Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem

draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem






6RENUM                                                      B. Carpenter
Internet-Draft                                         Univ. of Auckland
Intended status: Informational                                  S. Jiang
Expires: June 27, 2013                      Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
                                                       December 24, 2012


 Problem Statement for Renumbering IPv6 Hosts with Static Addresses in
                          Enterprise Networks
                  draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-03

Abstract

   This document analyses the problems of updating the IPv6 addresses of
   hosts in enterprise networks that for operational reasons require
   static addresses.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 27, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.



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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.  Static Addresses Imply Static Prefixes . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.2.  Other Hosts Need Literal Address . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.3.  Static Server Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     2.4.  Static Virtual Machine Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.5.  Asset Management and Security Tracing  . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.6.  Primitive Software Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     2.7.  Network Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     2.8.  Access Control Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     2.9.  Management Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   3.  Summary of Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   4.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   5.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   6.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   7.  Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove] . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   8.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12































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1.  Introduction

   A problem that is frequently mentioned in discussions of renumbering
   enterprise networks [RFC5887] [I-D.ietf-6renum-enterprise]
   [I-D.ietf-6renum-gap-analysis] is that of statically assigned
   addresses.  The scope of the present document is to analyse the
   problems caused to enterprise networks during renumbering by static
   addresses and to identify related gaps in existing technology.  Some
   aspects also apply to small office and home networks, but these are
   not the intended scope of the document.

   A static address can be defined as an IP address that is intended by
   the network manager to remain constant over a long period of time,
   possibly many years, regardless of system restarts or any other
   unpredictable events.  Static addressing often implies manual address
   assignment, including manual preparation of configuration scripts.
   An implication of hosts having static addresses is that subnets must
   have static prefixes, which also requires analysis.

   In a sense, the issue of static addresses is a result of history.  As
   discussed in Section 3.2 of [RFC6250], various properties of IP
   addresses that have long been assumed by programmers and operators
   are no longer true today, although they were true when almost all
   addresses were manually assigned.  In some cases, the resulting
   operational difficulties are avoided by static addressing.

   Although static addressing is in general problematic for renumbering,
   hosts inside an enterprise may have static addresses for a number of
   operational reasons:

   o  For some reason, other hosts need to be configured with a literal
      numeric address for the host in question, so its address must be
      static.
   o  Even if a site has local DNS support and this is normally used to
      locate servers, some operators wish their servers to have static
      addresses so that issues of address lifetime and DNS TTL cannot
      affect connectivity.
   o  Some approaches to virtual server farms require static addressing.
   o  On some sites, the network operations staff require hosts to have
      static addresses for asset management purposes and for address-
      based backtracking of security incidents.
   o  Certain software licensing mechanisms are based on IP addresses.
   o  Network elements such as routers are usually assigned static
      addresses, which are also configured into network monitoring and
      management systems.
   o  Access Control Lists and other security mechanisms are often
      configured using IP addresses.




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   Static addressing is not the same thing as manual addressing.  Static
   addresses may be configured automatically, for example by stateful
   DHCPv6.  In that case, the database from which the static address is
   derived may itself have been created automatically in some fashion,
   or configured manually.  If a host's address is configured manually
   by the host's administrator, it is by definition static.

   This document analyses these issues in more detail and presents a
   problem statement.  Where obvious alternatives to static addresses
   exist, they are mentioned.


2.  Analysis

2.1.  Static Addresses Imply Static Prefixes

   Host addresses can only be static if subnet prefixes are also static.
   Static prefixes are such a long-established practice in enterprise
   networks that it is hard to discern the reason for them.  Originally,
   before DHCP became available, there was simply no alternative.  Thus
   it became accepted practice to assign subnet prefixes manually and
   build them into static router configurations.  Today, the static
   nature of subnet prefixes has become a diagnostic tool in itself, at
   least in the case of IPv4 where prefixes can easily be memorised.  If
   several users sharing a subnet prefix report problems, the fault can
   readily be localised.

   This model is being challenged for the case of unmanaged home IPv6
   networks, in which it is possible to assign subnet prefixes
   automatically, at least in a cold start scenario
   [I-D.baker-homenet-prefix-assignment].  For an enterprise network,
   the question arises whether automatic subnet prefix assignment can be
   made using the "without a flag day" approach to renumbering.
   [RFC4192] specifies that "the new prefix is added to the network
   infrastructure in parallel with (and without interfering with) the
   old prefix."  Any method for automatic prefix assignment needs to
   support this.

2.2.  Other Hosts Need Literal Address

   This issue commonly arises in small networks without local DNS
   support, for devices such as printers that all other hosts need to
   reach.  In this case, not only does the host in question have a
   static address, but that address is also configured in the other
   hosts.  It is long established practice in small IPv4 enterprise
   networks that printers in particular are manually assigned a fixed
   address (typically an [RFC1918] address) and that users are told to
   manually configure printer access using that fixed address.  For a



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   small network the work involved in doing this is much less than the
   work involved in doing it "properly" by setting up DNS service,
   whether local or hosted by an ISP, to give the printer a name.  Also,
   although the Service Location Protocol (SLP) [RFC2608] is widely
   available for tasks such as printer discovery, it is not widely used
   in enterprise networks.  In consequence, if the printer is renumbered
   for any reason, the manual configuration of all users' hosts must be
   updated in many enterprises.

   In the case of IPv6, exactly the same situation would be created by
   numbering the printer statically under the site's Unique Local
   Address (ULA) prefix [RFC4193].  Although this address would not
   change if the site's globally routable prefix is changed, internal
   renumbering for any other reason would be troublesome.  Additionally,
   the disadvantage compared to IPv4 is that an IPv6 address is harder
   to communicate reliably, compared to something as simple as
   "10.1.1.10".  The process will be significantly more error-prone for
   IPv6.

   If such a host is numbered out of a globally routable prefix that is
   potentially subject to renumbering, then a renumbering event will
   require a configuration change in all hosts using the device in
   question, and such configuration data are by no means stored in the
   network layer.

   At least two simple alternatives exist to avoid static numbering of
   simple devices such as printers by giving them local names.  One is
   the use of Multicast DNS (mDNS) [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns] in
   combination with DNS Service Discovery [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd].
   The other is the Service Location Protocol [RFC2608].  Both of these
   solutions are widely implemented, but seemingly not widely deployed
   in enterprise networks.

2.3.  Static Server Addresses

   On larger sites, it is safe to assume that servers of all kinds,
   including printers, are identified in user configurations and
   applications by DNS names.  However, it is very widespread
   operational practice that servers have static IP addresses.  If they
   did not, whenever an address assigned by stateless address auto-
   configuration [RFC4862] or DHCPv6 [RFC3315] expired, and if the
   address actually changed for some extraneous reason, sessions in
   progress might fail (depending on whether the address deprecation
   period was long enough).

   DNS aspects of renumbering are discussed in more detail in
   [I-D.ietf-6renum-enterprise].  Here, we note that one reason for
   widespread use of static server addresses is the lack of deployment



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   of Secure Dynamic DNS update [RFC3007], or some other method of
   prompt DNS updates, in enterprise networks.  A separate issue is that
   even with such updates in place, remote users of a server would
   attempt to use the wrong address until the DNS time-to-live expired,
   as discussed in [RFC4192].

   Server addresses can be managed centrally even if they are static, by
   using DHCPv6 in stateful mode to ensure that the same address is
   always assigned to a given server.  Consistency with DNS can be
   ensured by generating both DHCPv6 data and DNS data from a common
   configuration database using a suitable configuration tool.  This
   does normally carry the implication that the database also contains
   the hardware (MAC) addresses of the relevant LAN interfaces on the
   servers, so that the correct IPv6 address can be delivered whenever a
   server requests an address.  Not every operator wishes to maintain
   such a costly database, however, and some sites are therefore likely
   today to fall back on manual configuration of server addresses as a
   result.

   In the event of renumbering of the prefix covering such servers, the
   situation should be manageable if there is a common configuration
   database; the "without a flag day" procedure [RFC4192] could be
   followed.  However, if there is no such database, a manual procedure
   would have to be adopted.

2.4.  Static Virtual Machine Addresses

   According to [I-D.ietf-nvo3-overlay-problem-statement], the placement
   and live migration of virtual machines (VMs) in a physical network
   requires that their IP addresses are fixed and static.  Otherwise,
   when a VM is migrated to a different physical server, its IP address
   would change and transport sessions in progress would be lost.  In
   effect this is a special case of the previous one.

   If VMs are numbered out of a prefix that is subject to renumbering,
   there is a direct conflict with application session continuity,
   unless a procedure similar to [RFC4192] is followed.

2.5.  Asset Management and Security Tracing

   There are some large (campus-sized) sites that not only capture the
   MAC addresses of servers in a configuration system, but also do so
   for desktop client machines with wired connections, that are then
   given static IP addresses.  Such hosts are not normally servers, so
   the two preceding cases do not apply.  One motivation for this
   approach is straightforward asset management (who has which computer,
   connected to which cable?).  Another, more compelling, reason is
   security incident handling.  If, as occurs with reasonable frequency



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   on any large network, a particular host is found to be generating
   some form of unwanted traffic, it is urgent to be able to track back
   from its IP address to its physical location, so that an appropriate
   intervention can be made.  A static binding between the MAC address
   and the IPv6 address might be preferred for this purpose.

   Such users will not in most circumstances be significantly
   inconvenienced by prefix renumbering, as long as it follows the
   [RFC4192] procedure.  The address deprecation mechanism would allow
   for clean termination of current sessions, including those in which
   their machine was actually operating as a server, e.g., for a peer-
   to-peer application.  The only users who would be seriously affected
   would be those running extremely long transport sessions that might
   outlive the address deprecation period.

   Note that such large campus sites generally allocate addresses
   dynamically to wireless hosts, since (in an IPv4 world) addresses are
   scarce and allocating static addresses to intermittent users is not
   acceptable.  Also, a wireless user may appear on different subnets at
   different times, so cannot be given a single static address.  These
   users will in most circumstances only be slightly inconvenienced, if
   at all, by prefix renumbering.

2.6.  Primitive Software Licensing

   Although it has many disadvantages and cannot be recommended as a
   solution, software licensing based on IP addresses or prefixes is
   still quite widely used in various forms.  It is to be expected that
   this practice will continue for IPv6.  If so, there is no alternative
   to informing the licensing party of the new address(es) by whatever
   administrative process is required.  In an RFC 4192 renumbering
   procedure, the licenses for the old and new addresses or prefixes
   would have to overlap.

   If acceptable to the licensing mechanism, using addresses under an
   enterprise's ULA prefix for software licensing would avoid this
   problem.

2.7.  Network Elements

   Each interface of a router needs an IP address, and so do other
   network elements such as firewalls, proxies, and load balancers.
   Since these are critical infrastructure, they must be monitored and
   in some cases controlled by a network management system.  A
   conventional approach to this is to assign the necessary IP addresses
   statically, and also to configure those addresses in the monitoring
   and management systems.  It is common practice that some such
   addresses will have no corresponding DNS entry.  If these addresses



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   need to be changed, there will be considerable ramifications.  A
   restart of the network element might be needed, interrupting all user
   sessions in progress.  Simultaneously, the monitoring and management
   system configurations must be updated, and in the case of a default
   router, its clients must be informed.  To avoid such disruption,
   network elements must be renumbered according to an [RFC4192]
   procedure, like any other host.

   There is a school of thought that to minimise renumbering problems
   for network elements and to keep the simplicity of static addressing
   for them, network elements should all have static ULA addresses for
   management and monitoring purposes, regardless of what other global
   addresses they may have.

2.8.  Access Control Lists

   Access Control Lists (ACLs) and other security mechanisms are often
   configured using static IP addresses.  This may occur in network
   elements or hosts.  If they are not updated promptly during a
   renumbering event, the result may be the opening of security
   loopholes, or the blocking of legitimate traffic, or both.  Such
   security loopholes may never be detected until they are successfully
   exploited.

2.9.  Management Aspects

   As noted in the Introduction, static addressing and manual address
   configuration are not the same thing.  In terms of managing a
   renumbering event, static addressing derived automatically from a
   central database, e.g. by stateful DHCPv6, is clearly better than
   manual configuration by an administrator.  This remains true even if
   the database itself requires manual changes, since otherwise an
   administrator would have to log in to every host concerned, a time-
   consuming and error-prone task.  In cases where static addresses
   cannot be avoided, they could be assigned automatically from a
   central database using a suitable protocol such as stateful DHCPv6.
   Clearly the database needs to be supported by a suitable
   configuration tool, to minimise manual updates and to eliminate
   manual configuration of individual hosts.


3.  Summary of Problem Statement

   If subnet prefixes are statically assigned, various network elements
   and the network management system must be updated when they are
   renumbered.  To avoid loss of existing user sessions, the old
   prefixes need to be removed only after a period of overlap.




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   If a printer or similar local server is statically addressed, and has
   no DNS or mDNS name and no discovery protocol, renumbering will
   require configuration changes in all hosts using that server.  Most
   likely, these changes will be manual; therefore this type of
   configuration should be avoided except for very small networks.  Even
   if the server is under a ULA prefix, any subnet rearrangement that
   causes it to be renumbered will have the same effect.

   If a server with a DNS name is statically addressed via a common
   configuration database that supports both DHCPv6 and DNS, then it can
   be renumbered "without a flag day" by following RFC 4192.  However,
   if there is no common configuration database, then present technology
   requires manual intervention.  Similar considerations apply to
   virtual servers with static addresses.

   If client computers such as desktops are statically addressed via a
   common configuration database and stateful DHCPv6, they can also be
   renumbered "without a flag day."  But other statically addressed
   clients will need manual intervention, so DHCPv6 should be used if
   possible.

   If address-based software licensing is unavoidable, requiring static
   addresses, and ULAs cannot be used for this case, an administrative
   procedure during renumbering seems unavoidable.

   If network elements have static addresses, the network management
   system and affected client hosts must be informed when they are
   renumbered.  Even if a network element is under a ULA prefix, any
   subnet rearrangement that causes it to be renumbered will have the
   same effect.

   ACLs configured with static addresses must be updated during
   renumbering.

   It appears that the majority of the above problems can be largely
   mitigated if the following measures are taken:

   1.  The site uses a general configuration management database and an
       associated tool that manage all prefixes, DHCPv6, DNS, router and
       security configuration in a consistent and integrated way.  Even
       if static addresses are used, they are always configured with
       this tool, and never manually.  Specification of such a tool is
       out of scope for the present document.
   2.  All printers and other local servers are always accessed via a
       DNS or mDNS name, or via a discovery protocol.  User computers
       are configured only with names for such servers and never with
       their addresses.




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   3.  Internal traffic uses a ULA prefix, such that disturbance to such
       traffic is avoided if the externally used prefix changes.
   4.  If prefix renumbering is required, the RFC 4192 procedure is
       followed.

   Remaining open questions are:

   1.  Is minor residual loss of extremely long-living transport
       sessions during renumbering operationally acceptable?
   2.  Can automatic network element renumbering can be performed
       without interrupting any user sessions?
   3.  Do any software licensing systems require manual intervention?


4.  Security Considerations

   This document defines no protocol, so does not introduce any new
   security exposures.  However, security configurations such as ACLs
   are affected by the renumbering of static addresses.


5.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests no action by IANA.


6.  Acknowledgements

   Valuable comments and contributions were made by Ran Atkinson, Ralph
   Droms, Adrian Farrel, Wes George, Brian Haberman, Bing Liu, Pete
   Resnick, and other participants in the 6renum WG.

   This document was produced using the xml2rfc tool [RFC2629].


7.  Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove]

   draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-03: IETF LC and IESG comments, 2012-
   12-24.

   draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-02: WGLC comments, clarified
   discussion of SLP and mDNS, expanded discussion of configuration
   tool, 2012-09-30.

   draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-01: WG comments, 2012-08-31.

   draft-ietf-6renum-static-problem-00: adopted by WG and as milestone,
   2012-07-30.



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   draft-carpenter-6renum-static-problem-02: more feedback from WG,
   2012-02-28.

   draft-carpenter-6renum-static-problem-01: feedback from WG, new text
   on software licensing, 2011-12-06.

   draft-carpenter-6renum-static-problem-00: original version,
   2011-10-18.


8.  Informative References

   [I-D.baker-homenet-prefix-assignment]
              Baker, F. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Assignment in Small
              Networks", draft-baker-homenet-prefix-assignment-01 (work
              in progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd]
              Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
              Discovery", draft-cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd-11 (work in
              progress), December 2011.

   [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns]
              Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS",
              draft-cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns-15 (work in progress),
              December 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-6renum-enterprise]
              Jiang, S., Liu, B., and B. Carpenter, "IPv6 Enterprise
              Network Renumbering Scenarios, Considerations and
              Methods", draft-ietf-6renum-enterprise-05 (work in
              progress), December 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-6renum-gap-analysis]
              Liu, B., Jiang, S., Carpenter, B., Venaas, S., and W.
              George, "IPv6 Site Renumbering Gap Analysis",
              draft-ietf-6renum-gap-analysis-05 (work in progress),
              December 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-nvo3-overlay-problem-statement]
              Narten, T., Gray, E., Dutt, D., Fang, L., Kreeger, L.,
              Napierala, M., and M. Sridharan, "Problem Statement:
              Overlays for Network Virtualization",
              draft-ietf-nvo3-overlay-problem-statement-01 (work in
              progress), October 2012.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
              E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",



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              BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.

   [RFC2608]  Guttman, E., Perkins, C., Veizades, J., and M. Day,
              "Service Location Protocol, Version 2", RFC 2608,
              June 1999.

   [RFC2629]  Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629,
              June 1999.

   [RFC3007]  Wellington, B., "Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic
              Update", RFC 3007, November 2000.

   [RFC3315]  Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
              and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
              IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.

   [RFC4192]  Baker, F., Lear, E., and R. Droms, "Procedures for
              Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day", RFC 4192,
              September 2005.

   [RFC4193]  Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
              Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.

   [RFC5887]  Carpenter, B., Atkinson, R., and H. Flinck, "Renumbering
              Still Needs Work", RFC 5887, May 2010.

   [RFC6250]  Thaler, D., "Evolution of the IP Model", RFC 6250,
              May 2011.


Authors' Addresses

   Brian Carpenter
   Department of Computer Science
   University of Auckland
   PB 92019
   Auckland,   1142
   New Zealand

   Email: brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com








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   Sheng Jiang
   Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
   Q14, Huawei Campus
   No.156 Beiqing Road
   Hai-Dian District, Beijing  100095
   P.R. China

   Email: jiangsheng@huawei.com











































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