Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-6renum-enterprise

draft-ietf-6renum-enterprise



Network Working Group                                         S. Jiang
Internet Draft                                                  B. Liu
Intended status: Informational            Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Expires: July 18, 2013                                    B. Carpenter
                                                University of Auckland
                                                      January 15, 2013

             IPv6 Enterprise Network Renumbering Scenarios,
                       Considerations and Methods
                  draft-ietf-6renum-enterprise-06.txt


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   This Internet-Draft will expire on July 18, 2013.

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Abstract

   This document analyzes events that cause renumbering and describes
   the current renumbering methods. These are described in three
   categories: those applicable during network design, those applicable
   during preparation for renumbering, and those applicable during the
   renumbering operation.

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ................................................. 3
   2. Enterprise Network Illustration for Renumbering .............. 3
   3. Enterprise Network Renumbering Scenario Categories ........... 5
      3.1. Renumbering Caused by External Network Factors .......... 5
      3.2. Renumbering caused by Internal Network Factors .......... 6
   4. Network Renumbering Considerations and Current Methods ....... 6
      4.1. Considerations and Current Methods during Network Design. 6
      4.2. Considerations and Current Methods for the Preparation of
      Renumbering ................................................. 10
      4.3. Considerations and Current Methods during Renumbering
      Operation ................................................... 12
   5. Security Considerations ..................................... 14
   6. IANA Considerations ......................................... 14
   7. Acknowledgements ............................................ 14
   8. References .................................................. 15
      8.1. Normative References  .................................. 15
      8.2. Informative References ................................. 16
   Author's Addresses ............................................. 18


















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1. Introduction

   Site renumbering is difficult. Network managers frequently attempt
   to avoid future renumbering by numbering their network resources
   from Provider Independent (PI) address space. However, widespread
   use of PI would aggravate BGP4 scaling problems [RFC4116] and,
   depending on Regional Internet Registry (RIR) policies, PI space is
   not always available for enterprises of all sizes. Therefore, it is
   desirable to develop mechanisms that simplify IPv6 renumbering for
   enterprises.

   This document is an analysis of IPv6 site renumbering for enterprise
   networks. It undertakes scenario descriptions, including
   documentation of current capabilities and existing practices. The
   reader is assumed to be familiar with [RFC4192] and [RFC5887].
   Proposals for new technology and methods are out of scope.

   Since IPv4 and IPv6 are logically separate from the perspective of
   renumbering, regardless of overlapping of the IPv4/IPv6 networks or
   devices, this document focuses on IPv6 only, leaving IPv4 out of
   scope. Dual-stack network or IPv4/IPv6 transition scenarios are out
   of scope, too.

   This document focuses on enterprise network renumbering; however,
   most of the analysis is also applicable to ISP network renumbering.
   Renumbering in home networks is out of scope, but it can also
   benefit from the analysis in this document.

   The concept of an enterprise network and a typical network
   illustration are introduced first. Then, current renumbering methods
   are introduced according to the following categories: those
   applicable during network design, those applicable during
   preparation for renumbering, and those applicable during the
   renumbering operation.

2. Enterprise Network Illustration for Renumbering

   An Enterprise Network as defined in [RFC4057] is a network that has
   multiple internal links, one or more router connections to one or
   more Providers, and is actively managed by a network operations
   entity.

   Figure 1 provides a sample enterprise network architecture for a
   simple case. Those entities mainly affected by renumbering are
   illustrated:



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   * Gateway: Border router, firewall, web cache, etc.

   * Application server (for internal or external users)

   * DNS and DHCP servers

   * Routers

   * Hosts (desktops etc.)

                      Uplink 1            Uplink 2
                         |                   |
                     +---+---+           +---+---+
               +---- |Gateway| --------- |Gateway| -----+
               |     +-------+           +-------+      |
               |          Enterprise Network            |
               |   +------+     +------+    +------+    |
               |   | APP  |     |DHCPv6|    |  DNS |    |
               |   |Server|     |Server|    |Server|    |
               |   +---+--+     +---+--+    +--+---+    |
               |       |            |          |        |
               |    ---+--+---------+------+---+-       |
               |          |                |            |
               |       +--+---+        +---+--+         |
               |       |Router|        |Router|         |
               |       +--+---+        +---+--+         |
               |          |                |            |
               |     -+---+----+-------+---+--+-        |
               |      |        |       |      |         |
               |    +-+--+  +--+-+  +--+-+  +-+--+      |
               |    |Host|  |Host|  |Host|  |Host|      |
               |    +----+  +----+  +----+  +----+      |
               +----------------------------------------+
                Figure 1  Enterprise network illustration

   Address reconfiguration is fulfilled either by the Dynamic Host
   configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) or Neighbor Discovery for
   IPv6 (ND) protocols. During a renumbering event, the Domain Name
   Service (DNS) records need to be synchronized while routing tables,
   Access Control Lists (ACLs) and IP filtering tables in various
   devices also need to be updated. It is taken for granted that
   applications will work entirely on the basis of DNS names, but any
   direct dependencies on IP addresses in application layer entities
   must also be updated.

   The issue of static addresses is described in a dedicated draft
   [I-D.ietf-6renum-static-problem].


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   The emerging cloud-based enterprise network architecture might be
   different with Figure 1. But it is out of the scope of this document
   since the it is far from mature and has not been widely deployed yet.

   It is assumed that IPv6 enterprise networks are IPv6-only, or dual-
   stack in which a logical IPv6 plane is independent from IPv4. As
   mentioned above, IPv4/IPv6 co-existence scenarios are out of scope.

   This document focuses on routable unicast addresses; link-local,
   multicast and anycast addresses are also out of scope.

3. Enterprise Network Renumbering Scenario Categories

   In this section, we divide enterprise network renumbering scenarios
   into two categories defined by external and internal network factors,
   which require renumbering for different reasons.

3.1. Renumbering Caused by External Network Factors

   The following ISP uplink-related events can cause renumbering:

   o The enterprise network switches to a new ISP. When this occurs,
      the enterprise stop numbering its resources from the prefix
      allocated by the old ISP and renumbers its resources from the
      prefix allocated by the new ISP.

      When the enterprise switches ISPs, a "flag day" renumbering event
      [RFC4192] may be averted if, during a transitional period, the
      enterprise network may number its resources from either prefix.
      One way to facilitate such a transitional period is for the
      enterprise to contract for service from both ISPs during the
      transition.

   o The renumbering event can be initiated by receiving new prefixes
      from the same uplink. This might happen if the enterprise network
      is switched to a different location within the network topology
      of the same ISP due to various considerations, such as commercial,
      performance or services reasons, etc. Alternatively, the ISP
      itself might be renumbered due to topology changes or migration
      to a different or additional prefix. These ISP renumbering events
      would initiate enterprise network renumbering events, of course.

   o The enterprise network adds new uplink(s) for multihoming
      purposes. This might not be a typical renumbering case because
      the original addresses will not be changed. However, initial
      numbering may be considered as a special renumbering event. The
      enterprise network removes uplink(s) or old prefixes.


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3.2. Renumbering caused by Internal Network Factors

   o As companies split, merge, grow, relocate or reorganize, the
      enterprise network architectures might need to be re-built. This
      will trigger partial or total internal renumbering.

   o The enterprise network might proactively adopt a new address
      scheme, for example by switching to a new transition mechanism or
      stage of a transition plan.

   o The enterprise network might reorganize its topology or subnets.

4. Network Renumbering Considerations and Current Methods

   In order to carry out renumbering in an enterprise network,
   systematic planning and administrative preparation are needed.
   Careful planning and preparation could make the renumbering process
   smoother.

   This section describes current solutions or strategies for
   enterprise renumbering, chosen among existing mechanisms. There are
   known gaps analyzed by [I-D.ietf-6renum-gap-analysis] and
   [I-D.ietf-6renum-static-problem]. If these gaps are filled in the
   future, enterprise renumbering can be processed more automatically,
   with fewer issues.

4.1. Considerations and Current Methods during Network Design

   This section describes the consideration or issues relevant to
   renumbering that a network architect should carefully plan when
   building or designing a new network.

      - Prefix Delegation

      In a large or a multi-site enterprise network, the prefix should
      be carefully managed, particularly during renumbering events.
      Prefix information needs to be delegated from router to router.
      The DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation options [RFC3633] and [RFC6603]
      provide a mechanism for automated delegation of IPv6 prefixes.
      Normally, DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation (PD) options are used between
      the internal enterprise routers, for example, a router receives
      prefix(es) from its upstream router (a border gateway or edge
      router etc.) through DHCPv6 PD options and then advertises it
      (them) to the local hosts through Router Advertisement (RA)
      messages.

      - Usage of FQDN


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      In general, Fully-Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) are recommended
      to be used to configure network connectivity, such as tunnels,
      servers etc. The capability to use FQDNs as endpoint names has
      been standardized in several RFCs, for example for IPsec
      [RFC5996], although many system/network administrators do not
      realize that it is there and works well as a way to avoid manual
      modification during renumbering.

      Note that using FQDN would rely on DNS systems. For a link local
      network that does not have a DNS system, multicast DNS
      [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns] could be utilized. For some
      specific circumstances, using FQDN might not be chosen if adding
      DNS service in the node/network would cause undesired complexity
      or issues.

      Service discovery protocols such as Service Location Protocol
      [RFC2608], multicast DNS with SRV records and DNS Service
      Discovery [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd] use names and can reduce
      the number of places that IP addresses need to be configured. But
      it should be noted that these protocols are normally used link-
      local only.

      Network designers generally have little control over the design of
      application software. However, it is important to avoid any
      software that has built-in dependency on IP addresses instead of
      FQDNs [I-D.ietf-6renum-static-problem].

      - Usage of Parameterized Address Configuration

      Besides DNS records, IP addresses might also be configured in many
      other places such as ACLs, various IP filters, various kinds of
      text-based configuration files, etc.

      In some cases, one IP address can be defined as a value once, and
      then the administrators can use either keywords or variables to
      call the value in other places such as a sort of internal
      inheritance in CLI (command line interface) or other local
      configurations. Among the real current devices, some routers
      support defining multiple loopback interfaces which can be called
      in other configurations. For example, when defining a tunnel, it
      can call the defined loopback interface to use its address as the
      local address of the tunnel.

      This kind of parameterized address configuration is recommended,
      since it makes managing a renumbering event easier by reducing the
      number of places where a device's configuration must be updated.



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      - Usage of ULA

      Unique Local Addresses (ULAs) are defined in [RFC4193] as
      provider-independent prefixes. Since there is a 40 bits pseudo
      random field in the ULA prefix, there is no practical risk of
      collision (please refer to section 3.2.3 in [RFC4193] for more
      detail). For enterprise networks, using ULA simultaneously with
      Provider Aggregated (PA) addresses can provide a logically local
      routing plane separated from the global routing plane. The benefit
      is to ensure stable and specific local communication regardless of
      any ISP uplink failure. This benefit is especially meaningful for
      renumbering. It mainly includes three use cases described below.

         During the transition period, it is desirable to isolate local
         communication changes in the global routing plane. If we use
         ULA for the local communication, this isolation is achieved.

         Enterprise administrators might want to avoid the need to
         renumber their internal-only, private nodes when they have to
         renumber the PA addresses of the whole network because of
         changing ISPs, ISPs restructuring their address allocation, or
         any other reasons. In these situations, ULA is an effective
         tool for the internal-only nodes.

         ULA can be a way of avoiding renumbering from having an impact
         on multicast. In most deployments multicast is only used
         internally (intra-domain), and the addresses used for
         multicast sources and Rendezvous-Points need not be reachable
         nor routable externally. Hence one may at least internally
         make use of ULA for multicast specific infrastructure.

      - Address Types

      This document focuses on the dynamically-configured global unicast
      addresses in enterprise networks. They are the targets of
      renumbering events.

      Manually-configured addresses are not scalable in medium to large
      sites, hence should be avoided for both network elements and
      application servers [I-D.ietf-6renum-static-problem].

      - Address configuration models

      In IPv6 networks, there are two auto-configuration models for
      address assignment after each host obtains a link-local address:
      Stateless Address Auto-Configuration (SLAAC, [RFC4862]) by
      Neighbor Discovery (ND, [RFC4861]) and stateful address


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      configuration by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
      (DHCPv6, [RFC3315]). In the latest work, DHCPv6 may also support
      the host-generated address model by assigning a prefix through
      DHCPv6 messages [I-D.ietf-dhc-host-gen-id].

      SLAAC is considered to support easy renumbering by broadcasting a
      Router Advertisement message with a new prefix. DHCPv6 can also
      trigger the renumbering process by sending unicast RECONFIGURE
      messages, though it might cause a large number of interactions
      between hosts and the DHCPv6 server.

      This document has no preference between the SLAAC and DHCPv6
      address configuration models. It is the network architects' job to
      decide which configuration model is employed. But it should be
      noticed that using DHCPv6 and SLAAC together within one network,
      especially in one subnet, might cause operational issues. For
      example, some hosts use DHCPv6 as the default configuration model
      while some use ND. Then the hosts' address configuration model
      depends on the policies of operating systems and cannot be
      controlled by the network. Section 5.1 of
      [I-D.ietf-6renum-gap-analysis] discusses more details on this
      topic. So, in general, this document recommends using DHCPv6 or
      SLAAC independently in different subnets.

      However, since DHCPv6 is also used to configure many other network
      parameters, there are ND and DHCPv6 co-existence scenarios.
      Combinations of address configuration models might coexist within
      a single enterprise network. [I-D.ietf-savi-mix] provides
      recommendations to avoid collisions and to review collision
      handling in such scenarios.

      - DNS

      Although the A6 DNS record model [RFC2874] was designed for easier
      renumbering, it left many unsolved technical issues [RFC3364].
      Therefore, it has been moved to historic status [RFC6563] and
      should not be used.

      Often, a small site depends on its ISP's DNS system rather than
      maintaining its own. When renumbering, this requires
      administrative coordination between the site and its ISP.

      It is recommended that the site have an automatic and systematic
      procedure for updating/synchronizing its DNS records, including
      both forward and reverse mapping. In order to simplify the
      operational procedure, the network architect should combine the
      forward and reverse DNS updates in a single procedure. A manual


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      on-demand updating model does not scale, and increases the chance
      of errors. Either a database-driven mechanism, or Secure Dynamic
      DNS Update [RFC3007], or both, could be used.

      Dynamic DNS update can be provided by the DHCPv6 client or by the
      server on behalf of individual hosts. [RFC4704] defined a DHCPv6
      option to be used by DHCPv6 clients and servers to exchange
      information about the client's FQDN and about who has the
      responsibility for updating the DNS with the associated AAAA and
      PTR (Pointer Record) RRs (Resource Records). For example, if a
      client wants the server to update the FQDN-address mapping in the
      DNS server, it can include the Client FQDN option with proper
      settings in the SOLICIT with Rapid Commit, REQUEST, RENEW, and
      REBIND message originated by the client. When DHCPv6 server gets
      this option, it can use Secure Dynamic DNS update on behalf of the
      client. This document suggests use of this FQDN option. However,
      since it is a DHCPv6 option, only the DHCP-managed hosts can make
      use of it. In SLAAC mode, hosts need either to use Secure Dynamic
      DNS Update directly, or to register addresses on a registration
      server. This could in fact be a DHCPv6 server (as described in
      [I-D.ietf-dhc-addr-registration]); then the server would update
      corresponding DNS records.

      - Security

      Any automatic renumbering scheme has a potential exposure to
      hijacking. A malicious entity in the network could forge prefixes
      to renumber the hosts, so proper network security mechanisms are
      needed. Further details are in the Security Considerations below.

      - Miscellaneous

      A site or network should also avoid embedding addresses from other
      sites or networks in its own configuration data. Instead, the
      Fully-Qualified Domain Names should be used. Thus, connections can
      be restored after renumbering events at other sites. This also
      applies to host-based connectivity.

4.2. Considerations and Current Methods for the Preparation of
   Renumbering

   In ND, it is not possible to reduce a prefix's lifetime to below two
   hours. So, renumbering should not be an unplanned sudden event. This
   issue could only be avoided by early planning and preparation.

   This section describes several recommendations for the preparation
   of enterprise renumbering event. By adopting these recommendations,


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   a site could be renumbered more easily. However, these
   recommendations might increase the daily traffic, server load, or
   burden of network operation. Therefore, only those networks that are
   expected to be renumbered soon or very frequently should adopt these
   recommendations, with balanced consideration between daily cost and
   renumbering cost.

      - Reduce the address preferred time or valid time or both.

      Long-lifetime addresses might cause issues for renumbering events.
      Particularly, some offline hosts might reconnect using these
      addresses after renumbering events. Shorter preferred lifetimes
      with relatively long valid lifetimes may allow short transition
      periods for renumbering events and avoid frequent address
      renewals.

      - Reduce the DNS record TTL on the local DNS server.

      The DNS AAAA resource record TTL on the local DNS server should be
      manipulated to ensure that stale addresses are not cached.

      Recent research [BA2011] [JSBM2002] indicates that it is both
      practical and reasonable for A, AAAA, and PTR records that belong
      to leaf nodes of the DNS (i.e. not including the DNS root or DNS
      top-level domains) to be configured with very short DNS TTL
      values, not only during renumbering events, but also for longer-
      term operation.

      - Reduce the DNS configuration lifetime on the hosts.

      Since the DNS server could be renumbered as well, the DNS
      configuration lifetime on the hosts should also be reduced if
      renumbering events are expected. In ND, the DNS configuration can
      be done through reducing the lifetime value in RDNSS option
      [RFC6106]. In DHCPv6, the DNS configuration option specified in
      [RFC3646] doesn't provide a lifetime attribute, but we can reduce
      the DHCPv6 client lease time to achieve similar effect.

      - Identify long-living sessions

      Any applications which maintain very long transport connections
      (hours or days) should be identified in advance, if possible. Such
      applications will need special handling during renumbering, so it
      is important to know that they exist.





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4.3. Considerations and Current Methods during Renumbering Operation

   Renumbering events are not instantaneous events. Normally, there is
   a transition period, in which both the old prefix and the new prefix
   are used in the site. Better network design and management, better
   pre-preparation and longer transition period are helpful to reduce
   the issues during renumbering operation.

      - Within/without a flag day

      As is described in [RFC4192], "a 'flag day' is a procedure in
      which the network, or a part of it, is changed during a planned
      outage, or suddenly, causing an outage while the network
      recovers."

      If renumbering event is processed within a flag day, the network
      service/connectivity will be unavailable for a period until the
      renumbering event is completed. It is efficient and provides
      convenience for network operation and management. But network
      outage is usually unacceptable for end users and enterprises. A
      renumbering procedure without a flag day provides smooth address
      switching, but much more operational complexity and difficulty is
      introduced.

      - Transition period

      If renumbering transition period is longer than all address
      lifetimes, after which the address leases expire, each host will
      automatically pick up its new IP address. In this case, it would
      be the DHCPv6 server or Router Advertisement itself that
      automatically accomplishes client renumbering.

      Address deprecation should be associated with the deprecation of
      associated DNS records. The DNS records should be deprecated as
      early as possible, before the addresses themselves.

      - Network initiative enforced renumbering

      If the network has to enforce renumbering before address leases
      expire, the network should initiate DHCPv6 RECONFIGURE messages.
      For some operating systems such as Windows 7, if the hosts receive
      RA messages with ManagedFlag=0, they'll release the DHCPv6
      addresses and do SLAAC according to the prefix information in the
      RA messages, so this could be another enforcement method for some
      specific scenarios.

      - Impact to branch/main sites


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      Renumbering in main/branch site might cause impact on branch/main
      site communication. The routes, ingress filtering of site's
      gateways, and DNS might need to be updated. This needs careful
      planning and organizing.

      - DNS record update and DNS configuration on hosts

      DNS records on the local DNS server should be updated if hosts are
      renumbered. If the site depends on ISP's DNS system, it should
      report the new host's DNS records to its ISP. During the
      transition period, both old and new DNS records are valid. If the
      TTLs of DNS records are shorter than the transition period, an
      administrative operation might not be necessary.

      DNS configuration on hosts should be updated if local recursive
      DNS servers are renumbered. During the transition period, both old
      and new DNS server addresses might co-exist on the hosts. If the
      lifetime of DNS configuration is shorter than the transition
      period, name resolving failure may be reduced to minimum.

      - Tunnel concentrator renumbering

      A tunnel concentrator itself might be renumbered. This change
      should be reconfigured in relevant hosts or routers, unless the
      configuration of tunnel concentrator was based on FQDN.

      For IPSec, IKEv2 [RFC5996] defines the ID_FQDN Identification
      Type, which could be used to identify an IPsec VPN concentrator
      associated with a site's domain name. For current practice, the
      community needs to change its bad habit of using IPsec in an
      address-oriented way, and renumbering is one of the main reasons
      for that.

      - Connectivity session survivability

      During the renumbering operations, connectivity sessions in IP
      layer would break if the old address is deprecated before the
      session ends. However, the upper layer sessions can survive by
      using session survivability technologies, such as SHIM6 [RFC5533].
      As mentioned above, some long-living applications may need to be
      handled specially.

      - Verification of success




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      The renumbering operation should end with a thorough check that
      all network elements and hosts are using only the new prefixes and
      that network management and monitoring systems themselves are
      still operating correctly. A database clean-up may also be needed.

5. Security Considerations

   Any automatic renumbering scheme has a potential exposure to
   hijacking by an insider attack. For attacks on ND, Secure Neighbor
   Discovery (SEND) [RFC3971] is a possible solution, but it is complex
   and there is almost no real deployment at the time of writing.
   Compared to the non-trivial deployment of SEND, RA Guard [RFC6105]
   is a lightweight alternative, which focuses on preventing rogue
   router advertisements in a network. However, it was also not widely
   deployed at the time when this memo was published.

   For DHCPv6, there are built-in secure mechanisms (like Secure DHCPv6
   [I-D.ietf-dhc-secure-dhcpv6]), and authentication of DHCPv6 messages
   [RFC3315] could be utilized. But these security mechanisms also have
   not been verified by widespread deployment at the time of writing.

   A site that is listed by IP address in a black list can escape that
   list by renumbering itself. However, the new prefix might be back on
   a black list rather soon, if the root cause for being added to such
   a list is not corrected. In practice, the cost of renumbering will
   be typically much larger than the cost of getting off the black list.

   Dynamic DNS update might bring risk of DoS attack to the DNS server.
   So along with the update authentication, session
   filtering/limitation might also be needed.

   The "make-before-break" approach of [RFC4192] requires the routers
   keep advertising the old prefixes for some time. But if the ISP
   changes the prefixes very frequently, the co-existence of old and
   new prefixes might cause potential risk to the enterprise routing
   system, since the old address relevant route path might already
   invalid and the routing system just doesn't know it. However,
   normally enterprise scenarios don't involve the extreme situation.

6. IANA Considerations

   This draft does not request any IANA action.

7. Acknowledgements

   This work is inspired by RFC5887, so thank for RFC 5887 authors,
   Randall Atkinson and Hannu Flinck. Useful ideas were also presented


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   in by documents from Tim Chown and Fred Baker. The authors also want
   to thank Wesley George, Olivier Bonaventure, Lee Howard, Ronald
   Bonica, other 6renum members, and several reviewers for valuable
   comments.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

   [RFC2608] Guttman, E., Perkins, C., Veizades, J., and M. Day
             "Service Location Protocol, Version 2", RFC 2608, June
             1999.

   [RFC3007] B. Wellington, "Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic
             Update", RFC 3007, November 2000.

   [RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
             and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
             IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.

   [RFC3633] Troan, O., and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
             Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
             December 2003.

   [RFC3646] R. Droms, "DNS Configuration options for Dynamic Host
             Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3646,
             December 2003.

   [RFC3971] Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander
             "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, March 2005

   [RFC4057] J. Bound, Ed. "IPv6 Enterprise Network Scenarios",
             RFC 4057, June 2005.

   [RFC4193] Hinden, R., and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
             Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.

   [RFC4704] B. Volz, "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
             (DHCPv6) Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Option",
             RFC 4706, October 2006.

   [RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
             "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
             September 2007.

   [RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
             Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.


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   [RFC5996] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen,
             "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)", RFC
             5996, September 2010.

   [RFC6106] Jeong, J., Ed., Park, S., Beloeil, L., and S. Madanapalli
             "IPv6 Router Advertisement Option for DNS Configuration",
             RFC 6106, November 2011.

8.2. Informative References

   [RFC2874] Crawford, M., and C. Huitema, "DNS Extensions to Support
             IPv6 Address Aggregation and Renumbering", RFC 2874, July
             2000.

   [RFC3364] R. Austein, "Tradeoffs in Domain Name System (DNS) Support
             for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 3364, August
             2002.

   [RFC4116] J. Abley, K. Lindqvist, E. Davies, B. Black, and V. Gill,
             "IPv4 Multihoming Practices and Limitations", RFC 4116,
             July 2005.

   [RFC4192] Baker, F., Lear, E., and R. Droms, "Procedures for
             Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day", RFC 4192,
             September 2005.

   [RFC5533] Nordmark, E., and Bagnulo, M., "Shim6: Level 3 Multihoming
             Shim Protocol for IPv6", RFC 5533, June 2009.

   [RFC5887] Carpenter, B., Atkinson, R., and H. Flinck, "Renumbering
             Still Needs Work", RFC 5887, May 2010.

   [RFC6105] Levy-Abegnoli, E., Van de Velde, G., Popoviciu, C., and J.
             Mohacsi, "IPv6 Router Advertisement Guard", RFC 6105,
             February 2011.

   [RFC6563] Jiang, S., Conrad, D. and Carpenter, B., "Moving A6 to
             Historic Status", RFC 6563, May 2012.

   [RFC6603] J. Korhonen, T. Savolainen, S. Krishnan, O. Troan, "Prefix
             Exclude Option for DHCPv6-based Prefix Delegation", RFC
             6603, May 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-dhc-secure-dhcpv6]
             Jiang, S., and S. Shen, "Secure DHCPv6 Using CGAs",
             working in progress, March 2012.



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   [I-D.ietf-dhc-host-gen-id]
             S. Jiang, F. Xia, and B. Sarikaya, "Prefix Assignment in
             DHCPv6", draft-ietf-dhc-host-gen-id (work in progress),
             August, 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-savi-mix]
             Bi, J., Yao, G., Halpern, J., and Levy-Abegnoli, E., "SAVI
             for Mixed Address Assignment Methods Scenario", working in
             progress, April 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-dhc-addr-registration]
             Jiang, S., Chen, G., "A Generic IPv6 Addresses
             Registration Solution Using DHCPv6", working in progress,
             May 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-6renum-gap-analysis]
             Liu, B., and Jiang, S., "IPv6 Site Renumbering Gap
             Analysis", working in progress, August 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-6renum-static-problem]
             Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang., "Problem Statement for
             Renumbering IPv6 Hosts with Static Addresses", working in
             progress, August 2012.

   [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd]
             Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service
             Discovery", draft-cheshire-dnsext-dns-sd-11 (work in
             progress), December 2011.

   [I-D.cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns]
             Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", draft-
             cheshire-dnsext-multicastdns-15 (work in progress),
             December 2011.

   [BA2011]  Bhatti, S. and R. Atkinson, "Reducing DNS Caching", Proc.
             14th IEEE Global Internet Symposium (GI2011), Shanghai,
             China. 15 April 2011.

   [JSBM2002] J. Jung, E. Sit, H. Balakrishnan, & R. Morris, "DNS
             Performance and the Effectiveness of Caching", IEEE/ACM
             Transactions on Networking, 10(5):589-603, 2002.








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Author's Addresses

   Sheng Jiang
   Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
   Q14, Huawei Campus
   No.156 Beiqing Rd.
   Hai-Dian District, Beijing  100095
   P.R. China

   EMail: jiangsheng@huawei.com

   Bing Liu
   Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
   Q14, Huawei Campus
   No.156 Beiqing Rd.
   Hai-Dian District, Beijing  100095
   P.R. China

   EMail: leo.liubing@huawei.com

   Brian Carpenter
   Department of Computer Science
   University of Auckland
   PB 92019
   Auckland, 1142
   New Zealand

   EMail: brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com




















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