Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second

draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second







AVTCore                                                         K. Gross
Internet-Draft                                              AVA Networks
Updates: 3550 (if approved)                           R. van Brandenburg
Intended status: Standards Track                                     TNO
Expires: July 16, 2014                                  January 12, 2014


                          RTP and Leap Seconds
                   draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second-08

Abstract

   This document discusses issues that arise when RTP sessions span
   Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) leap seconds.  It updates RFC 3550
   to describe how RTP senders and receivers should behave in the
   presence of leap seconds.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   3.  Leap seconds  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  UTC behavior during positive leap second  . . . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  NTP behavior during positive leap second  . . . . . . . .   3
     3.3.  POSIX behavior during positive leap second  . . . . . . .   3
     3.4.  Example of leap-second behaviors  . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Receiver behavior during leap second  . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     5.1.  Sender Reports  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.2.  RTP Packet Playout  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9

1.  Introduction

   In some media networking applications, RTP streams are referenced to
   a wall-clock time (absolute date and time).  This is accomplished
   through use of the NTP timestamp field in the sender report (SR) to
   create a mapping between RTP timestamps and the wall clock.  When a
   wall-clock reference is used, the playout time for RTP packets is
   referenced to the wall clock.  Smooth and continuous media playout
   requires a smooth and continuous time base.  The time base used by
   the wall clock may include leap seconds which are not rendered
   smoothly.

   This document updates RFC 3550 [1] providing recommendations for
   smoothly rendering streamed media referenced to common wall clocks
   which do not have smooth or continuous behavior in the presence of
   leap seconds.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [2] and
   indicate requirement levels for compliant implementations.







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3.  Leap seconds

   The world scientific time standard is International Atomic Time (TAI)
   which is based on vibrations of cesium atoms in an atomic clock.  The
   world civil time is based on the rotation of the Earth.  In 1972 the
   civil time standard, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), was redefined
   in terms of TAI and the concept of leap seconds was introduced to
   allow UTC to remain synchronized with the rotation of the Earth.

   Leap seconds are scheduled by the International Earth Rotation and
   Reference Systems Service.  Leap seconds may be scheduled at the last
   day of any month but are preferentially scheduled for December and
   June and secondarily March and September.[6] Because Earth's rotation
   is unpredictable, leap seconds are typically not scheduled more than
   six months in advance.

   Leap seconds do not respect local time and always occur at the end of
   the UTC day.  Leap seconds can be scheduled to either add or remove a
   second from the day.  A leap second that adds an extra second is
   known as a positive leap second.  A leap second that skips a second
   is known as a negative leap second.  All leap seconds since their
   introduction in 1972 have been scheduled in June or December and all
   have been positive.

   NOTE- The ITU is studying a proposal which could eventually eliminate
   leap seconds from UTC.  As of January 2012, this proposal is expected
   to be decided no earlier than 2015.[7]

3.1.  UTC behavior during positive leap second

   UTC clocks feature a 61st second at the end of the day when a
   positive leap second is scheduled.  The leap second is designated
   "23h 59m 60s".

3.2.  NTP behavior during positive leap second

   Under NTP[8] a leap second is inserted at the beginning of the last
   second of the day.  This results in the clock freezing or slowing for
   one second immediately prior to the last second of the affected day.
   This results in the last second of the day having a real-time
   duration of two seconds.  Timestamp accuracy is compromised during
   this period because the clock's rate is not well defined.

3.3.  POSIX behavior during positive leap second

   The POSIX standard [3] requires that leap seconds be omitted from
   reported time.  All days are defined as having 86,400 seconds but the
   timebase is defined to be UTC, a leap-second-bearing reference .



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   Implementors of POSIX systems are offered considerable latitude by
   the standard as to how to map POSIX time to UTC.

   In many systems leap seconds are accommodated by repeating the last
   second of the day.  A timestamp within the last second of the day is
   therefore ambiguous in that it can refer to a moment in time in
   either of the last two seconds of a day containing a leap second.

   Other systems use the same technique used by NTP, freezing or slowing
   for one second immediately prior to the last second of the affected
   day.

   In some cases [5] [4] leap seconds are accommodated by warping time,
   slightly altering the length of the second in the vicinity of a leap
   second.

3.4.  Example of leap-second behaviors

   Table 1 illustrates the positive leap second that occurred June 30,
   2012 when the offset between International Atomic time (TAI) and UTC
   changed from 34 to 35 seconds.  The first column shows RTP timestamps
   for an 8 kHz audio stream.  The second column shows the TAI
   reference.  Following columns show behavior for the leap-second-
   bearing wall clocks described above.  Time values are shown at half-
   second intervals.

   +-------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
   |  RTP  |     TAI      |     UTC      |    POSIX     |     NTP      |
   +-------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
   |  8000 | 00:00:32.500 | 23:59:58.500 | 23:59:58.500 | 23:59:58.500 |
   | 12000 | 00:00:33.000 | 23:59:59.000 | 23:59:59.000 | 23:59:59.000 |
   | 16000 | 00:00:33.500 | 23:59:59.500 | 23:59:59.500 | 23:59:59.500 |
   | 20000 | 00:00:34.000 | 23:59:60.000 | 23:59:59.000 | 00:00:00.000 |
   | 24000 | 00:00:34.500 | 23:59:60.500 | 23:59:59.500 | 00:00:00.000 |
   | 28000 | 00:00:35.000 | 00:00:00.000 | 00:00:00.000 | 00:00:00.000 |
   | 32000 | 00:00:35.500 | 00:00:00.500 | 00:00:00.500 | 00:00:00.500 |
   +-------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+

                  Table 1: Positive leap second behavior

   NOTE- Some NTP implementations do not entirely freeze the clock while
   the leap second is inserted.  Successive calls to retrieve system
   time return infinitesimally larger (e.g. 1 microsecond or 1
   nanosecond larger) time values.  This behavior is designed to satisfy
   assumptions applications may make that time increases monotonically.
   This behavior occurs in the least-significant bits of the time value
   and so is not typically visible in the human-readable format shown in
   the table.



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   NOTE- POSIX implementations vary.  The implementation shown here
   repeats the last second of the affected day.  Other implementations
   mirror NTP behavior or alter the length of a second in the vicinity
   of the leap second.

4.  Receiver behavior during leap second

   Timestamps generated during a leap second may be ambiguous or
   interpreted differently by sender and receiver or interpreted
   differently by different receivers.

   Without prior knowledge of leap-second schedule, NTP servers and
   clients may become offset by exactly one second with respect to their
   UTC reference.  This potential discrepancy begins when a leap second
   occurs and ends when all participants receive a time update from a
   server or peer.  Depending on the system implementation, the offset
   can last anywhere from a few seconds to a few days.  A long-lived
   discrepancy can be particularly disruptive to RTP operation.

   These discrepancies, depending on direction, may cause receivers to
   think they are receiving RTP packets after they should be played or
   to attempt to buffer received data an additional second before
   playing it.  Either situation can cause an interruption in playback.
   Some receivers may automatically recognize an unexpected offset and
   resynchronize to the stream to accommodate it.  Once the offset is
   resolved, such receivers may need to resynchronize again.

5.  Recommendations

   Senders and receivers which are not referenced to a wall clock are
   not affected by issues associated with leap seconds and no special
   accommodation is required.

   RTP implementation using a wall-clock reference is simplified by
   using a clock with a timescale which does not include leap seconds.
   IEEE 1588,[9] GPS [10] and other systems that use a TAI [11]
   reference do not include leap seconds.  NTP time, operating system
   clocks and other systems using a UTC reference include leap seconds.

   Note that some TAI-based systems such as IEEE 1588 and GPS, in
   addition to the TAI reference clock, deliver TAI to UTC mapping
   information.  By combining the delivered TAI reference clock and the
   mapping information, some receivers of these systems are able to
   synthezise a leap-second-bearing UTC reference clock.  For the
   purposes of this draft, it is important to recognise that it is the
   timescale used, not the delivery mechanism which determines whether a
   reference clock is leap-second bearing.




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       +-------------------------+----------------+---------------+
       | Reference clock type    | Examples       | Accommodation |
       +-------------------------+----------------+---------------+
       | None                    | Self clocking  | None needed   |
       | Non-leap-second-bearing | 1588, GPS, TAI | None needed   |
       | Leap-second-bearing     | NTP            | Recommended   |
       +-------------------------+----------------+---------------+

                          Recommendations summary

   All participants working to a leap-second-bearing reference MUST
   recognize leap seconds and SHOULD have a working communications
   channel to receive notification of leap-second scheduling.  A working
   communication channel includes a protocol means of notifying clocks
   of an impending leap second such as the Leap Indicator in the NTP
   header [8] but also a means for top-tier clocks to receive leap-
   second schedule information published by the International Earth
   Rotation and Reference Systems Service. [12]

   These recommendations appreciate that such a communications channel
   may not be available on all networks.  For security or other reasons,
   leap-second schedules may be configured manually for some networks or
   clocks.  When a device does not reliably receive leap-second
   scheduling information, failures as described in Section 4 may occur.

   Because of the timestamp ambiguity that positive leap seconds can
   introduce and the inconsistent manner in which different systems
   accommodate positive leap seconds, generating or using NTP timestamps
   during the entire last second of a day on which a positive leap
   second has been scheduled SHOULD be avoided.  Note that the period to
   be avoided has a real-time duration of two seconds.  In the Table 1
   example, the region to be avoided is indicated by RTP timestamps
   12000 through 28000

   Negative leap seconds do not introduce timestamp ambiguity or other
   complications.  No special treatment is needed to avoid ambiguity
   with respect to RTP timestamps in the presence of a negative leap
   second.

   POSIX clocks which use a warping technique to accommodate leap
   seconds (e.g. [5] [4]) are not a good choice for an interoperable
   timestamp reference and SHOULD be avoided for this application.

5.1.  Sender Reports

   In order to avoid generating or using NTP timestamps during positive
   leap seconds, RTP senders and receivers need to avoid sending or
   using sender reports to synchronize their clocks in the vicinity of a



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   leap second and instead rely on their internal clocks to maintain
   sync until the leap second has passed.

   RTP Senders working to a leap-second-bearing reference SHOULD NOT
   generate sender reports containing an originating NTP timestamp in
   the vicinity of a positive leap second.  To maintain a consistent
   RTCP schedule and avoid the risk of unintentional timeouts, such
   senders MAY send receiver reports in place of sender reports in the
   vicinity of the leap second.

   For the purpose of suspending sender reports in the vicinity of a
   leap second, senders MAY assume a positive leap second occurs at the
   end of the last day of every month.

   Receivers working to a leap-second-bearing reference SHOULD ignore
   timestamps in any sender reports generated in the vicinity of a
   positive leap second.

   For the purpose of ignoring sender reports in the vicinity of a leap
   second, receivers MAY assume a positive leap second occurs at the end
   of the last day of every month.

5.2.  RTP Packet Playout

   Receivers working to a leap-second-bearing reference SHOULD take both
   positive and negative leap seconds in the reference into account in
   determining playout time based on RTP timestamps for data in RTP
   packets.

6.  Security Considerations

   RTP streams using a wall-clock reference as discussed here present an
   additional attack vector compared to self-clocking streams.
   Manipulation of the wall clock at either sender or receiver can
   potentially disrupt streaming.

   For an RTP stream operating to an leap-second-bearing reference to
   operate reliably across a leap second, sender and receive must both
   be aware of the leap second.  It is possible to disrupt a stream by
   blocking or delaying leap second notification to one of the
   participants.  Streaming can be similarly affected if one of the
   participants can be tricked into believing a leap second has been
   scheduled where there is not one.  These vulnerabilities are present
   in RFC 3550 [1] and these new recommendations neither heighten or
   diminish them.  Integrity of the leap second schedule is the
   responsibility of the operating system and time distribution
   mechanism both of which are outside the scope of RFC 3550 [1] and
   these recommendations.



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7.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.

8.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Steve Allen for his valuable comments
   in helping to improve this document.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [1]        Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
              Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
              Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003.

   [2]        Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

9.2.  Informative References

   [3]        IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Information Technology - Portable
              Operating System Interface (POSIX)", IEEE Standard
              1003.1-2008, 2008, <http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
              standard/1003.1-2008.html>.

   [4]        Google, Inc., "Time, technology and leaping seconds",
              September 2011, <http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/
              time-technology-and-leaping-seconds.html>.

   [5]        Kuhn, M., "Coordinated Universal Time with Smoothed Leap
              Seconds (UTC-SLS)", draft-kuhn-leapsecond-00 (work in
              progress), January 2006.

   [6]        ITU, "Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions", ITU-R
              TF.460-6, February 2002,
              <http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460/>.

   [7]        ITU, "Question 236/7", February 2012,
              <http://www.itu.int/pub/R-QUE-SG07.236-2001>.

   [8]        Mills, D., Martin, J., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch, "Network
              Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
              Specification", RFC 5905, June 2010.






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   [9]        IEEE, "IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization
              Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems",
              IEEE Standard 1588-2008, July 2008,
              <http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/
              1588-2008.html>.

   [10]       Global Positioning Systems Directorate, "Navstar GPS Space
              Segment/Navigation User Segment Interfaces", September
              2011, <http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/IS-GPS-200F.pdf>.

   [11]       Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM),
              "International Atomic Time", November 2013,
              <http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/tai/tai.html>.

   [12]       International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service,
              "Bulletin C", November 2013, <http://datacenter.iers.org/
              web/guest/eop/-/somos/5Rgv/product/16>.

Authors' Addresses

   Kevin Gross
   AVA Networks
   Boulder, CO
   US

   Email: kevin.gross@avanw.com


   Ray van Brandenburg
   TNO
   Brassersplein 2
   Delft  2612CT
   the Netherlands

   Phone: +31-88-866-7000
   Email: ray.vanbrandenburg@tno.nl















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