the
   specific value of the variable ${ietf.org:OS_TYPE} with which it is
   used.

   Use of these variables could result in the direction of different
   clients to different file systems on the same server, as appropriate
   to particular clients.  In cases in which the target file systems are
   located on different servers, a single server could serve as a
   referral point so that each valid combination of variable values
   would designate a referral hosted on a single server, with the
   targets of those referrals on a number of different servers.

   Because namespace administration is affected by the values selected
   to substitute for various variables, clients should provide
   convenient means of determining what variable substitutions a client
   will implement, as well as, where appropriate, providing means to




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   control the substitutions to be used.  The exact means by which this
   will be done is outside the scope of this specification.

   Although variable substitution is most suitable for use in the
   context of referrals, it may be used in the context of replication
   and migration.  If it is used in these contexts, the server must
   ensure that no matter what values the client presents for the
   substituted variables, the result is always a valid successor file
   system instance to that from which a transition is occurring, i.e.,
   that the data is identical or represents a later image of a writable
   file system.

   Note that when fli_rootpath is a null pathname (that is, one with
   zero components), the file system designated is at the root of the
   specified server, whether or not the FSLI4IF_VAR_SUB flag within the
   associated fs_locations_info4 structure is set.

5.16.  Transferred Section 11.11 of [RFC5661]" entitled "The Attribute
       fs_status"

   In an environment in which multiple copies of the same basic set of
   data are available, information regarding the particular source of
   such data and the relationships among different copies can be very
   helpful in providing consistent data to applications.

   enum fs4_status_type {
           STATUS4_FIXED = 1,
           STATUS4_UPDATED = 2,
           STATUS4_VERSIONED = 3,
           STATUS4_WRITABLE = 4,
           STATUS4_REFERRAL = 5
   };

   struct fs4_status {
           bool            fss_absent;
           fs4_status_type fss_type;
           utf8str_cs      fss_source;
           utf8str_cs      fss_current;
           int32_t         fss_age;
           nfstime4        fss_version;
   };

   The boolean fss_absent indicates whether the file system is currently
   absent.  This value will be set if the file system was previously
   present and becomes absent, or if the file system has never been
   present and the type is STATUS4_REFERRAL.  When this boolean is set
   and the type is not STATUS4_REFERRAL, the remaining information in




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   the fs4_status reflects that last valid when the file system was
   present.

   The fss_type field indicates the kind of file system image
   represented.  This is of particular importance when using the version
   values to determine appropriate succession of file system images.
   When fss_absent is set, and the file system was previously present,
   the value of fss_type reflected is that when the file was last
   present.  Five values are distinguished:

   o  STATUS4_FIXED, which indicates a read-only image in the sense that
      it will never change.  The possibility is allowed that, as a
      result of migration or switch to a different image, changed data
      can be accessed, but within the confines of this instance, no
      change is allowed.  The client can use this fact to cache
      aggressively.

   o  STATUS4_VERSIONED, which indicates that the image, like the
      STATUS4_UPDATED case, is updated externally, but it provides a
      guarantee that the server will carefully update an associated
      version value so that the client can protect itself from a
      situation in which it reads data from one version of the file
      system and then later reads data from an earlier version of the
      same file system.  See below for a discussion of how this can be
      done.

   o  STATUS4_UPDATED, which indicates an image that cannot be updated
      by the user writing to it but that may be changed externally,
      typically because it is a periodically updated copy of another
      writable file system somewhere else.  In this case, version
      information is not provided, and the client does not have the
      responsibility of making sure that this version only advances upon
      a file system instance transition.  In this case, it is the
      responsibility of the server to make sure that the data presented
      after a file system instance transition is a proper successor
      image and includes all changes seen by the client and any change
      made before all such changes.

   o  STATUS4_WRITABLE, which indicates that the file system is an
      actual writable one.  The client need not, of course, actually
      write to the file system, but once it does, it should not accept a
      transition to anything other than a writable instance of that same
      file system.

   o  STATUS4_REFERRAL, which indicates that the file system in question
      is absent and has never been present on this server.





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   Note that in the STATUS4_UPDATED and STATUS4_VERSIONED cases, the
   server is responsible for the appropriate handling of locks that are
   inconsistent with external changes to delegations.  If a server gives
   out delegations, they SHOULD be recalled before an inconsistent
   change is made to the data, and MUST be revoked if this is not
   possible.  Similarly, if an OPEN is inconsistent with data that is
   changed (the OPEN has OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_WRITE/OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_BOTH
   and the data is changed), that OPEN SHOULD be considered
   administratively revoked.

   The opaque strings fss_source and fss_current provide a way of
   presenting information about the source of the file system image
   being present.  It is not intended that the client do anything with
   this information other than make it available to administrative
   tools.  It is intended that this information be helpful when
   researching possible problems with a file system image that might
   arise when it is unclear if the correct image is being accessed and,
   if not, how that image came to be made.  This kind of diagnostic
   information will be helpful, if, as seems likely, copies of file
   systems are made in many different ways (e.g., simple user-level
   copies, file-system-level point-in-time copies, clones of the
   underlying storage), under a variety of administrative arrangements.
   In such environments, determining how a given set of data was
   constructed can be very helpful in resolving problems.

   The opaque string fss_source is used to indicate the source of a
   given file system with the expectation that tools capable of creating
   a file system image propagate this information, when possible.  It is
   understood that this may not always be possible since a user-level
   copy may be thought of as creating a new data set and the tools used
   may have no mechanism to propagate this data.  When a file system is
   initially created, it is desirable to associate with it data
   regarding how the file system was created, where it was created, who
   created it, etc.  Making this information available in this attribute
   in a human-readable string will be helpful for applications and
   system administrators and will also serve to make it available when
   the original file system is used to make subsequent copies.

   The opaque string fss_current should provide whatever information is
   available about the source of the current copy.  Such information
   includes the tool creating it, any relevant parameters to that tool,
   the time at which the copy was done, the user making the change, the
   server on which the change was made, etc.  All information should be
   in a human-readable string.

   The field fss_age provides an indication of how out-of-date the file
   system currently is with respect to its ultimate data source (in case
   of cascading data updates).  This complements the fls_currency field



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   of fs_locations_server4 (see Section 5.15) in the following way: the
   information in fls_currency gives a bound for how out of date the
   data in a file system might typically get, while the value in fss_age
   gives a bound on how out-of-date that data actually is.  Negative
   values imply that no information is available.  A zero means that
   this data is known to be current.  A positive value means that this
   data is known to be no older than that number of seconds with respect
   to the ultimate data source.  Using this value, the client may be
   able to decide that a data copy is too old, so that it may search for
   a newer version to use.

   The fss_version field provides a version identification, in the form
   of a time value, such that successive versions always have later time
   values.  When the fs_type is anything other than STATUS4_VERSIONED,
   the server may provide such a value, but there is no guarantee as to
   its validity and clients will not use it except to provide additional
   information to add to fss_source and fss_current.

   When fss_type is STATUS4_VERSIONED, servers SHOULD provide a value of
   fss_version that progresses monotonically whenever any new version of
   the data is established.  This allows the client, if reliable image
   progression is important to it, to fetch this attribute as part of
   each COMPOUND where data or metadata from the file system is used.

   When it is important to the client to make sure that only valid
   successor images are accepted, it must make sure that it does not
   read data or metadata from the file system without updating its sense
   of the current state of the image.  This is to avoid the possibility
   that the fs_status that the client holds will be one for an earlier
   image, which would cause the client to accept a new file system
   instance that is later than that but still earlier than the updated
   data read by the client.

   In order to accept valid images reliably, the client must do a
   GETATTR of the fs_status attribute that follows any interrogation of
   data or metadata within the file system in question.  Often this is
   most conveniently done by appending such a GETATTR after all other
   operations that reference a given file system.  When errors occur
   between reading file system data and performing such a GETATTR, care
   must be exercised to make sure that the data in question is not used
   before obtaining the proper fs_status value.  In this connection,
   when an OPEN is done within such a versioned file system and the
   associated GETATTR of fs_status is not successfully completed, the
   open file in question must not be accessed until that fs_status is
   fetched.

   The procedure above will ensure that before using any data from the
   file system the client has in hand a newly-fetched current version of



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   the file system image.  Multiple values for multiple requests in
   flight can be resolved by assembling them into the required partial
   order (and the elements should form a total order within the partial
   order) and using the last.  The client may then, when switching among
   file system instances, decline to use an instance that does not have
   an fss_type of STATUS4_VERSIONED or whose fss_version field is
   earlier than the last one obtained from the predecessor file system
   instance.

6.  Revised Error Definitions within [RFC5661]

6.1.  Added Initial subsection of Section 15.1 of [RFC5661] entitled
      "Overall Error Table"

   This section contains an updated table including all NFSv4.1 error
   codes.  In each case a reference to the most-current description is
   given, whether that description is within this document or [RFC5661].

                    Updated Error Definition References

   +------------------------------------+--------+---------------------+
   | Error                              | Number | Description         |
   +------------------------------------+--------+---------------------+
   | NFS4_OK                            |      0 | 15.1.3.1 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_ACCESS                     |     13 | 15.1.6.1 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP                |  10032 | 15.1.15.1 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED              |  10047 | 15.1.5.1 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_BACK_CHAN_BUSY             |  10057 | 15.1.12.1 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_BADCHAR                    |  10040 | 15.1.7.1 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE                  |  10001 | 15.1.2.1 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_BADIOMODE                  |  10049 | 15.1.10.1 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT                  |  10050 | 15.1.10.2 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_BADNAME                    |  10041 | 15.1.7.2 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_BADOWNER                   |  10039 | 15.1.15.2 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_BADSESSION                 |  10052 | 15.1.11.1 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_BADSLOT                    |  10053 | 15.1.11.2 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_BADTYPE                    |  10007 | 15.1.4.1 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_BADXDR                     |  10036 | 15.1.1.1 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_BAD_COOKIE                 |  10003 | 15.1.1.2 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_BAD_HIGH_SLOT              |  10077 | 15.1.11.3 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |



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   | NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE                  |  10042 | 15.1.8.1 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_BAD_SEQID                  |  10026 | 15.1.16.1 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST         |  10051 | 15.1.12.2 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID                |  10025 | 15.1.5.2 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_CB_PATH_DOWN               |  10048 | 15.1.11.4 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE                 |  10017 | 15.1.13.2 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_CLIENTID_BUSY              |  10074 | 15.1.13.1 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_COMPLETE_ALREADY           |  10054 | Section 6.3.1       |
   | NFS4ERR_CONN_NOT_BOUND_TO_SESSION  |  10055 | 15.1.11.6 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_DEADLOCK                   |  10045 | 15.1.8.2 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION                |  10078 | 15.1.11.5 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_DELAY                      |  10008 | 15.1.1.3 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_DELEG_ALREADY_WANTED       |  10056 | 15.1.14.1 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED              |  10087 | 15.1.5.3 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_DENIED                     |  10010 | 15.1.8.3 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_DIRDELEG_UNAVAIL           |  10084 | 15.1.14.2 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_DQUOT                      |     69 | 15.1.4.2 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_ENCR_ALG_UNSUPP            |  10079 | 15.1.13.3 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_EXIST                      |     17 | 15.1.4.3 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED                    |  10011 | 15.1.5.4 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_FBIG                       |     27 | 15.1.4.4 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED                  |  10014 | 15.1.2.2 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_FILE_OPEN                  |  10046 | 15.1.4.5 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_GRACE                      |  10013 | Section 6.3.2       |
   | NFS4ERR_HASH_ALG_UNSUPP            |  10072 | 15.1.13.4 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_INVAL                      |     22 | 15.1.1.4 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_IO                         |      5 | 15.1.4.6 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_ISDIR                      |     21 | 15.1.2.3 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_LAYOUTTRYLATER             |  10058 | 15.1.10.3 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_LAYOUTUNAVAILABLE          |  10059 | 15.1.10.4 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_LEASE_MOVED                |  10031 | 15.1.16.2 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_LOCKED                     |  10012 | 15.1.8.4 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_LOCKS_HELD                 |  10037 | 15.1.8.5 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_LOCK_NOTSUPP               |  10043 | 15.1.8.6 in RFC5661 |



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   | NFS4ERR_LOCK_RANGE                 |  10028 | 15.1.8.7 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_MINOR_VERS_MISMATCH        |  10021 | 15.1.3.2 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_MLINK                      |     31 | 15.1.4.7 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_MOVED                      |  10019 | Section 6.2         |
   | NFS4ERR_NAMETOOLONG                |     63 | 15.1.7.3 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_NOENT                      |      2 | 15.1.4.8 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE               |  10020 | 15.1.2.5 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_NOMATCHING_LAYOUT          |  10060 | 15.1.10.5 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_NOSPC                      |     28 | 15.1.4.9 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_NOTDIR                     |     20 | 15.1.2.6 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_NOTEMPTY                   |     66 | 15.1.4.10 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP                    |  10004 | 15.1.1.5 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_NOT_ONLY_OP                |  10081 | 15.1.3.3 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_NOT_SAME                   |  10027 | 15.1.15.3 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE                   |  10033 | Section 6.3.3       |
   | NFS4ERR_NXIO                       |      6 | 15.1.16.3 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID                |  10024 | 15.1.5.5 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_OPENMODE                   |  10038 | 15.1.8.8 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL                 |  10044 | 15.1.3.4 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION          |  10071 | 15.1.3.5 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_PERM                       |      1 | 15.1.6.2 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_PNFS_IO_HOLE               |  10075 | 15.1.10.6 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_PNFS_NO_LAYOUT             |  10080 | 15.1.10.7 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_RECALLCONFLICT             |  10061 | 15.1.14.3 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_BAD                |  10034 | Section 6.3.4       |
   | NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_CONFLICT           |  10035 | Section 6.3.5       |
   | NFS4ERR_REJECT_DELEG               |  10085 | 15.1.14.4 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG                |  10066 | 15.1.3.6 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE       |  10067 | 15.1.3.7 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG                |  10065 | 15.1.3.8 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_RESTOREFH                  |  10030 | 15.1.16.4 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP         |  10068 | 15.1.3.9 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_RETURNCONFLICT             |  10086 | 15.1.10.8 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_ROFS                       |     30 | 15.1.4.11 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_SAME                       |  10009 | 15.1.15.4 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_SHARE_DENIED               |  10015 | 15.1.8.9 in RFC5661 |



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   | NFS4ERR_SEQUENCE_POS               |  10064 | 15.1.3.10 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_SEQ_FALSE_RETRY            |  10076 | 15.1.11.7 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED             |  10063 | 15.1.11.8 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT                |  10006 | 15.1.1.6 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_STALE                      |     70 | 15.1.2.7 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_STALE_CLIENTID             |  10022 | 15.1.13.5 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_STALE_STATEID              |  10023 | 15.1.16.5 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_SYMLINK                    |  10029 | 15.1.2.8 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_TOOSMALL                   |  10005 | 15.1.1.7 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS               |  10070 | 15.1.3.11 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE         |  10062 | 15.1.10.9 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND            |  10069 | 15.1.3.12 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   | NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC                   |  10016 | 15.1.6.3 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_WRONG_CRED                 |  10082 | 15.1.6.4 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE                 |  10083 | 15.1.2.9 in RFC5661 |
   | NFS4ERR_XDEV                       |     18 | 15.1.4.12 in        |
   |                                    |        | RFC5661             |
   +------------------------------------+--------+---------------------+

                                  Table 1

6.2.  Updated Section 15.1.2.4 of [RFC5661] entitled "NFS4ERR_MOVED
      (Error Code 10013)"

   The file system that contains the current filehandle object is not
   accessible using the address on which the request was made.  It still
   might be accessible using other addresses server-trunkable with it or
   it might not be present at the server.  In the latter case, it might
   have been relocated or migrated to another server, or it might have
   never been present.  The client may obtain information regarding
   access to the file system location by obtaining the "fs_locations" or
   "fs_locations_info" attribute for the current filehandle.  For
   further discussion, refer to Section 5

6.3.  Updated Section 15.1.9 of [RFC5661] entitled "Reclaim Errors"

   These errors relate to the process of reclaiming locks after a server
   restart or in connection with the migration of a file system (i.e. in
   the case in which rca_one_fs is TRUE).




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6.3.1.  Updated Section 15.1.9.1 of [RFC5661] entitled
        "NFS4ERR_COMPLETE_ALREADY (Error Code 10054)"

   The client previously sent a successful RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation
   specifying the same scope, whether that scope is global or for the
   same file system in the case of a per-fs RECLAIM_COMPLETE.  An
   additional RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation is not necessary and results in
   this error.

6.3.2.  Updated Section 15.1.9.2 of [RFC5661] entitled "NFS4ERR_GRACE
        (Error Code 10013)"

   The server was in its recovery or grace period, with regard to the
   file system object for which the lock was requested.  The locking
   request was not a reclaim request and so could not be granted during
   that period.

6.3.3.  Updated Section 15.1.9.3 of [RFC5661] entitled "NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE
        (Error Code 10033)"

   A reclaim of client state was attempted in circumstances in which the
   server cannot guarantee that conflicting state has not been provided
   to another client.  This can occur because the reclaim has been done
   outside of a grace period implemented by the server, after the client
   has done a RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation which ends its ability to
   reclaim the requested lock, or because previous operations have
   created a situation in which the server is not able to determine that
   a reclaim-interfering edge condition does not exist.

6.3.4.  Updated Section 15.1.9.4 of [RFC5661] entitled
        "NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_BAD (Error Code 10034)"

   The server has determined that a reclaim attempted by the client is
   not valid, i.e. the lock specified as being reclaimed could not
   possibly have existed before the server restart or file system
   migration event.  A server is not obliged to make this determination
   and will typically rely on the client to only reclaim locks that the
   client was granted prior to restart or file system migration.
   However, when a server does have reliable information to enable it
   make this determination, this error indicates that the reclaim has
   been rejected as invalid.  This is as opposed to the error
   NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_CONFLICT (see Section 6.3.5) where the server can
   only determine that there has been an invalid reclaim, but cannot
   determine which request is invalid.







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6.3.5.  Updated Section 15.1.9.5 of [RFC5661] entitled
        "NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_CONFLICT (Error Code 10035)"

   The reclaim attempted by the client has encountered a conflict and
   cannot be satisfied.  Potentially indicates a misbehaving client,
   although not necessarily the one receiving the error.  The
   misbehavior might be on the part of the client that established the
   lock with which this client conflicted.  See also Section 6.3.4 for
   the related error, NFS4ERR_RECLAIM_BAD.

7.  Revised Operations within [RFC5661]

7.1.  Updated Section 18.35 of [RFC5661] entitled "Operation 42:
      EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Client ID"

   The EXCHANGE_ID exchanges long-hand client and server identifiers
   (owners), and provides access to a client ID, creating one if
   necessary.  This client ID becomes associated with the connection on
   which the operation is done, so that it is available when a
   CREATE_SESSION is done or when the connection is used to issue a
   request on an existing session associated with the current client.

7.1.1.  Updated Section 18.35.1 of [RFC5661] entitled "ARGUMENT"

   <CODE BEGINS>

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_REFER    = 0x00000001;
   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_MIGR     = 0x00000002;

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID  = 0x00000100;

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_NON_PNFS        = 0x00010000;
   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_MDS        = 0x00020000;
   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_DS         = 0x00040000;

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_MASK_PNFS           = 0x00070000;

   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A = 0x40000000;
   const EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R         = 0x80000000;

   struct state_protect_ops4 {
           bitmap4 spo_must_enforce;
           bitmap4 spo_must_allow;
   };

   struct ssv_sp_parms4 {
           state_protect_ops4      ssp_ops;
           sec_oid4                ssp_hash_algs<>;



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           sec_oid4                ssp_encr_algs<>;
           uint32_t                ssp_window;
           uint32_t                ssp_num_gss_handles;
   };

   enum state_protect_how4 {
           SP4_NONE = 0,
           SP4_MACH_CRED = 1,
           SP4_SSV = 2
   };

   union state_protect4_a switch(state_protect_how4 spa_how) {
           case SP4_NONE:
                   void;
           case SP4_MACH_CRED:
                   state_protect_ops4      spa_mach_ops;
           case SP4_SSV:
                   ssv_sp_parms4           spa_ssv_parms;
   };

   struct EXCHANGE_ID4args {
           client_owner4           eia_clientowner;
           uint32_t                eia_flags;
           state_protect4_a        eia_state_protect;
           nfs_impl_id4            eia_client_impl_id<1>;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

7.1.2.  Updated Section 18.35.2 of [RFC5661] entitled "RESULT"





















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   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct ssv_prot_info4 {
    state_protect_ops4     spi_ops;
    uint32_t               spi_hash_alg;
    uint32_t               spi_encr_alg;
    uint32_t               spi_ssv_len;
    uint32_t               spi_window;
    gsshandle4_t           spi_handles<>;
   };

   union state_protect4_r switch(state_protect_how4 spr_how) {
    case SP4_NONE:
            void;
    case SP4_MACH_CRED:
            state_protect_ops4     spr_mach_ops;
    case SP4_SSV:
            ssv_prot_info4         spr_ssv_info;
   };

   struct EXCHANGE_ID4resok {
    clientid4        eir_clientid;
    sequenceid4      eir_sequenceid;
    uint32_t         eir_flags;
    state_protect4_r eir_state_protect;
    server_owner4    eir_server_owner;
    opaque           eir_server_scope<NFS4_OPAQUE_LIMIT>;
    nfs_impl_id4     eir_server_impl_id<1>;
   };

   union EXCHANGE_ID4res switch (nfsstat4 eir_status) {
   case NFS4_OK:
    EXCHANGE_ID4resok      eir_resok4;

   default:
    void;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

7.1.3.  Updated Section 18.35.3 of [RFC5661] entitled "DESCRIPTION"

   The client uses the EXCHANGE_ID operation to register a particular
   client_owner with the server.  However, when the client_owner has
   been already been registered by other means (e.g.  Transparent State
   Migration), the client may still use EXCHANGE_ID to obtain the client
   ID assigned previously.




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   The client ID returned from this operation will be associated with
   the connection on which the EXHANGE_ID is received and will serve as
   a parent object for sessions created by the client on this connection
   or to which the connection is bound.  As a result of using those
   sessions to make requests involving the creation of state, that state
   will become associated with the client ID returned.

   In situations in which the registration of the client_owner has not
   occurred previously, the client ID must first be used, along with the
   returned eir_sequenceid, in creating an associated session using
   CREATE_SESSION.

   If the flag EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R is set in the result,
   eir_flags, then it is an indication that the registration of the
   client_owner has already occurred and that a further CREATE_SESSION
   is not needed to confirm it.  Of course, subsequent CREATE_SESSION
   operations may be needed for other reasons.

   The value eir_sequenceid is used to establish an initial sequence
   value associate with the client ID returned.  In cases in which a
   CREATE_SESSION has already been done, there is no need for this
   value, since sequencing of such request has already been established
   and the client has no need for this value and will ignore it

   EXCHANGE_ID MAY be sent in a COMPOUND procedure that starts with
   SEQUENCE.  However, when a client communicates with a server for the
   first time, it will not have a session, so using SEQUENCE will not be
   possible.  If EXCHANGE_ID is sent without a preceding SEQUENCE, then
   it MUST be the only operation in the COMPOUND procedure's request.
   If it is not, the server MUST return NFS4ERR_NOT_ONLY_OP.

   The eia_clientowner field is composed of a co_verifier field and a
   co_ownerid string.  As noted in section 2.4 of [RFC5661], the
   co_ownerid describes the client, and the co_verifier is the
   incarnation of the client.  An EXCHANGE_ID sent with a new
   incarnation of the client will lead to the server removing lock state
   of the old incarnation.  Whereas an EXCHANGE_ID sent with the current
   incarnation and co_ownerid will result in an error or an update of
   the client ID's properties, depending on the arguments to
   EXCHANGE_ID.

   A server MUST NOT provide the same client ID to two different
   incarnations of an eia_clientowner.

   In addition to the client ID and sequence ID, the server returns a
   server owner (eir_server_owner) and server scope (eir_server_scope).
   The former field is used in connection with network trunking as
   described in Section 2.10.54 of [RFC5661].  The latter field is used



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   to allow clients to determine when client IDs sent by one server may
   be recognized by another in the event of file system migration (see
   Section 5.9.9 of the current document).

   The client ID returned by EXCHANGE_ID is only unique relative to the
   combination of eir_server_owner.so_major_id and eir_server_scope.
   Thus, if two servers return the same client ID, the onus is on the
   client to distinguish the client IDs on the basis of
   eir_server_owner.so_major_id and eir_server_scope.  In the event two
   different servers claim matching server_owner.so_major_id and
   eir_server_scope, the client can use the verification techniques
   discussed in Section 2.10.5 of [RFC5661] to determine if the servers
   are distinct.  If they are distinct, then the client will need to
   note the destination network addresses of the connections used with
   each server and use the network address as the final discriminator.

   The server, as defined by the unique identity expressed in the
   so_major_id of the server owner and the server scope, needs to track
   several properties of each client ID it hands out.  The properties
   apply to the client ID and all sessions associated with the client
   ID.  The properties are derived from the arguments and results of
   EXCHANGE_ID.  The client ID properties include:

   o  The capabilities expressed by the following bits, which come from
      the results of EXCHANGE_ID:

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_REFER

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_MIGR

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_NON_PNFS

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_MDS

      *  EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_DS

      These properties may be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID
      operations on confirmed client IDs though the server MAY refuse to
      change them.

   o  The state protection method used, one of SP4_NONE, SP4_MACH_CRED,
      or SP4_SSV, as set by the spa_how field of the arguments to
      EXCHANGE_ID.  Once the client ID is confirmed, this property
      cannot be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID operations.

   o  For SP4_MACH_CRED or SP4_SSV state protection:



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      *  The list of operations (spo_must_enforce) that MUST use the
         specified state protection.  This list comes from the results
         of EXCHANGE_ID.

      *  The list of operations (spo_must_allow) that MAY use the
         specified state protection.  This list comes from the results
         of EXCHANGE_ID.

      Once the client ID is confirmed, these properties cannot be
      updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

   o  For SP4_SSV protection:

      *  The OID of the hash algorithm.  This property is represented by
         one of the algorithms in the ssp_hash_algs field of the
         EXCHANGE_ID arguments.  Once the client ID is confirmed, this
         property cannot be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

      *  The OID of the encryption algorithm.  This property is
         represented by one of the algorithms in the ssp_encr_algs field
         of the EXCHANGE_ID arguments.  Once the client ID is confirmed,
         this property cannot be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID
         requests.

      *  The length of the SSV.  This property is represented by the
         spi_ssv_len field in the EXCHANGE_ID results.  Once the client
         ID is confirmed, this property cannot be updated by subsequent
         EXCHANGE_ID operations.

         There are REQUIRED and RECOMMENDED relationships among the
         length of the key of the encryption algorithm ("key length"),
         the length of the output of hash algorithm ("hash length"), and
         the length of the SSV ("SSV length").

         +  key length MUST be <= hash length.  This is because the keys
            used for the encryption algorithm are actually subkeys
            derived from the SSV, and the derivation is via the hash
            algorithm.  The selection of an encryption algorithm with a
            key length that exceeded the length of the output of the
            hash algorithm would require padding, and thus weaken the
            use of the encryption algorithm.

         +  hash length SHOULD be <= SSV length.  This is because the
            SSV is a key used to derive subkeys via an HMAC, and it is
            recommended that the key used as input to an HMAC be at
            least as long as the length of the HMAC's hash algorithm's
            output (see Section 3 of [RFC2104]).




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         +  key length SHOULD be <= SSV length.  This is a transitive
            result of the above two invariants.

         +  key length SHOULD be >= hash length / 2.  This is because
            the subkey derivation is via an HMAC and it is recommended
            that if the HMAC has to be truncated, it should not be
            truncated to less than half the hash length (see Section 4
            of RFC2104 [RFC2104]).

      *  Number of concurrent versions of the SSV the client and server
         will support (see Section 2.10.9 of [RFC5661]).  This property
         is represented by spi_window in the EXCHANGE_ID results.  The
         property may be updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID operations.

   o  The client's implementation ID as represented by the
      eia_client_impl_id field of the arguments.  The property may be
      updated by subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

   o  The server's implementation ID as represented by the
      eir_server_impl_id field of the reply.  The property may be
      updated by replies to subsequent EXCHANGE_ID requests.

   The eia_flags passed as part of the arguments and the eir_flags
   results allow the client and server to inform each other of their
   capabilities as well as indicate how the client ID will be used.
   Whether a bit is set or cleared on the arguments' flags does not
   force the server to set or clear the same bit on the results' side.
   Bits not defined above cannot be set in the eia_flags field.  If they
   are, the server MUST reject the operation with NFS4ERR_INVAL.

   The EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A bit can only be set in
   eia_flags; it is always off in eir_flags.  The
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R bit can only be set in eir_flags; it is
   always off in eia_flags.  If the server recognizes the co_ownerid and
   co_verifier as mapping to a confirmed client ID, it sets
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R in eir_flags.  The
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R flag allows a client to tell if the client
   ID it is trying to create already exists and is confirmed.

   If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set in eia_flags, this means
   that the client is attempting to update properties of an existing
   confirmed client ID (if the client wants to update properties of an
   unconfirmed client ID, it MUST NOT set
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A).  If so, it is RECOMMENDED that
   the client send the update EXCHANGE_ID operation in the same COMPOUND
   as a SEQUENCE so that the EXCHANGE_ID is executed exactly once.
   Whether the client can update the properties of client ID depends on
   the state protection it selected when the client ID was created, and



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   the principal and security flavor it used when sending the
   EXCHANGE_ID operation.  The situations described in items 6, 7, 8, or
   9 of the second numbered list of Section 7.1.4 below will apply.
   Note that if the operation succeeds and returns a client ID that is
   already confirmed, the server MUST set the EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R
   bit in eir_flags.

   If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set in eia_flags, this
   means that the client is trying to establish a new client ID; it is
   attempting to trunk data communication to the server (See
   Section 2.10.5 of [RFC5661]); or it is attempting to update
   properties of an unconfirmed client ID.  The situations described in
   items 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the second numbered list of Section 7.1.4
   below will apply.  Note that if the operation succeeds and returns a
   client ID that was previously confirmed, the server MUST set the
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R bit in eir_flags.

   When the EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_REFER flag bit is set, the client
   indicates that it is capable of dealing with an NFS4ERR_MOVED error
   as part of a referral sequence.  When this bit is not set, it is
   still legal for the server to perform a referral sequence.  However,
   a server may use the fact that the client is incapable of correctly
   responding to a referral, by avoiding it for that particular client.
   It may, for instance, act as a proxy for that particular file system,
   at some cost in performance, although it is not obligated to do so.
   If the server will potentially perform a referral, it MUST set
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_REFER in eir_flags.

   When the EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_MIGR is set, the client indicates
   that it is capable of dealing with an NFS4ERR_MOVED error as part of
   a file system migration sequence.  When this bit is not set, it is
   still legal for the server to indicate that a file system has moved,
   when this in fact happens.  However, a server may use the fact that
   the client is incapable of correctly responding to a migration in its
   scheduling of file systems to migrate so as to avoid migration of
   file systems being actively used.  It may also hide actual migrations
   from clients unable to deal with them by acting as a proxy for a
   migrated file system for particular clients, at some cost in
   performance, although it is not obligated to do so.  If the server
   will potentially perform a migration, it MUST set
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_MOVED_MIGR in eir_flags.

   When EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID is set, the client indicates
   that it wants the server to bind the stateid to the principal.  This
   means that when a principal creates a stateid, it has to be the one
   to use the stateid.  If the server will perform binding, it will
   return EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID.  The server MAY return
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID even if the client does not request



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   it.  If an update to the client ID changes the value of
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID's client ID property, the effect
   applies only to new stateids.  Existing stateids (and all stateids
   with the same "other" field) that were created with stateid to
   principal binding in force will continue to have binding in force.
   Existing stateids (and all stateids with the same "other" field) that
   were created with stateid to principal not in force will continue to
   have binding not in force.

   The EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_NON_PNFS, EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_MDS, and
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_USE_PNFS_DS bits are described in Section 13.1 of
   [RFC5661] and convey roles the client ID is to be used for in a pNFS
   environment.  The server MUST set one of the acceptable combinations
   of these bits (roles) in eir_flags, as specified in that section.
   Note that the same client owner/server owner pair can have multiple
   roles.  Multiple roles can be associated with the same client ID or
   with different client IDs.  Thus, if a client sends EXCHANGE_ID from
   the same client owner to the same server owner multiple times, but
   specifies different pNFS roles each time, the server might return
   different client IDs.  Given that different pNFS roles might have
   different client IDs, the client may ask for different properties for
   each role/client ID.

   The spa_how field of the eia_state_protect field specifies how the
   client wants to protect its client, locking, and session states from
   unauthorized changes (Section 2.10.8.3 of [RFC5661]):

   o  SP4_NONE.  The client does not request the NFSv4.1 server to
      enforce state protection.  The NFSv4.1 server MUST NOT enforce
      state protection for the returned client ID.

   o  SP4_MACH_CRED.  If spa_how is SP4_MACH_CRED, then the client MUST
      send the EXCHANGE_ID operation with RPCSEC_GSS as the security
      flavor, and with a service of RPC_GSS_SVC_INTEGRITY or
      RPC_GSS_SVC_PRIVACY.  If SP4_MACH_CRED is specified, then the
      client wants to use an RPCSEC_GSS-based machine credential to
      protect its state.  The server MUST note the principal the
      EXCHANGE_ID operation was sent with, and the GSS mechanism used.
      These notes collectively comprise the machine credential.

      After the client ID is confirmed, as long as the lease associated
      with the client ID is unexpired, a subsequent EXCHANGE_ID
      operation that uses the same eia_clientowner.co_owner as the first
      EXCHANGE_ID MUST also use the same machine credential as the first
      EXCHANGE_ID.  The server returns the same client ID for the
      subsequent EXCHANGE_ID as that returned from the first
      EXCHANGE_ID.




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   o  SP4_SSV.  If spa_how is SP4_SSV, then the client MUST send the
      EXCHANGE_ID operation with RPCSEC_GSS as the security flavor, and
      with a service of RPC_GSS_SVC_INTEGRITY or RPC_GSS_SVC_PRIVACY.
      If SP4_SSV is specified, then the client wants to use the SSV to
      protect its state.  The server records the credential used in the
      request as the machine credential (as defined above) for the
      eia_clientowner.co_owner.  The CREATE_SESSION operation that
      confirms the client ID MUST use the same machine credential.

   When a client specifies SP4_MACH_CRED or SP4_SSV, it also provides
   two lists of operations (each expressed as a bitmap).  The first list
   is spo_must_enforce and consists of those operations the client MUST
   send (subject to the server confirming the list of operations in the
   result of EXCHANGE_ID) with the machine credential (if SP4_MACH_CRED
   protection is specified) or the SSV-based credential (if SP4_SSV
   protection is used).  The client MUST send the operations with
   RPCSEC_GSS credentials that specify the RPC_GSS_SVC_INTEGRITY or
   RPC_GSS_SVC_PRIVACY security service.  Typically, the first list of
   operations includes EXCHANGE_ID, CREATE_SESSION, DELEGPURGE,
   DESTROY_SESSION, BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, and DESTROY_CLIENTID.  The
   client SHOULD NOT specify in this list any operations that require a
   filehandle because the server's access policies MAY conflict with the
   client's choice, and thus the client would then be unable to access a
   subset of the server's namespace.

   Note that if SP4_SSV protection is specified, and the client
   indicates that CREATE_SESSION must be protected with SP4_SSV, because
   the SSV cannot exist without a confirmed client ID, the first
   CREATE_SESSION MUST instead be sent using the machine credential, and
   the server MUST accept the machine credential.

   There is a corresponding result, also called spo_must_enforce, of the
   operations for which the server will require SP4_MACH_CRED or SP4_SSV
   protection.  Normally, the server's result equals the client's
   argument, but the result MAY be different.  If the client requests
   one or more operations in the set { EXCHANGE_ID, CREATE_SESSION,
   DELEGPURGE, DESTROY_SESSION, BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION, DESTROY_CLIENTID
   }, then the result spo_must_enforce MUST include the operations the
   client requested from that set.

   If spo_must_enforce in the results has BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION set, then
   connection binding enforcement is enabled, and the client MUST use
   the machine (if SP4_MACH_CRED protection is used) or SSV (if SP4_SSV
   protection is used) credential on calls to BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION.

   The second list is spo_must_allow and consists of those operations
   the client wants to have the option of sending with the machine
   credential or the SSV-based credential, even if the object the



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   operations are performed on is not owned by the machine or SSV
   credential.

   The corresponding result, also called spo_must_allow, consists of the
   operations the server will allow the client to use SP4_SSV or
   SP4_MACH_CRED credentials with.  Normally, the server's result equals
   the client's argument, but the result MAY be different.

   The purpose of spo_must_allow is to allow clients to solve the
   following conundrum.  Suppose the client ID is confirmed with
   EXCHGID4_FLAG_BIND_PRINC_STATEID, and it calls OPEN with the
   RPCSEC_GSS credentials of a normal user.  Now suppose the user's
   credentials expire, and cannot be renewed (e.g., a Kerberos ticket
   granting ticket expires, and the user has logged off and will not be
   acquiring a new ticket granting ticket).  The client will be unable
   to send CLOSE without the user's credentials, which is to say the
   client has to either leave the state on the server or re-send
   EXCHANGE_ID with a new verifier to clear all state, that is, unless
   the client includes CLOSE on the list of operations in spo_must_allow
   and the server agrees.

   The SP4_SSV protection parameters also have:

   ssp_hash_algs:

      This is the set of algorithms the client supports for the purpose
      of computing the digests needed for the internal SSV GSS mechanism
      and for the SET_SSV operation.  Each algorithm is specified as an
      object identifier (OID).  The REQUIRED algorithms for a server are
      id-sha1, id-sha224, id-sha256, id-sha384, and id-sha512 [RFC4055].
      The algorithm the server selects among the set is indicated in
      spi_hash_alg, a field of spr_ssv_prot_info.  The field
      spi_hash_alg is an index into the array ssp_hash_algs.  If the
      server does not support any of the offered algorithms, it returns
      NFS4ERR_HASH_ALG_UNSUPP.  If ssp_hash_algs is empty, the server
      MUST return NFS4ERR_INVAL.

   ssp_encr_algs:

      This is the set of algorithms the client supports for the purpose
      of providing privacy protection for the internal SSV GSS
      mechanism.  Each algorithm is specified as an OID.  The REQUIRED
      algorithm for a server is id-aes256-CBC.  The RECOMMENDED
      algorithms are id-aes192-CBC and id-aes128-CBC [CSOR_AES].  The
      selected algorithm is returned in spi_encr_alg, an index into
      ssp_encr_algs.  If the server does not support any of the offered
      algorithms, it returns NFS4ERR_ENCR_ALG_UNSUPP.  If ssp_encr_algs
      is empty, the server MUST return NFS4ERR_INVAL.  Note that due to



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      previously stated requirements and recommendations on the
      relationships between key length and hash length, some
      combinations of RECOMMENDED and REQUIRED encryption algorithm and
      hash algorithm either SHOULD NOT or MUST NOT be used.  Table 2
      summarizes the illegal and discouraged combinations.

   ssp_window:

      This is the number of SSV versions the client wants the server to
      maintain (i.e., each successful call to SET_SSV produces a new
      version of the SSV).  If ssp_window is zero, the server MUST
      return NFS4ERR_INVAL.  The server responds with spi_window, which
      MUST NOT exceed ssp_window and MUST be at least one.  Any requests
      on the backchannel or fore channel that are using a version of the
      SSV that is outside the window will fail with an ONC RPC
      authentication error, and the requester will have to retry them
      with the same slot ID and sequence ID.

   ssp_num_gss_handles:

      This is the number of RPCSEC_GSS handles the server should create
      that are based on the GSS SSV mechanism (see section 2.10.9 of
      [RFC5661]).  It is not the total number of RPCSEC_GSS handles for
      the client ID.  Indeed, subsequent calls to EXCHANGE_ID will add
      RPCSEC_GSS handles.  The server responds with a list of handles in
      spi_handles.  If the client asks for at least one handle and the
      server cannot create it, the server MUST return an error.  The
      handles in spi_handles are not available for use until the client
      ID is confirmed, which could be immediately if EXCHANGE_ID returns
      EXCHGID4_FLAG_CONFIRMED_R, or upon successful confirmation from
      CREATE_SESSION.

      While a client ID can span all the connections that are connected
      to a server sharing the same eir_server_owner.so_major_id, the
      RPCSEC_GSS handles returned in spi_handles can only be used on
      connections connected to a server that returns the same the
      eir_server_owner.so_major_id and eir_server_owner.so_minor_id on
      each connection.  It is permissible for the client to set
      ssp_num_gss_handles to zero; the client can create more handles
      with another EXCHANGE_ID call.

      Because each SSV RPCSEC_GSS handle shares a common SSV GSS
      context, there are security considerations specific to this
      situation discussed in Section 2.10.10 of [RFC5661].

      The seq_window (see Section 5.2.3.1 of [RFC2203]) of each
      RPCSEC_GSS handle in spi_handle MUST be the same as the seq_window




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      of the RPCSEC_GSS handle used for the credential of the RPC
      request that the EXCHANGE_ID operation was sent as a part of.

   +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+
   | Encryption        | MUST NOT be combined | SHOULD NOT be combined |
   | Algorithm         | with                 | with                   |
   +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+
   | id-aes128-CBC     |                      | id-sha384, id-sha512   |
   | id-aes192-CBC     | id-sha1              | id-sha512              |
   | id-aes256-CBC     | id-sha1, id-sha224   |                        |
   +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+

                                  Table 2

   The arguments include an array of up to one element in length called
   eia_client_impl_id.  If eia_client_impl_id is present, it contains
   the information identifying the implementation of the client.
   Similarly, the results include an array of up to one element in
   length called eir_server_impl_id that identifies the implementation
   of the server.  Servers MUST accept a zero-length eia_client_impl_id
   array, and clients MUST accept a zero-length eir_server_impl_id
   array.

   A possible use for implementation identifiers would be in diagnostic
   software that extracts this information in an attempt to identify
   interoperability problems, performance workload behaviors, or general
   usage statistics.  Since the intent of having access to this
   information is for planning or general diagnosis only, the client and
   server MUST NOT interpret this implementation identity information in
   a way that affects how the implementation behaves in interacting with
   its peer.  The client and server are not allowed to depend on the
   peer's manifesting a particular allowed behavior based on an
   implementation identifier but are required to interoperate as
   specified elsewhere in the protocol specification.

   Because it is possible that some implementations might violate the
   protocol specification and interpret the identity information,
   implementations MUST provide facilities to allow the NFSv4 client and
   server be configured to set the contents of the nfs_impl_id
   structures sent to any specified value.

7.1.4.  Updated Section 18.35.4 of [RFC5661] entitled "IMPLEMENTATION"

   A server's client record is a 5-tuple:

   1.  co_ownerid





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          The client identifier string, from the eia_clientowner
          structure of the EXCHANGE_ID4args structure.

   2.  co_verifier:

          A client-specific value used to indicate incarnations (where a
          client restart represents a new incarnation), from the
          eia_clientowner structure of the EXCHANGE_ID4args structure.

   3.  principal:

          The principal that was defined in the RPC header's credential
          and/or verifier at the time the client record was established.

   4.  client ID:

          The shorthand client identifier, generated by the server and
          returned via the eir_clientid field in the EXCHANGE_ID4resok
          structure.

   5.  confirmed:

          A private field on the server indicating whether or not a
          client record has been confirmed.  A client record is
          confirmed if there has been a successful CREATE_SESSION
          operation to confirm it.  Otherwise, it is unconfirmed.  An
          unconfirmed record is established by an EXCHANGE_ID call.  Any
          unconfirmed record that is not confirmed within a lease period
          SHOULD be removed.

   The following identifiers represent special values for the fields in
   the records.

   ownerid_arg:

      The value of the eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of the
      EXCHANGE_ID4args structure of the current request.

   verifier_arg:

      The value of the eia_clientowner.co_verifier subfield of the
      EXCHANGE_ID4args structure of the current request.

   old_verifier_arg:

      A value of the eia_clientowner.co_verifier field of a client
      record received in a previous request; this is distinct from
      verifier_arg.



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   principal_arg:

      The value of the RPCSEC_GSS principal for the current request.

   old_principal_arg:

      A value of the principal of a client record as defined by the RPC
      header's credential or verifier of a previous request.  This is
      distinct from principal_arg.

   clientid_ret:

      The value of the eir_clientid field the server will return in the
      EXCHANGE_ID4resok structure for the current request.

   old_clientid_ret:

      The value of the eir_clientid field the server returned in the
      EXCHANGE_ID4resok structure for a previous request.  This is
      distinct from clientid_ret.

   confirmed:

      The client ID has been confirmed.

   unconfirmed:

      The client ID has not been confirmed.

   Since EXCHANGE_ID is a non-idempotent operation, we must consider the
   possibility that retries occur as a result of a client restart,
   network partition, malfunctioning router, etc.  Retries are
   identified by the value of the eia_clientowner field of
   EXCHANGE_ID4args, and the method for dealing with them is outlined in
   the scenarios below.

   The scenarios are described in terms of the client record(s) a server
   has for a given co_ownerid.  Note that if the client ID was created
   specifying SP4_SSV state protection and EXCHANGE_ID as the one of the
   operations in spo_must_allow, then the server MUST authorize
   EXCHANGE_IDs with the SSV principal in addition to the principal that
   created the client ID.

   1.  New Owner ID

          If the server has no client records with
          eia_clientowner.co_ownerid matching ownerid_arg, and
          EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set in the



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          EXCHANGE_ID, then a new shorthand client ID (let us call it
          clientid_ret) is generated, and the following unconfirmed
          record is added to the server's state.

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          unconfirmed }

          Subsequently, the server returns clientid_ret.





   2.  Non-Update on Existing Client ID

          If the server has the following confirmed record, and the
          request does not have EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A set,
          then the request is the result of a retried request due to a
          faulty router or lost connection, or the client is trying to
          determine if it can perform trunking.

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          confirmed }

          Since the record has been confirmed, the client must have
          received the server's reply from the initial EXCHANGE_ID
          request.  Since the server has a confirmed record, and since
          EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set, with the
          possible exception of eir_server_owner.so_minor_id, the server
          returns the same result it did when the client ID's properties
          were last updated (or if never updated, the result when the
          client ID was created).  The confirmed record is unchanged.

   3.  Client Collision

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set, and if the
          server has the following confirmed record, then this request
          is likely the result of a chance collision between the values
          of the eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of EXCHANGE_ID4args
          for two different clients.

          { ownerid_arg, *, old_principal_arg, old_clientid_ret,
          confirmed }

          If there is currently no state associated with
          old_clientid_ret, or if there is state but the lease has
          expired, then this case is effectively equivalent to the New
          Owner ID case of Paragraph 1.  The confirmed record is



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          deleted, the old_clientid_ret and its lock state are deleted,
          a new shorthand client ID is generated, and the following
          unconfirmed record is added to the server's state.

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          unconfirmed }

          Subsequently, the server returns clientid_ret.



          If old_clientid_ret has an unexpired lease with state, then no
          state of old_clientid_ret is changed or deleted.  The server
          returns NFS4ERR_CLID_INUSE to indicate that the client should
          retry with a different value for the
          eia_clientowner.co_ownerid subfield of EXCHANGE_ID4args.  The
          client record is not changed.

   4.  Replacement of Unconfirmed Record

          If the EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A flag is not set, and
          the server has the following unconfirmed record, then the
          client is attempting EXCHANGE_ID again on an unconfirmed
          client ID, perhaps due to a retry, a client restart before
          client ID confirmation (i.e., before CREATE_SESSION was
          called), or some other reason.

          { ownerid_arg, *, *, old_clientid_ret, unconfirmed }

          It is possible that the properties of old_clientid_ret are
          different than those specified in the current EXCHANGE_ID.
          Whether or not the properties are being updated, to eliminate
          ambiguity, the server deletes the unconfirmed record,
          generates a new client ID (clientid_ret), and establishes the
          following unconfirmed record:

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          unconfirmed }



   5.  Client Restart

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is not set, and if the
          server has the following confirmed client record, then this
          request is likely from a previously confirmed client that has
          restarted.




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          { ownerid_arg, old_verifier_arg, principal_arg,
          old_clientid_ret, confirmed }

          Since the previous incarnation of the same client will no
          longer be making requests, once the new client ID is confirmed
          by CREATE_SESSION, byte-range locks and share reservations
          should be released immediately rather than forcing the new
          incarnation to wait for the lease time on the previous
          incarnation to expire.  Furthermore, session state should be
          removed since if the client had maintained that information
          across restart, this request would not have been sent.  If the
          server supports neither the CLAIM_DELEGATE_PREV nor
          CLAIM_DELEG_PREV_FH claim types, associated delegations should
          be purged as well; otherwise, delegations are retained and
          recovery proceeds according to section 10.2.1 of [RFC5661].

          After processing, clientid_ret is returned to the client and
          this client record is added:

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          unconfirmed }



          The previously described confirmed record continues to exist,
          and thus the same ownerid_arg exists in both a confirmed and
          unconfirmed state at the same time.  The number of states can
          collapse to one once the server receives an applicable
          CREATE_SESSION or EXCHANGE_ID.

          +  If the server subsequently receives a successful
             CREATE_SESSION that confirms clientid_ret, then the server
             atomically destroys the confirmed record and makes the
             unconfirmed record confirmed as described in section
             16.36.3 of [RFC5661].

          +  If the server instead subsequently receives an EXCHANGE_ID
             with the client owner equal to ownerid_arg, one strategy is
             to simply delete the unconfirmed record, and process the
             EXCHANGE_ID as described in the entirety of Section 7.1.4.

   6.  Update

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set, and the server
          has the following confirmed record, then this request is an
          attempt at an update.





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          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          confirmed }

          Since the record has been confirmed, the client must have
          received the server's reply from the initial EXCHANGE_ID
          request.  The server allows the update, and the client record
          is left intact.

   7.  Update but No Confirmed Record

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set, and the server
          has no confirmed record corresponding ownerid_arg, then the
          server returns NFS4ERR_NOENT and leaves any unconfirmed record
          intact.

   8.  Update but Wrong Verifier

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set, and the server
          has the following confirmed record, then this request is an
          illegal attempt at an update, perhaps because of a retry from
          a previous client incarnation.

          { ownerid_arg, old_verifier_arg, *, clientid_ret, confirmed }

          The server returns NFS4ERR_NOT_SAME and leaves the client
          record intact.

   9.  Update but Wrong Principal

          If EXCHGID4_FLAG_UPD_CONFIRMED_REC_A is set, and the server
          has the following confirmed record, then this request is an
          illegal attempt at an update by an unauthorized principal.

          { ownerid_arg, verifier_arg, old_principal_arg, clientid_ret,
          confirmed }

          The server returns NFS4ERR_PERM and leaves the client record
          intact.

7.2.  Updated Section 18.51 of [RFC5661] entitled "Operation 58:
      RECLAIM_COMPLETE - Indicates Reclaims Finished"

7.2.1.  Updated Section 18.51.1 of [RFC5661] entitled "ARGUMENT"








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   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct RECLAIM_COMPLETE4args {
           /*
            * If rca_one_fs TRUE,
            *
            *    CURRENT_FH: object in
            *    file system reclaim is
            *    complete for.
            */
           bool            rca_one_fs;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

7.2.2.  Updated Section 18.51.2 of [RFC5661] entitled "RESULTS"

   <CODE BEGINS>

   struct RECLAIM_COMPLETE4res {
           nfsstat4        rcr_status;
   };

   <CODE ENDS>

7.2.3.  Updated Section 18.51.3 of [RFC5661] entitled "DESCRIPTION"

   A RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation is used to indicate that the client has
   reclaimed all of the locking state that it will recover using
   reclaim, when it is recovering state due to either a server restart
   or the migration of a file system to another server.  There are two
   types of RECLAIM_COMPLETE operations:

   o  When rca_one_fs is FALSE, a global RECLAIM_COMPLETE is being done.
      This indicates that recovery of all locks that the client held on
      the previous server instance has been completed.  The current
      filehandle need not be set in this case.

   o  When rca_one_fs is TRUE, a file system-specific RECLAIM_COMPLETE
      is being done.  This indicates that recovery of locks for a single
      fs (the one designated by the current filehandle) due to the
      migration of the file system has been completed.  Presence of a
      current filehandle is required when rca_one_fs is set to TRUE.
      When the current filehandle designates a filehandle in a file
      system not in the process of migration, the operation returns
      NFS4_OK and is otherwise ignored.





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   Once a RECLAIM_COMPLETE is done, there can be no further reclaim
   operations for locks whose scope is defined as having completed
   recovery.  Once the client sends RECLAIM_COMPLETE, the server will
   not allow the client to do subsequent reclaims of locking state for
   that scope and, if these are attempted, will return NFS4ERR_NO_GRACE.

   Whenever a client establishes a new client ID and before it does the
   first non-reclaim operation that obtains a lock, it MUST send a
   RECLAIM_COMPLETE with rca_one_fs set to FALSE, even if there are no
   locks to reclaim.  If non-reclaim locking operations are done before
   the RECLAIM_COMPLETE, an NFS4ERR_GRACE error will be returned.

   Similarly, when the client accesses a migrated file system on a new
   server, before it sends the first non-reclaim operation that obtains
   a lock on this new server, it MUST send a RECLAIM_COMPLETE with
   rca_one_fs set to TRUE and current filehandle within that file
   system, even if there are no locks to reclaim.  If non-reclaim
   locking operations are done on that file system before the
   RECLAIM_COMPLETE, an NFS4ERR_GRACE error will be returned.

   It should be noted that there are situations in which a client needs
   to issue both forms of RECLAIM_COMPLETE.  An example is an instance
   of file system migration in which the file system is migrated to a
   server for which the client has no clientid.  As a result, the client
   needs to obtain a clientid from the server (incurring the
   responsibility to do RECLAIM_COMPLETE with rca_one_fs set to FALSE)
   as well as RECLAIM_COMPLETE with rca_one_fs set to TRUE to complete
   the per-fs grace period associated with the file system migration.
   These two may be done in any order as long as all necessary lock
   reclaims have been done before issuing either of them.

   Any locks not reclaimed at the point at which RECLAIM_COMPLETE is
   done become non-reclaimable.  The client MUST NOT attempt to reclaim
   them, either during the current server instance or in any subsequent
   server instance, or on another server to which responsibility for
   that file system is transferred.  If the client were to do so, it
   would be violating the protocol by representing itself as owning
   locks that it does not own, and so has no right to reclaim.  See
   Section 8.4.3 of [RFC5661] for a discussion of edge conditions
   related to lock reclaim.

   By sending a RECLAIM_COMPLETE, the client indicates readiness to
   proceed to do normal non-reclaim locking operations.  The client
   should be aware that such operations may temporarily result in
   NFS4ERR_GRACE errors until the server is ready to terminate its grace
   period.





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7.2.4.  Updated Section 18.51.4 of [RFC5661] entitled "IMPLEMENTATION"

   Servers will typically use the information as to when reclaim
   activity is complete to reduce the length of the grace period.  When
   the server maintains in persistent storage a list of clients that
   might have had locks, it is able to use the fact that all such
   clients have done a RECLAIM_COMPLETE to terminate the grace period
   and begin normal operations (i.e., grant requests for new locks)
   sooner than it might otherwise.

   Latency can be minimized by doing a RECLAIM_COMPLETE as part of the
   COMPOUND request in which the last lock-reclaiming operation is done.
   When there are no reclaims to be done, RECLAIM_COMPLETE should be
   done immediately in order to allow the grace period to end as soon as
   possible.

   RECLAIM_COMPLETE should only be done once for each server instance or
   occasion of the transition of a file system.  If it is done a second
   time, the error NFS4ERR_COMPLETE_ALREADY will result.  Note that
   because of the session feature's retry protection, retries of
   COMPOUND requests containing RECLAIM_COMPLETE operation will not
   result in this error.

   When a RECLAIM_COMPLETE is sent, the client effectively acknowledges
   any locks not yet reclaimed as lost.  This allows the server to re-
   enable the client to recover locks if the occurrence of edge
   conditions, as described in Section 8.4.3 of [RFC5661], had caused
   the server to disable the client's ability to recover locks.

   Because previous descriptions of RECLAIM_COMPLETE were not
   sufficiently explicit about the circumstances in which use of
   RECLAIM_COMPLETE with rca_one_fs set to TRUE was appropriate, there
   have been cases which it has been misused by clients, and cases in
   which servers have, in various ways, not responded to such misuse as
   described above.  While clients SHOULD NOT misuse this feature and
   servers SHOULD respond to such misuse as described above,
   implementers need to be aware of the following considerations as they
   make necessary tradeoffs between interoperability with existing
   implementations and proper support for facilities to allow lock
   recovery in the event of file system migration.

   o  When servers have no support for becoming the destination server
      of a file system subject to migration, there is no possibility of
      a per-fs RECLAIM_COMPLETE being done legitimately and occurrences
      of it SHOULD be ignored.  However, the negative consequences of
      accepting such mistaken use are quite limited as long as the
      client does not issue it before all necessary reclaims are done.




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   o  When a server might become the destination for a file system being
      migrated, inappropriate use of per-fs RECLAIM_COMPLETE is more
      concerning.  In the case in which the file system designated is
      not within a per-fs grace period, the per-fs RECLAIM_COMPLETE
      SHOULD be ignored, with the negative consequences of accepting it
      being limited, as in the case in which migration is not supported.
      However, if the server encounters a file system undergoing
      migration, the operation cannot be accepted as if it were a global
      RECLAIM_COMPLETE without invalidating its intended use.

8.  Security Considerations

   The Security Considerations section of [RFC5661] needs the additions
   below to properly address some aspects of trunking discovery,
   referral, migration and replication.

      The possibility that requests to determine the set of network
      addresses corresponding to a given server might be interfered with
      or have their responses modified in flight needs to be taken into
      account.  In light of this, the following considerations should be
      taken note of:

      o  When DNS is used to convert server names to addresses and
         DNSSEC [RFC4033] is not available, the validity of the network
         addresses returned cannot be relied upon.  However, when the
         client uses RPCSEC_GSS to access the designated server, it is
         possible for mutual authentication to discover invalid server
         addresses provided, as long as the RPCSEC_GSS implementation
         used does not use insecure DNS queries to canonicalize the
         hostname components of the service principal names, as
         explained in [RFC4120].

      o  The fetching of attributes containing file system location
         information SHOULD be performed using RPCSEC_GSS with integrity
         protection, as previously explained in the Security
         Considerations section of [RFC5661].  It is important to note
         here that a client making a request of this sort without using
         RPCSEC_GSS including integrity protection needs be aware of the
         negative consequences of doing so, which can lead to invalid
         host names or network addresses being returned.  These include
         case in which the client is directed a server under the control
         of an attacker, who might get access to data written or provide
         incorrect values for data read.  In light of this, the client
         needs to recognize that using such returned location
         information to access an NFSv4 server without use of RPCSEC_GSS
         (i.e.  by using AUTH_SYS) poses dangers as it can result in the
         client interacting with such an attacker-controlled server,




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         without any authentication facilities to verify the server's
         identity.

      o  Despite the fact that it is a requirement (of [RFC5661]) that
         "implementations" provide "support" for use of RPCSEC_GSS, it
         cannot be assumed that use of RPCSEC_GSS is always available
         between any particular client-server pair.

      o  When a client has the network addresses of a server but not the
         associated host names, that would interfere with its ability to
         use RPCSEC_GSS.

      In light of the above, a server SHOULD present file system
      location entries that correspond to file systems on other servers
      using a host name.  This would allow the client to interrogate the
      fs_locations on the destination server to obtain trunking
      information (as well as replica information) using RPCSEC_GSS with
      integrity, validating the name provided while assuring that the
      response has not been modified in flight.

      When RPCSEC_GSS is not available on a server, the client needs to
      be aware of the fact that the location entries are subject to
      modification in flight and so cannot be relied upon.  In the case
      of a client being directed to another server after NFS4ERR_MOVED,
      this could vitiate the authentication provided by the use of
      RPCSEC_GSS on the destination.  Even when RPCSEC_GSS
      authentication is available on the destination, the server might
      validly represent itself as the server to which the client was
      erroneously directed.  Without a way to decide whether the server
      is a valid one, the client can only determine, using RPCSEC_GSS,
      that the server corresponds to the name provided, with no basis
      for trusting that server.  As a result, the client SHOULD NOT use
      such unverified location entries as a basis for migration, even
      though RPCSEC_GSS might be available on the destination.

      When a file system location attribute is fetched upon connecting
      with an NFS server, it SHOULD, as stated above, be done using
      RPCSEC_GSS with integrity protection.  When this not possible, it
      is generally best for the client to ignore trunking and replica
      information or simply not fetch the location information for these
      purposes.

      When location information cannot be verified, it can be subjected
      to additional filtering to prevent the client from being
      inappropriately directed.  For example, if a range of network
      addresses can be determined that assure that the servers and
      clients using AUTH_SYS are subject to the appropriate set of
      constrains (e.g. physical network isolation, administrative



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      controls on the operating systems used), then network addresses in
      the appropriate range can be used with others discarded or
      restricted in their use of AUTH_SYS.

      To summarize considerations regarding the use of RPCSEC_GSS in
      fetching location information, we need to consider the following
      possibilities for requests to interrogate location information,
      with interrogation approaches on the referring and destination
      servers arrived at separately:

      o  The use of RPCSEC_GSS with integrity protection is RECOMMENDED
         in all cases, since the absence of integrity protection exposes
         the client to the possibility of the results being modified in
         transit.

      o  The use of requests issued without RPCSEC_GSS (i.e. using
         AUTH_SYS which has no provision to avoid modification of data
         in flight), while undesirable and a potential security
         exposure, may not be avoidable in all cases.  Where the use of
         the returned information cannot be avoided, it is made subject
         to filtering as described above to eliminate the possibility
         that the client would treat an invalid address as if it were a
         NFSv4 server.  The specifics will vary depending on the degree
         of network isolation and whether the request is to the
         referring or destination servers.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not require actions by IANA.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [CSOR_AES]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology,
              "Cryptographic Algorithm Object Registration", URL
              http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/crypto_apps_infra/csor/
              algorithms.html, November 2007.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2203]  Eisler, M., Chiu, A., and L. Ling, "RPCSEC_GSS Protocol
              Specification", RFC 2203, DOI 10.17487/RFC2203, September
              1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2203>.



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   [RFC4033]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
              RFC 4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4033>.

   [RFC4055]  Schaad, J., Kaliski, B., and R. Housley, "Additional
              Algorithms and Identifiers for RSA Cryptography for use in
              the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
              and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 4055,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4055, June 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4055>.

   [RFC4120]  Neuman, C., Yu, T., Hartman, S., and K. Raeburn, "The
              Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", RFC 4120,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4120, July 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4120>.

   [RFC5403]  Eisler, M., "RPCSEC_GSS Version 2", RFC 5403,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5403, February 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5403>.

   [RFC5531]  Thurlow, R., "RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol
              Specification Version 2", RFC 5531, DOI 10.17487/RFC5531,
              May 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5531>.

   [RFC5665]  Eisler, M., "IANA Considerations for Remote Procedure Call
              (RPC) Network Identifiers and Universal Address Formats",
              RFC 5665, DOI 10.17487/RFC5665, January 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5665>.

   [RFC7530]  Haynes, T., Ed. and D. Noveck, Ed., "Network File System
              (NFS) Version 4 Protocol", RFC 7530, DOI 10.17487/RFC7530,
              March 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7530>.

   [RFC7861]  Adamson, A. and N. Williams, "Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
              Security Version 3", RFC 7861, DOI 10.17487/RFC7861,
              November 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7861>.

   [RFC7931]  Noveck, D., Ed., Shivam, P., Lever, C., and B. Baker,
              "NFSv4.0 Migration: Specification Update", RFC 7931,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7931, July 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7931>.

   [RFC8166]  Lever, C., Ed., Simpson, W., and T. Talpey, "Remote Direct
              Memory Access Transport for Remote Procedure Call Version
              1", RFC 8166, DOI 10.17487/RFC8166, June 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8166>.




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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8178]  Noveck, D., "Rules for NFSv4 Extensions and Minor
              Versions", RFC 8178, DOI 10.17487/RFC8178, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8178>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-mv0-trunking-update]
              Lever, C. and D. Noveck, "NFS version 4.0 Trunking
              Update", draft-ietf-nfsv4-mv0-trunking-update-05 (work in
              progress), February 2019.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2104>.

   [RFC5661]  Shepler, S., Ed., Eisler, M., Ed., and D. Noveck, Ed.,
              "Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 1
              Protocol", RFC 5661, DOI 10.17487/RFC5661, January 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5661>.

Appendix A.  Classification of Document Sections

   Using the classification appearing in Section 3.3, we can proceed
   through the current document and classify its sections as listed
   below.  In this listing, when we refer to a Section X and there is a
   Section X.1 within it, the classification of Section X refers to the
   part of that section exclusive of subsections.  In the case when that
   portion is empty, the section is not counted.

   o  Sections 1 and 2 are both explanatory.

   o  Section 3 consists of four sections all of which are explanatory.

   o  Appendix B consists of nine sections all of which are explanatory.

   o  Section 4 consists of five sections of which the first is
      explanatory, while the remaining four, from Section 4.1, to 4.3.1,
      are all replacement sections.

   o  Overall, Section 5 is a replacement for Section 11 of [RFC5661].
      However, with regard to its subsections:

      o  Section 5 itself is a replacement section.



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      o  Section 5.1 is an additional section.

      o  Section 5.2 is a replacement section.

      o  Sections 5.13 through 5.13.2, a total of four sections are all
         additional sections.

      o  Section 5.5 is a replacement section.

      o  Sections 5.5.1 through 5.5.3, a total of three sections, are
         all additional sections.

      o  Sections 5.5.4 through 5.5.6, a total of three sections, are
         all replacement sections.

      o  Section 5.5.7 is an additional section.

      o  Section 5.6 is a transferred section.

      o  Sections 5.7 and 5.8 are both additional sections.

      o  Sections 5.9 through 5.9.9, a total of eleven sections, are all
         replacement sections.

      o  Sections 5.9.9.1 and 5.9.9.2 are both transferred sections.

      o  Sections 5.10 through 5.12.3, a total of twelve sections, are
         all additional sections.

      o  Sections 5.13 through 5.14, a total of four sections, are all
         transferred sections.

      o  Section 5.15 is a replacement sections, which consists of a
         total of four sections.

      o  Section 5.16 is a transferred section.

   o  Section 6 includes the following nine sections:

      o  Section 6 itself is an explanatory section.

      o  Table 1 is an additional section.

      o  The remaining seven sections, from Section 6.2 through 6.3.5
         are all replacement sections.

   o  Section 7 is a replacement section, which consists of a total of
      ten sections.



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   o  Section 8 is an editing section.

   o  Section 9 through Acknowledgments, a total of six sections, are
      all replacement sections.

   To summarize:

   o  There are seventeen explanatory sections.

   o  There are forty-eight replacement sections.

   o  There are twenty-four additional sections.

   o  There are eight transferred sections.

   o  There is editing section.

Appendix B.  Revisions Made to [RFC5661]

B.1.  Revisions Made to Section 11 of [RFC5661]

   A number of areas need to be revised, replacing existing sub-sections
   within section 11 of [RFC5661]:

   o  New introductory material, including a terminology section,
      replaces the existing material in [RFC5661] ranging from the start
      of the existing Section 11 up to and including the existing
      Section 11.1.  The new material starts at the beginning of
      Section 5 and continues through 5.2 below.

   o  A significant reorganization of the material in the existing
      Sections 11.4 and 11.5 (of [RFC5661]) is necessary.  The reasons
      for the reorganization of these sections into a single section
      with multiple subsections are discussed in Appendix B.1.1 below.
      This replacement appears as Section 5.5 below.

      New material relating to the handling of the file system location
      attributes is contained in Sections 5.5.1 and 5.5.7 below.

   o  A major replacement for the existing Section 11.7 of [RFC5661]
      entitled "Effecting File System Transitions", will appear as
      Sections 5.7 through 5.12 of the current document.  The reasons
      for the reorganization of this section into multiple sections are
      discussed below in Appendix B.1.2 of the current document.

   o  A replacement for the existing Section 11.10 of [RFC5661] entitled
      "The Attribute fs_locations_info", will appear as Section 5.15 of
      the current document, with Appendix B.1.3 describing the



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      differences between the new section and the treatment within
      [RFC5661].  A revised treatment is necessary because the existing
      treatment did not make clear how the added attribute information
      relates to the case of trunked paths to the same replica.  These
      issues were not addressed in [RFC5661] where the concepts of a
      replica and a network path used to access a replica were not
      clearly distinguished.

B.1.1.  Re-organization of Sections 11.4 and 11.5 of [RFC5661]

   Previously, issues related to the fact that multiple location entries
   directed the client to the same file system instance were dealt with
   in a separate Section 11.5 of [RFC5661].  Because of the new
   treatment of trunking, these issues now belong within Section 5.5
   below.

   In this new section of the current document, trunking is dealt with
   in Section 5.5.2 together with the other uses of file system location
   information described in Sections Section 5.5.3 through 5.5.6.

   As a result, Section 5.5 which will replace Section 11.4 of [RFC5661]
   is substantially different than the section it replaces in that some
   existing sections will be replaced by corresponding sections below
   while, at the same time, new sections will be added, resulting in a
   replacement containing some renumbered sections, as follows:

   o  The material in Section 5.5 of the current document, exclusive of
      subsections, replaces the material in Section 11.4 of [RFC5661]
      exclusive of subsections.

   o  Section 5.5.1 of the current document is a new first subsection of
      the overall section.  In a consolidated document it would appear
      as Section 11.4.1.

   o  Section 5.5.2 of the current document is a new second subsection
      of the overall section.  In a consolidated document it would
      appear as Section 11.4.2.

   o  Each of the Sections 5.5.4, 5.5.5, and 5.5.6 of the current
      document replaces (in order) one of the corresponding Sections
      11.4.1, 11.4.2, and 11.4.3 of [RFC5661].  In a consolidated
      document they would appear as Sections 11.4.3, 11.4.4, and 11.4.5.

   o  Section 5.5.7 of the current document is a new final subsection of
      the overall section.  In a consolidated document it would appear
      as Section 11.4.6.





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B.1.2.  Re-organization of Material Dealing with File System Transitions

   The material relating to file system transition, previously contained
   in Section 11.7 of [RFC5661] has been reorganized and augmented as
   described below:

   o  Because there can be a shift of the network access paths used to
      access a file system instance without any shift between replicas,
      a new Section 5.7 in the current document distinguishes between
      those cases in which there is a shift between distinct replicas
      and those involving a shift in network access paths with no shift
      between replicas.

      As a result, a new Section 5.8 in the current document deals with
      network address transitions while the bulk of the former
      Section 11.7 (in [RFC5661]) is extensively modified as reflected
      by Section 5.9 in the current document which is now limited to
      cases in which there is a shift between two different sets of
      replicas.

   o  The additional Section 5.10 in the current document discusses the
      case in which a shift to a different replica is made and state is
      transferred to allow the client the ability to have continued
      access to its accumulated locking state on the new server.

   o  The additional Section 5.11 in the current document discusses the
      client's response to access transitions and how it determines
      whether migration has occurred, and how it gets access to any
      transferred locking and session state.

   o  The additional Section 5.12 in the current document discusses the
      responsibilities of the source and destination servers when
      transferring locking and session state.

   This re-organization has caused a renumbering of the sections within
   Section 11 of [RFC5661] as described below:

   o  The new Sections 5.7 and 5.8 in the current document would appear
      as Sections 11.7 and 11.8 respectively, in an eventual
      consolidated document.

   o  Section 11.7 of [RFC5661] will be modified as described in
      Section 5.9.  The necessary modifications reflect the fact that
      this section will only deal with transitions between replicas
      while transitions between network addresses are dealt with in
      other sections.  Details of the reorganization are described later
      in this section.  The updated section would appear as Section 11.9
      in an eventual consolidated document.



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   o  The additional Sections 5.10, 5.11, and 5.12 in the current
      document would appear as Sections 11.10, 11.11, and 11.12
      respectively, in an eventual consolidated document.

   o  Consequently, Sections 11.8, 11.9, 11.10, and 11.11 in [RFC5661]
      would appear as Sections 11.13, 11.14, 11.15, and 11.16
      respectively, in an eventual consolidated document.

   As part of this general re-organization, Section 11.7 of [RFC5661]
   will be modified as described below:

   o  Sections 11.7 and 11.7.1 of [RFC5661] are to be replaced by
      Sections 5.9 and 5.9.1, respectively of the current document.
      These sections would appear as Section 11.9 and 11.9.1 in an
      eventual consolidated document.

   o  Section 11.7.2 (and included subsections) of [RFC5661] are to be
      deleted.

   o  Sections 11.7.3, 11.7.4. 11.7.5, 11.7.5.1, and 11.7.6 [RFC5661]
      are to be replaced by Sections 5.9.2, 5.9.3, 5.9.4, 5.9.4.1, and
      5.9.5 respectively of the current document.  These sections would
      appear as Sections 11.9.2, 11.9.3 11.9.4, 11.9.4.1 and 11.9.5 in
      an eventual consolidated document.

   o  Section 11.7.7 of [RFC5661] is to be replaced by Section 5.9.9.
      Because this sub-section has been moved to the end of the section
      dealing with file system transitions, it would appear as
      Section 11.9.9 in an eventual consolidated document.

   o  Sections 11.7.8, 11.7.9. and 11.7.10 of [RFC5661] are to be
      replaced by Sections 5.9.6, 5.9.7, and 5.9.8 respectively of the
      current document.  These sections would appear as Sections 11.9.6,
      11.9.7 and 11.9.8 in an eventual consolidated document.

B.1.3.  Updates to treatment of fs_locations_info

   Various elements of the fs_locations_info attribute contain
   information that applies to either a specific file system replica or
   to a network path or set of network paths used to access such a
   replica.  The existing treatment of fs_locations info (in
   Section 11.10 of [RFC5661]) does not clearly distinguish these cases,
   in part because the document did not clearly distinguish replicas
   from the paths used to access them.

   In addition, special clarification needed to be provided with regard
   to the following fields:




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   o  With regard to the handling of FSLI4GF_GOING, it needs to be made
      clear that this only applies to the unavailability of a replica
      rather than to a path to access a replica.

   o  In describing the appropriate value for a server to use for
      fli_valid_for, it needs to be made clear that there is no need for
      the client to frequently fetch the fs_locations_info value to be
      prepared for shifts in trunking patterns.

   o  Clarification of the rules for extensions to the fls_info needs to
      be provided.  The existing treatment reflects the extension model
      in effect at the time [RFC5661] was written, and need to be
      updated in accordance with the extension model described in
      [RFC8178].

B.2.  Revisions Made to Operations in RFC5661

   Revised descriptions were needed to address issues that arose in
   effecting necessary changes to multi-server namespace features.

   o  The existing treatment of EXCHANGE_ID (in Section 18.35 of
      [RFC5661]) assumes that client IDs cannot be created/ confirmed
      other than by the EXCHANGE_ID and CREATE_SESSION operations.
      Also, the necessary use of EXCHANGE_ID in recovery from migration
      and related situations is not addressed clearly.  A revised
      treatment of EXCHANGE_ID is necessary and it appears in
      Section 7.1 below while the specific differences between it and
      the treatment within [RFC5661] are explained in Appendix B.2.1
      below.

   o  The existing treatment of RECLAIM_COMPLETE in section 18.51 of
      [RFC5661]) is not sufficiently clear about the purpose and use of
      the rca_one_fs and how the server is to deal with inappropriate
      values of this argument.  Because the resulting confusion raises
      interoperability issues, a new treatment of RECLAIM_COMPLETE is
      necessary and it appears in Section 7.2 below while the specific
      differences between it and the treatment within [RFC5661] are
      discussed in Appendix B.2.2 below.  In addition, the definitions
      of the reclaim-related errors receive an updated treatment in
      Section 6.3 to reflect the fact that there are multiple contexts
      for lock reclaim operations.

B.2.1.  Revision to Treatment of EXCHANGE_ID

   There are a number of issues in the original treatment of EXCHANGE_ID
   (in [RFC5661]) that cause problems for Transparent State Migration
   and for the transfer of access between different network access paths
   to the same file system instance.



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   These issues arise from the fact that this treatment was written,

   o  Assuming that a client ID can only become known to a server by
      having been created by executing an EXCHANGE_ID, with confirmation
      of the ID only possible by execution of a CREATE_SESSION.

   o  Considering the interactions between a client and a server only
      occurring on a single network address

   As these assumptions have become invalid in the context of
   Transparent State Migration and active use of trunking, the treatment
   has been modified in several respects.

   o  It had been assumed that an EXCHANGED_ID executed when the server
      is already aware of a given client instance must be either
      updating associated parameters (e.g. with respect to callbacks) or
      a lingering retransmission to deal with a previously lost reply.
      As result, any slot sequence returned by that operation would be
      of no use.  The existing treatment goes so far as to say that it
      "MUST NOT" be used, although this usage is not in accord with
      [RFC2119].  This created a difficulty when an EXCHANGE_ID is done
      after Transparent State Migration since that slot sequence would
      need to be used in a subsequent CREATE_SESSION.

      In the updated treatment, CREATE_SESSION is a way that client IDs
      are confirmed but it is understood that other ways are possible.
      The slot sequence can be used as needed and cases in which it
      would be of no use are appropriately noted.

   o  It was assumed that the only functions of EXCHANGE_ID were to
      inform the server of the client, create the client ID, and
      communicate it to the client.  When multiple simultaneous
      connections are involved, as often happens when trunking, that
      treatment was inadequate in that it ignored the role of
      EXCHANGE_ID in associating the client ID with the connection on
      which it was done, so that it could be used by a subsequent
      CREATE_SESSSION, whose parameters do not include an explicit
      client ID.

      The new treatment explicitly discusses the role of EXCHANGE_ID in
      associating the client ID with the connection so it can be used by
      CREATE_SESSION and in associating a connection with an existing
      session.

   The new treatment can be found in Section 7.1 below.  It is intended
   to supersede the treatment in Section 18.35 of [RFC5661].  Publishing
   a complete replacement for Section 18.35 allows the corrected
   definition to be read as a whole, in place of the one in [RFC5661].



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B.2.2.  Revision to Treatment of RECLAIM_COMPLETE

   The following changes were made to the treatment of RECLAIM_COMPLETE
   in [RFC5661] to arrive at the treatment in Section 7.2.

   o  In a number of places the text is made more explicit about the
      purpose of rca_one_fs and its connection to file system migration.

   o  There is a discussion of situations in which particular forms of
      RECLAIM_COMPLETE would need to be done.

   o  There is a discussion of interoperability issues that result from
      implementations that may have arisen due to the lack of clarity of
      the previous treatment of RECLAIM_COMPLETE.

B.3.  Revisions Made to Error Definitions in [RFC5661]

   The new handling of various situations required revisions of some
   existing error definition:

   o  Because of the need to appropriately address trunking-related
      issues, some uses of the term "replica" in [RFC5661] have become
      problematic since a shift in network access paths was considered
      to be a shift to a different replica.  As a result, the existing
      definition of NFS4ERR_MOVED (in Section 15.1.2.4 of [RFC5661])
      needs to be updated to reflect the different handling of
      unavailability of a particular fs via a specific network address.

      Since such a situation is no longer considered to constitute
      unavailability of a file system instance, the description needs to
      change even though the set of circumstances in which it is to be
      returned remain the same.  The new paragraph explicitly recognizes
      that a different network address might be used, while the previous
      description, misleadingly, treated this as a shift between two
      replicas while only a single file system instance might be
      involved.  The updated description appears in Section 6.2 below.

   o  Because of the need to accommodate use of fs-specific grace
      periods, it is necessary to clarify some of the error definitions
      of reclaim-related errors in Section 15 of [RFC5661], so the text
      applies properly to reclaims for all types of grace periods.  The
      updated descriptions appear in Section 6.3 below.

B.4.  Other Revisions Made to [RFC5661]

   Beside the major reworking of Section 11 and the associated revisions
   to existing operations and errors, there are a number of related
   changes that are necessary:



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   o  The summary that appeared in Section 1.7.3.3 of [RFC5661] was
      revised to reflect the changes made in Section 5 of the current
      document.  The updated summary appears as Section 4.1 below.

   o  The discussion of server scope which appeared in Section 2.10.4 of
      [RFC5661] needed to be replaced, since the previous text appears
      to require a level of inter-server co-ordination incompatible with
      its basic function of avoiding the need for a globally uniform
      means of assigning server_owner values.  A revised treatment
      appears in Section 4.2 below.

   o  The discussion of trunking which appeared in Section 2.10.5 of
      [RFC5661] needed to be revised, to more clearly explain the
      multiple types of trunking supporting and how the client can be
      made aware of the existing trunking configuration.  In addition
      the last paragraph (exclusive of sub-sections) of that section,
      dealing with server_owner changes, is literally true, it has been
      a source of confusion.  Since the existing paragraph can be read
      as suggesting that such changes be dealt with non-disruptively,
      the issue needs to be clarified in the revised section, which
      appears in Section 4.3

Appendix C.  Disposition of Sections Within [RFC5661]

   In this appendix, we proceed through [RFC5661] identifying sections
   as unchanged, modified, deleted, or replaced and indicating where
   additional sections from the current document would appear in an
   eventual consolidated description of NFSv4.1.  In this presentation,
   when section X is referred to, it denotes that section plus all
   included subsections.  When it is necessary to refer to the part of a
   section outside any included subsections, the exclusion is noted
   explicitly.

   o  Section 1 is unmodified except that Section 1.7.3.3 is to be
      replaced by Section 4.1 from the current document.

   o  Section 2 is unmodified except for the specific items listed
      below:

      o  Section 2.10.4 is replaced by Section 4.2 from the current
         document.

      o  Section 2.10.5 is replaced by Section 4.3 of the current
         document.

   o  Sections 3 through 10 are unchanged.

   o  Section 11 is extensively modified as discussed below.



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      o  Section 11, exclusive of subsections, is replaced by the
         material from the start of Section 5 and continuing through
         Section 5.1, all from the current document.

      o  Section 11.1 is replaced by Section 5.2 from the current
         document.

      o  Sections 11.2, 11.3, 11.3.1, and 11.3.2 are unchanged.

      o  Section 11.4 is replaced by Section 5.5 from the current
         document.  For details regarding subsections see below.

         o  New sections corresponding to Sections 5.5.1 through 5.5.3
            from the current document appear next.

         o  Section 11.4.1 is replaced by Section 5.5.4 from the current
            document.

         o  Section 11.4.2 is replaced by Section 5.5.5 from the current
            document.

         o  Section 11.4.3 is replaced by Section 5.5.6 from the current
            document.

         o  A new section corresponding to Section 5.5.7 from the
            current document appears next.

      o  Section 11.5 is to be deleted.

      o  Section 11.6 is unchanged.

      o  New sections corresponding to Sections 5.7 and 5.8 from the
         current document appear next.

      o  Section 11.7 is replaced by Section 5.9 from the current
         document.  For details regarding subsections see below.  This
         section (with included subsections) would appear as
         Section 11.9 in an eventual consolidated document.  In addition
         to the shift from Section 11.7 to Section 11.9, subsections
         within it would be affected by the deletion of Section 11.7.2
         and the move of Section 11.7.7 to be the last sub-section.

         o  Section 11.7.1 is replaced by Section 5.9.1 from the current
            document.  In an eventual consolidated document, it would
            appear as Section 11.9.1.

         o  Sections 11.7.2, 11.7.2.1, and 11.7.2.2 are deleted.




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         o  Section 11.7.3 is replaced by Section 5.9.2 from the current
            document.  In an eventual consolidated document, it would
            appear as Section 11.9.2.

         o  Section 11.7.4 is replaced by Section 5.9.3 from the current
            document.  In an eventual consolidated document, it would
            appear as Section 11.9.3.

         o  Sections 11.7.5 and 11.7.5.1 are replaced by Sections 5.9.4
            and 5.9.4.1 respectively, from the current document.  In an
            eventual consolidated document, they would appear as
            Sections 11.9.4 and 11.9.4.1.

         o  Section 11.7.6 is replaced by Section 5.9.5 from the current
            document.  In an eventual consolidated document, it would
            appear as Section 11.9.5.

         o  Section 11.7.7, exclusive of subsections, is replaced by
            Section 5.9.9 from the current document.  Sections 11.7.7.1
            and 11.7.7.2 are unchanged.  Because this section will
            become the last sub-section of the replacement for
            Section 11.7, it would appear as Section 11.9.9 in an
            eventual consolidated document.

         o  Section 11.7.8 is replaced by Section 5.9.6 from the current
            document.  In an eventual consolidated document, it would
            appear as Section 11.9.6.

         o  Section 11.7.9 is replaced by Section 5.9.7 from the current
            document.  In an eventual consolidated document, it would
            appear as Section 11.9.7.

         o  Section 11.7.10 is replaced by Section 5.9.8 from the
            current document.  In an eventual consolidated document, it
            would appear as Section 11.9.8.

      o  New sections corresponding to Sections 5.10, 5.11, and 5.12
         from the current document appear next as additional sub-
         sections of Section 11.  Each of these has subsections, so
         there is a total of seventeen sections added.  These sections
         would appear as Sections 11.10, 11.11, and 11.12 respectively
         in an eventual consolidated document.

      o  Sections 11.8, 11.8.1, 11.8.2, and 11.9, are unchanged although
         they would be renumbered as Sections 11.13 (with included
         subsections) and 11.14 in an eventual consolidated document.





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      o  Sections 11.10, 11.10.1, 11.10.2, and 11.10.3 are replaced by
         Sections 5.15 through 5.15.3 from the current document.  These
         sections would appear as Section 11.15 (with included
         subsections) in an eventual consolidated document.

      o  Section 11.11 is unchanged, although it would appear as
         Section 11.16 in an eventual consolidated document.

   o  Sections 12 through 14 are unchanged.

   o  Section 15 is unmodified except that

      *  The description of NFS4ERR_MOVED in Section 15.1.2,4 is revised
         as described in Section 6.2 of the current document.

      *  The description of the reclaim-related errors in section 15.1.9
         is replaced by the revised descriptions in Section 6.3 of the
         current document.

   o  Sections 16 and 17 are unchanged.

   o  Section 18 is unmodified except for the following:

      *  Section 18.35 is replaced by Section 7.1 in the current
         document.

      *  Section 18.51 is replaced by Section 7.2 in the current
         document.

   o  Sections 19 through 23 are unchanged.

   In terms of top-level sections, exclusive of appendices:

   o  There is one heavily modified top-level section (Section 11)

   o  There are five other modified top-level sections (Sections 1, 2,
      15, 18), and 21.

   o  The other seventeen top-level sections are unchanged.

   The disposition of sections of [RFC5661] is summarized in the
   following table which provides counts of sections replaced, added,
   deleted, modified, or unchanged.  Separate counts are provided for:

   o  Top-level sections.

   o  Sections with TOC entries.




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   o  Sections within Section 11.

   o  Sections outside Section 11.

   In this table, the counts for top-level sections and TOC entries are
   for sections including subsections while other counts are for
   sections exclusive of included subsections.

        +------------+------+------+--------+------------+--------+
        | Status     | Top  | TOC  | in 11  | not in 11  | Total  |
        +------------+------+------+--------+------------+--------+
        | Replaced   | 0    | 6    | 21     | 15         | 36     |
        | Added      | 0    | 5    | 24     | 0          | 24     |
        | Deleted    | 0    | 1    | 4      | 0          | 4      |
        | Modified   | 6    | 9    | 0      | 2          | 2      |
        | Unchanged  | 17   | 199  | 12     | 910        | 922    |
        | in RFC5661 | 23   | 220  | 37     | 927        | 964    |
        +------------+------+------+--------+------------+--------+

Acknowledgments

   The authors wish to acknowledge the important role of Andy Adamson of
   Netapp in clarifying the need for trunking discovery functionality,
   and exploring the role of the file system location attributes in
   providing the necessary support.

   The authors also wish to acknowledge the work of Xuan Qi of Oracle
   with NFSv4.1 client and server prototypes of transparent state
   migration functionality.

   The authors wish to thank others that brought attention to important
   issues.  The comments of Trond Myklebust of Primary Data related to
   trunking helped to clarify the role of DNS in trunking discovery.
   Rick Macklem's comments brought attention to problems in the handling
   of the per-fs version of RECLAIM_COMPLETE.

   The authors wish to thank Olga Kornievskaia of Netapp for her helpful
   review comments.

Authors' Addresses











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   David Noveck (editor)
   NetApp
   1601 Trapelo Road
   Waltham, MA  02451
   United States of America

   Phone: +1 781 572 8038
   Email: davenoveck@gmail.com


   Charles Lever
   Oracle Corporation
   1015 Granger Avenue
   Ann Arbor, MI  48104
   United States of America

   Phone: +1 248 614 5091
   Email: chuck.lever@oracle.com

































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