Internet DRAFT - draft-hellstrom-mmusic-multi-party-rtt

draft-hellstrom-mmusic-multi-party-rtt







Internet Engineering Task Force                             G. Hellstrom
Internet-Draft                                                   Omnitor
Intended status: Best Current Practice                     March 3, 2020
Expires: September 4, 2020


        Real-time text media handling in multi-party conferences
               draft-hellstrom-mmusic-multi-party-rtt-02

Abstract

   This memo specifies methods for Real-Time Text (RTT) media handling
   in multi-party calls.  The main RTT transport is to carry Real-Time
   text by the RTP protocol in a time-sampled mode according to RFC 4103
   RFC 4103 [RFC4103] .  The mechanisms enable the receiving application
   to present the received real-time text medium separated per source,
   in different ways according to user preferences.  Some presentation
   related features are also described explaining suitable variations of
   transmission and presentation of text.

   Call control features are described for the SIP environment.  A
   number of alternative methods for providing the multi-party
   negotiation, transmission and presentation are discussed and a
   recommendation for the main one is provided.  The main solution for
   centralized multi-party handling of real-time text is achieved
   through a media control unit coordinating multiple RTP text streams
   into one RTP stream.

   Alternative methods using a single RTP stream and source
   identification inline in the text stream are also described, one of
   them being provided as a lower functionality fallback method for
   endpoints with no multi-party awareness for RTT.

   Bridging methods where the text stream is carried untouched by the
   bridge are also discussed.

   Brief information is also provided for multi-party RTT in the WebRTC
   environment.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.



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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Centralized conference model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Requirements on multi-party RTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Coordination of text RTP streams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.1.  RTP-based solutions with a central mixer  . . . . . . . .   6
       4.1.1.  RTP Mixer indicating sources in CSRC-list . . . . . .   6
       4.1.2.  RTP Mixer indicating participants by a control code
               in the stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       4.1.3.  Mixing for conference-unaware user agents . . . . . .   9
     4.2.  RTP-based bridging with RTT media contents untouched by
           the bridge  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.2.1.  RTP Translator sending one RTT stream per participant  10
       4.2.2.  Distributing packets in an end-to-end encryption
               structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.2.3.  Mesh of RTP endpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       4.2.4.  Multiple RTP sessions, one for each participant . . .  12
     4.3.  RTT bridging in WebRTC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       4.3.1.  RTT bridging in WebRTC with one data channel per
               source  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       4.3.2.  RTT bridging in WebRTC with one common data channel .  14
   5.  Preferred multi-party RTT transport method  . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  Session control of multi-party RTT sessions . . . . . . . . .  15
     6.1.  Implicit RTT multi-party capability indication  . . . . .  16



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     6.2.  RTT multi-party capability declared by SIP media-tags . .  17
     6.3.  SDP media attribute for RTT multi-party capability
           indication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     6.4.  Simplified SDP media attribute for RTT multi-party
           capability indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     6.5.  SDP format parameter for RTT multi-party capability
           indication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     6.6.  Preferred capability declaration method.  . . . . . . . .  21
   7.  Identification of the source of text  . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   8.  Presentation of multi-party text  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     8.1.  Associating identities with text streams  . . . . . . . .  22
     8.2.  Presentation details for multi-party aware UAs. . . . . .  22
       8.2.1.  Bubble style presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       8.2.2.  Other presentation styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   9.  Presentation details for multi-party unaware UAs. . . . . . .  25
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   12. Congestion considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   13. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   14. Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     14.1.  Changes from version -01 to -02  . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   15. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     15.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     15.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   Appendix A.  Mixing for a conference-unaware UA . . . . . . . . .  29
     A.1.  Short description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     A.2.  Functionality goals and drawbacks . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     A.3.  Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     A.4.  Presentation level procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       A.4.1.  Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       A.4.2.  Action on reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
     A.5.  Display examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     A.6.  References for this Appendix  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     A.7.  Acknowledgement for the appendix  . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38

1.  Introduction

   Real-time text (RTT) is a medium in real-time conversational
   sessions.  Text entered by participants in a session is transmitted
   in a time-sampled fashion, so that no specific user action is needed
   to cause transmission.  This gives a direct flow of text in the rate
   it is created, that is suitable in a real-time conversational
   setting.  The real-time text medium can be combined with other media
   in multimedia sessions.






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   Media from a number of multimedia session participants can be
   combined in a multi-party session.  This memo specifies how the real-
   time text streams can be handled in multi-party sessions.

   The description is mainly focused on the transport level, but also
   describes a few session and presentation level aspects.

   Transport of real-time text is specified in RFC 4103 [RFC4103] RTP
   Payload for text conversation.  It makes use of RFC 3550 [RFC3550]
   Real Time Protocol, for transport.  Robustness against network
   transmission problems is normally achieved through redundant
   transmission based on the principle from RFC 2198 [RFC2198], with one
   primary and two redundant transmission of each text element.  Primary
   and redundant transmissions are combined in packets and described by
   a redundancy header.  This transport is usually used in the SIP
   Session Initiation Protocol RFC 3261 [RFC3261] environment.

   A very brief overview of functions for real-time text handling in
   multi-party sessions is described in RFC 4597 [RFC4597] Conferencing
   Scenarios, sections 4.8 and 4.10.  This specification builds on that
   description and indicates which protocol mechanisms should be used to
   implement multi-party handling of real-time text.

   Real-time text can also be transported in the WebRTC environment, by
   using WebRTC data channels according to
   [I-D.ietf-mmusic-t140-usage-data-channel].  Multi-party aspects for
   WebRTC solutions are briefly covered.

1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2.  Centralized conference model

   In the centralized conference model for SIP, introduced in RFC 4353
   [RFC4353] A Framework for Conferencing with the Session Initiation
   Protocol (SIP), one function co-ordinates the communication with
   participants in the multi-party session.  This function also controls
   media mixer functions for the media appearing in the session.  The
   central function is common for control of all media, while the media
   mixers may work differently for each media.

   The central function is called the Focus UA.  Many variants exist for
   setting up sessions including the multipoint control centre.  It is
   not within scope of this description to describe these, but rather




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   the media specific handling in the mixer required to handle multi-
   party calls with RTT.

   The main principle for handling real-time text media in a centralized
   conference is that one RTP session for real-time text is established
   including the multipoint media control centre and the participating
   endpoints which are going to have real-time text exchange with the
   others.

   The different possible mechanisms for mixing and transporting RTT
   differs in the way they multiplex the text streams and how they
   identify the sources of the streams.  RFC 7667 [RFC7667] describes a
   number of possible use cases for RTP.  This specification refers to
   different sections of RFC 7667 for further reading of the situations
   caused by the different possible design choices.

   The recommended method for using RTT in a centralized conference
   model is specified in [I-D.hellstrom-avtcore-multi-party-rtt-source]

   Real-time text can also be transported in the WebRTC environment, by
   using WebRTC datachannels according to
   [I-D.ietf-mmusic-t140-usage-data-channel].  Ways to handle multi-
   party calls in that environmnent are also specified.

3.  Requirements on multi-party RTT

   The following requirements are placed on multi-party RTT:

      A solution shall be applicable to IMS (3GPP TS 22.173)[TS22173],
      SIP based VoIP and Next Generation Emergency Services (NENA i3
      [NENAi3], ETSI TS 103 479 [TS103479], RFC 6443[RFC6443]).

      The transmission interval for text must not be longer than 500
      milliseconds when there is anything available to send.  Ref ITU-T
      T.140 [T140].

      If text loss is detected or suspected, a missing text marker shall
      be inserted in the text stream.  Ref ITU-T T.140 Amendment 1
      [T140ad1].  ETSI EN 301 549 [EN301549]

      The display of text from the members of the conversation shall be
      arranged so that the text from each participant is clearly
      readable, and its source and the relative timing of entered text
      is visualized in the display.  Mechanisms for looking back in the
      contents from the current session should be provided.  The text
      should be displayed as soon as it is received.  Ref ITU-T T.140
      [T140]




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      Bridges must be multimedia capable (voice, video, text).  Ref NENA
      i3 STA-010.2.  [NENAi3]

      R7: It MUST be possible to use real-time text in conferences both
      as a medium of discussion between individual participants (for
      example, for sidebar discussions in real-time text while listening
      to the main conference audio) and for central support of the
      conference with real-time text interpretation of speech.  Ref RFC
      5194.[RFC5194]

      It should be possible to protect RTT contents with usual means for
      privacy and integrity.Ref RFC 6881 section 16.  [RFC6881]

      Conferencing procedures are documented in RFC 4579 [RFC4579].  Ref
      NENA i3 STA-010.2.[NENAi3]

      Conferencing applies to any kind of media stream by which users
      may want to communicate.  Ref 3GPP TS 24.147 [TS24147]

      The framework for SIP conferences is specified in RFC 4353
      [RFC4353].  Ref 3GPP TS 24.147 [TS24147]

4.  Coordination of text RTP streams

   Coordinating and sending text RTP streams in the multi-party session
   can be done in a number of ways.  The most suitable methods are
   specified here with pros and cons.

   A receiving and presenting UA SHOULD separate text from the different
   sources and identify and display them accordingly.

4.1.  RTP-based solutions with a central mixer

   A set of solutions can be based on the central RTP mixer.  They are
   described here and a preferred method selected.

4.1.1.  RTP Mixer indicating sources in CSRC-list

   An RTP media mixer combines text from participants into one RTP
   stream , thus all using the same destination address/port
   combination, the same RTP SSRC and , one sequence number series as
   described in Section 7.1 and 7.3 of RTP RFC 3550 [RFC3550] about the
   Mixer function.  This method is also briefly described in RFC 7667,
   section 3.6.1 Media mixing mixer [RFC7667].

   The sources of the text in each RTP packet are identified by the CSRC
   list in the RTP packets, containing the SSRC of the initial sources
   of text.  The order of the CSRC parameters is with the SSRC of the



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   source of the primary text first, followed by the SSRC of the first
   level redundancy, and then the second level.

   A set of specific rules for the application of this method together
   with RFC 4103 [RFC4103]is specified in
   [I-D.hellstrom-avtcore-multi-party-rtt-source]

   The identification of the sources is made through the CSRC fields and
   can be made more readable through the RTCP SDES CNAME and NAME
   packets as described in RTP[RFC3550].

   Also information provided through the notification according to RFC
   4575 [RFC4575] when the participant joined the conference provides
   suitable information and a reference to the SSRC.

   A receiving UA is supposed to separate text items from the different
   sources and identify and display them accordingly.

   The ordered CSRC lists in the RFC 4103 [RFC4103] packets make it
   possible to recover from loss of one and two packets in sequence and
   assign the recovered text to the right source.  For more loss, a
   marker for possible loss should be inserted or presented.

   The conference server need to have authority to decrypt the payload
   in the RTP packets in order to be able to recover text from redundant
   data or insert the missing text marker in the stream, and repack the
   text in new packets.

   Pros:

   This method has low overhead.

   When loss of packets occur, it is possible to recover text from
   redundancy at loss of up to the number of redundancy levels carried
   in the RFC 4103 [RFC4103] stream. (normally primary and two redundant
   levels.

   This method can be implemented with most RTP implementations.

   Cons:

   When more consecutive packet loss than the number of generations of
   redundant data appears, it is not possible to deduct the sources of
   the totally lost data.

   The conference server need to be allowed to decrypt/encrypt the
   packet payload.  This is however normal for media mixers for other
   media.



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4.1.2.  RTP Mixer indicating participants by a control code in the
        stream

   Text from all participants except the receiving one is transmitted
   from the media mixer in the same RTP session and stream, thus all
   using the same destination address/port combination, the same RTP
   SSRC and , one sequence number series as described in Section 7.1 and
   7.3 of RTP RFC 3550 [RFC3550] about the Mixer function.  The sources
   of the text in each RTP packet are identified by a new defined T.140
   control code "c" followed by a unique identification of the source in
   UTF-8 string format.

   The receiver can use the string for presenting the source of text.
   This method is on the RTP level described in RFC 7667, section 3.6.1
   Media mixing mixer [RFC7667].

   The inline coding of the source of text is applied in the data stream
   itself, and an RTP mixer function is used for coordinating the
   sources of text into one RTP stream.

   Information uniquely identifying each user in the multi-party session
   is placed as the parameter value "n" in the T.140 application
   protocol function with the function code "c".  The identifier shall
   thus be formatted like this: SOS c n ST, where SOS and ST are coded
   as specified in ITU-T T.140 [T140].  The "c" is the letter "c".  The
   n parameter value is a string uniquely identifying the source.  This
   parameter shall be kept short so that it can be repeated in the
   transmission without concerns for network load.

   A receiving UA is supposed to separate text items from the different
   sources and identify and display them accordingly.

   The conference server need to be allowed to decrypt/encrypt the
   packet payload in order to check the source and repack the text.

   Pros:

   If loss of packets occur, it is possible to recover text from
   redundancy at loss of up to the number of redundancy levels carried
   in the RFC 4103 [RFC4103]stream. (normally primary and two redundant
   levels.

   This method can be implemented with most RTP implementations.

   Transmitted text can also be used with other transports than RTP

   Cons:




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   The method implies a moderate load by the need to insert the source
   often in the stream.

   If more consecutive packet loss than the number of generations of
   redundant data appears, it is not possible to deduct the source of
   the totally lost data.

   The mixer needs to be able to generate suitable and unique source
   identifications which are suitable as labels for the sources.

   Requires an extension on the ITU-T T.140 standard, best made by the
   ITU.

   The conference server need to be allowed to decrypt/encrypt the
   packet payload.

   The conference server need to be allowed to decrypt/encrypt the
   packet payload.

4.1.3.  Mixing for conference-unaware user agents

   Multi-party real-time text contents can be transmitted to conference-
   unaware user agents if source labeling and formatting of the text is
   performed by a mixer.  This method has the limitations that the
   layout of the presentation and the format of source identification is
   purely controlled by the mixer, and that only one source at a time is
   allowed to present in real-time.  Other sources need to be stored
   temporarily waiting for an appropriate moment to switch the source of
   transmitted text.  The mixer controls the switching of sources and
   inserts a source identifier in text format at the beginning of text
   after switch of source.  The logic of trhe mixer to detect when a
   switch is appropriate should detect a number of places in text where
   a switch can be allowed, including new line, end of sentence, end of
   phrase, a period of inactivity, and a word separator after a long
   time of active transmission.

   This method MAY be used when no support for multi-party awareness is
   detected in the receiving endpoint.The base for his method is
   described in RFC 7667, section 3.6.1 Media mixing mixer [RFC7667].

   See Appendix A for an informative example of a procedure for
   presenting RTT to a conference-unaware UA.

   Pros:

   Can be transmitted to conference-unaware endpoints.

   Can be used with other transports than RTP



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   Cons:

   Does not allow full real-time presentation of more than one source at
   a time.  Text from other sources will be delayed, even if automatic
   detection of suitable moments for switching source for presentation
   is made by the mixer.

   The only realistic presentation format is a style with the text from
   the different sources presented with a text label indicating source,
   and the text collected in a chat style presentation but with more
   frequent turn-taking.

   Endpoints often have their own system for adding labels to the RTT
   presentation.  In that case there will be two levels of labels in the
   presentation, one for the mixer and one for the sources.

   If loss of more packets than can be recovered by the redundancy
   appears, it is not possible to detect which source was struck by the
   loss.  It is also possible that a source switch occurred during the
   loss, and therefore a false indication of the source of text can be
   provided to the user after such loss.

   Because of all these cons, this method is not recommended and MUST
   NOT be used as the main method, but only as the last resort for
   backwards interoperability with conference-unaware endpoints.

   The conference server need to be allowed to decrypt/encrypt the
   packet payload.

4.2.  RTP-based bridging with RTT media contents untouched by the bridge

   It may be desirable to send text in a multi-party setting in a way
   that allows the text stream contents to be distributed without
   decryption and encryption in any central server.  A number of such
   methods are described.  However, when writing this specification, no
   one of these methods have a specified way of establishing the session
   by sdp.

4.2.1.  RTP Translator sending one RTT stream per participant

   Within the RTP session, text from each participant is transmitted
   from the RTP media translator in a separate RTP stream, thus using
   the same destination address/port combination, but separate RTP SSRC
   parameters and sequence number series as described in Section 7.1 and
   7.2 of RTP RFC 3550 [RFC3550] about the Translator function.  The
   sources of the text in each RTP packet are identified by the SSRC
   parameters in the RTP packets, containing the SSRC of the initial
   sources of text.



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   A receiving and presenting UA is supposed to separate text items from
   the different sources and identify and display them in a suitable
   way.

   This method is described in RFC 7667, section 3.5.1 Relay-transport
   translator or 3.5.2 Media translator [RFC7667].

   The identification of the source is made through the RTCP SDES CNAME
   and NAME packets as described in RTP[RFC3550].

   Pros:

   This method has moderate overhead.  When loss of packets occur, it is
   possible to recover text from redundancy at loss of up to the number
   of redundancy levels carried in the RFC 4103 [RFC4103] stream.
   (normally primary and two redundant levels.

   More loss than what can be recovered, can be detected and the marker
   for text loss can be inserted in the correct stream.

   It may be possible in some scenarios to keep the text encrypted
   through the Translator.

   Cons:

   There may be RTP implementations not supporting the Translator model.

   This configuration is not supported by current media declarations in
   sdp.  RFC 3264 [RFC3264]specifies in many places that one media
   description is supposed to describe just one RTP stream.

4.2.2.  Distributing packets in an end-to-end encryption structure

   In order to achieve end-to-end encryption, it is possible to let the
   packets from the sources just pass though a central distributor, and
   handle the security agreements between the participants.
   Specifications exist for a framework with this functionality suitable
   for application on RTP based conferences in
   [I-D.ietf-perc-private-media-framework].  The RTP flow and mixing
   characteristics has similarities with the method described under "RTP
   Translator sending one RTT stream per participant" above.  RFC 4103
   RTP streams [RFC4103] would fit into the structure and it would
   provide a base for end-to-end encrypted rtt multi-party conferencing.

   Pros:

   Good security




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   Straightforward multi-party handling.

   Cons:

   Does not operate under the usual SIP central conferencing
   architecture.

   Requires the participants to perform a lot of key handling.

4.2.3.  Mesh of RTP endpoints

   Text from all participants are transmitted directly to all others in
   one RTP session, without a central bridge.  The sources of the text
   in each RTP packet are identified by the source network address and
   the SSRC.

   This method is described in RFC 7667, section 3.4 Point to multi-
   point using mesh [RFC7667].

   Pros:

   When loss of packets occur, it is possible to recover text from
   redundancy at loss of up to the number of redundancy levels carried
   in the RFC 4103 [RFC4103] stream. (normally primary and two redundant
   levels.

   This method can be implemented with most RTP implementations.

   Transmitted text can also be used with other transports than RTP

   Cons:

   This model is not described in IMS, NENA and EENA specifications, and
   does therefore not meet the requirements.

4.2.4.  Multiple RTP sessions, one for each participant

   Text from all participants are transmitted directly to all others in
   one RTP session each, without a central bridge.  Each session is
   established with a separate media description in SDP.  The sources of
   the text in each RTP packet are identified by the source network
   address and the SSRC.

   This method is out of scope for further discussion here, because the
   foreseen applications use centralized model conferencing.

   Pros:




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   When loss of packets occur, it is possible to recover text from
   redundancy at loss of up to the number of redundancy levels carried
   in the RFC 4103 [RFC4103] stream. (normally primary and two redundant
   levels.

   Complete loss of text can be indicated in the received stream.

   This method can be implemented with most RTP implementations.

   End-to-end encryption is achievable.

   Cons:

   This method is not described in IMS, NENA and ETSI specifications and
   does therefore not meet the requirements.

   A lot of network resources are spent on setting up separate sessions
   for each participant.

4.3.  RTT bridging in WebRTC

   Within WebRTC, real-time text is specified to be carried in WebRTC
   data channels as specified in
   [I-D.ietf-mmusic-t140-usage-data-channel].  A few ways to handle
   multi-party RTT are mentioned briefly.  They are explained and
   further detailed below.

4.3.1.  RTT bridging in WebRTC with one data channel per source

   A straightforward way to handle multi-party RTT is for the bridge to
   open one T.140 data channel per source towards the receiving
   participants.

   The stream-id forms a unique stream identification.

   The identification of the source is made through the Label property
   of the channel, and session information belonging to the source.  The
   UA can compose a readable label for the presentation from this
   information.

   Pros:

   This is a straightforward solution.

   Cons:

   With a high number of participants, the overhead of establishing the
   high number of data channels required may be high.



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4.3.2.  RTT bridging in WebRTC with one common data channel

   A way to handle multi-party RTT in WebRTC is for the bridge combine
   text from all sources into one data channel and insert the sources in
   the stream by a T.140 control code for source.

   This method is described in a corresponding section for RTP
   transmission above Section 4.1.2.

   The identification of the source is made through insertion in the
   beginning of each text transmission from a source of a control code
   extension "c" followed by a string representing the source, framed by
   the control code start and end flags SOS and ST (See ITU-T T.140
   [T140]).

   A receiving UA is supposed to separate text items from the different
   sources and identify and display them in a suitable way.

   The UA does not always display the source identification in the
   received text at the place where it is received, but has the
   information as a guide for planning the presentation of received
   text.  A label corresponding to the source identification is
   presented when needed depending on the selected presentation style.

   Pros:

   This solution has relatively low overhead on session and network
   level

   Cons:

   This solution has higher overhead on the media contents level than
   the WebRTC solution above.

   Standardisation of the new control code "c" in ITU-T T.140 [T140] is
   required.

   The conference server need to be allowed to decrypt/encrypt the data
   channel contents.

5.  Preferred multi-party RTT transport method

   For RTP transport of RTT using RTP-mixer technology, one method for
   multi-party mixing and transport stand out as fulfilling the goals
   best and is therefore recommended.  That is: "RTP Mixer indicating
   participants in CSRC list" Section 4.1.1.





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   For RTP transport in separate streams or sessions, a bridging method
   with good characteristics is the end-to-end encryption model "perc"
   Section 4.2.2.

   For WebRTC, one method is to prefer because of the simplicity.  So,
   for WebRTC, the method to implement for multi-party RTT with
   conference-aware parties when no other method is explicitly agreed
   between implementing parties is: "RTT bridging in WebRTC with one
   data channel per source" Section 4.3.1.

6.  Session control of multi-party RTT sessions

   General session control aspects for multi-party sessions are
   described in RFC 4575 [RFC4575] A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
   Event Package for Conference State, and RFC 4579 [RFC4579] Session
   Initiation Protocol (SIP) Call Control - Conferencing for User
   Agents.  The nomenclature of these specifications are used here.

   The procedures for a conference-aware model for RTT-transmission
   shall only be applied if a capability exchange for conference-aware
   real-time text transmission has been completed and a supported method
   for multi-party real-time text transmission can be negotiated.

   A method for detection of conference-awareness for centralized SIP
   conferencing in general is specified in RFC 4579 [RFC4579].  The
   focus sends the "isfocus" feature tag in a SIP Contact header.  This
   causes the conference-aware UA to subscribe to conference
   notifications from the focus.  The focus then sends notifications to
   the UA about entering and disappearing conference participants and
   their media capabilities.  The information is carried XML-formatted
   in a 'conference-info' block in the notification according to RFC
   4575 [RFC4575].  The mechanism is described in detail in RFC 4575
   [RFC4575].

   Before a conference media server starts sending multi-party RTT to a
   UA, a verification of its ability to handle multi-party RTT must be
   made.  A decision on which mechanism to use for identifying text from
   the different participants must also be taken, implicitly or
   explicitly.  These verifications and decisions can be done in a
   number of ways.  The most apparent ways are specified here and their
   pros and cons described.  One of the methods is selected to be the
   one to be used by implementations of the centralized conference model
   according to this specification.








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6.1.  Implicit RTT multi-party capability indication

   Capability for RTT multi-party handling can be decided to be
   implicitly indicated by session control items.

   The focus may implicitly indicate muti-party RTT capability by
   including the media child with value "text" in the RFC 4575 [RFC4575]
   conference-info provided in conference notifications.

   A UA may implicitly indicate multi-party RTT capability by including
   the text media in the SDP in the session control transactions with
   the conference focus after the subscription to the conference has
   taken place.

   The implicit RTT capability indication means for the focus that it
   can handle multi-party RTT according to the preferred method
   indicated in the RTT multi-party methods section above.

   The implicit RTT capability indication means for the UA that it can
   handle multi-party RTT according to the preferred method indicated in
   the RTT multi-party methods section above.

   If the focus detects that a UA implicitly declared RTT multi-party
   capability, it SHALL provide RTT according to the preferred method.

   If the focus detects that the UA does not indicate any RTT multi-
   party capability, then it shall either provide RTT multi-party text
   in the way specified for conference-unaware UA above, or refuse to
   set up the session.

   If the UA detects that the focus has implicitly declared RTT multi-
   party capability, it shall be prepared to present RTT in a multi-
   party fashion according to the preferred method.

   Pros:

   Acceptance of implicit multi-party capability implies that no
   standardisation of explicit RTT multi-party capability exchange is
   required.

   Cons:

   If other methods for multi-party RTT are to be used in the same
   implementation environment as the preferred ones,then capability
   exchange needs to be defined for them.

   Cannot be used outside a strictly applied SIP central conference
   model.



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6.2.  RTT multi-party capability declared by SIP media-tags

   Specifications for RTT multi-party capability declarations can be
   agreed for use as SIP media feature tags, to be exchanged during SIP
   call control operation according to the mechanisms in RFC 3840
   [RFC3840] and RFC 3841 [RFC3841].  Capability for the RTT Multi-party
   capability is then indicated by the media feature tag "rtt-mix", with
   a set of possible values for the different possible methods.

   The possible values in the list may be:

      rtp-mixer

      perc

   rtp-mixer indicates capability for using the RTP-mixer based
   presentation of multi-party text.

   perc indicates capability for using the perc based transmission of
   multi-party text.

   Example: Contact: <sip:a2@beco.example.com>

   ;methods="INVITE,ACK,OPTIONS,BYE,CANCEL"

   ;+sip.rtt-mix="rtp-mixer"

   If, after evaluation of the alternatives in this specification, only
   one mixing method is selected to be brought to implementation, then
   the media tag can be reduced to a single tag with no list of values.

   An offer-answer exchange should take place and the common method
   selected by the answering party shall be used in the session with
   that UA.

   When no common method is declared, then only the fallback method for
   multi-party unaware participants can be used, or the session dropped.

   If more than one text media line is included in SDP, all must be
   capable of using the declared RTT multi-party method.

   Pros:

   Provides a clear decision method.

   Can be extended with new mixing methods.

   Can guide call routing to a suitable capable focus.



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   Cons:

   Requires standardization and IANA registration.

   Is not stream specific.  If more than one text stream is specified,
   all must have the same type of multi-party capability.

   Cannot be used in the WebRTC environment.

6.3.  SDP media attribute for RTT multi-party capability indication

   An attribute can be specified on media level, to be used in text
   media SDP declarations for negotiating RTT multi-party capabilities.
   The attribute can have the name "rtt-mix", with one or more of its
   possible values in a comma-separated list.

   The possible values in the list are:

      rtp-mixer

      perc

   rtp-mixer indicates capability for using the RTP-mixer based
   presentation of multi-party text.

   perc indicates capability for using the perc based transmission of
   multi-party text.

   An offer-answer exchange should take place and the common method
   selected by the answering party shall be used in the session with
   that UA.

   When no common method is declared, then only the fallback method can
   be used.

   Example: a=rtt-mix:rtp-mixer

   If, after evaluation of the alternatives in this specification, only
   one mixing method is selected to be brought to implementation, then
   the attribute can be reduced to a single attribute with no list of
   values.

   Pros:

   Provides a clear decision method.

   Can be extended with new mixing methods.




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   Can be used on specific text media.

   Can be used also for SDP-controlled WebRTC sessions with multiple
   streams in the same data channel.

   Cons:

   Requires standardization and IANA registration.

   Cannot guide SIP routing.

6.4.  Simplified SDP media attribute for RTT multi-party capability
      indication

   An attribute can be specified on media level, to be used in text
   media SDP declarations for negotiating RTT multi-party capabilities.
   The attribute can have the name "rtt-mix" with no value.  It would be
   selected and used if only one method for multi-party rtt is brought
   forward from this specification, and the other suppressed or found to
   be possible to negotiate in another way..

   An offer-answer exchange should take place and if both parties
   specify rtt-mix capability, the method for indicating source in the
   CSRC-list shall be used.

   When no common method is declared, then only the fallback method can
   be used, or the session not accepted for multi-party use.

   Example: a=rtt-mix

   Pros:

   Provides a clear decision method.

   Very simple syntax and semantics.

   Can be used on specific text media.

   Can be used also for SDP-controlled WebRTC sessions with multiple
   streams in the same data channel.

   Cons:

   Requires standardization and IANA registration.

   Cannot guide SIP routing.





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6.5.  SDP format parameter for RTT multi-party capability indication

   An FMTP format parameter can be specified for the RFC 4103
   [RFC4103]media, to be used in text media SDP declarations for
   negotiating RTT multi-party capabilities.  The parameter can have the
   name "rtt-mix", with one or more of its possible values.

   The possible values in the list are:

      rtp-mixer

      perc

   rtp-mixer indicates capability for using the RTP-mixer based
   presentation of multi-party text.

   perc indicates capability for using the perc based transmission of
   multi-party text.

   Example: a=fmtp 96 98/98/98 cps=30;rtt-mix=rtp-mixer

   If, after evaluation of the alternatives in this specification, only
   one mixing method is selected to be brought to implementation, then
   the parameter can be reduced to a single parameter with no list of
   values.

   An offer-answer exchange should take place and the common method
   selected by the answering party shall be used in the session with
   that UA.

   When no common method is declared, then only the fallback method can
   be used, or the session denied.

   Pros:

   Provides a clear decision method.

   Can be extended with new mixing methods.

   Can be used on specific text media.

   Can be used also for SDP-controlled WebRTC sessions with multiple
   streams in the same data channel.

   Cons:

   Requires standardization and IANA registration.




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   May cause interop problems with current RFC4103 [RFC4103]
   implementations not expecting a new fmtp-parameter.

   Cannot guide SIP routing.

6.6.  Preferred capability declaration method.

   The preferred capability declaration method is the one with a
   simplified SDP attribute "a=rtt-mix" Section 6.4 because it is
   straightforward and partially usable also for WebRTC.

7.  Identification of the source of text

   The main way to identify the source of text in the RTP based solution
   is by the SSRC of the sending participant.  In the RTP-mixer
   solution, it is included in the CSRC list of the transmitted packets.
   Further identification that may be needed for better labeling of
   received text may be achieved from a number of sources.  It may be
   the RTCP SDES CNAME and NAME reports, and in the conference
   notification data (RFC 4575) [RFC4575].

   As soon as a new member is added to the RTP session, its
   characteristics should be transmitted in RTCP SDES CNAME and NAME
   reports according to section 6.5 in RFC 3550 [RFC3550].  The
   information about the participant should also be included in the
   conference data including the text media member in a notification
   according to RFC 4575 [RFC4575].

   The RTCP SDES report, SHOULD contain identification of the source
   represented by the SSRC/CSRC identifier.  This identification MUST
   contain the CNAME field and MAY contain the NAME field and other
   defined fields of the SDES report.

   A focus UA SHOULD primarily convey SDES information received from the
   sources of the session members.  When such information is not
   available, the focus UA SHOULD compose SSRC/CSRC, CNAME and NAME
   information from available information from the SIP session with the
   participant.

8.  Presentation of multi-party text

   All session participants MUST observe the SSRC/CSRC field of incoming
   text RTP packets, and make note of what source they came from in
   order to be able to present text in a way that makes it easy to read
   text from each participant in a session, and get information about
   the source of the text.





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8.1.  Associating identities with text streams

   A source identity SHOULD be composed from available information
   sources and displayed together with the text as indicated in ITU-T
   T.140 Appendix[T140].

   The source identity should primarily be the NAME field from incoming
   SDES packets.  If this information is not available, and the session
   is a two-party session, then the T.140 source identity SHOULD be
   composed from the SIP session participant information.  For multi-
   party sessions the source identity may be composed by local
   information if sufficient information is not available in the
   session.

   Applications may abbreviate the presented source identity to a
   suitable form for the available display.

   Applications may also replace received source information with
   internally used nicknames.

8.2.  Presentation details for multi-party aware UAs.

   The multi-party aware UA should after any action for recovery of data
   from lost packets, separate the incoming streams and present them
   according to the style that the receiving application supports and
   the user has selected.  The decisions taken for presentation of the
   multi-party interchange shall be purely on the receiving side.  The
   sending application must not insert any item in the stream to
   influence presentation that is not requested by the sending
   participant.

8.2.1.  Bubble style presentation

   One often used style is to present real-time text in chunks in
   readable bubbles identified by labels containing names of sources.
   Bubbles are placed in one column in the presentation area and are
   closed and moved upwards in the presentation area after certain items
   or events, when there is also newer text from another source that
   would go into a new bubble.  The text items that allows bubble
   closing are any character closing a phrase or sentence followed by a
   space or a timeout of a suitable time (about 10 seconds).

   Real-time active text sent from the local user should be presented in
   a separate area.  When there is a reason to close a bubble from the
   local user, the bubble should be placed above all real-time active
   bubbles, so that the time order that real-time text entries were
   completed is visible.




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   Scrolling is usually provided for viewing of recent or older text.
   When scrolling is done to an earlier point in the text, the
   presentation shall not move the scroll position by new received text.
   It must be the decision of the local user to return to automatic
   viewing of latest text actions.  It may be useful with an indication
   that there is new text to read after scrolling to an earlier position
   has been activated.

   The presentation area may become too small to present all text in all
   real-time active bubbles.  Various techniques can be applied to
   provide a good overview and good reading opportunity even in such
   situations.  The active real-time bubble may have a limited number of
   lines and if their contents need more lines, then a scrolling
   opportunity within the real-time active bubble is provided.  Another
   method can be to only show the label and the last line of the active
   real-time bubble contents, and make it possible to expand or compress
   the bubble presentation between full view and one line view.

   Erasures require special consideration.  Erasure within a real-time
   active bubble is straightforward.  But if erasure from one
   participant affects the last character before a bubble, the whole
   previous bubble becomes the actual bubble for real-time action by
   that participant and is placed below all other bubbles in the
   presentation area.  If the border between bubbles was caused by the
   CRLF characters (instead of the normal "Line Separator"), only one
   erasure action is required to erase this bubble border.  When a
   bubble is closed, it is moved up, above all real-time active bubbles.
























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   A three-party view is shown in this example .

                 _________________________________________________
                |                                              |^|
                |                                              | |
                |                                              | |
                |                                              | |
                |[Alice] Hi, Alice here.                       | |
                |                                              | |
                |[Bob] Bob as well.                            | |
                |                                              | |
                |[Eve] Hi, this is Eve, calling from Paris.    | |
                |      I thought you should be here.           | |
                |                                              | |
                |[Alice] I am coming on Thursday, my           | |
                |      performance is not until Friday morning.| |
                |                                              | |
                |[Bob] And I on Wednesday evening.             | |
                |                                              | |
                |[Alice] Can we meet on Thursday evening?      | |
                |                                              | |
                |[Eve] Yes, definitely. How about 7pm.         | |
                |     at the entrance of the restaurant        | |
                |     Le Lion Blanc?                           | |
                |[Eve] we can have dinner and then take a walk | |
                |                                              | |
                | <Eve-typing> But I need to be back to        | |
                |    the hotel by 11 because I need            | |
                |                                              |-|
                | <Bob-typing> I wou                           |-|
                |______________________________________________|v|
                | of course, I underst                           |
                |________________________________________________|

   Figure 1: Example of a three-party call presented in the bubble
   style.

               Figure 1: Three-party call with bubble style.

8.2.2.  Other presentation styles

   Other presentation styles than the bubble style may be arranged and
   appreciated by the users.  In a video conference one way may be to
   have a real-time text area below the video view of each participant.
   Another view may be to provide one column in a presentation area for
   each participant and place the text entries in a relative vertical
   position corresponding to when text entry in them was completed.  The
   labels can then be placed in the column header.  The considerations



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   for ending and moving and erasure of entered text discussed above for
   the bubble style are valid also for these styles.

   This figure shows how a coordinated column view MAY be presented.

   _____________________________________________________________________
   |       Bob          |       Eve            |       Alice           |
   |____________________|______________________|_______________________|
   |                    |                      |I will arrive by TGV.  |
   |My flight is to Orly|                      |Convenient to the main |
   |                    |Hi all, can we plan   |station.               |
   |                    |for the seminar?      |                       |
   |Eve, will you do    |                      |                       |
   |your presentation on|                      |                       |
   |Friday?             |Yes, Friday at 10.    |                       |
   |Fine, wo            |                      |We need to meet befo   |
   |___________________________________________________________________|

   Figure 2: A coordinated column-view of a three-party session with
   entries ordered in approximate time-order.

9.  Presentation details for multi-party unaware UAs.

   Multi-party unaware UA:s are prepared only for presentation of two
   sources of text, the local user and a remote user.  If mixing for
   multi-party unaware UAs is to be supported, in order to enable some
   multi-party communication with such UA, the mixer need to plan the
   presentation and insert labels and line breaks before lables.  Many
   limitations appear for this presentation mode, and it must be seen as
   a fallback and a last resort.  A realistic alternative is to not
   allow multi-party sessions with multi-party unaware UAs.

   See Appendix A for an informative example of a procedure for
   presenting RTT to a conference-unaware UA.

10.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations valid for RFC 4103 [RFC4103] and RFC 3550
   [RFC3550] are valid also for the multi-party sessions with text.

11.  IANA Considerations

   The items for indication and negotiation of capability for multi-
   party rtt should be registered with IANA in the specifications where
   they are specified in detail.






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12.  Congestion considerations

   The congestion considerations described in RFC 4103 [RFC4103] are
   valid also for multi-party use of the real-time text RTP transport.
   A risk for congestion may appear if a number of conference
   participants are active transmitting text simultaneously, because
   this multi-party transmission method does not allow multiple sources
   of text to contribute to the same packet.

   In situations of risk for congestion, the Focus UA MAY combine
   packets from the same source to increase the transmission interval
   per source up to one second.  Local conference policy in the Focus UA
   may be used to decide which streams shall be selected for such
   transmission frequency reduction.

13.  Acknowledgements

   Arnoud van Wijk for contributions to an earlier, expired draft of
   this memo.

14.  Changes

14.1.  Changes from version -01 to -02

   Change from a general overview to overview with clear
   recommendations.

   Splits text coordination methods in three groups.

   Recommends rtt-mixer with sources in CSRC-list but referenes to its
   spec for details.

   Shortened Appendix with conference-unaware example.

   Cleaned up preferences.

   Inserted pictures of screen-views.

15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.





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15.2.  Informative References

   [EN301549]
              ETSI, "EN 301 549. Accessibility requirements for ICT
              products and services", November 2019.

   [I-D.hellstrom-avtcore-multi-party-rtt-source]
              Hellstrom, G., "Indicating source of multi-party Real-time
              text", draft-hellstrom-avtcore-multi-party-rtt-source-01
              (work in progress), February 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-mmusic-t140-usage-data-channel]
              Holmberg, C., "T.140 Real-time Text Conversation over
              WebRTC Data Channels", draft-ietf-mmusic-t140-usage-data-
              channel-11 (work in progress), December 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-perc-private-media-framework]
              Jones, P., Benham, D., and C. Groves, "A Solution
              Framework for Private Media in Privacy Enhanced RTP
              Conferencing (PERC)", draft-ietf-perc-private-media-
              framework-12 (work in progress), June 2019.

   [NENAi3]   NENA, "NENA-STA-010.2-2016. Detailed Functional and
              Interface Standards for the NENA i3 Solution", October
              2016.

   [RFC2198]  Perkins, C., Kouvelas, I., Hodson, O., Hardman, V.,
              Handley, M., Bolot, J., Vega-Garcia, A., and S. Fosse-
              Parisis, "RTP Payload for Redundant Audio Data", RFC 2198,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2198, September 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2198>.

   [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
              A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
              Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.

   [RFC3264]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
              with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3264>.

   [RFC3550]  Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
              Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
              Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
              July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.




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   [RFC3840]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and P. Kyzivat,
              "Indicating User Agent Capabilities in the Session
              Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3840,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3840, August 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3840>.

   [RFC3841]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and P. Kyzivat, "Caller
              Preferences for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
              RFC 3841, DOI 10.17487/RFC3841, August 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3841>.

   [RFC4103]  Hellstrom, G. and P. Jones, "RTP Payload for Text
              Conversation", RFC 4103, DOI 10.17487/RFC4103, June 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4103>.

   [RFC4353]  Rosenberg, J., "A Framework for Conferencing with the
              Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4353,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4353, February 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4353>.

   [RFC4575]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and O. Levin, Ed., "A
              Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Package for
              Conference State", RFC 4575, DOI 10.17487/RFC4575, August
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4575>.

   [RFC4579]  Johnston, A. and O. Levin, "Session Initiation Protocol
              (SIP) Call Control - Conferencing for User Agents",
              BCP 119, RFC 4579, DOI 10.17487/RFC4579, August 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4579>.

   [RFC4597]  Even, R. and N. Ismail, "Conferencing Scenarios",
              RFC 4597, DOI 10.17487/RFC4597, August 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4597>.

   [RFC5194]  van Wijk, A., Ed. and G. Gybels, Ed., "Framework for Real-
              Time Text over IP Using the Session Initiation Protocol
              (SIP)", RFC 5194, DOI 10.17487/RFC5194, June 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5194>.

   [RFC6443]  Rosen, B., Schulzrinne, H., Polk, J., and A. Newton,
              "Framework for Emergency Calling Using Internet
              Multimedia", RFC 6443, DOI 10.17487/RFC6443, December
              2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6443>.

   [RFC6881]  Rosen, B. and J. Polk, "Best Current Practice for
              Communications Services in Support of Emergency Calling",
              BCP 181, RFC 6881, DOI 10.17487/RFC6881, March 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6881>.



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   [RFC7667]  Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies", RFC 7667,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7667, November 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7667>.

   [T140]     ITU-T, "Recommendation ITU-T T.140 (02/1998), Protocol for
              multimedia application text conversation", February 1998.

   [T140ad1]  ITU-T, "Recommendation ITU-T.140 Addendum 1 - (02/2000),
              Protocol for multimedia application text conversation",
              February 2000.

   [TS103479]
              ETSI, "TS 103 479. Emergency communications (EMTEL); Core
              elements for network independent access to emergency
              services", December 2019.

   [TS22173]  3GPP, "IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS)
              Multimedia Telephony Service and supplementary services;
              Stage 1", 3GPP TS 22.173 17.1.0, December 2019.

   [TS24147]  3GPP, "Conferencing using the IP Multimedia (IM) Core
              Network (CN) subsystem; Stage 3", 3GPP TS 24.147 16.0.0,
              December 2019.

Appendix A.  Mixing for a conference-unaware UA

   This informational appendix describes media mixer procedures for a
   multi-party conference server to format real-time text from a number
   of participants into one single text stream to a participant with a
   terminal that has no features for multi-party text display.  The
   procedures are intended for implementations using ITU-T T.140 [T.140]
   for the real-time text coding and presentation.

A.1.  Short description

   The media mixer procedures described here are intended to make real-
   time text from a number of call participants be coordinated into one
   text stream to a terminal originally intended for two-party calls.  A
   conference server is supposed to apply the procedures.

   The procedures may also be applied on a terminal for display of
   multiple streams of real-time text in one area.

   The intention is that text from each participant shall be displayed
   in suitable sections so that it is easy to read, and text from one
   active participant at a time is sent and displayed in real-time.  The
   receiving terminal is assumed to have one display area for received
   text.  The display is arranged by this procedure in a text chat



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   style, with a name label in front of each text section where switch
   of source of the text has taken place.

   When more than one participant transmits text at the same time, the
   text from only one of them is transmitted directly to the receiving
   terminals.  Text from the other participants is stored in buffers in
   the conference server for transmission at a later time, when a
   suitable situation for switch of current transmitter can take place.

A.2.  Functionality goals and drawbacks

   The procedures are intended to make best efforts to present a multi-
   party text conversation on a terminal that has no awareness of multi-
   party calls.  There are some obvious drawbacks, and a terminal
   designed with multi-party awareness will be able to present multi-
   party call contents in a more flexible way.  Only two parties at a
   time will be allowed to display added text in real-time, while the
   other parties' produced text will need to be stored in the multi-
   party server for a moment awaiting a suitable occasion to be
   displayed.  There are also some cases of erasure that will not be
   performed on the target text but only indicated in another way.  Even
   with these drawbacks, the procedure provides an opportunity to
   display text from more than two parties in a smooth and readable way.

   This specification does not introduce any new protocol element, and
   does not rely on anything else than basic two-party terminal
   functionality with presentation level according to ITU-T T.140
   [T.140].  It is a description of a best current practice for mixing
   and presentation of the real-time text component in multi-party calls
   with terminals without multi-party awareness.

   The procedures are applicable to scenarios, when the conference focus
   and a User Agent have not gone through any successfully completed
   negotiation about conference awareness for the real-time text medium
   neither on the transport level, nor on the presentation level.

A.3.  Definitions

      Active participant: Any user sending text, or being in a pending
      period.

      BOM Byte-Order-Mark, the Unicode character FEFF in UCS-16.

      Buffer: A buffer intended for unsent text collected per
      participant.

      Contributing participants: The participants selected to contribute
      to the text stream sent to the recipients.



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      By default all participants except the recipient are contributing
      participants for transmission to the recipient.

      Current participant: The participant for whom text currently is
      transmitted to the recipient in real time.

      Current Recipients: By default all participants.

      Display Counter: A counter for the number of displayable
      characters in a participant's buffer or in the current entry.
      Used for controlling how far erasure may be performed.

      Erasure replacement A character to be displayed when an erasure
      was done, but the text to erase is not reachable on the multi-
      party display.  Default 'X'.

      Message delimiter: Character(s) forming the end of an imagined
      message.  A configurable set of alternatives, consisting by
      default of: Line Separator, Paragraph Separator, CR, CRLF, LF.

      Pending period: A configurable time period of inactivity from a
      participant, by default set to 7 seconds after each reception of
      characters from that participant, evaluated as current time minus
      time stamp of latest entered character.

      Sentence delimiter: Characters forming end of sentence: A
      configurable set of alternatives, by default consisting of: dot
      '.', question mark '?' and exclamation mark '!' followed by a
      space.

      Label: A readable unique name for a participant, created by the
      server from a suitable source related to the participant, e.g.
      part of the SIP Display name, surrounded by the Label delimiters.
      The label should have a settable maximum length, with 12 being the
      default.

      Label delimiters A configurable set of characters at the edges of
      the Label, by default being a left bracket [ at the leading edge
      and a closing bracket ] followed by a space at the trailing edge.

      Line Separator Unicode UCS-16 2028.  Used to request NewLine in
      Real-Time Text.

      Maximum waiting time: The maximum time any participant's text
      shall be allowed to wait for transmission, by default set to 20
      seconds.

      Recipient: The terminal receiving the mixed text stream.



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      SGR Select Graphic Rendition, a control code to specify colours
      etc.

      Switch Reason: A set of reasons to switch Current Participant,
      consisting of the following

      -Waiting time higher for any other participant than the current
      participant combined with any of the following states:

      -A message delimiter was the latest transmitted item

      -A sentence delimiter was the latest transmitted item

      -A Pending Period has expired and still no text has been
      transmitted

      -The Maximum Waiting time has expired followed by a Word Delimiter
      or an expired Time Extension.

      Waiting time: The time the first character in queue for
      transmission from a participant has been waiting in a buffer for
      transmission.  The granularity shall be 0.3 Seconds or finer.

      Word delimiter: Character forming end of word: space

      Time extension: A configurable short extension time allowed after
      the Maximum waiting time during which a suitable moment for
      switching Current Participant is awaited, by default set to 7
      seconds.

A.4.  Presentation level procedures

   The conference server applies these mixing procedures to text
   transmitted to call participants who have not gone through a
   completed negotiation for conference awareness in real-time text
   presentation.

   All the participants and the conference server use real-time text
   conversation presentation coding according to ITU-T T.140 [T.140].  A
   consequence is that real-time text transmissions are UTF-8 coded,
   with control codes selected from ISO 6429 [ISO 6429].

   The description is from the conference server point of view.








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A.4.1.  Structure

   The real-time text mixer structure described here is supposed to be
   placed in the media path so that it is implemented with one mixer per
   recipient.  A mixer contains buffers for temporary storage of text
   intended for the recipient.  Each mixer has one buffer for each
   contributing participant.  A set of status variables is maintained
   per buffer and is used in the mixer actions.  The mixer logic decides
   for each moment which participant?s buffer content is to be sent on
   to the recipient.  By default, the recipient does not contribute text
   to its own mixer.  Text transmitted by a participant is usually
   displayed locally and it will only cause confusion if it appears also
   in received text.

A.4.2.  Action on reception

   This description of the mixer is valid per recipient.

   Text from each contributing participant is checked for a set of
   characteristics on reception.

      Delete BOM: BOM characters are deleted.

      Insert in buffer: Resulting text is put into the contributing
      participant?s buffer in the receiving participant?s mixer.

      Maintain a display counter: For each text character that will take
      a position on the receiving display, a Display Counter for each
      participant is increased by one.

      There is one T.140 real-time text item that consists of two
      characters, but is regarded to be a unit and therefore increase
      the Display Counter with one only.That is CRLF.

      Furthermore, the following control codes are regarded units that
      shall not take any position on the receiving display and shall
      therefore not increase the Display Counter:

      0098 string 009C (SOS-ST strings)

      ESC 0061 (INT)

      009B Ps 006D (the SGR code, with special handling described below)

      BEL (Alert in session)

      See the section on control codes below for details.




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      Combination characters: Also note that it is possible to use
      combination characters in Unicode.  Such combination characters
      contain more than one character part.  They shall only increase
      the Display Counter with one.  The combination characters mainly
      have components in the series 0300 ? 0361 and 20D0 ? 20E1.

      Erasure: If the control code for erasure, BS, is received, the
      following shall be done: If the Display Counter is 0, an Erasure
      Replacement character, by default being "X" is inserted in the
      buffer instead of the erasure, to mark that erasure was intended
      in earlier transmitted entries.  ( this matches traditional habits
      in real-time text when participants sometimes type XXX to indicate
      erasure they do not bother to make explicit).  If the Display
      Counter is >0, then the counter is reduced by one, and the erasure
      control code BS put into the buffer.

      Initial action in the session: BOM shall be sent initially to the
      recipients in the beginning of the session.

      Maintaining a waiting time per participant: The time that text has
      been in the buffer is maintained as the waiting time for each
      buffer.  A granularity of 0.3 seconds is sufficient.

      Storing time of reception for each character: Each character that
      is stored in a buffer shall be assigned with a time stamp
      indicating its time of reception.  A granularity of 0.3 seconds is
      sufficient.  This time stamp is used for calculation of idle time
      and waiting time in the evaluation of switch reasons.

      Initial assignment of the Current Participant: The first
      contributing participant to send text in the session is assigned
      to be the Current Participant.

      Actions on assignment of a Current Participant: When a participant
      becomes the Current Participant, the following initial actions
      shall be performed:

      1.  Scanning transmissions and timers for a Switch Reason is
      inactivated.

      2.  The Current Recipients are set so that all transmissions go to
      the new set of Current Recipients (See definition).

      3.  A Line Separator is transmitted if the switch reason was any
      other than a message delimiter.

      4.  The Label is transmitted




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      5.  Any stored SGR code is transmitted

      6.  Scanning transmissions and timers for a Switch Reason is
      activated.

      7.  Text in the buffer is transmitted, recalculating and setting
      the waiting time for each transmitted character based on the time
      of reception of next character in the buffer.  If a switch occurs
      during transmission from the buffer, the remaining buffer contents
      is maintained and transmission can continue next time this
      transmitter becomes the current participant.  Any text entered
      into the buffer for the current participant is after that sent to
      the recipient until a Switch Reason occurs.

      Actions on transmission and during the session: Transmissions are
      checked for control codes to act on at transmission as described
      below in the section about handling of control codes and such
      actions are performed.  When the scanning of transmission and
      timers for a Switch Reason is active, the timers and the
      transmission to the recipient is analyzed for detection if a
      Switch Reason has occurred.  See the definition of Switch Reasons
      for details.

      Actions when a Switch Reason has occurred: If a Switch Reason has
      occurred, then the following actions shall be performed:

      1.  The Display Counter of the Current Participant is set to zero

      2.  If there is an SGR code stored for the Current Participant, a
      reset of SGR shall be sent by the sequence SGR 0 [009B 0000 006D].

      3.  A participant with the longest waiting time is assigned to be
      the Current Participant, and the procedure for assignment of a
      Current Participant described above is performed.

      Handling of Control codes: The following control codes are
      specified by ITU-T T.140.  Some of them require consideration in
      the conference server.  Note that the codes presented here are
      expressed in UCS-16, while transmission is made in UTF-8 transform
      of these codes.  Other sections specify procedures for handling of
      specific control codes in the conference server.

      BEL 0007 Bell, provides for alerting during an active session.

      BS 0008 Back Space, erases the last entered character.

      NEW LINE 2028 Line separator.




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      CR LF 000D 000A A supported, but not preferred way of requesting a
      new line.

      INT ESC 0061 Interrupt (used to initiate mode negotiation
      procedure).

      SGR 009B Ps 006D Select graphic rendition.  Ps is rendition
      parameters specified in ISO 6429.

      SOS 0098 Start of string, used as a general protocol element
      introducer, followed by a maximum 256 bytes string.

      ST 009C String terminator, end of SOS string.

      ESC 001B Escape - used in control strings.

      Byte order mark FEFF Zero width, no break space, used for
      synchronization.

      Missing text mark FFFD Replacement character, marks place in
      stream of possible text loss.

      Code for message border, useful, but not mentioned in T.140: New
      Message 2029 Paragraph separator

      Handling of Graphic Rendition SGR: The following procedure shall
      be followed in order to let the participants control the graphic
      rendition of their entries without disturbing other participants?
      graphic rendition.  The text stream sent to a recipient shall be
      monitored for the SGR sequence.  The latest conveyed SGR sequence
      is also stored as a status variable for the recipient.  If the SGR
      0 code initiated from the current participant is transmitted, the
      SGR storage shall be cleared.

A.5.  Display examples

   The following pictures are examples of the view on a participant's
   display.













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     _________________________________________________
    |       Conference       |          Alice          |
    |________________________|_________________________|
    |                        |I will arrive by TGV.    |
    |[Bob]:My flight is to   |Convenient to the main   |
    |Orly.                   |station.                 |
    |[Eve]:Hi all, can we    |                         |
    |plan for the seminar.   |                         |
    |                        |                         |
    |[Bob]:Eve, will you do  |                         |
    |your presentation on    |                         |
    |Friday?                 |                         |
    |[Eve]:Yes, Friday at 10.|                         |
    |[Bob]: Fine, wo         |We need to meet befo     |
    |________________________|_________________________|


   Figure A1 : Alice who has a conference-unaware client is receiving
   the multi-party real-time text in a single-stream.  This figure shows
   how a coordinated column view MAY be presented on Alice's device.

                 _________________________________________________
                |                                              |^|
                |[mix][Alice] Hi, Alice here.                  | |
                |                                              | |
                |[mix][Bob] Bob as well.                       | |
                |                                              | |
                |[mix][Eve] Hi, this is Eve, calling from Paris| |
                |      I thought you should be here.           | |
                |                                              | |
                |[Alice] I am coming on Thursday, my           | |
                |      performance is not until Friday morning.| |
                |                                              | |
                |[mix][Bob] And I on Wednesday evening.        | |
                |                                              | |
                |[mix][Eve] we can have dinner and then walk   | |
                |                                              | |
                |[mix][Eve] But I need to be back to           | |
                |    the hotel by 11 because I need            |-|
                |                                              |-|
                |______________________________________________|v|
                | of course, I underst                           |
                |________________________________________________|

   Figure A2 shows a conference view with real-time text preview.  Bob's
   text is buffering until a Current switch reason.





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A.6.  References for this Appendix

      [T.140] ITU-T T.140 Application protocol, text conversation
      (including amendment 1.)

      [RFC 4103] IETF RFC 4103 RTP Payload for text conversation

      [RTP] IETF RFC 3550 RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
      Applications.

      [RFC 4579] IETF RFC 4579 SIP Call Control ? Conferencing for user
      agents.

      [ISO 6429] ISO 6429 Control functions for coded character sets.

      [UTF-8] IETF RFC 3629 UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646

      [Unicode] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard ? Version
      4.0?

      [ISO 10?646-1] ISO 10?646 Universal multiple-octet coded character
      set (UCS)

      [UCS-16] See ISO 10?646-1

A.7.  Acknowledgement for the appendix

   This appendix was developed with funding in part from the National
   Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, U.S.  Department
   of Education,RERC on Telecommunications Access,?grant # H133E090001?.
   However, the contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the
   Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the
   Federal Government.

Author's Address

   Gunnar Hellstrom
   Omnitor
   Esplanaden 30
   Vendelso  SE-136 70
   SE

   Phone: +46 708 204 288
   Email: gunnar.hellstrom@omnitor.se







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