Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-detnet-use-cases

draft-ietf-detnet-use-cases







Internet Engineering Task Force                         E. Grossman, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                     DOLBY
Intended status: Informational                         December 19, 2018
Expires: June 22, 2019


                   Deterministic Networking Use Cases
                     draft-ietf-detnet-use-cases-20

Abstract

   This draft presents use cases from diverse industries which have in
   common a need for "deterministic flows".  "Deterministic" in this
   context means that such flows provide guaranteed bandwidth, bounded
   latency, and other properties germane to the transport of time-
   sensitive data.  These use cases differ notably in their network
   topologies and specific desired behavior, providing as a group broad
   industry context for DetNet.  For each use case, this document will
   identify the use case, identify representative solutions used today,
   and describe potential improvements that DetNet can enable.  The Use
   Case Common Themes section then extracts and enumerates the set of
   common properties implied by these use cases.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 22, 2019.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  Pro Audio and Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       2.1.1.  Uninterrupted Stream Playback . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       2.1.2.  Synchronized Stream Playback  . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       2.1.3.  Sound Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       2.1.4.  Secure Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
         2.1.4.1.  Safety  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     2.2.  Pro Audio Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     2.3.  Pro Audio Future  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       2.3.1.  Layer 3 Interconnecting Layer 2 Islands . . . . . . .   9
       2.3.2.  High Reliability Stream Paths . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       2.3.3.  Integration of Reserved Streams into IT Networks  . .  10
       2.3.4.  Use of Unused Reservations by Best-Effort Traffic . .  10
       2.3.5.  Traffic Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
         2.3.5.1.  Packet Forwarding Rules, VLANs and Subnets  . . .  11
         2.3.5.2.  Multicast Addressing (IPv4 and IPv6)  . . . . . .  11
       2.3.6.  Latency Optimization by a Central Controller  . . . .  12
       2.3.7.  Reduced Device Cost Due To Reduced Buffer Memory  . .  12
     2.4.  Pro Audio Asks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   3.  Electrical Utilities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.1.1.  Transmission Use Cases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
         3.1.1.1.  Protection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
         3.1.1.2.  Intra-Substation Process Bus Communications . . .  18
         3.1.1.3.  Wide Area Monitoring and Control Systems  . . . .  19
         3.1.1.4.  IEC 61850 WAN engineering guidelines requirement
                   classification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
       3.1.2.  Generation Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
         3.1.2.1.  Control of the Generated Power  . . . . . . . . .  21
         3.1.2.2.  Control of the Generation Infrastructure  . . . .  22
       3.1.3.  Distribution use case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
         3.1.3.1.  Fault Location Isolation and Service Restoration
                   (FLISR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     3.2.  Electrical Utilities Today  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       3.2.1.  Security Current Practices and Limitations  . . . . .  28
     3.3.  Electrical Utilities Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       3.3.1.  Migration to Packet-Switched Network  . . . . . . . .  31
       3.3.2.  Telecommunications Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31



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         3.3.2.1.  General Telecommunications Requirements . . . . .  31
         3.3.2.2.  Specific Network topologies of Smart Grid
                   Applications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
         3.3.2.3.  Precision Time Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       3.3.3.  Security Trends in Utility Networks . . . . . . . . .  34
     3.4.  Electrical Utilities Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   4.  Building Automation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     4.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     4.2.  Building Automation Systems Today . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
       4.2.1.  BAS Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
       4.2.2.  BAS Deployment Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       4.2.3.  Use Cases for Field Networks  . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
         4.2.3.1.  Environmental Monitoring  . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
         4.2.3.2.  Fire Detection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
         4.2.3.3.  Feedback Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
       4.2.4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     4.3.  BAS Future  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     4.4.  BAS Asks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
   5.  Wireless for Industrial Applications  . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
     5.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
       5.1.1.  Network Convergence using 6TiSCH  . . . . . . . . . .  43
       5.1.2.  Common Protocol Development for 6TiSCH  . . . . . . .  43
     5.2.  Wireless Industrial Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     5.3.  Wireless Industrial Future  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
       5.3.1.  Unified Wireless Network and Management . . . . . . .  44
         5.3.1.1.  PCE and 6TiSCH ARQ Retries  . . . . . . . . . . .  46
       5.3.2.  Schedule Management by a PCE  . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
         5.3.2.1.  PCE Commands and 6TiSCH CoAP Requests . . . . . .  47
         5.3.2.2.  6TiSCH IP Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
       5.3.3.  6TiSCH Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     5.4.  Wireless Industrial Asks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
   6.  Cellular Radio  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     6.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
       6.1.1.  Network Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
       6.1.2.  Delay Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
       6.1.3.  Time Synchronization Constraints  . . . . . . . . . .  52
       6.1.4.  Transport Loss Constraints  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
       6.1.5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     6.2.  Cellular Radio Networks Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
       6.2.1.  Fronthaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
       6.2.2.  Midhaul and Backhaul  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
     6.3.  Cellular Radio Networks Future  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     6.4.  Cellular Radio Networks Asks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
   7.  Industrial Machine to Machine (M2M) . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     7.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     7.2.  Industrial M2M Communication Today  . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       7.2.1.  Transport Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       7.2.2.  Stream Creation and Destruction . . . . . . . . . . .  61



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     7.3.  Industrial M2M Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
     7.4.  Industrial M2M Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
   8.  Mining Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     8.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     8.2.  Mining Industry Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     8.3.  Mining Industry Future  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
     8.4.  Mining Industry Asks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
   9.  Private Blockchain  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     9.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
       9.1.1.  Blockchain Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
       9.1.2.  Blockchain Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . .  65
       9.1.3.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     9.2.  Private Blockchain Today  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     9.3.  Private Blockchain Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     9.4.  Private Blockchain Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
   10. Network Slicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     10.1.  Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     10.2.  DetNet Applied to Network Slicing  . . . . . . . . . . .  67
       10.2.1.  Resource Isolation Across Slices . . . . . . . . . .  67
       10.2.2.  Deterministic Services Within Slices . . . . . . . .  68
     10.3.  A Network Slicing Use Case Example - 5G Bearer Network .  68
     10.4.  Non-5G Applications of Network Slicing . . . . . . . . .  69
     10.5.  Limitations of DetNet in Network Slicing . . . . . . . .  69
     10.6.  Network Slicing Today and Future . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     10.7.  Network Slicing Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
   11. Use Case Common Themes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     11.1.  Unified, standards-based network . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       11.1.1.  Extensions to Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       11.1.2.  Centrally Administered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       11.1.3.  Standardized Data Flow Information Models  . . . . .  70
       11.1.4.  L2 and L3 Integration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       11.1.5.  Consideration for IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       11.1.6.  Guaranteed End-to-End Delivery . . . . . . . . . . .  71
       11.1.7.  Replacement for Multiple Proprietary Deterministic
                Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
       11.1.8.  Mix of Deterministic and Best-Effort Traffic . . . .  71
       11.1.9.  Unused Reserved BW to be Available to Best-Effort
                Traffic  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
       11.1.10. Lower Cost, Multi-Vendor Solutions . . . . . . . . .  71
     11.2.  Scalable Size  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
       11.2.1.  Scalable Number of Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
     11.3.  Scalable Timing Parameters and Accuracy  . . . . . . . .  72
       11.3.1.  Bounded Latency  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
       11.3.2.  Low Latency  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
       11.3.3.  Bounded Jitter (Latency Variation) . . . . . . . . .  72
       11.3.4.  Symmetrical Path Delays  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
     11.4.  High Reliability and Availability  . . . . . . . . . . .  73
     11.5.  Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73



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     11.6.  Deterministic Flows  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
   12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
   13. Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
   14. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     14.1.  Pro Audio  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
     14.2.  Utility Telecom  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     14.3.  Building Automation Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     14.4.  Wireless for Industrial Applications . . . . . . . . . .  76
     14.5.  Cellular Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     14.6.  Industrial Machine to Machine (M2M)  . . . . . . . . . .  77
     14.7.  Internet Applications and CoMP . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     14.8.  Network Slicing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     14.9.  Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     14.10. Private Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
   15. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
   16. Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
   Appendix A.  Use Cases Explicitly Out of Scope for DetNet . . . .  84
     A.1.  DetNet Scope Limitations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
     A.2.  Internet-based Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85
       A.2.1.  Use Case Description  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
         A.2.1.1.  Media Content Delivery  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
         A.2.1.2.  Online Gaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
         A.2.1.3.  Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
       A.2.2.  Internet-Based Applications Today . . . . . . . . . .  86
       A.2.3.  Internet-Based Applications Future  . . . . . . . . .  86
       A.2.4.  Internet-Based Applications Asks  . . . . . . . . . .  86
     A.3.  Pro Audio and Video - Digital Rights Management (DRM) . .  87
     A.4.  Pro Audio and Video - Link Aggregation  . . . . . . . . .  87
     A.5.  Pro Audio and Video - Deterministic Time to Establish
           Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88

1.  Introduction

   This draft documents use cases in diverse industries which require
   deterministic flows over multi-hop paths.  DetNet flows can be
   established from either a Layer 2 or Layer 3 (IP) interface, and such
   flows can co-exist on an IP network with best-effort traffic.  DetNet
   also provides for highly reliable flows through provision for
   redundant paths.

   The DetNet Use Cases explicitly do not suggest any specific design
   for DetNet architecture or protocols; these are topics of other
   DetNet drafts.

   The DetNet use cases as originally submitted explicitly were not
   considered by the DetNet Working Group to be concrete requirements;
   The DetNet Working Group and Design Team considered these use cases,



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   identifying which elements of them could be feasibly implemented
   within the charter of DetNet, and as a result certain of the
   originally submitted use cases (or elements of them) have been be
   moved to the Use Cases Explicitly Out of Scope for DetNet section.

   The DetNet Use Cases document provide context regarding DetNet design
   decisions.  It also serves a long-lived purpose of helping those
   learning (or new to) DetNet to understand the types of applications
   that can be supported by DetNet.  It also allow those WG contributors
   who are users to ensure that their concerns are addressed by the WG;
   for them this document both covers their contribution and provides a
   long term reference to the problems they expect to be served by the
   technology, both in the short term deliverables and as the technology
   evolves in the future.

   The DetNet Use Cases document has served as a "yardstick" against
   which proposed DetNet designs can be measured, answering the question
   "to what extent does a proposed design satisfy these various use
   cases?"

   The Use Case industries covered are professional audio, electrical
   utilities, building automation systems, wireless for industrial
   applications, cellular radio, industrial machine-to-machine, mining,
   private blockchain, and network slicing.  For each use case the
   following questions are answered:

   o  What is the use case?

   o  How is it addressed today?

   o  How should it be addressed in the future?

   o  What should the IETF deliver to enable this use case?

   The level of detail in each use case is intended to be sufficient to
   express the relevant elements of the use case, but not greater than
   that.

   DetNet does not directly address clock distribution or time
   synchronization; these are considered to be part of the overall
   design and implementation of a time-sensitive network, using existing
   (or future) time-specific protocols (such as [IEEE8021AS] and/or
   [RFC5905]).








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2.  Pro Audio and Video

2.1.  Use Case Description

   The professional audio and video industry ("ProAV") includes:

   o  Music and film content creation

   o  Broadcast

   o  Cinema

   o  Live sound

   o  Public address, media and emergency systems at large venues
      (airports, stadiums, churches, theme parks).

   These industries have already transitioned audio and video signals
   from analog to digital.  However, the digital interconnect systems
   remain primarily point-to-point with a single (or small number of)
   signals per link, interconnected with purpose-built hardware.

   These industries are now transitioning to packet-based infrastructure
   to reduce cost, increase routing flexibility, and integrate with
   existing IT infrastructure.

   Today ProAV applications have no way to establish deterministic flows
   from a standards-based Layer 3 (IP) interface, which is a fundamental
   limitation to the use cases described here.  Today deterministic
   flows can be created within standards-based layer 2 LANs (e.g. using
   IEEE 802.1 AVB) however these are not routable via IP and thus are
   not effective for distribution over wider areas (for example
   broadcast events that span wide geographical areas).

   It would be highly desirable if such flows could be routed over the
   open Internet, however solutions with more limited scope (e.g.
   enterprise networks) would still provide a substantial improvement.

   The following sections describe specific ProAV use cases.

2.1.1.  Uninterrupted Stream Playback

   Transmitting audio and video streams for live playback is unlike
   common file transfer because uninterrupted stream playback in the
   presence of network errors cannot be achieved by re-trying the
   transmission; by the time the missing or corrupt packet has been
   identified it is too late to execute a re-try operation.  Buffering
   can be used to provide enough delay to allow time for one or more



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   retries, however this is not an effective solution in applications
   where large delays (latencies) are not acceptable (as discussed
   below).

   Streams with guaranteed bandwidth can eliminate congestion on the
   network as a cause of transmission errors that would lead to playback
   interruption.  Use of redundant paths can further mitigate
   transmission errors to provide greater stream reliability.

   Additional techniques such as forward error correction can also be
   used to improve stream reliability.

2.1.2.  Synchronized Stream Playback

   Latency in this context is the time between when a signal is
   initially sent over a stream and when it is received.  A common
   example in ProAV is time-synchronizing audio and video when they take
   separate paths through the playback system.  In this case the latency
   of both the audio and video streams must be bounded and consistent if
   the sound is to remain matched to the movement in the video.  A
   common tolerance for audio/video sync is one NTSC video frame (about
   33ms) and to maintain the audience perception of correct lip sync the
   latency needs to be consistent within some reasonable tolerance, for
   example 10%.

   A common architecture for synchronizing multiple streams that have
   different paths through the network (and thus potentially different
   latencies) is to enable measurement of the latency of each path, and
   have the data sinks (for example speakers) delay (buffer) all packets
   on all but the slowest path.  Each packet of each stream is assigned
   a presentation time which is based on the longest required delay.
   This implies that all sinks must maintain a common time reference of
   sufficient accuracy, which can be achieved by any of various
   techniques.

   This type of architecture is commonly implemented using a central
   controller that determines path delays and arbitrates buffering
   delays.

2.1.3.  Sound Reinforcement

   Consider the latency (delay) from when a person speaks into a
   microphone to when their voice emerges from the speaker.  If this
   delay is longer than about 10-15 milliseconds it is noticeable and
   can make a sound reinforcement system unusable (see slide 6 of
   [SRP_LATENCY]).  (If you have ever tried to speak in the presence of
   a delayed echo of your voice you may know this experience).




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   Note that the 15ms latency bound includes all parts of the signal
   path, not just the network, so the network latency must be
   significantly less than 15ms.

   In some cases local performers must perform in synchrony with a
   remote broadcast.  In such cases the latencies of the broadcast
   stream and the local performer must be adjusted to match each other,
   with a worst case of one video frame (33ms for NTSC video).

   In cases where audio phase is a consideration, for example beam-
   forming using multiple speakers, latency can be in the 10 microsecond
   range (1 audio sample at 96kHz).

2.1.4.  Secure Transmission

2.1.4.1.  Safety

   Professional audio systems can include amplifiers that are capable of
   generating hundreds or thousands of watts of audio power which if
   used incorrectly can cause hearing damage to those in the vicinity.
   Apart from the usual care required by the systems operators to
   prevent such incidents, the network traffic that controls these
   devices must be secured (as with any sensitive application traffic).

2.2.  Pro Audio Today

   Some proprietary systems have been created which enable deterministic
   streams at Layer 3 however they are "engineered networks" which
   require careful configuration to operate, often require that the
   system be over-provisioned, and it is implied that all devices on the
   network voluntarily play by the rules of that network.  To enable
   these industries to successfully transition to an interoperable
   multi-vendor packet-based infrastructure requires effective open
   standards, and establishing relevant IETF standards is a crucial
   factor.

2.3.  Pro Audio Future

2.3.1.  Layer 3 Interconnecting Layer 2 Islands

   It would be valuable to enable IP to connect multiple Layer 2 LANs.

   As an example, ESPN constructed a state-of-the-art 194,000 sq ft,
   $125 million broadcast studio called DC2.  The DC2 network is capable
   of handling 46 Tbps of throughput with 60,000 simultaneous signals.
   Inside the facility are 1,100 miles of fiber feeding four audio
   control rooms (see [ESPN_DC2] ).




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   In designing DC2 they replaced as much point-to-point technology as
   they could with packet-based technology.  They constructed seven
   individual studios using layer 2 LANS (using IEEE 802.1 AVB) that
   were entirely effective at routing audio within the LANs.  However to
   interconnect these layer 2 LAN islands together they ended up using
   dedicated paths in a custom SDN (Software Defined Networking) router
   because there is no standards-based routing solution available.

2.3.2.  High Reliability Stream Paths

   On-air and other live media streams are often backed up with
   redundant links that seamlessly act to deliver the content when the
   primary link fails for any reason.  In point-to-point systems this is
   provided by an additional point-to-point link; the analogous
   requirement in a packet-based system is to provide an alternate path
   through the network such that no individual link can bring down the
   system.

2.3.3.  Integration of Reserved Streams into IT Networks

   A commonly cited goal of moving to a packet based media
   infrastructure is that costs can be reduced by using off the shelf,
   commodity network hardware.  In addition, economy of scale can be
   realized by combining media infrastructure with IT infrastructure.
   In keeping with these goals, stream reservation technology should be
   compatible with existing protocols, and not compromise use of the
   network for best-effort (non-time-sensitive) traffic.

2.3.4.  Use of Unused Reservations by Best-Effort Traffic

   In cases where stream bandwidth is reserved but not currently used
   (or is under-utilized) that bandwidth must be available to best-
   effort (i.e.  non-time-sensitive) traffic.  For example a single
   stream may be nailed up (reserved) for specific media content that
   needs to be presented at different times of the day, ensuring timely
   delivery of that content, yet in between those times the full
   bandwidth of the network can be utilized for best-effort tasks such
   as file transfers.

   This also addresses a concern of IT network administrators that are
   considering adding reserved bandwidth traffic to their networks that
   "users will reserve large quantities of bandwidth and then never un-
   reserve it even though they are not using it, and soon the network
   will have no bandwidth left".







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2.3.5.  Traffic Segregation

   Sink devices may be low cost devices with limited processing power.
   In order to not overwhelm the CPUs in these devices it is important
   to limit the amount of traffic that these devices must process.

   As an example, consider the use of individual seat speakers in a
   cinema.  These speakers are typically required to be cost reduced
   since the quantities in a single theater can reach hundreds of seats.
   Discovery protocols alone in a one thousand seat theater can generate
   enough broadcast traffic to overwhelm a low powered CPU.  Thus an
   installation like this will benefit greatly from some type of traffic
   segregation that can define groups of seats to reduce traffic within
   each group.  All seats in the theater must still be able to
   communicate with a central controller.

   There are many techniques that can be used to support this feature
   including (but not limited to) the following examples.

2.3.5.1.  Packet Forwarding Rules, VLANs and Subnets

   Packet forwarding rules can be used to eliminate some extraneous
   streaming traffic from reaching potentially low powered sink devices,
   however there may be other types of broadcast traffic that should be
   eliminated using other means for example VLANs or IP subnets.

2.3.5.2.  Multicast Addressing (IPv4 and IPv6)

   Multicast addressing is commonly used to keep bandwidth utilization
   of shared links to a minimum.

   Because of the MAC Address forwarding nature of Layer 2 bridges it is
   important that a multicast MAC address is only associated with one
   stream.  This will prevent reservations from forwarding packets from
   one stream down a path that has no interested sinks simply because
   there is another stream on that same path that shares the same
   multicast MAC address.

   Since each multicast MAC Address can represent 32 different IPv4
   multicast addresses there must be a process put in place to make sure
   this does not occur.  Requiring use of IPv6 address can achieve this,
   however due to their continued prevalence, solutions that are
   effective for IPv4 installations are also desirable.








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2.3.6.  Latency Optimization by a Central Controller

   A central network controller might also perform optimizations based
   on the individual path delays, for example sinks that are closer to
   the source can inform the controller that they can accept greater
   latency since they will be buffering packets to match presentation
   times of farther away sinks.  The controller might then move a stream
   reservation on a short path to a longer path in order to free up
   bandwidth for other critical streams on that short path.  See slides
   3-5 of [SRP_LATENCY].

   Additional optimization can be achieved in cases where sinks have
   differing latency requirements, for example in a live outdoor concert
   the speaker sinks have stricter latency requirements than the
   recording hardware sinks.  See slide 7 of [SRP_LATENCY].

2.3.7.  Reduced Device Cost Due To Reduced Buffer Memory

   Device cost can be reduced in a system with guaranteed reservations
   with a small bounded latency due to the reduced requirements for
   buffering (i.e.  memory) on sink devices.  For example, a theme park
   might broadcast a live event across the globe via a layer 3 protocol;
   in such cases the size of the buffers required is proportional to the
   latency bounds and jitter caused by delivery, which depends on the
   worst case segment of the end-to-end network path.  For example on
   todays open internet the latency is typically unacceptable for audio
   and video streaming without many seconds of buffering.  In such
   scenarios a single gateway device at the local network that receives
   the feed from the remote site would provide the expensive buffering
   required to mask the latency and jitter issues associated with long
   distance delivery.  Sink devices in the local location would have no
   additional buffering requirements, and thus no additional costs,
   beyond those required for delivery of local content.  The sink device
   would be receiving the identical packets as those sent by the source
   and would be unaware that there were any latency or jitter issues
   along the path.

2.4.  Pro Audio Asks

   o  Layer 3 routing on top of AVB (and/or other high QoS networks)

   o  Content delivery with bounded, lowest possible latency

   o  IntServ and DiffServ integration with AVB (where practical)

   o  Single network for A/V and IT traffic

   o  Standards-based, interoperable, multi-vendor



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   o  IT department friendly

   o  Enterprise-wide networks (e.g. size of San Francisco but not the
      whole Internet (yet...))

3.  Electrical Utilities

3.1.  Use Case Description

   Many systems that an electrical utility deploys today rely on high
   availability and deterministic behavior of the underlying networks.
   Presented here are use cases in Transmission, Generation and
   Distribution, including key timing and reliability metrics.  In
   addition, security issues and industry trends which affect the
   architecture of next generation utility networks are discussed.

3.1.1.  Transmission Use Cases

3.1.1.1.  Protection

   Protection means not only the protection of human operators but also
   the protection of the electrical equipment and the preservation of
   the stability and frequency of the grid.  If a fault occurs in the
   transmission or distribution of electricity then severe damage can
   occur to human operators, electrical equipment and the grid itself,
   leading to blackouts.

   Communication links in conjunction with protection relays are used to
   selectively isolate faults on high voltage lines, transformers,
   reactors and other important electrical equipment.  The role of the
   teleprotection system is to selectively disconnect a faulty part by
   transferring command signals within the shortest possible time.

3.1.1.1.1.  Key Criteria

   The key criteria for measuring teleprotection performance are command
   transmission time, dependability and security.  These criteria are
   defined by the IEC standard 60834 as follows:

   o  Transmission time (Speed): The time between the moment where state
      changes at the transmitter input and the moment of the
      corresponding change at the receiver output, including propagation
      delay.  Overall operating time for a teleprotection system
      includes the time for initiating the command at the transmitting
      end, the propagation delay over the network (including equipments)
      and the selection and decision time at the receiving end,
      including any additional delay due to a noisy environment.




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   o  Dependability: The ability to issue and receive valid commands in
      the presence of interference and/or noise, by minimizing the
      probability of missing command (PMC).  Dependability targets are
      typically set for a specific bit error rate (BER) level.

   o  Security: The ability to prevent false tripping due to a noisy
      environment, by minimizing the probability of unwanted commands
      (PUC).  Security targets are also set for a specific bit error
      rate (BER) level.

   Additional elements of the teleprotection system that impact its
   performance include:

   o  Network bandwidth

   o  Failure recovery capacity (aka resiliency)

3.1.1.1.2.  Fault Detection and Clearance Timing

   Most power line equipment can tolerate short circuits or faults for
   up to approximately five power cycles before sustaining irreversible
   damage or affecting other segments in the network.  This translates
   to total fault clearance time of 100ms.  As a safety precaution,
   however, actual operation time of protection systems is limited to
   70- 80 percent of this period, including fault recognition time,
   command transmission time and line breaker switching time.

   Some system components, such as large electromechanical switches,
   require particularly long time to operate and take up the majority of
   the total clearance time, leaving only a 10ms window for the
   telecommunications part of the protection scheme, independent of the
   distance to travel.  Given the sensitivity of the issue, new networks
   impose requirements that are even more stringent: IEC standard 61850
   limits the transfer time for protection messages to 1/4 - 1/2 cycle
   or 4 - 8ms (for 60Hz lines) for the most critical messages.

3.1.1.1.3.  Symmetric Channel Delay

   Teleprotection channels which are differential must be synchronous,
   which means that any delays on the transmit and receive paths must
   match each other.  Teleprotection systems ideally support zero
   asymmetric delay; typical legacy relays can tolerate delay
   discrepancies of up to 750us.

   Some tools available for lowering delay variation below this
   threshold are:





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   o  For legacy systems using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), jitter
      buffers at the multiplexers on each end of the line can be used to
      offset delay variation by queuing sent and received packets.  The
      length of the queues must balance the need to regulate the rate of
      transmission with the need to limit overall delay, as larger
      buffers result in increased latency.

   o  For jitter-prone IP packet networks, traffic management tools can
      ensure that the teleprotection signals receive the highest
      transmission priority to minimize jitter.

   o  Standard packet-based synchronization technologies, such as
      1588-2008 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and Synchronous Ethernet
      (Sync-E), can help keep networks stable by maintaining a highly
      accurate clock source on the various network devices.

3.1.1.1.4.  Teleprotection Network Requirements (IEC 61850)

   The following table captures the main network metrics as based on the
   IEC 61850 standard.

   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   |  Teleprotection Requirement |              Attribute              |
   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   |    One way maximum delay    |               4-10 ms               |
   |   Asymetric delay required  |                 Yes                 |
   |        Maximum jitter       | less than 250 us (750 us for legacy |
   |                             |                 IED)                |
   |           Topology          |   Point to point, point to Multi-   |
   |                             |                point                |
   |         Availability        |               99.9999               |
   |   precise timing required   |                 Yes                 |
   |    Recovery time on node    |       less than 50ms - hitless      |
   |           failure           |                                     |
   |    performance management   |            Yes, Mandatory           |
   |          Redundancy         |                 Yes                 |
   |         Packet loss         |              0.1% to 1%             |
   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+

               Table 1: Teleprotection network requirements

3.1.1.1.5.  Inter-Trip Protection scheme

   "Inter-tripping" is the signal-controlled tripping of a circuit
   breaker to complete the isolation of a circuit or piece of apparatus
   in concert with the tripping of other circuit breakers.





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   +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+
   |     Inter-Trip protection      |            Attribute             |
   |          Requirement           |                                  |
   +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+
   |     One way maximum delay      |               5 ms               |
   |    Asymetric delay required    |                No                |
   |         Maximum jitter         |           Not critical           |
   |            Topology            | Point to point, point to Multi-  |
   |                                |              point               |
   |           Bandwidth            |             64 Kbps              |
   |          Availability          |             99.9999              |
   |    precise timing required     |               Yes                |
   | Recovery time on node failure  |     less than 50ms - hitless     |
   |     performance management     |          Yes, Mandatory          |
   |           Redundancy           |               Yes                |
   |          Packet loss           |               0.1%               |
   +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+

            Table 2: Inter-Trip protection network requirements

3.1.1.1.6.  Current Differential Protection Scheme

   Current differential protection is commonly used for line protection,
   and is typical for protecting parallel circuits.  At both end of the
   lines the current is measured by the differential relays, and both
   relays will trip the circuit breaker if the current going into the
   line does not equal the current going out of the line.  This type of
   protection scheme assumes some form of communications being present
   between the relays at both end of the line, to allow both relays to
   compare measured current values.  Line differential protection
   schemes assume a very low telecommunications delay between both
   relays, often as low as 5ms.  Moreover, as those systems are often
   not time-synchronized, they also assume symmetric telecommunications
   paths with constant delay, which allows comparing current measurement
   values taken at the exact same time.
















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   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   | Current Differential protection  |           Attribute            |
   |           Requirement            |                                |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |      One way maximum delay       |              5 ms              |
   |     Asymetric delay Required     |              Yes               |
   |          Maximum jitter          |  less than 250 us (750us for   |
   |                                  |          legacy IED)           |
   |             Topology             |    Point to point, point to    |
   |                                  |          Multi-point           |
   |            Bandwidth             |            64 Kbps             |
   |           Availability           |            99.9999             |
   |     precise timing required      |              Yes               |
   |  Recovery time on node failure   |    less than 50ms - hitless    |
   |      performance management      |         Yes, Mandatory         |
   |            Redundancy            |              Yes               |
   |           Packet loss            |              0.1%              |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+

             Table 3: Current Differential Protection metrics

3.1.1.1.7.  Distance Protection Scheme

   Distance (Impedance Relay) protection scheme is based on voltage and
   current measurements.  The network metrics are similar (but not
   identical to) Current Differential protection.

   +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
   |      Distance protection      |             Attribute             |
   |          Requirement          |                                   |
   +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
   |     One way maximum delay     |                5 ms               |
   |    Asymetric delay Required   |                 No                |
   |         Maximum jitter        |            Not critical           |
   |            Topology           |  Point to point, point to Multi-  |
   |                               |               point               |
   |           Bandwidth           |              64 Kbps              |
   |          Availability         |              99.9999              |
   |    precise timing required    |                Yes                |
   | Recovery time on node failure |      less than 50ms - hitless     |
   |     performance management    |           Yes, Mandatory          |
   |           Redundancy          |                Yes                |
   |          Packet loss          |                0.1%               |
   +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

                 Table 4: Distance Protection requirements





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3.1.1.1.8.  Inter-Substation Protection Signaling

   This use case describes the exchange of Sampled Value and/or GOOSE
   (Generic Object Oriented Substation Events) message between
   Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) in two substations for
   protection and tripping coordination.  The two IEDs are in a master-
   slave mode.

   The Current Transformer or Voltage Transformer (CT/VT) in one
   substation sends the sampled analog voltage or current value to the
   Merging Unit (MU) over hard wire.  The MU sends the time-synchronized
   61850-9-2 sampled values to the slave IED.  The slave IED forwards
   the information to the Master IED in the other substation.  The
   master IED makes the determination (for example based on sampled
   value differentials) to send a trip command to the originating IED.
   Once the slave IED/Relay receives the GOOSE trip for breaker
   tripping, it opens the breaker.  It then sends a confirmation message
   back to the master.  All data exchanges between IEDs are either
   through Sampled Value and/or GOOSE messages.

   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |   Inter-Substation protection    |           Attribute            |
   |           Requirement            |                                |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |      One way maximum delay       |              5 ms              |
   |     Asymetric delay Required     |               No               |
   |          Maximum jitter          |          Not critical          |
   |             Topology             |    Point to point, point to    |
   |                                  |          Multi-point           |
   |            Bandwidth             |            64 Kbps             |
   |           Availability           |            99.9999             |
   |     precise timing required      |              Yes               |
   |  Recovery time on node failure   |    less than 50ms - hitless    |
   |      performance management      |         Yes, Mandatory         |
   |            Redundancy            |              Yes               |
   |           Packet loss            |               1%               |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+

             Table 5: Inter-Substation Protection requirements

3.1.1.2.  Intra-Substation Process Bus Communications

   This use case describes the data flow from the CT/VT to the IEDs in
   the substation via the MU.  The CT/VT in the substation send the
   analog voltage or current values to the MU over hard wire.  The MU
   converts the analog values into digital format (typically time-
   synchronized Sampled Values as specified by IEC 61850-9-2) and sends
   them to the IEDs in the substation.  The GPS Master Clock can send



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   1PPS or IRIG-B format to the MU through a serial port or IEEE 1588
   protocol via a network.  Process bus communication using 61850
   simplifies connectivity within the substation and removes the
   requirement for multiple serial connections and removes the slow
   serial bus architectures that are typically used.  This also ensures
   increased flexibility and increased speed with the use of multicast
   messaging between multiple devices.

   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |   Intra-Substation protection    |           Attribute            |
   |           Requirement            |                                |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+
   |      One way maximum delay       |              5 ms              |
   |     Asymetric delay Required     |               No               |
   |          Maximum jitter          |          Not critical          |
   |             Topology             |    Point to point, point to    |
   |                                  |          Multi-point           |
   |            Bandwidth             |            64 Kbps             |
   |           Availability           |            99.9999             |
   |     precise timing required      |              Yes               |
   |  Recovery time on Node failure   |    less than 50ms - hitless    |
   |      performance management      |         Yes, Mandatory         |
   |            Redundancy            |            Yes - No            |
   |           Packet loss            |              0.1%              |
   +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+

             Table 6: Intra-Substation Protection requirements

3.1.1.3.  Wide Area Monitoring and Control Systems

   The application of synchrophasor measurement data from Phasor
   Measurement Units (PMU) to Wide Area Monitoring and Control Systems
   promises to provide important new capabilities for improving system
   stability.  Access to PMU data enables more timely situational
   awareness over larger portions of the grid than what has been
   possible historically with normal SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
   Acquisition) data.  Handling the volume and real-time nature of
   synchrophasor data presents unique challenges for existing
   application architectures.  Wide Area management System (WAMS) makes
   it possible for the condition of the bulk power system to be observed
   and understood in real-time so that protective, preventative, or
   corrective action can be taken.  Because of the very high sampling
   rate of measurements and the strict requirement for time
   synchronization of the samples, WAMS has stringent telecommunications
   requirements in an IP network that are captured in the following
   table:





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   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |   WAMS Requirement   |                 Attribute                  |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |   One way maximum    |                   50 ms                    |
   |        delay         |                                            |
   |   Asymetric delay    |                     No                     |
   |       Required       |                                            |
   |    Maximum jitter    |                Not critical                |
   |       Topology       |   Point to point, point to Multi-point,    |
   |                      |         Multi-point to Multi-point         |
   |      Bandwidth       |                  100 Kbps                  |
   |     Availability     |                  99.9999                   |
   |    precise timing    |                    Yes                     |
   |       required       |                                            |
   |   Recovery time on   |          less than 50ms - hitless          |
   |     Node failure     |                                            |
   |     performance      |               Yes, Mandatory               |
   |      management      |                                            |
   |      Redundancy      |                    Yes                     |
   |     Packet loss      |                     1%                     |
   |  Consecutive Packet  |  At least 1 packet per application cycle   |
   |         Loss         |             must be received.              |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+

             Table 7: WAMS Special Communication Requirements

3.1.1.4.  IEC 61850 WAN engineering guidelines requirement
          classification

   The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) has published a
   Technical Report which offers guidelines on how to define and deploy
   Wide Area Networks for the interconnections of electric substations,
   generation plants and SCADA operation centers.  The IEC 61850-90-12
   is providing a classification of WAN communication requirements into
   4 classes.  Table 8 summarizes these requirements:
















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   +----------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+
   |      WAN       |  Class WA  |  Class WB  |  Class WC  |  Class WD |
   |  Requirement   |            |            |            |           |
   +----------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+
   |  Application   | EHV (Extra |  HV (High  | MV (Medium |  General  |
   |     field      |    High    |  Voltage)  |  Voltage)  |  purpose  |
   |                |  Voltage)  |            |            |           |
   |    Latency     |    5 ms    |   10 ms    |   100 ms   |  > 100 ms |
   |     Jitter     |   10 us    |   100 us   |    1 ms    |   10 ms   |
   |    Latency     |   100 us   |    1 ms    |   10 ms    |   100 ms  |
   |    Asymetry    |            |            |            |           |
   | Time Accuracy  |    1 us    |   10 us    |   100 us   | 10 to 100 |
   |                |            |            |            |     ms    |
   | Bit Error rate |  10-7 to   |  10-5 to   |    10-3    |           |
   |                |    10-6    |    10-4    |            |           |
   | Unavailability |  10-7 to   |  10-5 to   |    10-3    |           |
   |                |    10-6    |    10-4    |            |           |
   | Recovery delay |    Zero    |   50 ms    |    5 s     |    50 s   |
   | Cyber security | extremely  |    High    |   Medium   |   Medium  |
   |                |    high    |            |            |           |
   +----------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+

     Table 8: 61850-90-12 Communication Requirements; Courtesy of IEC

3.1.2.  Generation Use Case

   Energy generation systems are complex infrastructures that require
   control of both the generated power and the generation
   infrastructure.

3.1.2.1.  Control of the Generated Power

   The electrical power generation frequency must be maintained within a
   very narrow band.  Deviations from the acceptable frequency range are
   detected and the required signals are sent to the power plants for
   frequency regulation.

   Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the
   power output of generators at different power plants, in response to
   changes in the load.











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   +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+
   |   FCAG (Frequency Control Automatic Generation)   |   Attribute   |
   |                    Requirement                    |               |
   +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+
   |               One way maximum delay               |     500 ms    |
   |              Asymetric delay Required             |       No      |
   |                   Maximum jitter                  |  Not critical |
   |                      Topology                     |    Point to   |
   |                                                   |     point     |
   |                     Bandwidth                     |    20 Kbps    |
   |                    Availability                   |     99.999    |
   |              precise timing required              |      Yes      |
   |           Recovery time on Node failure           |      N/A      |
   |               performance management              |      Yes,     |
   |                                                   |   Mandatory   |
   |                     Redundancy                    |      Yes      |
   |                    Packet loss                    |       1%      |
   +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+

                 Table 9: FCAG Communication Requirements

3.1.2.2.  Control of the Generation Infrastructure

   The control of the generation infrastructure combines requirements
   from industrial automation systems and energy generation systems.
   This section considers the use case of the control of the generation
   infrastructure of a wind turbine.
























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                       |
                       |
                       |  +-----------------+
                       |  |   +----+        |
                       |  |   |WTRM| WGEN   |
                  WROT x==|===|    |        |
                       |  |   +----+    WCNV|
                       |  |WNAC             |
                       |  +---+---WYAW---+--+
                       |      |          |
                       |      |          |        +----+
                              |WTRF      |        |WMET|
                              |          |        |    |
                       Wind Turbine      |        +--+-+
                       Controller        |           |
                         WTUR |          |           |
                         WREP |          |           |
                         WSLG |          |           |
                         WALG |     WTOW |           |


                  Figure 1: Wind Turbine Control Network

   Figure 1 presents the subsystems that operate a wind turbine.  These
   subsystems include

   o  WROT (Rotor Control)

   o  WNAC (Nacelle Control) (nacelle: housing containing the generator)

   o  WTRM (Transmission Control)

   o  WGEN (Generator)

   o  WYAW (Yaw Controller) (of the tower head)

   o  WCNV (In-Turbine Power Converter)

   o  WMET (External Meteorological Station providing real time
      information to the controllers of the tower)

   Traffic characteristics relevant for the network planning and
   dimensioning process in a wind turbine scenario are listed below.
   The values in this section are based mainly on the relevant
   references [Ahm14] and [Spe09].  Each logical node (Figure 1) is a
   part of the metering network and produces analog measurements and
   status information which must comply with their respective data rate
   constraints.



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   +-----------+--------+--------+-------------+---------+-------------+
   | Subsystem | Sensor | Analog |  Data Rate  |  Status |  Data rate  |
   |           | Count  | Sample | (bytes/sec) |  Sample | (bytes/sec) |
   |           |        | Count  |             |  Count  |             |
   +-----------+--------+--------+-------------+---------+-------------+
   |    WROT   |   14   |   9    |     642     |    5    |      10     |
   |    WTRM   |   18   |   10   |     2828    |    8    |      16     |
   |    WGEN   |   14   |   12   |    73764    |    2    |      4      |
   |    WCNV   |   14   |   12   |    74060    |    2    |      4      |
   |    WTRF   |   12   |   5    |    73740    |    2    |      4      |
   |    WNAC   |   12   |   9    |     112     |    3    |      6      |
   |    WYAW   |   7    |   8    |     220     |    4    |      8      |
   |    WTOW   |   4    |   1    |      8      |    3    |      6      |
   |    WMET   |   7    |   7    |     228     |    -    |      -      |
   +-----------+--------+--------+-------------+---------+-------------+

               Table 10: Wind Turbine Data Rate Constraints

   Quality of Service (QoS) constraints for different services are
   presented in Table 11.  These constraints are defined by IEEE 1646
   standard [IEEE1646] and IEC 61400 standard [IEC61400].

   +---------------------+---------+-------------+---------------------+
   |       Service       | Latency | Reliability |   Packet Loss Rate  |
   +---------------------+---------+-------------+---------------------+
   |   Analogue measure  |  16 ms  |    99.99%   |        < 10-6       |
   |  Status information |  16 ms  |    99.99%   |        < 10-6       |
   |  Protection traffic |   4 ms  |   100.00%   |        < 10-9       |
   |    Reporting and    |   1 s   |    99.99%   |        < 10-6       |
   |       logging       |         |             |                     |
   |  Video surveillance |   1 s   |    99.00%   |     No specific     |
   |                     |         |             |     requirement     |
   | Internet connection |  60 min |    99.00%   |     No specific     |
   |                     |         |             |     requirement     |
   |   Control traffic   |  16 ms  |   100.00%   |        < 10-9       |
   |     Data polling    |  16 ms  |    99.99%   |        < 10-6       |
   +---------------------+---------+-------------+---------------------+

        Table 11: Wind Turbine Reliability and Latency Constraints

3.1.2.2.1.  Intra-Domain Network Considerations

   A wind turbine is composed of a large set of subsystems including
   sensors and actuators which require time-critical operation.  The
   reliability and latency constraints of these different subsystems is
   shown in Table 11.  These subsystems are connected to an intra-domain
   network which is used to monitor and control the operation of the
   turbine and connect it to the SCADA subsystems.  The different



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   components are interconnected using fiber optics, industrial buses,
   industrial Ethernet, EtherCat, or a combination of them.  Industrial
   signaling and control protocols such as Modbus, Profibus, Profinet
   and EtherCat are used directly on top of the Layer 2 transport or
   encapsulated over TCP/IP.

   The Data collected from the sensors and condition monitoring systems
   is multiplexed onto fiber cables for transmission to the base of the
   tower, and to remote control centers.  The turbine controller
   continuously monitors the condition of the wind turbine and collects
   statistics on its operation.  This controller also manages a large
   number of switches, hydraulic pumps, valves, and motors within the
   wind turbine.

   There is usually a controller both at the bottom of the tower and in
   the nacelle.  The communication between these two controllers usually
   takes place using fiber optics instead of copper links.  Sometimes, a
   third controller is installed in the hub of the rotor and manages the
   pitch of the blades.  That unit usually communicates with the nacelle
   unit using serial communications.

3.1.2.2.2.  Inter-Domain network considerations

   A remote control center belonging to a grid operator regulates the
   power output, enables remote actuation, and monitors the health of
   one or more wind parks in tandem.  It connects to the local control
   center in a wind park over the Internet (Figure 2) via firewalls at
   both ends.  The AS path between the local control center and the Wind
   Park typically involves several ISPs at different tiers.  For
   example, a remote control center in Denmark can regulate a wind park
   in Greece over the normal public AS path between the two locations.

   The remote control center is part of the SCADA system, setting the
   desired power output to the wind park and reading back the result
   once the new power output level has been set.  Traffic between the
   remote control center and the wind park typically consists of
   protocols like IEC 60870-5-104 [IEC-60870-5-104], OPC XML-DA
   [OPCXML], Modbus [MODBUS], and SNMP [RFC3411].  At the time of this
   writing, traffic flows between the wind farm and the remote control
   center are best effort.  QoS requirements are not strict, so no SLAs
   or service provisioning mechanisms (e.g., VPN) are employed.  In case
   of events like equipment failure, tolerance for alarm delay is on the
   order of minutes, due to redundant systems already in place.








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   +--------------+
   |              |
   |              |
   | Wind Park #1 +----+
   |              |    |      XXXXXX
   |              |    |      X    XXXXXXXX           +----------------+
   +--------------+    |   XXXX    X      XXXXX       |                |
                       +---+                XXX       | Remote Control |
                           XXX    Internet       +----+     Center     |
                       +----+X                XXX     |                |
   +--------------+    |    XXXXXXX             XX    |                |
   |              |    |          XX     XXXXXXX      +----------------+
   |              |    |            XXXXX
   | Wind Park #2 +----+
   |              |
   |              |
   +--------------+

                Figure 2: Wind Turbine Control via Internet

   Future use cases will require bounded latency, bounded jitter and
   extraordinary low packet loss for inter-domain traffic flows due to
   the softwarization and virtualization of core wind farm equipment
   (e.g. switches, firewalls and SCADA server components).  These
   factors will create opportunities for service providers to install
   new services and dynamically manage them from remote locations.  For
   example, to enable fail-over of a local SCADA server, a SCADA server
   in another wind farm site (under the administrative control of the
   same operator) could be utilized temporarily (Figure 3).  In that
   case local traffic would be forwarded to the remote SCADA server and
   existing intra-domain QoS and timing parameters would have to be met
   for inter-domain traffic flows.



















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   +--------------+
   |              |
   |              |
   | Wind Park #1 +----+
   |              |    |      XXXXXX
   |              |    |      X    XXXXXXXX           +----------------+
   +--------------+    |   XXXX           XXXXX       |                |
                       +---+      Operator    XXX     | Remote Control |
                           XXX    Administered   +----+     Center     |
                       +----+X    WAN         XXX     |                |
   +--------------+    |    XXXXXXX             XX    |                |
   |              |    |          XX     XXXXXXX      +----------------+
   |              |    |            XXXXX
   | Wind Park #2 +----+
   |              |
   |              |
   +--------------+

       Figure 3: Wind Turbine Control via Operator Administered WAN

3.1.3.  Distribution use case

3.1.3.1.  Fault Location Isolation and Service Restoration (FLISR)

   Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration (FLISR) refers to
   the ability to automatically locate the fault, isolate the fault, and
   restore service in the distribution network.  This will likely be the
   first widespread application of distributed intelligence in the grid.

   Static power switch status (open/closed) in the network dictates the
   power flow to secondary substations.  Reconfiguring the network in
   the event of a fault is typically done manually on site to energize/
   de-energize alternate paths.  Automating the operation of substation
   switchgear allows the flow of power to be altered automatically under
   fault conditions.

   FLISR can be managed centrally from a Distribution Management System
   (DMS) or executed locally through distributed control via intelligent
   switches and fault sensors.












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   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |  FLISR Requirement   |                 Attribute                  |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |   One way maximum    |                   80 ms                    |
   |        delay         |                                            |
   |   Asymetric delay    |                     No                     |
   |       Required       |                                            |
   |    Maximum jitter    |                   40 ms                    |
   |       Topology       |   Point to point, point to Multi-point,    |
   |                      |         Multi-point to Multi-point         |
   |      Bandwidth       |                  64 Kbps                   |
   |     Availability     |                  99.9999                   |
   |    precise timing    |                    Yes                     |
   |       required       |                                            |
   |   Recovery time on   |         Depends on customer impact         |
   |     Node failure     |                                            |
   |     performance      |               Yes, Mandatory               |
   |      management      |                                            |
   |      Redundancy      |                    Yes                     |
   |     Packet loss      |                    0.1%                    |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+

                Table 12: FLISR Communication Requirements

3.2.  Electrical Utilities Today

   Many utilities still rely on complex environments formed of multiple
   application-specific proprietary networks, including TDM networks.

   In this kind of environment there is no mixing of OT and IT
   applications on the same network, and information is siloed between
   operational areas.

   Specific calibration of the full chain is required, which is costly.

   This kind of environment prevents utility operations from realizing
   the operational efficiency benefits, visibility, and functional
   integration of operational information across grid applications and
   data networks.

   In addition, there are many security-related issues as discussed in
   the following section.

3.2.1.  Security Current Practices and Limitations

   Grid monitoring and control devices are already targets for cyber
   attacks, and legacy telecommunications protocols have many intrinsic
   network-related vulnerabilities.  For example, DNP3, Modbus,



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   PROFIBUS/PROFINET, and other protocols are designed around a common
   paradigm of request and respond.  Each protocol is designed for a
   master device such as an HMI (Human Machine Interface) system to send
   commands to subordinate slave devices to retrieve data (reading
   inputs) or control (writing to outputs).  Because many of these
   protocols lack authentication, encryption, or other basic security
   measures, they are prone to network-based attacks, allowing a
   malicious actor or attacker to utilize the request-and-respond system
   as a mechanism for command-and-control like functionality.  Specific
   security concerns common to most industrial control, including
   utility telecommunication protocols include the following:

   o  Network or transport errors (e.g. malformed packets or excessive
      latency) can cause protocol failure.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of forcing
      slave devices into inoperable states, including powering-off
      devices, forcing them into a listen-only state, disabling
      alarming.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of restarting
      communications and otherwise interrupting processes.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of clearing,
      erasing, or resetting diagnostic information such as counters and
      diagnostic registers.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of requesting
      sensitive information about the controllers, their configurations,
      or other need-to-know information.

   o  Most protocols are application layer protocols transported over
      TCP; therefore it is easy to transport commands over non-standard
      ports or inject commands into authorized traffic flows.

   o  Protocol commands may be available that are capable of
      broadcasting messages to many devices at once (i.e. a potential
      DoS).

   o  Protocol commands may be available to query the device network to
      obtain defined points and their values (i.e. a configuration
      scan).

   o  Protocol commands may be available that will list all available
      function codes (i.e. a function scan).

   These inherent vulnerabilities, along with increasing connectivity
   between IT an OT networks, make network-based attacks very feasible.



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   Simple injection of malicious protocol commands provides control over
   the target process.  Altering legitimate protocol traffic can also
   alter information about a process and disrupt the legitimate controls
   that are in place over that process.  A man-in-the-middle attack
   could provide both control over a process and misrepresentation of
   data back to operator consoles.

3.3.  Electrical Utilities Future

   The business and technology trends that are sweeping the utility
   industry will drastically transform the utility business from the way
   it has been for many decades.  At the core of many of these changes
   is a drive to modernize the electrical grid with an integrated
   telecommunications infrastructure.  However, interoperability
   concerns, legacy networks, disparate tools, and stringent security
   requirements all add complexity to the grid transformation.  Given
   the range and diversity of the requirements that should be addressed
   by the next generation telecommunications infrastructure, utilities
   need to adopt a holistic architectural approach to integrate the
   electrical grid with digital telecommunications across the entire
   power delivery chain.

   The key to modernizing grid telecommunications is to provide a
   common, adaptable, multi-service network infrastructure for the
   entire utility organization.  Such a network serves as the platform
   for current capabilities while enabling future expansion of the
   network to accommodate new applications and services.

   To meet this diverse set of requirements, both today and in the
   future, the next generation utility telecommunnications network will
   be based on open-standards-based IP architecture.  An end-to-end IP
   architecture takes advantage of nearly three decades of IP technology
   development, facilitating interoperability and device management
   across disparate networks and devices, as it has been already
   demonstrated in many mission-critical and highly secure networks.

   IPv6 is seen as a future telecommunications technology for the Smart
   Grid; the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and
   different National Committees have mandated a specific adhoc group
   (AHG8) to define the migration strategy to IPv6 for all the IEC TC57
   power automation standards.  The AHG8 has finalised the work on the
   migration strategy and the following Technical Report has been
   issued: IEC TR 62357-200:2015: Guidelines for migration from Internet
   Protocol version 4 (IPv4) to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6).

   Cloud-based SCADA systems will control and monitor the critical and
   non-critical subsystems of generation systems, for example wind
   farms.



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3.3.1.  Migration to Packet-Switched Network

   Throughout the world, utilities are increasingly planning for a
   future based on smart grid applications requiring advanced
   telecommunications systems.  Many of these applications utilize
   packet connectivity for communicating information and control signals
   across the utility's Wide Area Network (WAN), made possible by
   technologies such as multiprotocol label switching (MPLS).  The data
   that traverses the utility WAN includes:

   o  Grid monitoring, control, and protection data

   o  Non-control grid data (e.g. asset data for condition-based
      monitoring)

   o  Physical safety and security data (e.g. voice and video)

   o  Remote worker access to corporate applications (voice, maps,
      schematics, etc.)

   o  Field area network backhaul for smart metering, and distribution
      grid management

   o  Enterprise traffic (email, collaboration tools, business
      applications)

   WANs support this wide variety of traffic to and from substations,
   the transmission and distribution grid, generation sites, between
   control centers, and between work locations and data centers.  To
   maintain this rapidly expanding set of applications, many utilities
   are taking steps to evolve present time-division multiplexing (TDM)
   based and frame relay infrastructures to packet systems.  Packet-
   based networks are designed to provide greater functionalities and
   higher levels of service for applications, while continuing to
   deliver reliability and deterministic (real-time) traffic support.

3.3.2.  Telecommunications Trends

   These general telecommunications topics are in addition to the use
   cases that have been addressed so far.  These include both current
   and future telecommunications related topics that should be factored
   into the network architecture and design.

3.3.2.1.  General Telecommunications Requirements

   o  IP Connectivity everywhere

   o  Monitoring services everywhere and from different remote centers



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   o  Move services to a virtual data center

   o  Unify access to applications / information from the corporate
      network

   o  Unify services

   o  Unified Communications Solutions

   o  Mix of fiber and microwave technologies - obsolescence of SONET/
      SDH or TDM

   o  Standardize grid telecommunications protocol to opened standard to
      ensure interoperability

   o  Reliable Telecommunications for Transmission and Distribution
      Substations

   o  IEEE 1588 time synchronization Client / Server Capabilities

   o  Integration of Multicast Design

   o  QoS Requirements Mapping

   o  Enable Future Network Expansion

   o  Substation Network Resilience

   o  Fast Convergence Design

   o  Scalable Headend Design

   o  Define Service Level Agreements (SLA) and Enable SLA Monitoring

   o  Integration of 3G/4G Technologies and future technologies

   o  Ethernet Connectivity for Station Bus Architecture

   o  Ethernet Connectivity for Process Bus Architecture

   o  Protection, teleprotection and PMU (Phaser Measurement Unit) on IP

3.3.2.2.  Specific Network topologies of Smart Grid Applications

   Utilities often have very large private telecommunications networks.
   It covers an entire territory / country.  The main purpose of the
   network, until now, has been to support transmission network
   monitoring, control, and automation, remote control of generation



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   sites, and providing FCAPS (Fault, Configuration, Accounting,
   Performance, Security) services from centralized network operation
   centers.

   Going forward, one network will support operation and maintenance of
   electrical networks (generation, transmission, and distribution),
   voice and data services for ten of thousands of employees and for
   exchange with neighboring interconnections, and administrative
   services.  To meet those requirements, utility may deploy several
   physical networks leveraging different technologies across the
   country: an optical network and a microwave network for instance.
   Each protection and automatism system between two points has two
   telecommunications circuits, one on each network.  Path diversity
   between two substations is key.  Regardless of the event type
   (hurricane, ice storm, etc.), one path needs to stay available so the
   system can still operate.

   In the optical network, signals are transmitted over more than tens
   of thousands of circuits using fiber optic links, microwave and
   telephone cables.  This network is the nervous system of the
   utility's power transmission operations.  The optical network
   represents ten of thousands of km of cable deployed along the power
   lines, with individual runs as long as 280 km.

3.3.2.3.  Precision Time Protocol

   Some utilities do not use GPS clocks in generation substations.  One
   of the main reasons is that some of the generation plants are 30 to
   50 meters deep under ground and the GPS signal can be weak and
   unreliable.  Instead, atomic clocks are used.  Clocks are
   synchronized amongst each other.  Rubidium clocks provide clock and
   1ms timestamps for IRIG-B.

   Some companies plan to transition to the Precision Time Protocol
   (PTP, [IEEE1588]), distributing the synchronization signal over the
   IP/MPLS network.  PTP provides a mechanism for synchronizing the
   clocks of participating nodes to a high degree of accuracy and
   precision.

   PTP operates based on the following assumptions:

      It is assumed that the network eliminates cyclic forwarding of PTP
      messages within each communication path (e.g. by using a spanning
      tree protocol).

      PTP is tolerant of an occasional missed message, duplicated
      message, or message that arrived out of order.  However, PTP
      assumes that such impairments are relatively rare.



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      PTP was designed assuming a multicast communication model, however
      PTP also supports a unicast communication model as long as the
      behavior of the protocol is preserved.

      Like all message-based time transfer protocols, PTP time accuracy
      is degraded by delay asymmetry in the paths taken by event
      messages.  Asymmetry is not detectable by PTP, however, if such
      delays are known a priori, PTP can correct for asymmetry.

   IEC 61850 defines the use of IEC/IEEE 61850-9-3:2016.  The title is:
   Precision time protocol profile for power utility automation.  It is
   based on Annex B/IEC 62439 which offers the support of redundant
   attachment of clocks to Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and High-
   availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) networks.

3.3.3.  Security Trends in Utility Networks

   Although advanced telecommunications networks can assist in
   transforming the energy industry by playing a critical role in
   maintaining high levels of reliability, performance, and
   manageability, they also introduce the need for an integrated
   security infrastructure.  Many of the technologies being deployed to
   support smart grid projects such as smart meters and sensors can
   increase the vulnerability of the grid to attack.  Top security
   concerns for utilities migrating to an intelligent smart grid
   telecommunications platform center on the following trends:

   o  Integration of distributed energy resources

   o  Proliferation of digital devices to enable management, automation,
      protection, and control

   o  Regulatory mandates to comply with standards for critical
      infrastructure protection

   o  Migration to new systems for outage management, distribution
      automation, condition-based maintenance, load forecasting, and
      smart metering

   o  Demand for new levels of customer service and energy management

   This development of a diverse set of networks to support the
   integration of microgrids, open-access energy competition, and the
   use of network-controlled devices is driving the need for a converged
   security infrastructure for all participants in the smart grid,
   including utilities, energy service providers, large commercial and
   industrial, as well as residential customers.  Securing the assets of
   electric power delivery systems (from the control center to the



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   substation, to the feeders and down to customer meters) requires an
   end-to-end security infrastructure that protects the myriad of
   telecommunications assets used to operate, monitor, and control power
   flow and measurement.

   "Cyber security" refers to all the security issues in automation and
   telecommunications that affect any functions related to the operation
   of the electric power systems.  Specifically, it involves the
   concepts of:

   o  Integrity : data cannot be altered undetectably

   o  Authenticity (data origin authentication): the telecommunications
      parties involved must be validated as genuine

   o  Authorization : only requests and commands from the authorized
      users can be accepted by the system

   o  Confidentiality : data must not be accessible to any
      unauthenticated users

   When designing and deploying new smart grid devices and
   telecommunications systems, it is imperative to understand the
   various impacts of these new components under a variety of attack
   situations on the power grid.  Consequences of a cyber attack on the
   grid telecommunications network can be catastrophic.  This is why
   security for smart grid is not just an ad hoc feature or product,
   it's a complete framework integrating both physical and Cyber
   security requirements and covering the entire smart grid networks
   from generation to distribution.  Security has therefore become one
   of the main foundations of the utility telecom network architecture
   and must be considered at every layer with a defense-in-depth
   approach.  Migrating to IP based protocols is key to address these
   challenges for two reasons:

   o  IP enables a rich set of features and capabilities to enhance the
      security posture

   o  IP is based on open standards, which allows interoperability
      between different vendors and products, driving down the costs
      associated with implementing security solutions in OT networks.

   Securing OT (Operation technology) telecommunications over packet-
   switched IP networks follow the same principles that are foundational
   for securing the IT infrastructure, i.e., consideration must be given
   to enforcing electronic access control for both person-to-machine and
   machine-to-machine communications, and providing the appropriate




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   levels of data privacy, device and platform integrity, and threat
   detection and mitigation.

3.4.  Electrical Utilities Asks

   o  Mixed L2 and L3 topologies

   o  Deterministic behavior

   o  Bounded latency and jitter

   o  Tight feedback intervals

   o  High availability, low recovery time

   o  Redundancy, low packet loss

   o  Precise timing

   o  Centralized computing of deterministic paths

   o  Distributed configuration may also be useful

4.  Building Automation Systems

4.1.  Use Case Description

   A Building Automation System (BAS) manages equipment and sensors in a
   building for improving residents' comfort, reducing energy
   consumption, and responding to failures and emergencies.  For
   example, the BAS measures the temperature of a room using sensors and
   then controls the HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning)
   to maintain a set temperature and minimize energy consumption.

   A BAS primarily performs the following functions:

   o  Periodically measures states of devices, for example humidity and
      illuminance of rooms, open/close state of doors, FAN speed, etc.

   o  Stores the measured data.

   o  Provides the measured data to BAS systems and operators.

   o  Generates alarms for abnormal state of devices.

   o  Controls devices (e.g. turn off room lights at 10:00 PM).





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4.2.  Building Automation Systems Today

4.2.1.  BAS Architecture

   A typical BAS architecture of today is shown in Figure 4.

                         +----------------------------+
                         |                            |
                         |       BMS        HMI       |
                         |        |          |        |
                         |  +----------------------+  |
                         |  |  Management Network  |  |
                         |  +----------------------+  |
                         |        |          |        |
                         |        LC         LC       |
                         |        |          |        |
                         |  +----------------------+  |
                         |  |     Field Network    |  |
                         |  +----------------------+  |
                         |     |     |     |     |    |
                         |    Dev   Dev   Dev   Dev   |
                         |                            |
                         +----------------------------+

                         BMS := Building Management Server
                         HMI := Human Machine Interface
                         LC  := Local Controller

                        Figure 4: BAS architecture

   There are typically two layers of network in a BAS.  The upper one is
   called the Management Network and the lower one is called the Field
   Network.  In management networks an IP-based communication protocol
   is used, while in field networks non-IP based communication protocols
   ("field protocols") are mainly used.  Field networks have specific
   timing requirements, whereas management networks can be best-effort.

   A Human Machine Interface (HMI) is typically a desktop PC used by
   operators to monitor and display device states, send device control
   commands to Local Controllers (LCs), and configure building schedules
   (for example "turn off all room lights in the building at 10:00 PM").

   A Building Management Server (BMS) performs the following operations.

   o  Collect and store device states from LCs at regular intervals.

   o  Send control values to LCs according to a building schedule.




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   o  Send an alarm signal to operators if it detects abnormal devices
      states.

   The BMS and HMI communicate with LCs via IP-based "management
   protocols" (see standards [bacnetip], [knx]).

   A LC is typically a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) which is
   connected to several tens or hundreds of devices using "field
   protocols".  An LC performs the following kinds of operations:

   o  Measure device states and provide the information to BMS or HMI.

   o  Send control values to devices, unilaterally or as part of a
      feedback control loop.

   There are many field protocols used at the time of this writing; some
   are standards-based and others are proprietary (see standards
   [lontalk], [modbus], [profibus] and [flnet]).  The result is that
   BASs have multiple MAC/PHY modules and interfaces.  This makes BASs
   more expensive, slower to develop, and can result in "vendor lock-in"
   with multiple types of management applications.

4.2.2.  BAS Deployment Model

   An example BAS for medium or large buildings is shown in Figure 5.
   The physical layout spans multiple floors, and there is a monitoring
   room where the BAS management entities are located.  Each floor will
   have one or more LCs depending upon the number of devices connected
   to the field network.






















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               +--------------------------------------------------+
               |                                          Floor 3 |
               |     +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+~~~~~+                     |
               |     |          |     |     |                     |
               |     |         Dev   Dev   Dev                    |
               |     |                                            |
               |---  |  ------------------------------------------|
               |     |                                    Floor 2 |
               |     +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+~~~~~+  Field Network      |
               |     |          |     |     |                     |
               |     |         Dev   Dev   Dev                    |
               |     |                                            |
               |---  |  ------------------------------------------|
               |     |                                    Floor 1 |
               |     +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+~~~~~+   +-----------------|
               |     |          |     |     |   | Monitoring Room |
               |     |         Dev   Dev   Dev  |                 |
               |     |                          |    BMS   HMI    |
               |     |   Management Network     |     |     |     |
               |     +--------------------------------+-----+     |
               |                                |                 |
               +--------------------------------------------------+

         Figure 5: BAS Deployment model for Medium/Large Buildings

   Each LC is connected to the monitoring room via the Management
   network, and the management functions are performed within the
   building.  In most cases, fast Ethernet (e.g. 100BASE-T) is used for
   the management network.  Since the management network is non-
   realtime, use of Ethernet without quality of service is sufficient
   for today's deployment.

   In the field network a variety of physical interfaces such as RS232C
   and RS485 are used, which have specific timing requirements.  Thus if
   a field network is to be replaced with an Ethernet or wireless
   network, such networks must support time-critical deterministic
   flows.

   In Figure 6, another deployment model is presented in which the
   management system is hosted remotely.  This is becoming popular for
   small office and residential buildings in which a standalone
   monitoring system is not cost-effective.









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                                                     +---------------+
                                                     | Remote Center |
                                                     |               |
                                                     |  BMS     HMI  |
            +------------------------------------+   |   |       |   |
            |                            Floor 2 |   |   +---+---+   |
            |    +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+ Field Network|   |       |       |
            |    |          |     |              |   |     Router    |
            |    |         Dev   Dev             |   +-------|-------+
            |    |                               |           |
            |--- | ------------------------------|           |
            |    |                       Floor 1 |           |
            |    +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+              |           |
            |    |          |     |              |           |
            |    |         Dev   Dev             |           |
            |    |                               |           |
            |    |   Management Network          |     WAN   |
            |    +------------------------Router-------------+
            |                                    |
            +------------------------------------+

              Figure 6: Deployment model for Small Buildings

   Some interoperability is possible today in the Management Network,
   but not in today's field networks due to their non-IP-based design.

4.2.3.  Use Cases for Field Networks

   Below are use cases for Environmental Monitoring, Fire Detection, and
   Feedback Control, and their implications for field network
   performance.

4.2.3.1.  Environmental Monitoring

   The BMS polls each LC at a maximum measurement interval of 100ms (for
   example to draw a historical chart of 1 second granularity with a 10x
   sampling interval) and then performs the operations as specified by
   the operator.  Each LC needs to measure each of its several hundred
   sensors once per measurement interval.  Latency is not critical in
   this scenario as long as all sensor values are completed in the
   measurement interval.  Availability is expected to be 99.999 %.

4.2.3.2.  Fire Detection

   On detection of a fire, the BMS must stop the HVAC, close the fire
   shutters, turn on the fire sprinklers, send an alarm, etc.  There are
   typically ~10s of sensors per LC that BMS needs to manage.  In this




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   scenario the measurement interval is 10-50ms, the communication delay
   is 10ms, and the availability must be 99.9999 %.

4.2.3.3.  Feedback Control

   BAS systems utilize feedback control in various ways; the most time-
   critial is control of DC motors, which require a short feedback
   interval (1-5ms) with low communication delay (10ms) and jitter
   (1ms).  The feedback interval depends on the characteristics of the
   device and a target quality of control value.  There are typically
   ~10s of such devices per LC.

   Communication delay is expected to be less than 10ms, jitter less
   than 1ms while the availability must be 99.9999% .

4.2.4.  Security Considerations

   When BAS field networks were developed it was assumed that the field
   networks would always be physically isolated from external networks
   and therefore security was not a concern.  In today's world many BASs
   are managed remotely and are thus connected to shared IP networks and
   so security is definitely a concern, yet security features are not
   available in the majority of BAS field network deployments .

   The management network, being an IP-based network, has the protocols
   available to enable network security, but in practice many BAS
   systems do not implement even the available security features such as
   device authentication or encryption for data in transit.

4.3.  BAS Future

   In the future more fine-grained environmental monitoring and lower
   energy consumption will emerge which will require more sensors and
   devices, thus requiring larger and more complex building networks.

   Building networks will be connected to or converged with other
   networks (Enterprise network, Home network, and Internet).

   Therefore better facilities for network management, control,
   reliability and security are critical in order to improve resident
   and operator convenience and comfort.  For example the ability to
   monitor and control building devices via the internet would enable
   (for example) control of room lights or HVAC from a resident's
   desktop PC or phone application.







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4.4.  BAS Asks

   The community would like to see an interoperable protocol
   specification that can satisfy the timing, security, availability and
   QoS constraints described above, such that the resulting converged
   network can replace the disparate field networks.  Ideally this
   connectivity could extend to the open Internet.

   This would imply an architecture that can guarantee

   o  Low communication delays (from <10ms to 100ms in a network of
      several hundred devices)

   o  Low jitter (< 1 ms)

   o  Tight feedback intervals (1ms - 10ms)

   o  High network availability (up to 99.9999% )

   o  Availability of network data in disaster scenario

   o  Authentication between management and field devices (both local
      and remote)

   o  Integrity and data origin authentication of communication data
      between field and management devices

   o  Confidentiality of data when communicated to a remote device

5.  Wireless for Industrial Applications

5.1.  Use Case Description

   Wireless networks are useful for industrial applications, for example
   when portable, fast-moving or rotating objects are involved, and for
   the resource-constrained devices found in the Internet of Things
   (IoT).

   Such network-connected sensors, actuators, control loops (etc.)
   typically require that the underlying network support real-time
   quality of service (QoS), as well as specific classes of other
   network properties such as reliability, redundancy, and security.

   These networks may also contain very large numbers of devices, for
   example for factories, "big data" acquisition, and the IoT.  Given
   the large numbers of devices installed, and the potential
   pervasiveness of the IoT, this is a huge and very cost-sensitive




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   market such that small cost reductions can save large amounts of
   money.

5.1.1.  Network Convergence using 6TiSCH

   Some wireless network technologies support real-time QoS, and are
   thus useful for these kinds of networks, but others do not.

   This use case focuses on one specific wireless network technology
   which provides the required deterministic QoS, which is "IPv6 over
   the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e" (6TiSCH, where TSCH stands for
   "Time-Slotted Channel Hopping", see [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture],
   [IEEE802154], [IEEE802154e], and [RFC7554]).

   There are other deterministic wireless busses and networks available
   today, however they are imcompatible with each other, and
   incompatible with IP traffic (for example [ISA100], [WirelessHART]).

   Thus the primary goal of this use case is to apply 6TiSCH as a
   converged IP- and standards-based wireless network for industrial
   applications, i.e. to replace multiple proprietary and/or
   incompatible wireless networking and wireless network management
   standards.

5.1.2.  Common Protocol Development for 6TiSCH

   Today there are a number of protocols required by 6TiSCH which are
   still in development, and a second intent of this use case is to
   highlight the ways in which these "missing" protocols share goals in
   common with DetNet.  Thus it is possible that some of the protocol
   technology developed for DetNet will also be applicable to 6TiSCH.

   These protocol goals are identified here, along with their
   relationship to DetNet.  It is likely that ultimately the resulting
   protocols will not be identical, but will share design principles
   which contribute to the eficiency of enabling both DetNet and 6TiSCH.

   One such commonality is that although at a different time scale, in
   both TSN [IEEE802.1TSNTG] and TSCH a packet crosses the network from
   node to node follows a precise schedule, as a train that leaves
   intermediate stations at precise times along its path.  This kind of
   operation reduces collisions, saves energy, and enables engineering
   the network for deterministic properties.

   Another commonality is remote monitoring and scheduling management of
   a TSCH network by a Path Computation Element (PCE) and Network
   Management Entity (NME).  The PCE/NME manage timeslots and device
   resources in a manner that minimizes the interaction with and the



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   load placed on resource-constrained devices.  For example, a tiny IoT
   device may have just enough buffers to store one or a few IPv6
   packets, and will have limited bandwidth between peers such that it
   can maintain only a small amount of peer information, and will not be
   able to store many packets waiting to be forwarded.  It is
   advantageous then for it to only be required to carry out the
   specific behavior assigned to it by the PCE/NME (as opposed to
   maintaining its own IP stack, for example).

   It is possible that there will be some peer-to-peer communication,
   for example the PCE may communicate only indirectly with some devices
   in order to enable hierarchical configuration of the system.

   6TiSCH depends on [PCE] and [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture].

   6TiSCH also depends on the fact that DetNet will maintain consistency
   with [IEEE802.1TSNTG].

5.2.  Wireless Industrial Today

   Today industrial wireless is accomplished using multiple
   deterministic wireless networks which are incompatible with each
   other and with IP traffic.

   6TiSCH is not yet fully specified, so it cannot be used in today's
   applications.

5.3.  Wireless Industrial Future

5.3.1.  Unified Wireless Network and Management

   DetNet and 6TiSCH together can enable converged transport of
   deterministic and best-effort traffic flows between real-time
   industrial devices and wide area networks via IP routing.  A high
   level view of a basic such network is shown in Figure 7.
















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               ---+-------- ............ ------------
                  |      External Network       |
                  |                          +-----+
               +-----+                       | NME |
               |     | LLN Border            |     |
               |     | router                +-----+
               +-----+
             o    o   o
      o     o   o     o
         o   o LLN   o    o     o
            o   o   o       o
                    o

                      Figure 7: Basic 6TiSCH Network

   Figure 8 shows a backbone router federating multiple synchronized
   6TiSCH subnets into a single subnet connected to the external
   network.

                  ---+-------- ............ ------------
                     |      External Network       |
                     |                          +-----+
                     |             +-----+      | NME |
                  +-----+          |  +-----+   |     |
                  |     | Router   |  | PCE |   +-----+
                  |     |          +--|     |
                  +-----+             +-----+
                     |                   |
                     | Subnet Backbone   |
               +--------------------+------------------+
               |                    |                  |
            +-----+             +-----+             +-----+
            |     | Backbone    |     | Backbone    |     | Backbone
       o    |     | router      |     | router      |     | router
            +-----+             +-----+             +-----+
       o                  o                   o                 o   o
           o    o   o         o   o  o   o         o  o   o    o
      o             o        o  LLN      o      o         o      o
         o   o    o      o      o o     o  o   o    o    o     o

                     Figure 8: Extended 6TiSCH Network

   The backbone router must ensure end-to-end deterministic behavior
   between the LLN and the backbone.  This should be accomplished in
   conformance with the work done in [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture] with
   respect to Layer-3 aspects of deterministic networks that span
   multiple Layer-2 domains.




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   The PCE must compute a deterministic path end-to-end across the TSCH
   network and IEEE802.1 TSN Ethernet backbone, and DetNet protocols are
   expected to enable end-to-end deterministic forwarding.


                     +-----+
                     | IoT |
                     | G/W |
                     +-----+
                        ^  <---- Elimination
                       | |
        Track branch   | |
               +-------+ +--------+ Subnet Backbone
               |                  |
            +--|--+            +--|--+
            |  |  | Backbone   |  |  | Backbone
       o    |  |  | router     |  |  | router
            +--/--+            +--|--+
       o     /    o     o---o----/       o
           o    o---o--/   o      o   o  o   o
      o     \  /     o               o   LLN    o
         o   v  <---- Replication
             o


                     Figure 9: 6TiSCH Network with PRE

5.3.1.1.  PCE and 6TiSCH ARQ Retries

   6TiSCH uses the IEEE802.15.4 Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ) mechanism
   to provide higher reliability of packet delivery.  ARQ is related to
   packet replication and elimination because there are two independent
   paths for packets to arrive at the destination, and if an expected
   packed does not arrive on one path then it checks for the packet on
   the second path.

   Although to date this mechanism is only used by wireless networks,
   this may be a technique that would be appropriate for DetNet and so
   aspects of the enabling protocol could be co-developed.

   For example, in Figure 9, a Track is laid out from a field device in
   a 6TiSCH network to an IoT gateway that is located on a IEEE802.1 TSN
   backbone.

   In ARQ the Replication function in the field device sends a copy of
   each packet over two different branches, and the PCE schedules each
   hop of both branches so that the two copies arrive in due time at the
   gateway.  In case of a loss on one branch, hopefully the other copy



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   of the packet still arrives within the allocated time.  If two copies
   make it to the IoT gateway, the Elimination function in the gateway
   ignores the extra packet and presents only one copy to upper layers.

   At each 6TiSCH hop along the Track, the PCE may schedule more than
   one timeSlot for a packet, so as to support Layer-2 retries (ARQ).

   In deployments at the time of this writing, a TSCH Track does not
   necessarily support PRE but is systematically multi-path.  This means
   that a Track is scheduled so as to ensure that each hop has at least
   two forwarding solutions, and the forwarding decision is to try the
   preferred one and use the other in case of Layer-2 transmission
   failure as detected by ARQ.

5.3.2.  Schedule Management by a PCE

   A common feature of 6TiSCH and DetNet is the action of a PCE to
   configure paths through the network.  Specifically, what is needed is
   a protocol and data model that the PCE will use to get/set the
   relevant configuration from/to the devices, as well as perform
   operations on the devices.  This protocol should be developed by
   DetNet with consideration for its reuse by 6TiSCH.  The remainder of
   this section provides a bit more context from the 6TiSCH side.

5.3.2.1.  PCE Commands and 6TiSCH CoAP Requests

   The 6TiSCH device does not expect to place the request for bandwidth
   between itself and another device in the network.  Rather, an
   operation control system invoked through a human interface specifies
   the required traffic specification and the end nodes (in terms of
   latency and reliability).  Based on this information, the PCE must
   compute a path between the end nodes and provision the network with
   per-flow state that describes the per-hop operation for a given
   packet, the corresponding timeslots, and the flow identification that
   enables recognizing that a certain packet belongs to a certain path,
   etc.

   For a static configuration that serves a certain purpose for a long
   period of time, it is expected that a node will be provisioned in one
   shot with a full schedule, which incorporates the aggregation of its
   behavior for multiple paths. 6TiSCH expects that the programing of
   the schedule will be done over COAP as discussed in
   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap].

   6TiSCH expects that the PCE commands will be mapped back and forth
   into CoAP by a gateway function at the edge of the 6TiSCH network.
   For instance, it is possible that a mapping entity on the backbone
   transforms a non-CoAP protocol such as PCEP into the RESTful



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   interfaces that the 6TiSCH devices support.  This architecture will
   be refined to comply with DetNet [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture] when
   the work is formalized.  Related information about 6TiSCH can be
   found at [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface] and RPL [RFC6550].

   A protocol may be used to update the state in the devices during
   runtime, for example if it appears that a path through the network
   has ceased to perform as expected, but in 6TiSCH that flow was not
   designed and no protocol was selected.  DetNet should define the
   appropriate end-to-end protocols to be used in that case.  The
   implication is that these state updates take place once the system is
   configured and running, i.e. they are not limited to the initial
   communication of the configuration of the system.

   A "slotFrame" is the base object that a PCE would manipulate to
   program a schedule into an LLN node ([I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture]).

   The PCE should read energy data from devices and compute paths that
   will implement policies on how energy in devices is consumed, for
   instance to ensure that the spent energy does not exceeded the
   available energy over a period of time.  Note: this statement implies
   that an extensible protocol for communicating device info to the PCE
   and enabling the PCE to act on it will be part of the DetNet
   architecture, however for subnets with specific protocols (e.g.
   CoAP) a gateway may be required.

   6TiSCH devices can discover their neighbors over the radio using a
   mechanism such as beacons, but even though the neighbor information
   is available in the 6TiSCH interface data model, 6TiSCH does not
   describe a protocol to proactively push the neighborhood information
   to a PCE.  DetNet should define such a protocol; one possible design
   alternative is that it could operate over CoAP, alternatively it
   could be converted to/from CoAP by a gateway.  Such a protocol could
   carry multiple metrics, for example similar to those used for RPL
   operations [RFC6551]

5.3.2.2.  6TiSCH IP Interface

   "6top" ([I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer]) is a logical link control
   sitting between the IP layer and the TSCH MAC layer which provides
   the link abstraction that is required for IP operations.  The 6top
   data model and management interfaces are further discussed in
   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface] and [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap].

   An IP packet that is sent along a 6TiSCH path uses the Differentiated
   Services Per-Hop-Behavior Group called Deterministic Forwarding, as
   described in [I-D.svshah-tsvwg-deterministic-forwarding].




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5.3.3.  6TiSCH Security Considerations

   On top of the classical requirements for protection of control
   signaling, it must be noted that 6TiSCH networks operate on limited
   resources that can be depleted rapidly in a DoS attack on the system,
   for instance by placing a rogue device in the network, or by
   obtaining management control and setting up unexpected additional
   paths.

5.4.  Wireless Industrial Asks

   6TiSCH depends on DetNet to define:

   o  Configuration (state) and operations for deterministic paths

   o  End-to-end protocols for deterministic forwarding (tagging, IP)

   o  Protocol for packet replication and elimination

6.  Cellular Radio

6.1.  Use Case Description

   This use case describes the application of deterministic networking
   in the context of cellular telecom transport networks.  Important
   elements include time synchronization, clock distribution, and ways
   of establishing time-sensitive streams for both Layer-2 and Layer-3
   user plane traffic.

6.1.1.  Network Architecture

   Figure 10 illustrates a 3GPP-defined cellular network architecture
   typical at the time of this writing, which includes "Fronthaul",
   "Midhaul" and "Backhaul" network segments.  The "Fronthaul" is the
   network connecting base stations (baseband processing units) to the
   remote radio heads (antennas).  The "Midhaul" is the network inter-
   connecting base stations (or small cell sites).  The "Backhaul" is
   the network or links connecting the radio base station sites to the
   network controller/gateway sites (i.e. the core of the 3GPP cellular
   network).

   In Figure 10 "eNB" ("E-UTRAN Node B") is the hardware that is
   connected to the mobile phone network which communicates directly
   with mobile handsets ([TS36300]).







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              Y (remote radio heads (antennas))
               \
           Y__  \.--.                   .--.       +------+
              \_(    `.     +---+     _(Back`.     | 3GPP |
       Y------( Front  )----|eNB|----(  Haul  )----| core |
             ( `  .Haul )   +---+   ( `  .  )  )   | netw |
             /`--(___.-'      \      `--(___.-'    +------+
          Y_/     /            \.--.       \
               Y_/            _( Mid`.      \
                             (   Haul )      \
                            ( `  .  )  )      \
                             `--(___.-'\_____+---+    (small cell sites)
                                   \         |SCe|__Y
                                  +---+      +---+
                               Y__|eNB|__Y
                                  +---+
                                Y_/   \_Y ("local" radios)

        Figure 10: Generic 3GPP-based Cellular Network Architecture

6.1.2.  Delay Constraints

   The available processing time for Fronthaul networking overhead is
   limited to the available time after the baseband processing of the
   radio frame has completed.  For example in Long Term Evolution (LTE)
   radio, processing of a radio frame is allocated 3ms but typically the
   processing uses most of it, allowing only a small fraction to be used
   by the Fronthaul network (e.g. up to 250us one-way delay, though the
   existing spec ([NGMN-fronth]) supports delay only up to 100us).  This
   ultimately determines the distance the remote radio heads can be
   located from the base stations (e.g., 100us equals roughly 20 km of
   optical fiber-based transport).  Allocation options of the available
   time budget between processing and transport are under heavy
   discussions in the mobile industry.

   For packet-based transport the allocated transport time (e.g.  CPRI
   would allow for 100us delay [CPRI]) is consumed by all nodes and
   buffering between the remote radio head and the baseband processing
   unit, plus the distance-incurred delay.

   The baseband processing time and the available "delay budget" for the
   fronthaul is likely to change in the forthcoming "5G" due to reduced
   radio round trip times and other architectural and service
   requirements [NGMN].

   The transport time budget, as noted above, places limitations on the
   distance that remote radio heads can be located from base stations
   (i.e. the link length).  In the above analysis, the entire transport



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   time budget is assumed to be available for link propagation delay.
   However the transport time budget can be broken down into three
   components: scheduling /queueing delay, transmission delay, and link
   propagation delay.  Using today's Fronthaul networking technology,
   the queuing, scheduling and transmission components might become the
   dominant factors in the total transport time rather than the link
   propagation delay.  This is especially true in cases where the
   Fronthaul link is relatively short and it is shared among multiple
   Fronthaul flows, for example in indoor and small cell networks,
   massive MIMO antenna networks, and split Fronthaul architectures.

   DetNet technology can improve this application by controlling and
   reducing the time required for the queuing, scheduling and
   transmission operations by properly assigning the network resources,
   thus leaving more of the transport time budget available for link
   propagation, and thus enabling longer link lengths.  However, link
   length is usually a given parameter and is not a controllable network
   parameter, since RRH and BBU sights are usually located in
   predetermined locations.  However, the number of antennas in an RRH
   sight might increase for example by adding more antennas, increasing
   the MIMO capability of the network or support of massive MIMO.  This
   means increasing the number of the fronthaul flows sharing the same
   fronthaul link.  DetNet can now control the bandwidth assignment of
   the fronthaul link and the scheduling of fronthaul packets over this
   link and provide adequate buffer provisioning for each flow to reduce
   the packet loss rate.

   Another way in which DetNet technology can aid Fronthaul networks is
   by providing effective isolation from best-effort (and other classes
   of) traffic, which can arise as a result of network slicing in 5G
   networks where Fronthaul traffic generated in different network
   slices might have differing performance requirements.  DetNet
   technology can also dynamically control the bandwidth assignment,
   scheduling and packet forwarding decisions and the buffer
   provisioning of the Fronthaul flows to guarantee the end-to-end delay
   of the Fronthaul packets and minimize the packet loss rate.

   [METIS] documents the fundamental challenges as well as overall
   technical goals of the future 5G mobile and wireless system as the
   starting point.  These future systems should support much higher data
   volumes and rates and significantly lower end-to-end latency for 100x
   more connected devices (at similar cost and energy consumption levels
   as today's system).

   For Midhaul connections, delay constraints are driven by Inter-Site
   radio functions like Coordinated Multipoint Processing (CoMP, see
   [CoMP]).  CoMP reception and transmission is a framework in which
   multiple geographically distributed antenna nodes cooperate to



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   improve the performance of the users served in the common cooperation
   area.  The design principal of CoMP is to extend single-cell to
   multi-UE (User Equipment) transmission to a multi-cell-to-multi-UEs
   transmission by base station cooperation.

   CoMP has delay-sensitive performance parameters, which are "midhaul
   latency" and "CSI (Channel State Information) reporting and
   accuracy".  The essential feature of CoMP is signaling between eNBs,
   so Midhaul latency is the dominating limitation of CoMP performance.
   Generally, CoMP can benefit from coordinated scheduling (either
   distributed or centralized) of different cells if the signaling delay
   between eNBs is within 1-10ms.  This delay requirement is both rigid
   and absolute because any uncertainty in delay will degrade the
   performance significantly.

   Inter-site CoMP is one of the key requirements for 5G and is also a
   goal for 4.5G network architecture.

6.1.3.  Time Synchronization Constraints

   Fronthaul time synchronization requirements are given by [TS25104],
   [TS36104], [TS36211], and [TS36133].  These can be summarized for the
   3GPP LTE-based networks as:

   Delay Accuracy:
      +-8ns (i.e. +-1/32 Tc, where Tc is the UMTS Chip time of 1/3.84
      MHz) resulting in a round trip accuracy of +-16ns.  The value is
      this low to meet the 3GPP Timing Alignment Error (TAE) measurement
      requirements.  Note: performance guarantees of low nanosecond
      values such as these are considered to be below the DetNet layer -
      it is assumed that the underlying implementation, e.g. the
      hardware, will provide sufficient support (e.g. buffering) to
      enable this level of accuracy.  These values are maintained in the
      use case to give an indication of the overall application.

   Timing Alignment Error:
      Timing Alignment Error (TAE) is problematic to Fronthaul networks
      and must be minimized.  If the transport network cannot guarantee
      low enough TAE then additional buffering has to be introduced at
      the edges of the network to buffer out the jitter.  Buffering is
      not desirable as it reduces the total available delay budget.
      Packet Delay Variation (PDV) requirements can be derived from TAE
      for packet based Fronthaul networks.








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      *  For multiple input multiple output (MIMO) or TX diversity
         transmissions, at each carrier frequency, TAE shall not exceed
         65 ns (i.e. 1/4 Tc).

      *  For intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation, with or without
         MIMO or TX diversity, TAE shall not exceed 130 ns (i.e. 1/2
         Tc).

      *  For intra-band non-contiguous carrier aggregation, with or
         without MIMO or TX diversity, TAE shall not exceed 260 ns (i.e.
         one Tc).

      *  For inter-band carrier aggregation, with or without MIMO or TX
         diversity, TAE shall not exceed 260 ns.

   Transport link contribution to radio frequency error:
      +-2 PPB.  This value is considered to be "available" for the
      Fronthaul link out of the total 50 PPB budget reserved for the
      radio interface.  Note: the reason that the transport link
      contributes to radio frequency error is as follows.  At the time
      of this writing, Fronthaul communication is from the radio unit to
      remote radio head directly.  The remote radio head is essentially
      a passive device (without buffering etc.)  The transport drives
      the antenna directly by feeding it with samples and everything the
      transport adds will be introduced to radio as-is.  So if the
      transport causes additional frequency error that shows immediately
      on the radio as well.  Note: performance guarantees of low
      nanosecond values such as these are considered to be below the
      DetNet layer - it is assumed that the underlying implementation,
      e.g. the hardware, will provide sufficient support to enable this
      level of performance.  These values are maintained in the use case
      to give an indication of the overall application.

   The above listed time synchronization requirements are difficult to
   meet with point-to-point connected networks, and more difficult when
   the network includes multiple hops.  It is expected that networks
   must include buffering at the ends of the connections as imposed by
   the jitter requirements, since trying to meet the jitter requirements
   in every intermediate node is likely to be too costly.  However,
   every measure to reduce jitter and delay on the path makes it easier
   to meet the end-to-end requirements.

   In order to meet the timing requirements both senders and receivers
   must remain time synchronized, demanding very accurate clock
   distribution, for example support for IEEE 1588 transparent clocks or
   boundary clocks in every intermediate node.





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   In cellular networks from the LTE radio era onward, phase
   synchronization is needed in addition to frequency synchronization
   ([TS36300], [TS23401]).  Time constraints are also important due to
   their impact on packet loss.  If a packet is delivered too late, then
   the packet may be dropped by the host.

6.1.4.  Transport Loss Constraints

   Fronthaul and Midhaul networks assume almost error-free transport.
   Errors can result in a reset of the radio interfaces, which can cause
   reduced throughput or broken radio connectivity for mobile customers.

   For packetized Fronthaul and Midhaul connections packet loss may be
   caused by BER, congestion, or network failure scenarios.  Different
   fronthaul functional splits are being considered by 3GPP, requiring
   strict frame loss ratio (FLR) guarantees.  As one example (referring
   to the legacy CPRI split which is option 8 in 3GPP) lower layers
   splits may imply an FLR of less than 10E-7 for data traffic and less
   than 10E-6 for control and management traffic.

   Many of the tools available for eliminating packet loss for Fronthaul
   and Midhaul networks have serious challenges, for example
   retransmitting lost packets and/or using forward error correction
   (FEC) to circumvent bit errors is practically impossible due to the
   additional delay incurred.  Using redundant streams for better
   guarantees for delivery is also practically impossible in many cases
   due to high bandwidth requirements of Fronthaul and Midhaul networks.
   Protection switching is also a candidate but at the time of this
   writing, available technologies for the path switch are too slow to
   avoid reset of mobile interfaces.

   Fronthaul links are assumed to be symmetric, and all Fronthaul
   streams (i.e.  those carrying radio data) have equal priority and
   cannot delay or pre-empt each other.  This implies that the network
   must guarantee that each time-sensitive flow meets their schedule.

6.1.5.  Security Considerations

   Establishing time-sensitive streams in the network entails reserving
   networking resources for long periods of time.  It is important that
   these reservation requests be authenticated to prevent malicious
   reservation attempts from hostile nodes (or accidental
   misconfiguration).  This is particularly important in the case where
   the reservation requests span administrative domains.  Furthermore,
   the reservation information itself should be digitally signed to
   reduce the risk of a legitimate node pushing a stale or hostile
   configuration into another networking node.




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   Note: This is considered important for the security policy of the
   network, but does not affect the core DetNet architecture and design.

6.2.  Cellular Radio Networks Today

6.2.1.  Fronthaul

   Today's Fronthaul networks typically consist of:

   o  Dedicated point-to-point fiber connection is common

   o  Proprietary protocols and framings

   o  Custom equipment and no real networking

   At the time of this writing, solutions for Fronthaul are direct
   optical cables or Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) connections.

6.2.2.  Midhaul and Backhaul

   Today's Midhaul and Backhaul networks typically consist of:

   o  Mostly normal IP networks, MPLS-TP, etc.

   o  Clock distribution and sync using 1588 and SyncE

   Telecommunication networks in the Mid- and Backhaul are already
   heading towards transport networks where precise time synchronization
   support is one of the basic building blocks.  While the transport
   networks themselves have practically transitioned to all-IP packet-
   based networks to meet the bandwidth and cost requirements, highly
   accurate clock distribution has become a challenge.

   In the past, Mid- and Backhaul connections were typically based on
   Time Division Multiplexing (TDM-based) and provided frequency
   synchronization capabilities as a part of the transport media.
   Alternatively other technologies such as Global Positioning System
   (GPS) or Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) are used [SyncE].

   Both Ethernet and IP/MPLS [RFC3031] (and PseudoWires (PWE) [RFC3985]
   for legacy transport support) have become popular tools to build and
   manage new all-IP Radio Access Networks (RANs)
   [I-D.kh-spring-ip-ran-use-case].  Although various timing and
   synchronization optimizations have already been proposed and
   implemented including 1588 PTP enhancements
   [I-D.ietf-tictoc-1588overmpls] and [RFC8169], these solution are not
   necessarily sufficient for the forthcoming RAN architectures nor do




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   they guarantee the more stringent time-synchronization requirements
   such as [CPRI].

   There are also existing solutions for TDM over IP such as [RFC4553],
   [RFC5086], and [RFC5087], as well as TDM over Ethernet transports
   such as [MEF8].

6.3.  Cellular Radio Networks Future

   Future Cellular Radio Networks will be based on a mix of different
   xHaul networks (xHaul = front-, mid- and backhaul), and future
   transport networks should be able to support all of them
   simultaneously.  It is already envisioned today that:

   o  Not all "cellular radio network" traffic will be IP, for example
      some will remain at Layer 2 (e.g.  Ethernet based).  DetNet
      solutions must address all traffic types (Layer 2, Layer 3) with
      the same tools and allow their transport simultaneously.

   o  All forms of xHaul networks will need some form of DetNet
      solutions.  For example with the advent of 5G some Backhaul
      traffic will also have DetNet requirements, for example traffic
      belonging to time-critical 5G applications.

   o  Different splits of the functionality run on the base stations and
      the on-site units could co-exist on the same Fronthaul and
      Backhaul network.

   Future Cellular Radio networks should contain the following:

   o  Unified standards-based transport protocols and standard
      networking equipment that can make use of underlying deterministic
      link-layer services

   o  Unified and standards-based network management systems and
      protocols in all parts of the network (including Fronthaul)

   New radio access network deployment models and architectures may
   require time- sensitive networking services with strict requirements
   on other parts of the network that previously were not considered to
   be packetized at all.  Time and synchronization support are already
   topical for Backhaul and Midhaul packet networks [MEF22.1.1] and are
   becoming a real issue for Fronthaul networks also.  Specifically in
   Fronthaul networks the timing and synchronization requirements can be
   extreme for packet based technologies, for example, on the order of
   sub +-20 ns packet delay variation (PDV) and frequency accuracy of
   +0.002 PPM [Fronthaul].




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   The actual transport protocols and/or solutions to establish required
   transport "circuits" (pinned-down paths) for Fronthaul traffic are
   still undefined.  Those are likely to include (but are not limited
   to) solutions directly over Ethernet, over IP, and using MPLS/
   PseudoWire transport.

   Interesting and important work for time-sensitive networking has been
   done for Ethernet [TSNTG], which specifies the use of IEEE 1588 time
   precision protocol (PTP) [IEEE1588] in the context of IEEE 802.1D and
   IEEE 802.1Q.  [IEEE8021AS] specifies a Layer 2 time synchronizing
   service, and other specifications such as IEEE 1722 [IEEE1722]
   specify Ethernet-based Layer-2 transport for time-sensitive streams.

   However even these Ethernet TSN features may not be sufficient for
   Fronthaul traffic.  Therefore, having specific profiles that take the
   requirements of Fronthaul into account is desirable [IEEE8021CM].

   New promising work seeks to enable the transport of time-sensitive
   fronthaul streams in Ethernet bridged networks [IEEE8021CM].
   Analogous to IEEE 1722 there is an ongoing standardization effort to
   define the Layer-2 transport encapsulation format for transporting
   radio over Ethernet (RoE) in the IEEE 1904.3 Task Force [IEEE19143].

   As mentioned in Section 6.1.2, 5G communications will provide one of
   the most challenging cases for delay sensitive networking.  In order
   to meet the challenges of ultra-low latency and ultra-high
   throughput, 3GPP has studied various "functional splits" for 5G,
   i.e., physical decomposition of the gNodeB base station and
   deployment of its functional blocks in different locations [TR38801].

   These splits are numbered from split option 1 (Dual Connectivity, a
   split in which the radio resource control is centralized and other
   radio stack layers are in distributed units) to split option 8 (a
   PHY-RF split in which RF functionality is in a distributed unit and
   the rest of the radio stack is in the centralized unit), with each
   intermediate split having its own data rate and delay requirements.
   Packetized versions of different splits have been proposed including
   eCPRI [eCPRI] and RoE (as previously noted).  Both provide Ethernet
   encapsulations, and eCPRI is also capable of IP encapsulation.

   All-IP RANs and xHaul networks would benefit from time
   synchronization and time-sensitive transport services.  Although
   Ethernet appears to be the unifying technology for the transport,
   there is still a disconnect providing Layer 3 services.  The protocol
   stack typically has a number of layers below the Ethernet Layer 2
   that shows up to the Layer 3 IP transport.  It is not uncommon that
   on top of the lowest layer (optical) transport there is the first
   layer of Ethernet followed one or more layers of MPLS, PseudoWires



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   and/or other tunneling protocols finally carrying the Ethernet layer
   visible to the user plane IP traffic.

   While there are existing technologies to establish circuits through
   the routed and switched networks (especially in MPLS/PWE space),
   there is still no way to signal the time synchronization and time-
   sensitive stream requirements/reservations for Layer-3 flows in a way
   that addresses the entire transport stack, including the Ethernet
   layers that need to be configured.

   Furthermore, not all "user plane" traffic will be IP.  Therefore, the
   same solution also must address the use cases where the user plane
   traffic is a different layer, for example Ethernet frames.

   There is existing work describing the problem statement
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-problem-statement] and the architecture
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture] for deterministic networking (DetNet)
   that targets solutions for time-sensitive (IP/transport) streams with
   deterministic properties over Ethernet-based switched networks.

6.4.  Cellular Radio Networks Asks

   A standard for data plane transport specification which is:

   o  Unified among all xHauls (meaning that different flows with
      diverse DetNet requirements can coexist in the same network and
      traverse the same nodes without interfering with each other)

   o  Deployed in a highly deterministic network environment

   o  Capable of supporting multiple functional splits simultaneously,
      including existing Backhaul and CPRI Fronthaul and potentially new
      modes as defined for example in 3GPP; these goals can be supported
      by the existing DetNet Use Case Common Themes, notably "Mix of
      Deterministic and Best-Effort Traffic", "Bounded Latency", "Low
      Latency", "Symmetrical Path Delays", and "Deterministic Flows".

   o  Capable of supporting Network Slicing and Multi-tenancy; these
      goals can be supported by the same DetNet themes noted above.

   o  Capable of transporting both in-band and out-band control traffic
      (OAM info, ...).

   o  Deployable over multiple data link technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.3,
      mmWave, etc.).

   A standard for data flow information models that are:




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   o  Aware of the time sensitivity and constraints of the target
      networking environment

   o  Aware of underlying deterministic networking services (e.g., on
      the Ethernet layer)

7.  Industrial Machine to Machine (M2M)

7.1.  Use Case Description

   Industrial Automation in general refers to automation of
   manufacturing, quality control and material processing.  This
   "machine to machine" (M2M) use case considers machine units in a
   plant floor which periodically exchange data with upstream or
   downstream machine modules and/or a supervisory controller within a
   local area network.

   The actors of M2M communication are Programmable Logic Controllers
   (PLCs).  Communication between PLCs and between PLCs and the
   supervisory PLC (S-PLC) is achieved via critical control/data streams
   Figure 11.

              S (Sensor)
               \                                  +-----+
         PLC__  \.--.                   .--.   ---| MES |
              \_(    `.               _(    `./   +-----+
       A------( Local  )-------------(  L2    )
             (      Net )           (      Net )    +-------+
             /`--(___.-'             `--(___.-' ----| S-PLC |
          S_/     /       PLC   .--. /              +-------+
               A_/           \_(    `.
            (Actuator)       (  Local )
                            (       Net )
                             /`--(___.-'\
                            /       \    A
                           S         A


      Figure 11: Current Generic Industrial M2M Network Architecture

   This use case focuses on PLC-related communications; communication to
   Manufacturing-Execution-Systems (MESs) are not addressed.

   This use case covers only critical control/data streams; non-critical
   traffic between industrial automation applications (such as
   communication of state, configuration, set-up, and database
   communication) are adequately served by prioritizing techniques
   available at the time of this writing.  Such traffic can use up to



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   80% of the total bandwidth required.  There is also a subset of non-
   time-critical traffic that must be reliable even though it is not
   time-sensitive.

   In this use case the primary need for deterministic networking is to
   provide end-to-end delivery of M2M messages within specific timing
   constraints, for example in closed loop automation control.  Today
   this level of determinism is provided by proprietary networking
   technologies.  In addition, standard networking technologies are used
   to connect the local network to remote industrial automation sites,
   e.g. over an enterprise or metro network which also carries other
   types of traffic.  Therefore, flows that should be forwarded with
   deterministic guarantees need to be sustained regardless of the
   amount of other flows in those networks.

7.2.  Industrial M2M Communication Today

   Today, proprietary networks fulfill the needed timing and
   availability for M2M networks.

   The network topologies used today by industrial automation are
   similar to those used by telecom networks: Daisy Chain, Ring, Hub and
   Spoke, and Comb (a subset of Daisy Chain).

   PLC-related control/data streams are transmitted periodically and
   carry either a pre-configured payload or a payload configured during
   runtime.

   Some industrial applications require time synchronization at the end
   nodes.  For such time-coordinated PLCs, accuracy of 1 microsecond is
   required.  Even in the case of "non-time-coordinated" PLCs time sync
   may be needed e.g. for timestamping of sensor data.

   Industrial network scenarios require advanced security solutions.  At
   the time of this writing, many industrial production networks are
   physically separated.  Preventing critical flows from being leaked
   outside a domain is handled by filtering policies that are typically
   enforced in firewalls.

7.2.1.  Transport Parameters

   The Cycle Time defines the frequency of message(s) between industrial
   actors.  The Cycle Time is application dependent, in the range of 1ms
   - 100ms for critical control/data streams.

   Because industrial applications assume deterministic transport for
   critical Control-Data-Stream parameters (instead of defining latency
   and delay variation parameters) it is sufficient to fulfill the upper



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   bound of latency (maximum latency).  The underlying networking
   infrastructure must ensure a maximum end-to-end delivery time of
   messages in the range of 100 microseconds to 50 milliseconds
   depending on the control loop application.

   The bandwidth requirements of control/data streams are usually
   calculated directly from the bytes-per-cycle parameter of the control
   loop.  For PLC-to-PLC communication one can expect 2 - 32 streams
   with packet size in the range of 100 - 700 bytes.  For S-PLC to PLCs
   the number of streams is higher - up to 256 streams.  Usually no more
   than 20% of available bandwidth is used for critical control/data
   streams.  In today's networks 1Gbps links are commonly used.

   Most PLC control loops are rather tolerant of packet loss, however
   critical control/data streams accept no more than 1 packet loss per
   consecutive communication cycle (i.e. if a packet gets lost in cycle
   "n", then the next cycle ("n+1") must be lossless).  After two or
   more consecutive packet losses the network may be considered to be
   "down" by the Application.

   As network downtime may impact the whole production system the
   required network availability is rather high (99.999%).

   Based on the above parameters some form of redundancy will be
   required for M2M communications, however any individual solution
   depends on several parameters including cycle time, delivery time,
   etc.

7.2.2.  Stream Creation and Destruction

   In an industrial environment, critical control/data streams are
   created rather infrequently, on the order of ~10 times per day / week
   / month.  Most of these critical control/data streams get created at
   machine startup, however flexibility is also needed during runtime,
   for example when adding or removing a machine.  Going forward as
   production systems become more flexible, there will be a significant
   increase in the rate at which streams are created, changed and
   destroyed.

7.3.  Industrial M2M Future

   We foresee a converged IP-standards-based network with deterministic
   properties that can satisfy the timing, security and reliability
   constraints described above.  Today's proprietary networks could then
   be interfaced to such a network via gateways or, in the case of new
   installations, devices could be connected directly to the converged
   network.




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   For this use case time synchronization accuracy on the order of 1us
   is expected.

7.4.  Industrial M2M Asks

   o  Converged IP-based network

   o  Deterministic behavior (bounded latency and jitter )

   o  High availability (presumably through redundancy) (99.999 %)

   o  Low message delivery time (100us - 50ms)

   o  Low packet loss (with bounded number of consecutive lost packets)

   o  Security (e.g. prevent critical flows from being leaked between
      physically separated networks)

8.  Mining Industry

8.1.  Use Case Description

   The mining industry is highly dependent on networks to monitor and
   control their systems both in open-pit and underground extraction,
   transport and refining processes.  In order to reduce risks and
   increase operational efficiency in mining operations, a number of
   processes have migrated the operators from the extraction site to
   remote control and monitoring.

   In the case of open pit mining, autonomous trucks are used to
   transport the raw materials from the open pit to the refining factory
   where the final product (e.g.  Copper) is obtained.  Although the
   operation is autonomous, the tracks are remotely monitored from a
   central facility.

   In pit mines, the monitoring of the tailings or mine dumps is
   critical in order to minimize environmental pollution.  In the past,
   monitoring has been conducted through manual inspection of pre-
   installed dataloggers.  Cabling is not usually exploited in such
   scenarios due to the cost and complex deployment requirements.  At
   the time of this writing, wireless technologies are being employed to
   monitor these cases permanently.  Slopes are also monitored in order
   to anticipate possible mine collapse.  Due to the unstable terrain,
   cable maintenance is costly and complex and hence wireless
   technologies are employed.

   In the underground monitoring case, autonomous vehicles with
   extraction tools travel autonomously through the tunnels, but their



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   operational tasks (such as excavation, stone breaking and transport)
   are controlled remotely from a central facility.  This generates
   video and feedback upstream traffic plus downstream actuator control
   traffic.

8.2.  Mining Industry Today

   At the time of this writing, the mining industry uses a packet
   switched architecture supported by high speed ethernet.  However in
   order to achieve the delay and packet loss requirements the network
   bandwidth is overestimated, thus providing very low efficiency in
   terms of resource usage.

   QoS is implemented at the Routers to separate video, management,
   monitoring and process control traffic for each stream.

   Since mobility is involved in this process, the connection between
   the backbone and the mobile devices (e.g. trucks, trains and
   excavators) is solved using a wireless link.  These links are based
   on 802.11 for open-pit mining and "leaky feeder" communications for
   underground mining.  (A "leaky feeder" communication system consists
   of a coaxial cable run along tunnels which emits and receives radio
   waves, functioning as an extended antenna.  The cable is "leaky" in
   that it has gaps or slots in its outer conductor to allow the radio
   signal to leak into or out of the cable along its entire length.)

   Lately in pit mines the use of LPWAN technologies has been extended:
   Tailings, slopes and mine dumps are monitored by battery-powered
   dataloggers that make use of robust long range radio technologies.
   Reliability is usually ensured through retransmissions at L2.
   Gateways or concentrators act as bridges forwarding the data to the
   backbone ethernet network.  Deterministic requirements are biased
   towards reliability rather than latency as events are slowly
   triggered or can be anticipated in advance.

   At the mineral processing stage, conveyor belts and refining
   processes are controlled by a SCADA system, which provides the in-
   factory delay-constrained networking requirements.

   At the time of this writing, voice communications are served by a
   redundant trunking infrastructure, independent from data networks.

8.3.  Mining Industry Future

   Mining operations and management are converging towards a combination
   of autonomous operation and teleoperation of transport and extraction
   machines.  This means that video, audio, monitoring and process




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   control traffic will increase dramatically.  Ideally, all activities
   on the mine will rely on network infrastructure.

   Wireless for open-pit mining is already a reality with LPWAN
   technologies and it is expected to evolve to more advanced LPWAN
   technologies such as those based on LTE to increase last hop
   reliability or novel LPWAN flavours with deterministic access.

   One area in which DetNet can improve this use case is in the wired
   networks that make up the "backbone network" of the system, which
   connect together many wireless access points (APs).  The mobile
   machines (which are connected to the network via wireless) transition
   from one AP to the next as they move about.  A deterministic,
   reliable, low latency backbone can enable these transitions to be
   more reliable.

   Connections which extend all the way from the base stations to the
   machinery via a mix of wired and wireless hops would also be
   beneficial, for example to improve remote control responsiveness of
   digging machines.  However to guarantee deterministic performance of
   a DetNet, the end-to-end underlying network must be deterministic.
   Thus for this use case if a deterministic wireless transport is
   integrated with a wire-based DetNet network, it could create the
   desired wired plus wireless end-to-end deterministic network.

8.4.  Mining Industry Asks

   o  Improved bandwidth efficiency

   o  Very low delay to enable machine teleoperation

   o  Dedicated bandwidth usage for high resolution video streams

   o  Predictable delay to enable realtime monitoring

   o  Potential to construct a unified DetNet network over a combination
      of wired and deterministic wireless links

9.  Private Blockchain

9.1.  Use Case Description

   Blockchain was created with bitcoin as a 'public' blockchain on the
   open Internet, however blockchain has also spread far beyond its
   original host into various industries such as smart manufacturing,
   logistics, security, legal rights and others.  In these industries
   blockchain runs in designated and carefully managed networks in which




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   deterministic networking requirements could be addressed by DetNet.
   Such implementations are referred to as 'private' blockchain.

   The sole distinction between public and private blockchain is defined
   by who is allowed to participate in the network, execute the
   consensus protocol, and maintain the shared ledger.

   Today's networks treat the traffic from blockchain on a best-effort
   basis, but blockchain operation could be made much more efficient if
   deterministic networking services were available to minimize latency
   and packet loss in the network.

9.1.1.  Blockchain Operation

   A 'block' runs as a container of a batch of primary items such as
   transactions, property records etc.  The blocks are chained in such a
   way that the hash of the previous block works as the pointer to the
   header of the new block.  Confirmation of each block requires a
   consensus mechanism.  When an item arrives at a blockchain node, the
   latter broadcasts this item to the rest of the nodes which receive
   and verify it and put it in the ongoing block.  The block
   confirmation process begins as the number of items reaches the
   predefined block capacity, at which time the node broadcasts its
   proved block to the rest of the nodes, to be verified and chained.
   The result is that block N+1 of each chain transitively vouches for
   blocks N and before of that chain.

9.1.2.  Blockchain Network Architecture

   Blockchain node communication and coordination is achieved mainly
   through frequent point-to-multi-point communication, however
   persistent point-to-point connections are used to transport both the
   items and the blocks to the other nodes.  For example, consider the
   following implementation.

   When a node is initiated, it first requests the other nodes' address
   from a specific entity such as DNS, then it creates persistent
   connections each of with other nodes.  If a node confirms an item, it
   sends the item to the other nodes via these persistent connections.

   As a new block in a node is completed and is proven by the
   surrounding nodes, it propagates towards its neighbor nodes.  When
   node A receives a block, it verifies it, then sends an invite message
   to its neighbor B.  Neighbor B checks to see if the designated block
   is available, and responds to A if it is unavailable, then A sends
   the complete block to B.  B repeats the process (as done by A above)
   to start the next round of block propagation.




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   The challenge of blockchain network operation is not overall data
   rates, since the volume from both block and item stays between
   hundreds of bytes to a couple of megabytes per second, but is in
   transporting the blocks with minimum latency to maximize efficiency
   of the blockchain consensus process.  The efficiency of differing
   implementations of the consensus process may be affected to a
   differing degree by the latency (and variation of latency) of the
   network.

9.1.3.  Security Considerations

   Security is crucial to blockchain applications, and at the time of
   this writing, blockchain systems address security issues mainly at
   the application level, where cryptography as well as hash-based
   consensus play a leading role in preventing both double-spending and
   malicious service attacks.  However, there is concern that in the
   proposed use case of a private blockchain network which is dependent
   on deterministic properties, the network could be vulnerable to
   delays and other specific attacks against determinism which could
   interrupt service.

9.2.  Private Blockchain Today

   Today private blockchain runs in L2 or L3 VPN, in general without
   guaranteed determinism.  The industry players are starting to realize
   that improving determinism in their blockchain networks could improve
   the performance of their service, but as of today these goals are not
   being met.

9.3.  Private Blockchain Future

   Blockchain system performance can be greatly improved through
   deterministic networking service primarily because it would
   accelerate the consensus process.  It would be valuable to be able to
   design a private blockchain network with the following properties:

   o  Transport of point-to-multi-point traffic in a coordinated network
      architecture rather than at the application layer (which typically
      uses point-to-point connections)

   o  Guaranteed transport latency

   o  Reduced packet loss (to the point where packet retransmission-
      incurred delay would be negligible.)







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9.4.  Private Blockchain Asks

   o  Layer 2 and Layer 3 multicast of blockchain traffic

   o  Item and block delivery with bounded, low latency and negligible
      packet loss

   o  Coexistence in a single network of blockchain and IT traffic.

   o  Ability to scale the network by distributing the centralized
      control of the network across multiple control entities.

10.  Network Slicing

10.1.  Use Case Description

   Network Slicing divides one physical network infrastructure into
   multiple logical networks.  Each slice, corresponding to a logical
   network, uses resources and network functions independently from each
   other.  Network Slicing provides flexibility of resource allocation
   and service quality customization.

   Future services will demand network performance with a wide variety
   of characteristics such as high data rate, low latency, low loss
   rate, security and many other parameters.  Ideally every service
   would have its own physical network satisfying its particular
   performance requirements, however that would be prohibitively
   expensive.  Network Slicing can provide a customized slice for a
   single service, and multiple slices can share the same physical
   network.  This method can optimize the performance for the service at
   lower cost, and the flexibility of setting up and release the slices
   also allows the user to allocate the network resources dynamically.

   Unlike the other use cases presented here, Network Slicing is not a
   specific application that depends on specific deterministic
   properties; rather it is introduced as an area of networking to which
   DetNet might be applicable.

10.2.  DetNet Applied to Network Slicing

10.2.1.  Resource Isolation Across Slices

   One of the requirements discussed for Network Slicing is the "hard"
   separation of various users' deterministic performance.  That is, it
   should be impossible for activity, lack of activity, or changes in
   activity of one or more users to have any appreciable effect on the
   deterministic performance parameters of any other slices.  Typical
   techniques used today, which share a physical network among users, do



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   not offer this level of isolation.  DetNet can supply point-to-point
   or point-to-multipoint paths that offer bandwidth and latency
   guarantees to a user that cannot be affected by other users' data
   traffic.  Thus DetNet is a powerful tool when latency and reliability
   are required in Network Slicing.

10.2.2.  Deterministic Services Within Slices

   Slices may need to provide services with DetNet-type performance
   guarantees, however note that a system can be implemented to provide
   such services in more than one way.  For example the slice itself
   might be implemented using DetNet, and thus the slice can provide
   service guarantees and isolation to its users without any particular
   DetNet awareness on the part of the users' applications.
   Alternatively, a "non-DetNet-aware" slice may host an application
   that itself implements DetNet services and thus can enjoy similar
   service guarantees.

10.3.  A Network Slicing Use Case Example - 5G Bearer Network

   Network Slicing is a core feature of 5G defined in 3GPP, which is
   under development at the time of this writing [TR38501].  A network
   slice in a mobile network is a complete logical network including
   Radio Access Network (RAN) and Core Network (CN).  It provides
   telecommunication services and network capabilities, which may vary
   from slice to slice.  A 5G bearer network is a typical use case of
   Network Slicing; for example consider three 5G service scenarios:
   eMMB, URLLC, and mMTC.

   o  eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) focuses on services characterized
      by high data rates, such as high definition videos, virtual
      reality, augmented reality, and fixed mobile convergence.

   o  URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications) focuses on
      latency-sensitive services, such as self-driving vehicles, remote
      surgery, or drone control.

   o  mMTC (massive Machine Type Communications) focuses on services
      that have high requirements for connection density, such as those
      typical for smart city and smart agriculture use cases.

   A 5G bearer network could use DetNet to provide hard resource
   isolation across slices and within the slice.  For example consider
   Slice-A and Slice-B, with DetNet used to transit services URLLC-A and
   URLLC-B over them.  Without DetNet, URLLC-A and URLLC-B would compete
   for bandwidth resource, and latency and reliability would not be
   guaranteed.  With DetNet, URLLC-A and URLLC-B have separate bandwidth




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   reservation and there is no resource conflict between them, as though
   they were in different logical networks.

10.4.  Non-5G Applications of Network Slicing

   Although operation of services not related to 5G is not part of the
   5G Network Slicing definition and scope, Network Slicing is likely to
   become a preferred approach to providing various services across a
   shared physical infrastructure.  Examples include providing
   electrical utilities services and pro audio services via slices.  Use
   cases like these could become more common once the work for the 5G
   core network evolves to include wired as well as wireless access.

10.5.  Limitations of DetNet in Network Slicing

   DetNet cannot cover every Network Slicing use case.  One issue is
   that DetNet is a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint technology,
   however Network Slicing ultimately needs multi-point to multi-point
   guarantees.  Another issue is that the number of flows that can be
   carried by DetNet is limited by DetNet scalability; flow aggregation
   and queuing management modification may help address this.
   Additional work and discussion are needed to address these topics.

10.6.  Network Slicing Today and Future

   Network Slicing has the promise to satisfy many requirements of
   future network deployment scenarios, but it is still a collection of
   ideas and analysis, without a specific technical solution.  DetNet is
   one of various technologies that have potential to be used in Network
   Slicing, along with for example Flex-E and Segment Routing.  For more
   information please see the IETF99 Network Slicing BOF session agenda
   and materials.

10.7.  Network Slicing Asks

   o  Isolation from other flows through Queuing Management

   o  Service Quality Customization and Guarantee

   o  Security

11.  Use Case Common Themes

   This section summarizes the expected properties of a DetNet network,
   based on the use cases as described in this draft.






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11.1.  Unified, standards-based network

11.1.1.  Extensions to Ethernet

   A DetNet network is not "a new kind of network" - it based on
   extensions to existing Ethernet standards, including elements of IEEE
   802.1 AVB/TSN and related standards.  Presumably it will be possible
   to run DetNet over other underlying transports besides Ethernet, but
   Ethernet is explicitly supported.

11.1.2.  Centrally Administered

   In general a DetNet network is not expected to be "plug and play" -
   it is expected that there is some centralized network configuration
   and control system.  Such a system may be in a single central
   location, or it maybe distributed across multiple control entities
   that function together as a unified control system for the network.
   However, the ability to "hot swap" components (e.g. due to
   malfunction) is similar enough to "plug and play" that this kind of
   behavior may be expected in DetNet networks, depending on the
   implementation.

11.1.3.  Standardized Data Flow Information Models

   Data Flow Information Models to be used with DetNet networks are to
   be specified by DetNet.

11.1.4.  L2 and L3 Integration

   A DetNet network is intended to integrate between Layer 2 (bridged)
   network(s) (e.g.  AVB/TSN LAN) and Layer 3 (routed) network(s) (e.g.
   using IP-based protocols).  One example of this is "making AVB/TSN-
   type deterministic performance available from Layer 3 applications,
   e.g. using RTP".  Another example is "connecting two AVB/TSN LANs
   ("islands") together through a standard router".

11.1.5.  Consideration for IPv4

   This Use Cases draft explicitly does not specify any particular
   implementation or protocol, however it has been observed that various
   of the use cases described (and their associated industries) are
   explicitly based on IPv4 (as opposed to IPv6) and it is not
   considered practical to expect them to migrate to IPv6 in order to
   use DetNet.  Thus the expectation is that even if not every feature
   of DetNet is available in an IPv4 context, at least some of the
   significant benefits (such as guaranteed end-to-end delivery and low
   latency) are expected to be available.




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11.1.6.  Guaranteed End-to-End Delivery

   Packets in a DetNet flow are guaranteed not to be dropped by the
   network due to congestion.  However, the network may drop packets for
   intended reasons, e.g. per security measures.  Similarly best-effort
   traffic on a DetNet is subject to being dropped (as on a non-DetNet
   IP network).  Also note that this guarantee applies to the actions of
   DetNet protocol software, and does not provide any guarantee against
   lower level errors such as media errors or checksum errors.

11.1.7.  Replacement for Multiple Proprietary Deterministic Networks

   There are many proprietary non-interoperable deterministic Ethernet-
   based networks available; DetNet is intended to provide an open-
   standards-based alternative to such networks.

11.1.8.  Mix of Deterministic and Best-Effort Traffic

   DetNet is intended to support coexistance of time-sensitive
   operational (OT) traffic and information (IT) traffic on the same
   ("unified") network.

11.1.9.  Unused Reserved BW to be Available to Best-Effort Traffic

   If bandwidth reservations are made for a stream but the associated
   bandwidth is not used at any point in time, that bandwidth is made
   available on the network for best-effort traffic.  If the owner of
   the reserved stream then starts transmitting again, the bandwidth is
   no longer available for best-effort traffic, on a moment-to-moment
   basis.  Note that such "temporarily available" bandwidth is not
   available for time-sensitive traffic, which must have its own
   reservation.

11.1.10.  Lower Cost, Multi-Vendor Solutions

   The DetNet network specifications are intended to enable an ecosystem
   in which multiple vendors can create interoperable products, thus
   promoting device diversity and potentially higher numbers of each
   device manufactured, promoting cost reduction and cost competition
   among vendors.  The intent is that DetNet networks should be able to
   be created at lower cost and with greater diversity of available
   devices than existing proprietary networks.

11.2.  Scalable Size

   DetNet networks range in size from very small, e.g. inside a single
   industrial machine, to very large, for example a Utility Grid network
   spanning a whole country, and involving many "hops" over various



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   kinds of links for example radio repeaters, microwave linkes, fiber
   optic links, etc.. However recall that the scope of DetNet is
   confined to networks that are centrally administered, and explicitly
   excludes unbounded decentralized networks such as the Internet.

11.2.1.  Scalable Number of Flows

   The number of flows in a given network application can potentially be
   large, and can potentially grow faster than the number of nodes and
   hops.  So the network should provide a sufficient (perhaps
   configurable) maximum number of flows for any given application.

11.3.  Scalable Timing Parameters and Accuracy

11.3.1.  Bounded Latency

   The DetNet Data Flow Information Model is expected to provide means
   to configure the network that include parameters for querying network
   path latency, requesting bounded latency for a given stream,
   requesting worst case maximum and/or minimum latency for a given path
   or stream, and so on.  It is an expected case that the network may
   not be able to provide a given requested service level, and if so the
   network control system should reply that the requested services is
   not available (as opposed to accepting the parameter but then not
   delivering the desired behavior).

11.3.2.  Low Latency

   Applications may require "extremely low latency" however depending on
   the application these may mean very different latency values; for
   example "low latency" across a Utility grid network is on a different
   time scale than "low latency" in a motor control loop in a small
   machine.  The intent is that the mechanisms for specifying desired
   latency include wide ranges, and that architecturally there is
   nothing to prevent arbirtrarily low latencies from being implemented
   in a given network.

11.3.3.  Bounded Jitter (Latency Variation)

   As with the other Latency-related elements noted above, parameters
   should be available to determine or request the allowed variation in
   latency.

11.3.4.  Symmetrical Path Delays

   Some applications would like to specify that the transit delay time
   values be equal for both the transmit and return paths.




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11.4.  High Reliability and Availability

   Reliablity is of critical importance to many DetNet applications, in
   which consequences of failure can be extraordinarily high in terms of
   cost and even human life.  DetNet based systems are expected to be
   implemented with essentially arbitrarily high availability (for
   example 99.9999% up time, or even 12 nines).  The intent is that the
   DetNet designs should not make any assumptions about the level of
   reliability and availability that may be required of a given system,
   and should define parameters for communicating these kinds of metrics
   within the network.

   A strategy used by DetNet for providing such extraordinarily high
   levels of reliability is to provide redundant paths that can be
   seamlessly switched between, while maintaining the required
   performance of that system.

11.5.  Security

   Security is of critical importance to many DetNet applications.  A
   DetNet network must be able to be made secure against devices
   failures, attackers, misbehaving devices, and so on.  In a DetNet
   network the data traffic is expected to be be time-sensitive, thus in
   addition to arriving with the data content as intended, the data must
   also arrive at the expected time.  This may present "new" security
   challenges to implementers, and must be addressed accordingly.  There
   are other security implications, including (but not limited to) the
   change in attack surface presented by packet replication and
   elimination.

11.6.  Deterministic Flows

   Reserved bandwidth data flows must be isolated from each other and
   from best-effort traffic, so that even if the network is saturated
   with best-effort (and/or reserved bandwidth) traffic, the configured
   flows are not adversely affected.

12.  Security Considerations

   This document covers a number of representative applications and
   network scenarios that are expected to make use of DetNet
   technologies.  Each of the potential DetNet uses cases will have
   security considerations from both the use-specific and DetNet
   technology perspectives.  While some use-specific security
   considerations are discussed above, a more comprehensive discussion
   of such considerations is captured in DetNet Security Considerations
   [I-D.ietf-detnet-security].  Readers are encouraged to review this




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   document to gain a more complete understanding of DetNet related
   security considerations.

13.  Contributors

   RFC7322 limits the number of authors listed on the front page of a
   draft to a maximum of 5, far fewer than the 20 individuals below who
   made important contributions to this draft.  The editor wishes to
   thank and acknowledge each of the following authors for contributing
   text to this draft.  See also Section 14.

       Craig Gunther (Harman International)
       10653 South River Front Parkway, South Jordan,UT 84095
       phone +1 801 568-7675, email craig.gunther@harman.com

       Pascal Thubert (Cisco Systems, Inc)
       Building D, 45 Allee des Ormes - BP1200, MOUGINS
       Sophia Antipolis 06254 FRANCE
       phone +33 497 23 26 34, email pthubert@cisco.com

       Patrick Wetterwald (Cisco Systems)
       45 Allees des Ormes, Mougins, 06250 FRANCE
       phone +33 4 97 23 26 36, email pwetterw@cisco.com

       Jean Raymond (Hydro-Quebec)
       1500 University, Montreal, H3A3S7, Canada
       phone +1 514 840 3000, email raymond.jean@hydro.qc.ca

       Jouni Korhonen (Broadcom Corporation)
       3151 Zanker Road, San Jose, 95134, CA, USA
       email jouni.nospam@gmail.com

       Yu Kaneko (Toshiba)
       1 Komukai-Toshiba-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kasasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
       email yu1.kaneko@toshiba.co.jp

       Subir Das (Vencore Labs)
       150 Mount Airy Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, 07920, USA
       email sdas@appcomsci.com

       Balazs Varga (Ericsson)
       Konyves Kalman krt. 11/B, Budapest, Hungary, 1097
       email balazs.a.varga@ericsson.com

       Janos Farkas (Ericsson)
       Konyves Kalman krt. 11/B, Budapest, Hungary, 1097
       email janos.farkas@ericsson.com




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       Franz-Josef Goetz (Siemens)
       Gleiwitzerstr. 555, Nurnberg, Germany, 90475
       email franz-josef.goetz@siemens.com

       Juergen Schmitt (Siemens)
       Gleiwitzerstr. 555, Nurnberg, Germany, 90475
       email juergen.jues.schmitt@siemens.com

       Xavier Vilajosana (Worldsensing)
       483 Arago, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08013, Spain
       email xvilajosana@worldsensing.com

       Toktam Mahmoodi (King's College London)
       Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
       email toktam.mahmoodi@kcl.ac.uk

       Spiros Spirou (Intracom Telecom)
       19.7 km Markopoulou Ave., Peania, Attiki, 19002, Greece
       email spiros.spirou@gmail.com

       Petra Vizarreta (Technical University of Munich)
       Maxvorstadt, ArcisstraBe 21, Munich, 80333, Germany
       email petra.stojsavljevic@tum.de

       Daniel Huang (ZTE Corporation, Inc.)
       No. 50 Software Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210012, P.R. China
       email huang.guangping@zte.com.cn

       Xuesong Geng (Huawei Technologies)
       email gengxuesong@huawei.com

       Diego Dujovne (Universidad Diego Portales)
       email diego.dujovne@mail.udp.cl

       Maik Seewald (Cisco Systems)
       email maseewal@cisco.com

14.  Acknowledgments

14.1.  Pro Audio

   This section was derived from draft-gunther-detnet-proaudio-req-01.

   The editors would like to acknowledge the help of the following
   individuals and the companies they represent:

   Jeff Koftinoff, Meyer Sound




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   Jouni Korhonen, Associate Technical Director, Broadcom

   Pascal Thubert, CTAO, Cisco

   Kieran Tyrrell, Sienda New Media Technologies GmbH

14.2.  Utility Telecom

   This section was derived from draft-wetterwald-detnet-utilities-reqs-
   02.

   Faramarz Maghsoodlou, Ph.  D.  IoT Connected Industries and Energy
   Practice Cisco

   Pascal Thubert, CTAO Cisco

   The wind power generation use case has been extracted from the study
   of Wind Farms conducted within the 5GPPP Virtuwind Project.  The
   project is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and
   innovation programme under grant agreement No 671648 (VirtuWind).

14.3.  Building Automation Systems

   This section was derived from draft-bas-usecase-detnet-00.

14.4.  Wireless for Industrial Applications

   This section was derived from draft-thubert-6tisch-4detnet-01.

   This specification derives from the 6TiSCH architecture, which is the
   result of multiple interactions, in particular during the 6TiSCH
   (bi)Weekly Interim call, relayed through the 6TiSCH mailing list at
   the IETF.

   The authors wish to thank: Kris Pister, Thomas Watteyne, Xavier
   Vilajosana, Qin Wang, Tom Phinney, Robert Assimiti, Michael
   Richardson, Zhuo Chen, Malisa Vucinic, Alfredo Grieco, Martin Turon,
   Dominique Barthel, Elvis Vogli, Guillaume Gaillard, Herman Storey,
   Maria Rita Palattella, Nicola Accettura, Patrick Wetterwald, Pouria
   Zand, Raghuram Sudhaakar, and Shitanshu Shah for their participation
   and various contributions.

14.5.  Cellular Radio

   This section was derived from draft-korhonen-detnet-telreq-00.






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14.6.  Industrial Machine to Machine (M2M)

   The authors would like to thank Feng Chen and Marcel Kiessling for
   their comments and suggestions.

14.7.  Internet Applications and CoMP

   This section was derived from draft-zha-detnet-use-case-00 by Yiyong
   Zha.

   This document has benefited from reviews, suggestions, comments and
   proposed text provided by the following members, listed in
   alphabetical order: Jing Huang, Junru Lin, Lehong Niu and Oilver
   Huang.

14.8.  Network Slicing

   This section was written by Xuesong Geng, who would like to
   acknowledge Norm Finn and Mach Chen for their useful comments.

14.9.  Mining

   This section was written by Diego Dujovne in conjunction with Xavier
   Vilasojana.

14.10.  Private Blockchain

   This section was written by Daniel Huang.

15.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no requests from IANA.

16.  Informative References

   [Ahm14]    Ahmed, M. and R. Kim, "Communication network architectures
              for smart-wind power farms.", Energies, p. 3900-3921. ,
              June 2014.

   [bacnetip]
              ASHRAE, "Annex J to ANSI/ASHRAE 135-1995 - BACnet/IP",
              January 1999.

   [CoMP]     NGMN Alliance, "RAN EVOLUTION PROJECT COMP EVALUATION AND
              ENHANCEMENT", NGMN Alliance NGMN_RANEV_D3_CoMP_Evaluation_
              and_Enhancement_v2.0, March 2015,
              <https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/
              NGMN_RANEV_D3_CoMP_Evaluation_and_Enhancement_v2.0.pdf>.



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   [CONTENT_PROTECTION]
              Olsen, D., "1722a Content Protection", 2012,
              <http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1722/contributions/2012/
              avtp_dolsen_1722a_content_protection.pdf>.

   [CPRI]     CPRI Cooperation, "Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI);
              Interface Specification", CPRI Specification V6.1, July
              2014, <http://www.cpri.info/downloads/
              CPRI_v_6_1_2014-07-01.pdf>.

   [DCI]      Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC, "DCI Specification,
              Version 1.2", 2012, <http://www.dcimovies.com/>.

   [eCPRI]    IEEE Standards Association, "Common Public Radio
              Interface, "Common Public Radio Interface: eCPRI Interface
              Specification V1.0", 2017, <http://www.cpri.info/>.

   [ESPN_DC2]
              Daley, D., "ESPN's DC2 Scales AVB Large", 2014,
              <http://sportsvideo.org/main/blog/2014/06/
              espns-dc2-scales-avb-large>.

   [flnet]    Japan Electrical Manufacturers Association, "JEMA 1479 -
              English Edition", September 2012.

   [Fronthaul]
              Chen, D. and T. Mustala, "Ethernet Fronthaul
              Considerations", IEEE 1904.3, February 2015,
              <http://www.ieee1904.org/3/meeting_archive/2015/02/
              tf3_1502_che n_1a.pdf>.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface]
              Wang, Q. and X. Vilajosana, "6TiSCH Operation Sublayer
              (6top) Interface", draft-ietf-6tisch-6top-interface-04
              (work in progress), July 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture]
              Thubert, P., "An Architecture for IPv6 over the TSCH mode
              of IEEE 802.15.4", draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-19 (work
              in progress), December 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap]
              Sudhaakar, R. and P. Zand, "6TiSCH Resource Management and
              Interaction using CoAP", draft-ietf-6tisch-coap-03 (work
              in progress), March 2015.






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   [I-D.ietf-detnet-architecture]
              Finn, N., Thubert, P., Varga, B., and J. Farkas,
              "Deterministic Networking Architecture", draft-ietf-
              detnet-architecture-09 (work in progress), October 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-detnet-problem-statement]
              Finn, N. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Networking Problem
              Statement", draft-ietf-detnet-problem-statement-08 (work
              in progress), December 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-detnet-security]
              Mizrahi, T., Grossman, E., Hacker, A., Das, S., Dowdell,
              J., Austad, H., Stanton, K., and N. Finn, "Deterministic
              Networking (DetNet) Security Considerations", draft-ietf-
              detnet-security-03 (work in progress), October 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-tictoc-1588overmpls]
              Davari, S., Oren, A., Bhatia, M., Roberts, P., and L.
              Montini, "Transporting Timing messages over MPLS
              Networks", draft-ietf-tictoc-1588overmpls-07 (work in
              progress), October 2015.

   [I-D.kh-spring-ip-ran-use-case]
              Khasnabish, B., hu, f., and L. Contreras, "Segment Routing
              in IP RAN use case", draft-kh-spring-ip-ran-use-case-02
              (work in progress), November 2014.

   [I-D.svshah-tsvwg-deterministic-forwarding]
              Shah, S. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Forwarding PHB",
              draft-svshah-tsvwg-deterministic-forwarding-04 (work in
              progress), August 2015.

   [I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer]
              Wang, Q. and X. Vilajosana, "6TiSCH Operation Sublayer
              (6top)", draft-wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer-04 (work in
              progress), November 2015.

   [IEC-60870-5-104]
              International Electrotechnical Commission, "International
              Standard IEC 60870-5-104: Network access for IEC
              60870-5-101 using standard transport profiles", June 2006.

   [IEC61400]
              "International standard 61400-25: Communications for
              monitoring and control of wind power plants", June 2013.






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   [IEEE1588]
              IEEE, "IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization
              Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems",
              IEEE Std 1588-2008, 2008,
              <http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
              standard/1588-2008.html>.

   [IEEE1646]
              "Communication Delivery Time Performance Requirements for
              Electric Power Substation Automation", IEEE Standard
              1646-2004 , Apr 2004.

   [IEEE1722]
              IEEE, "1722-2011 - IEEE Standard for Layer 2 Transport
              Protocol for Time Sensitive Applications in a Bridged
              Local Area Network", IEEE Std 1722-2011, 2011,
              <http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
              standard/1722-2011.html>.

   [IEEE19143]
              IEEE Standards Association, "P1914.3/D3.1 Draft Standard
              for Radio over Ethernet Encapsulations and Mappings",
              IEEE 1914.3, 2018,
              <https://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/1914.3.html>.

   [IEEE802.1TSNTG]
              IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive
              Networks Task Group", March 2013,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/avbridges.html>.

   [IEEE802154]
              IEEE standard for Information Technology, "IEEE std.
              802.15.4, Part. 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)
              and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate
              Wireless Personal Area Networks".

   [IEEE802154e]
              IEEE standard for Information Technology, "IEEE standard
              for Information Technology, IEEE std. 802.15.4, Part.
              15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
              Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal
              Area Networks, June 2011 as amended by IEEE std.
              802.15.4e, Part. 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area
              Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 1: MAC sublayer", April
              2012.






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   [IEEE8021AS]
              IEEE, "Timing and Synchronizations (IEEE 802.1AS-2011)",
              IEEE 802.1AS-2001, 2011,
              <http://standards.ieee.org/getIEEE802/
              download/802.1AS-2011.pdf>.

   [IEEE8021CM]
              Farkas, J., "Time-Sensitive Networking for Fronthaul",
              Unapproved PAR, PAR for a New IEEE Standard;
              IEEE P802.1CM, April 2015,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2015/
              new-P802-1CM-dr aft-PAR-0515-v02.pdf>.

   [ISA100]   ISA/ANSI, "ISA100, Wireless Systems for Automation",
              <https://www.isa.org/isa100/>.

   [knx]      KNX Association, "ISO/IEC 14543-3 - KNX", November 2006.

   [lontalk]  ECHELON, "LonTalk(R) Protocol Specification Version 3.0",
              1994.

   [MEF22.1.1]
              MEF, "Mobile Backhaul Phase 2 Amendment 1 -- Small Cells",
              MEF 22.1.1, July 2014,
              <http://www.mef.net/Assets/Technical_Specifications/PDF/
              MEF_22.1.1.pdf>.

   [MEF8]     MEF, "Implementation Agreement for the Emulation of PDH
              Circuits over Metro Ethernet Networks", MEF 8, October
              2004,
              <https://www.mef.net/Assets/Technical_Specifications/PDF/
              MEF_8.pdf>.

   [METIS]    METIS, "Scenarios, requirements and KPIs for 5G mobile and
              wireless system", ICT-317669-METIS/D1.1 ICT-
              317669-METIS/D1.1, April 2013, <https://www.metis2020.com/
              wp-content/uploads/deliverables/METIS_D1.1_v1.pdf>.

   [modbus]   Modbus Organization, "MODBUS APPLICATION PROTOCOL
              SPECIFICATION V1.1b", December 2006.

   [MODBUS]   Modbus Organization, Inc., "MODBUS Application Protocol
              Specification", Apr 2012.

   [NGMN]     NGMN Alliance, "5G White Paper", NGMN 5G White Paper v1.0,
              February 2015, <https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/
              NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf>.




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   [NGMN-fronth]
              NGMN Alliance, "Fronthaul Requirements for C-RAN", March
              2015, <https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/
              NGMN_RANEV_D1_C-RAN_Fronthaul_Requirements_v1.0.pdf>.

   [OPCXML]   OPC Foundation, "OPC XML-Data Access Specification", Dec
              2004.

   [PCE]      IETF, "Path Computation Element",
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-ietf-pce/>.

   [profibus]
              IEC, "IEC 61158 Type 3 - Profibus DP", January 2001.

   [RFC3031]  Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol
              Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3031, January 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3031>.

   [RFC3411]  Harrington, D., Presuhn, R., and B. Wijnen, "An
              Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management
              Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks", STD 62, RFC 3411,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3411, December 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3411>.

   [RFC3985]  Bryant, S., Ed. and P. Pate, Ed., "Pseudo Wire Emulation
              Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture", RFC 3985,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3985, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3985>.

   [RFC4553]  Vainshtein, A., Ed. and YJ. Stein, Ed., "Structure-
              Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over Packet
              (SAToP)", RFC 4553, DOI 10.17487/RFC4553, June 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4553>.

   [RFC5086]  Vainshtein, A., Ed., Sasson, I., Metz, E., Frost, T., and
              P. Pate, "Structure-Aware Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)
              Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network
              (CESoPSN)", RFC 5086, DOI 10.17487/RFC5086, December 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5086>.

   [RFC5087]  Stein, Y(J)., Shashoua, R., Insler, R., and M. Anavi,
              "Time Division Multiplexing over IP (TDMoIP)", RFC 5087,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5087, December 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5087>.






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   [RFC5905]  Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
              "Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
              Specification", RFC 5905, DOI 10.17487/RFC5905, June 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5905>.

   [RFC6550]  Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J.,
              Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur,
              JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for
              Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6550>.

   [RFC6551]  Vasseur, JP., Ed., Kim, M., Ed., Pister, K., Dejean, N.,
              and D. Barthel, "Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation
              in Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6551,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6551, March 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6551>.

   [RFC7554]  Watteyne, T., Ed., Palattella, M., and L. Grieco, "Using
              IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the
              Internet of Things (IoT): Problem Statement", RFC 7554,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7554, May 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7554>.

   [RFC8169]  Mirsky, G., Ruffini, S., Gray, E., Drake, J., Bryant, S.,
              and A. Vainshtein, "Residence Time Measurement in MPLS
              Networks", RFC 8169, DOI 10.17487/RFC8169, May 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8169>.

   [Spe09]    Sperotto, A., Sadre, R., Vliet, F., and A. Pras, "A First
              Look into SCADA Network Traffic", IP Operations and
              Management, p. 518-521. , June 2009.

   [SRP_LATENCY]
              Gunther, C., "Specifying SRP Latency", 2014,
              <http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2014/
              cc-cgunther-acceptable-latency-0314-v01.pdf>.

   [SyncE]    ITU-T, "G.8261 : Timing and synchronization aspects in
              packet networks", Recommendation G.8261, August 2013,
              <http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.8261>.

   [TR38501]  3GPP, "3GPP TS 38.501, Technical Specification System
              Architecture for the 5G System (Release 15)", 2017,
              <https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/
              SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3144>.





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   [TR38801]  3GPP, "3GPP TR 38.801, Technical Specification Group Radio
              Access Network; Study on new radio access technology:
              Radio access architecture and interfaces (Release 14)",
              2017,
              <https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/
              SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3056>.

   [TS23401]  3GPP, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements
              for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
              (E-UTRAN) access", 3GPP TS 23.401 10.10.0, March 2013.

   [TS25104]  3GPP, "Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
              (FDD)", 3GPP TS 25.104 3.14.0, March 2007.

   [TS36104]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and
              reception", 3GPP TS 36.104 10.11.0, July 2013.

   [TS36133]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Requirements for support of radio resource
              management", 3GPP TS 36.133 12.7.0, April 2015.

   [TS36211]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation", 3GPP
              TS 36.211 10.7.0, March 2013.

   [TS36300]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)
              and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
              (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2", 3GPP TS 36.300
              10.11.0, September 2013.

   [TSNTG]    IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive
              Networks Task Group", 2013,
              <http://www.IEEE802.org/1/pages/avbridges.html>.

   [WirelessHART]
              www.hartcomm.org, "Industrial Communication Networks -
              Wireless Communication Network and Communication Profiles
              - WirelessHART - IEC 62591", 2010.

Appendix A.  Use Cases Explicitly Out of Scope for DetNet

   This section contains use case text that has been determined to be
   outside of the scope of the present DetNet work.







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A.1.  DetNet Scope Limitations

   The scope of DetNet is deliberately limited to specific use cases
   that are consistent with the WG charter, subject to the
   interpretation of the WG.  At the time the DetNet Use Cases were
   solicited and provided by the authors the scope of DetNet was not
   clearly defined, and as that clarity has emerged, certain of the use
   cases have been determined to be outside the scope of the present
   DetNet work.  Such text has been moved into this section to clarify
   that these use cases will not be supported by the DetNet work.

   The text in this section was moved here based on the following
   "exclusion" principles.  Or, as an alternative to moving all such
   text to this section, some draft text has been modified in situ to
   reflect these same principles.

   The following principles have been established to clarify the scope
   of the present DetNet work.

   o  The scope of network addressed by DetNet is limited to networks
      that can be centrally controlled, i.e. an "enterprise" aka
      "corporate" network.  This explicitly excludes "the open
      Internet".

   o  Maintaining synchronized time across a DetNet network is crucial
      to its operation, however DetNet assumes that time is to be
      maintained using other means, for example (but not limited to)
      Precision Time Protocol ([IEEE1588]).  A use case may state the
      accuracy and reliability that it expects from the DetNet network
      as part of a whole system, however it is understood that such
      timing properties are not guaranteed by DetNet itself.  At the
      time of this writing it is an open question as to whether DetNet
      protocols will include a way for an application to communicate
      such timing expectations to the network, and if so whether they
      would be expected to materially affect the performance they would
      receive from the network as a result.

A.2.  Internet-based Applications

   There are many applications that communicate over the open Internet
   that could benefit from guaranteed delivery and bounded latency.
   However as noted above, all such applications when run over the open
   Internet are out of scope for DetNet.  These same applications may be
   in-scope when run in constrained environments, i.e. within a
   centrally controlled DetNet network.  The following are some examples
   of such applications.





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A.2.1.  Use Case Description

A.2.1.1.  Media Content Delivery

   Media content delivery continues to be an important use of the
   Internet, yet users often experience poor quality audio and video due
   to the delay and jitter inherent in today's Internet.

A.2.1.2.  Online Gaming

   Online gaming is a significant part of the gaming market, however
   latency can degrade the end user experience.  For example "First
   Person Shooter" games are highly delay-sensitive.

A.2.1.3.  Virtual Reality

   Virtual reality has many commercial applications including real
   estate presentations, remote medical procedures, and so on.  Low
   latency is critical to interacting with the virtual world because
   perceptual delays can cause motion sickness.

A.2.2.  Internet-Based Applications Today

   Internet service today is by definition "best-effort", with no
   guarantees on delivery or bandwidth.

A.2.3.  Internet-Based Applications Future

   An Internet from which one can play a video without glitches and play
   games without lag.

   For online gaming, the maximum round-trip delay can be 100ms and
   stricter for FPS gaming which can be 10-50ms.  Transport delay is the
   dominate part with a 5-20ms budget.

   For VR, 1-10ms maximum delay is needed and total network budget is
   1-5ms if doing remote VR.

   Flow identification can be used for gaming and VR, i.e. it can
   recognize a critical flow and provide appropriate latency bounds.

A.2.4.  Internet-Based Applications Asks

   o  Unified control and management protocols to handle time-critical
      data flow

   o  Application-aware flow filtering mechanism to recognize the timing
      critical flow without doing 5-tuple matching



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   o  Unified control plane to provide low latency service on Layer-3
      without changing the data plane

   o  OAM system and protocols which can help to provide E2E-delay
      sensitive service provisioning

A.3.  Pro Audio and Video - Digital Rights Management (DRM)

   This section was moved here because this is considered a Link layer
   topic, not direct responsibility of DetNet.

   Digital Rights Management (DRM) is very important to the audio and
   video industries.  Any time protected content is introduced into a
   network there are DRM concerns that must be maintained (see
   [CONTENT_PROTECTION]).  Many aspects of DRM are outside the scope of
   network technology, however there are cases when a secure link
   supporting authentication and encryption is required by content
   owners to carry their audio or video content when it is outside their
   own secure environment (for example see [DCI]).

   As an example, two techniques are Digital Transmission Content
   Protection (DTCP) and High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection
   (HDCP).  HDCP content is not approved for retransmission within any
   other type of DRM, while DTCP may be retransmitted under HDCP.
   Therefore if the source of a stream is outside of the network and it
   uses HDCP protection it is only allowed to be placed on the network
   with that same HDCP protection.

A.4.  Pro Audio and Video - Link Aggregation

   Note: The term "Link Aggregation" is used here as defined by the text
   in the following paragraph, i.e. not following a more common Network
   Industry definition.

   For transmitting streams that require more bandwidth than a single
   link in the target network can support, link aggregation is a
   technique for combining (aggregating) the bandwidth available on
   multiple physical links to create a single logical link of the
   required bandwidth.  However, if aggregation is to be used, the
   network controller (or equivalent) must be able to determine the
   maximum latency of any path through the aggregate link.

A.5.  Pro Audio and Video - Deterministic Time to Establish Streaming

   The DetNet Working Group has decided that guidelines for establishing
   a deterministic time to establish stream startup are not within scope
   of DetNet.  If bounded timing of establishing or re-establish streams




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   is required in a given use case, it is up to the application/system
   to achieve this.

Author's Address

   Ethan Grossman (editor)
   Dolby Laboratories, Inc.
   1275 Market Street
   San Francisco, CA  94103
   USA

   Phone: +1 415 645 4726
   Email: ethan.grossman@dolby.com
   URI:   http://www.dolby.com





































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