Internet DRAFT - draft-freed-media-type-regs
draft-freed-media-type-regs
Network Working Group N. Freed
Internet-Draft Oracle
Obsoletes: 4288 (if approved) J. Klensin
Expires: March 8, 2012
T. Hansen
AT&T Laboratories
September 5, 2011
Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures
draft-freed-media-type-regs-01
Abstract
This document defines procedures for the specification and
registration of media types for use in MIME and other Internet
protocols.
Historical Note
The media type registration process was initially defined for
registering media types for use in the context of the asynchronous
Internet mail environment. In this mail environment there is a need
to limit the number of possible media types, to increase the
likelihood of interoperability when the capabilities of the remote
mail system are not known. As media types are used in new
environments in which the proliferation of media types is not a
hindrance to interoperability, the original procedure proved
excessively restrictive and had to be generalized. This was
initially done in [RFC2048], but the procedure defined there was
still part of the MIME document set. The media type specification
and registration procedure has now been moved to this separate
document, to make it clear that it is independent of MIME.
It may be desirable to restrict the use of media types to specific
environments or to prohibit their use in other environments. This
revision attempts for the first time to incorporate such restrictions
into media type registrations in a systematic way. See Section 4.9
for additional discussion.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
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Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on March 8, 2012.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Media Type Registration Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Registration Trees and Subtype Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Standards Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Vendor Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3. Personal or Vanity Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4. Special x. Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.5. Additional Registration Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Registration Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. Functionality Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. Naming Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1. Text Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2. Image Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.3. Audio Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.4. Video Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.5. Application Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.6. Multipart and Message Media Types . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.7. Additional Top-level Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.8. Structured Syntax Name Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3. Parameter Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4. Canonicalization and Format Requirements . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5. Interchange Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.6. Security Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.7. Requirements specific to XML media types . . . . . . . . . 15
4.8. Encoding Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.9. Usage and Implementation Non-requirements . . . . . . . . 16
4.10. Publication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.11. Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5. Media Type Registration Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1. Preliminary Community Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.2. Review and Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.3. IANA Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.4. Media Types Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.5. Comments on Media Type Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.6. Location of Registered Media Type List . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.7. IANA Procedures for Registering Media Types . . . . . . . 20
5.8. Change Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.9. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6. Structured Syntax Suffix Registration Procedures . . . . . . . 23
6.1. Change Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2. Structured Syntax Suffix Registration Template . . . . . . 24
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Appendix A. Grandfathered Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Appendix B. Changes Since RFC 4288 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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1. Introduction
Recent Internet protocols have been carefully designed to be easily
extensible in certain areas. In particular, many protocols,
including but not limited to MIME [RFC2045], are capable of carrying
arbitrary labeled content. A mechanism is needed to label such
content and a registration process is needed for these labels, to
ensure that the set of such values is developed in an orderly, well-
specified, and public manner.
This document defines media type specification and registration
procedures that use the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) as
a central registry.
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
This specification makes use of the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF)
[RFC4234] notation, including the core rules defined in Appendix A of
that document.
2. Media Type Registration Preliminaries
Registration of a new media type or types starts with the
construction of a registration proposal. Registration may occur
within several different registration trees that have different
requirements, as discussed below. In general, a new registration
proposal is circulated and reviewed in a fashion appropriate to the
tree involved. The media type is then registered if the proposal is
acceptable. The following sections describe the requirements and
procedures used for each of the different registration trees.
3. Registration Trees and Subtype Names
In order to increase the efficiency and flexibility of the
registration process, different structures of subtype names may be
registered to accommodate the different natural requirements for,
e.g., a subtype that will be recommended for wide support and
implementation by the Internet community, or a subtype that is used
to move files associated with proprietary software. The following
subsections define registration "trees" that are distinguished by the
use of faceted names, e.g., names of the form
"tree.subtree...subtype". Note that some media types defined prior
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to this document do not conform to the naming conventions described
below. See Appendix A for a discussion of them.
3.1. Standards Tree
The standards tree is intended for types of general interest to the
Internet community. Registrations in the standards tree MUST be
either:
1. approved directly by the IESG, or
2. registered using the "Specification Required" IANA registration
policy [RFC5226] (which implies Expert Review).
The former procedure is used for registering registrations from IETF
Consensus documents, or in rare cases when registering a
grandfathered (see Appendix A) and/or otherwise incomplete
registration is in the interest of the Internet community. In the
latter case the IESG makes the decision on whether the registration
submitter represents a recognized Standards Body; after that a Media
Types Reviewer (Designated Expert or a group of Designated Experts)
performs the expert review as specified in this document.
In the case of registration for the IETF itself, the registration
proposal MUST be published as an IETF Consensus RFC.
Registrations published in non-IETF RFC streams are allowed and
require IESG approval.
Standards-tree registration RFCs can either be standalone
"registration only" RFCs, or they can be incorporated into a more
general specification of some sort.
Media types in the standards tree are normally denoted by names that
are not explicitly faceted, i.e., do not contain period (".", full
stop) characters.
The "owner" of a media type registration in the standards tree is
assumed to be the standards body itself. Modification or alteration
of the specification requires the same level of processing (e.g., a
registration submitted on Standards Track can be revised in another
Standards Track RFC, but can't be revised in an Informational RFC)
required for the initial registration.
3.2. Vendor Tree
The vendor tree is used for media types associated with commercially
available products. "Vendor" or "producer" are construed as
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equivalent and very broadly in this context.
A registration may be placed in the vendor tree by anyone who needs
to interchange files associated with the particular product.
However, the registration formally belongs to the vendor or
organization producing the software or file format being registered.
Changes to the specification will be made at their request, as
discussed in subsequent sections.
Registrations in the vendor tree will be distinguished by the leading
facet "vnd.". That may be followed, at the discretion of the
registrant, by either a media subtype name from a well-known producer
(e.g., "vnd.mudpie") or by an IANA-approved designation of the
producer's name that is followed by a media type or product
designation (e.g., vnd.bigcompany.funnypictures).
While public exposure and review of media types to be registered in
the vendor tree is not required, using the ietf-types@iana.org
mailing list for review is strongly encouraged to improve the quality
of those specifications. Registrations in the vendor tree may be
submitted directly to the IANA, where they will undergo Expert Review
[RFC5226] prior to approval.
3.3. Personal or Vanity Tree
Registrations for media types created experimentally or as part of
products that are not distributed commercially may be registered in
the personal or vanity tree. The registrations are distinguished by
the leading facet "prs.".
The owner of "personal" registrations and associated specifications
is the person or entity making the registration, or one to whom
responsibility has been transferred as described below.
While public exposure and review of media types to be registered in
the personal tree is not required, using the ietf-types list for
review is strongly encouraged to improve the quality of those
specifications. Registrations in the personal tree may be submitted
directly to the IANA, where they will undergo Expert Review [RFC5226]
prior to approval.
3.4. Special x. Tree
For convenience and symmetry with this registration scheme, subtype
names with "x." as the first facet may be used for the same purposes
for which names starting in "x-" are used. These types are
unregistered, experimental, and for use only with the active
agreement of the parties exchanging them.
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However, with the simplified registration procedures described above
for vendor and personal trees, it should rarely, if ever, be
necessary to use unregistered experimental types. Therefore, use of
both "x-" and "x." forms is discouraged.
Types in this tree MUST NOT be registered. If a generally useful and
widely deployed type incorrectly ends up with an "x." or "x-" name
prefix, it MAY be registered using its current name in an alternate
tree by following the procedure defined in Appendix A.
3.5. Additional Registration Trees
From time to time and as required by the community, the IANA may, by
and with the advice and consent of the IESG, create new top-level
registration trees. It is explicitly assumed that these trees may be
created for external registration and management by well-known
permanent bodies; for example, scientific societies may register
media types specific to the sciences they cover. In general, the
quality of review of specifications for one of these additional
registration trees is expected to be equivalent to registrations in
the standards tree. Establishment of these new trees MUST be done
with a Standards Track RFC.
4. Registration Requirements
Media type registration proposals are all expected to conform to
various requirements laid out in the following sections. Note that
requirement specifics sometimes vary depending on the registration
tree, again as detailed in the following sections.
4.1. Functionality Requirement
Media types MUST function as an actual media format. Registration of
things that are better thought of as a transfer encoding, as a
charset, or as a collection of separate entities of another type, is
not allowed. For example, although applications exist to decode the
base64 transfer encoding [RFC2045], base64 cannot be registered as a
media type.
This requirement applies regardless of the registration tree
involved.
4.2. Naming Requirements
All registered media types MUST be assigned type and subtype names.
The combination of these names serves to uniquely identify the media
type, and the format of the subtype name identifies the registration
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tree. Both type and subtype names are case-insensitive.
Type and subtype names beginning with "X-" are reserved for
experimental use and MUST NOT be registered. This parallels the
restriction on the x. tree, as discussed in Section 3.4.
Type and subtype names MUST conform to the following ABNF:
type-name = reg-name
subtype-name = reg-name
reg-name = 1*127reg-name-chars
reg-name-chars = ALPHA / DIGIT / "!" /
"#" / "$" / "&" / "." /
"+" / "-" / "^" / "_"
Note that this syntax is somewhat more restrictive than what is
allowed by the ABNF in [RFC2045].
Although the name syntax treates "+" as equivalent to any other
character, it is used in media type names to introduce a structured
syntax specificer suffix. Structured syntax suffix requirements are
specified in Section 4.2.8.
While it is possible for a given media type to be assigned additional
names, the use of different names to identify the same media type is
discouraged.
These requirements apply regardless of the registration tree
involved.
The choice of top-level type name MUST take into account the nature
of media type involved. New subtypes of top-level types MUST conform
to the restrictions of the top-level type, if any. The following
sections describe each of the initial set of top-level types and
their associated restrictions. Additionally, various protocols,
including but not limited to MIME, MAY impose additional restrictions
on the media types they can transport. (See [RFC2046] for additional
information on the restrictions MIME imposes.)
4.2.1. Text Media Types
The "text" media type is intended for sending material that is
principally textual in form. A "charset" parameter MAY be used to
indicate the charset of the body text for "text" subtypes, notably
including the subtype "text/plain", which is a generic subtype for
plain text defined in [RFC2046]. If defined, a text "charset"
parameter MUST be used to specify a charset name defined in
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accordance to the procedures laid out in [RFC2978].
Plain text does not provide for or allow formatting commands, font
attribute specifications, processing instructions, interpretation
directives, or content markup. Plain text is seen simply as a linear
sequence of characters, possibly interrupted by line breaks or page
breaks. Plain text MAY allow the stacking of several characters in
the same position in the text. Plain text in scripts like Arabic and
Hebrew may also include facilities that allow the arbitrary mixing of
text segments with opposite writing directions.
Beyond plain text, there are many formats for representing what might
be known as "rich text". An interesting characteristic of many such
representations is that they are to some extent readable even without
the software that interprets them. It is useful to distinguish them,
at the highest level, from such unreadable data as images, audio, or
text represented in an unreadable form. In the absence of
appropriate interpretation software, it is reasonable to present
subtypes of "text" to the user, while it is not reasonable to do so
with most non-textual data. Such formatted textual data should be
represented using subtypes of "text".
4.2.2. Image Media Types
A media type of "image" indicates that the content specifies one or
more separate images that require appropriate hardware to display.
The subtype names the specific image format.
4.2.3. Audio Media Types
A media type of "audio" indicates that the content contains audio
data.
4.2.4. Video Media Types
A media type of "video" indicates that the content specifies a time-
varying-picture image, possibly with color and coordinated sound.
The term 'video' is used in its most generic sense, rather than with
reference to any particular technology or format, and is not meant to
preclude subtypes such as animated drawings encoded compactly.
Note that although in general this document strongly discourages the
mixing of multiple media in a single body, it is recognized that many
so-called video formats include a representation for synchronized
audio and/or text, and this is explicitly permitted for subtypes of
"video".
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4.2.5. Application Media Types
The "application" media type is to be used for discrete data that do
not fit in any of the media types, and particularly for data to be
processed by some type of application program. This is information
that must be processed by an application before it is viewable or
usable by a user. Expected uses for the "application" media type
include but are not limited to file transfer, spreadsheets,
presentations, scheduling data, and languages for "active"
(computational) material. (The latter, in particular, can pose
security problems that must be understood by implementors, and are
considered in detail in the discussion of the "application/
PostScript" media type in [RFC2046].)
For example, a meeting scheduler might define a standard
representation for information about proposed meeting dates. An
intelligent user agent would use this information to conduct a dialog
with the user, and might then send additional material based on that
dialog. More generally, there have been several "active" languages
developed in which programs in a suitably specialized language are
transported to a remote location and automatically run in the
recipient's environment. Such applications may be defined as
subtypes of the "application" media type.
The subtype of "application" will often be either the name or include
part of the name of the application for which the data are intended.
This does not mean, however, that any application program name may be
used freely as a subtype of "application".
4.2.6. Multipart and Message Media Types
Multipart and message are composite types, that is, they provide a
means of encapsulating zero or more objects, each labeled with its
own media type.
All subtypes of multipart and message MUST conform to the syntax
rules and other requirements specified in [RFC2046].
4.2.7. Additional Top-level Types
In some cases a new media type may not "fit" under any currently
defined top-level content type. Such cases are expected to be quite
rare. However, if such a case does arise a new top-level type can be
defined to accommodate it. Such a definition MUST be done via
standards-track RFC; no other mechanism can be used to define
additional top-level content types.
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4.2.8. Structured Syntax Name Suffixes
[RFC3023] defined the first such augmentation to the media type
definition to additionally specify the underlying structure of that
media type. To quote:
This document also standardizes a convention (using the suffix
'+xml') for naming media types ... when those media types
represent XML MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
entities.
That is, it specified a suffix (in that case, +xml) to be appended to
the base media type name.
Since this was published, the defacto practice has arisen for using
this suffix convention for other well-known structuring syntaxes. In
particular, media types have been registered with suffixes such as
+der, +fastinfoset and +json. This specification formalizes this
practice and sets up a registry for structured type name suffixes.
The primary guideline for whether a structured type name suffix
should be registerable is that it be) described by a readily-
available description, preferably within a document published by an
established standards organization, and for which there's a reference
that can be used in a References section of an RFC.
Media types that make use of a named structured syntax SHOULD use the
appropriate registered +suffix for that structured syntax when they
are registered. By the same token, media types MUST NOT be given
names incorporating suffixes for structured syntaxes they do not
actually employ. "+suffix" constructs for as-yet unregistered
structured syntaxes should be used with care, given the possibility
of conflicts with future suffix definitions.
4.3. Parameter Requirements
Media types MAY elect to use one or more media type parameters, or
some parameters may be automatically made available to the media type
by virtue of being a subtype of a content type that defines a set of
parameters applicable to any of its subtypes. In either case, the
names, values, and meanings of any parameters MUST be fully specified
when a media type is registered in the standards tree, and SHOULD be
specified as completely as possible when media types are registered
in the vendor or personal trees.
Parameter names have the syntax as media type names and values:
parameter-name = reg-name
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Note that this syntax is somewhat more restrictive than what is
allowed by the ABNF in [RFC2045] and amended by [RFC2231].
There is no defined syntax for parameter values. Therefore
registrations MUST specify parameter value syntax. Additionally,
some transports impose restrictions on parameter value syntax, so
care should be taken to limit the use of potentially problematic
syntaxes; e.g., pure binary valued parameters, while permitted in
some protocols, probably should be avoided.
New parameters SHOULD NOT be defined as a way to introduce new
functionality in types registered in the standards tree, although new
parameters MAY be added to convey additional information that does
not otherwise change existing functionality. An example of this
would be a "revision" parameter to indicate a revision level of an
external specification such as JPEG. Similar behavior is encouraged
for media types registered in the vendor or personal trees but is not
required.
4.4. Canonicalization and Format Requirements
All registered media types MUST employ a single, canonical data
format, regardless of registration tree.
A precise and openly available specification of the format of each
media type MUST exist for all types registered in the standards tree
and MUST at a minimum be referenced by, if it isn't actually included
in, the media type registration proposal itself.
The specifications of format and processing particulars may or may
not be publicly available for media types registered in the vendor
tree, and such registration proposals are explicitly permitted to
limit specification to which software and version produce or process
such media types. References to or inclusion of format
specifications in registration proposals is encouraged but not
required.
Format specifications are still required for registration in the
personal tree, but may be either published as RFCs or otherwise
deposited with the IANA. The deposited specifications will meet the
same criteria as those required to register a well-known TCP port
and, in particular, need not be made public.
Some media types involve the use of patented technology. The
registration of media types involving patented technology is
specifically permitted. However, the restrictions set forth in
[RFC2026] on the use of patented technology in IETF standards-track
protocols must be respected when the specification of a media type is
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part of a standards-track protocol. In addition, other standards
bodies making use of the standards tree may have their own rules
regarding intellectual property that must be observed in their
registrations.
4.5. Interchange Recommendations
Media types SHOULD interoperate across as many systems and
applications as possible. However, some media types will inevitably
have problems interoperating across different platforms. Problems
with different versions, byte ordering, and specifics of gateway
handling can and will arise.
Universal interoperability of media types is not required, but known
interoperability issues SHOULD be identified whenever possible.
Publication of a media type does not require an exhaustive review of
interoperability, and the interoperability considerations section is
subject to continuing evaluation.
These recommendations apply regardless of the registration tree
involved.
4.6. Security Requirements
An analysis of security issues MUST be done for all types registered
in the standards Tree. A similar analysis for media types registered
in the vendor or personal trees is encouraged but not required.
However, regardless of what security analysis has or has not been
done, all descriptions of security issues MUST be as accurate as
possible regardless of registration tree. In particular, a statement
that there are "no security issues associated with this type" MUST
NOT be confused with "the security issues associates with this type
have not been assessed".
There is absolutely no requirement that media types registered in any
tree be secure or completely free from risks. Nevertheless, all
known security risks MUST be identified in the registration of a
media type, again regardless of registration tree.
The security considerations section of all registrations is subject
to continuing evaluation and modification, and in particular MAY be
extended by use of the "comments on media types" mechanism described
in Section 5.5 below.
Some of the issues that should be looked at in a security analysis of
a media type are:
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o Complex media types may include provisions for directives that
institute actions on a recipient's files or other resources. In
many cases provision is made for originators to specify arbitrary
actions in an unrestricted fashion that may then have devastating
effects. See the registration of the application/postscript media
type in [RFC2046] for an example of such directives and how they
should be described in a media type registration.
o All registrations MUST state whether or not they employ such
"active content", and if they do, they MUST state what steps have
been taken to protect users of the media type from harm.
o Complex media types may include provisions for directives that
institute actions that, while not directly harmful to the
recipient, may result in disclosure of information that either
facilitates a subsequent attack or else violates a recipient's
privacy in some way. Again, the registration of the application/
postscript media type illustrates how such directives can be
handled.
o A media type that employs compression may provide an opportunity
for sending a small amount of data that, when received and
evaluated, expands enormously to consume all of the recipient's
resources. All media types SHOULD state whether or not they
employ compression, and if they do they should discuss what steps
need to be taken to avoid such attacks.
o A media type might be targeted for applications that require some
sort of security assurance but not provide the necessary security
mechanisms themselves. For example, a media type could be defined
for storage of confidential medical information that in turn
requires an external confidentiality service, or which is designed
for use only within a secure environment.
4.7. Requirements specific to XML media types
There are a number of additional requirements specific to the
registration of XML media types. These requirements are specified in
[RFC3023].
4.8. Encoding Requirements
Some transports impose restrictions on the type of data they can
carry. For example, Internet mail traditionally was limited to 7bit
US-ASCII text. Encoding schemes are often used to work around such
transport limitations.
It is therefore useful to note what sort of data a media type can
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consist of as part of its registration. An "encoding considerations"
field is provided for this purpose. Possible values of this field
are:
7bit: The content of the media type consists solely of CRLF-
delimited 7bit US-ASCII text.
8bit: The content of the media type consists solely of CRLF-
delimited 8bit text.
binary: The content consists of unrestricted sequence of octets.
framed: The content consists of a series of frames or packets
without internal framing or alignment indicators. Additional out-
of-band information is needed to interpret the data properly,
including but not necessarily limited to, knowledge of the
boundaries between successive frames and knowledge of the
transport mechanism. Note that media types of this sort cannot
simply be stored in a file or transported as a simple stream of
octets; therefore, such media types are unsuitable for use in many
traditional protocols. A commonly used transport with framed
encoding is the Real-time Transport Protocol, RTP. Additional
rules for framed encodings defined for transport using RTP are
given in [RFC3555].
Additional restrictions on 7bit and 8bit text are given in [RFC2046].
4.9. Usage and Implementation Non-requirements
In the asynchronous mail environment, where information on the
capabilities of the remote mail agent is frequently not available to
the sender, maximum interoperability is attained by restricting the
media types used to those "common" formats expected to be widely
implemented. This was asserted in the past as a reason to limit the
number of possible media types, and resulted in a registration
process with a significant hurdle and delay for those registering
media types.
However, the need for "common" media types does not require limiting
the registration of new media types. If a limited set of media types
is recommended for a particular application, that should be asserted
by a separate applicability statement specific for the application
and/or environment.
Therefore, universal support and implementation of a media type is
NOT a requirement for registration. However, if a media type is
explicitly intended for limited use, this MUST be noted in its
registration. The "Restrictions on Usage" field is provided for this
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purpose.
4.10. Publication Requirements
Proposals for media types registered in the standards tree by the
IETF itself MUST be published as RFCs. RFC publication of vendor and
personal media type proposals is encouraged but not required. In all
cases the IANA will retain copies of all media type proposals and
"publish" them as part of the media types registration tree itself.
As stated previously, standards tree registrations for media types
defined in documents produced by other standards bodies MUST be
described by a formal standards specification produced by that body.
Such specifications MUST contain an appropriate media type
registration template taken from Section 5.9. Additionally, the
copyright on the registration template MUST allow the IANA to copy it
into the IANA registry.
Other than IETF registrations in the standards tree, the registration
of a data type does not imply endorsement, approval, or
recommendation by the IANA or the IETF or even certification that the
specification is adequate. To become Internet Standards, a protocol
or data object must go through the IETF standards process. This is
too difficult and too lengthy a process for the convenient
registration of media types.
The standards tree exists for media types that do require a
substantive review and approval process in a recognized standards
body. The vendor and personal trees exist for those media types that
do not require such a process. It is expected that applicability
statements for particular applications will be published from time to
time in the IETF, recommending implementation of, and support for,
media types that have proven particularly useful in those contexts.
As discussed above, registration of a top-level type requires
standards-track processing in the IETF and, hence, RFC publication.
4.11. Additional Information
Various sorts of optional information SHOULD be included in the
specification of a media type if it is available:
o Magic number(s) (length, octet values). Magic numbers are byte
sequences that are always present at a given place in the file and
thus can be used to identify entities as being of a given media
type.
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o File name extension(s) commonly used on one or more platforms to
indicate that some file contains a given media type.
o Mac OS File Type code(s) (4 octets) used to label files containing
a given media type.
o Information about how fragment/anchor identifiers [RFC3986] are
constructed for use in conjunction with this media type.
In the case of a registration in the standards tree, this additional
information MAY be provided in the formal specification of the media
type. It is suggested that this be done by incorporating the IANA
media type registration form into the specification itself.
5. Media Type Registration Procedures
The media type registration procedure is not a formal standards
process, but rather an administrative procedure intended to allow
community comment and sanity checking without excessive time delay.
The normal IETF processes should be followed for all IETF
registrations in the standards tree. The posting of an Internet
Draft is a necessary first step, followed by posting to the
ietf-types@iana.org list as discussed below.
Registrations in the vendor and personal tree should be submitted
directly to the IANA, ideally after first posting to the
ietf-types@iana.org list for review.
Proposed registrations in the standards tree by other standards
bodies MUST be communicated to both the IESG (at iesg@ietf.org) and
to the ietf-types list (at ietf-types@iana.org). Prior posting as an
Internet Draft is not required for these registrations, but may be
helpful to the IESG and is encouraged.
5.1. Preliminary Community Review
Notice of a potential media type registration in the standards tree
MUST be sent to the "ietf-types@iana.org" mailing list for review.
This mailing list has been established for the purpose of reviewing
proposed media and access types. Registrations in other trees MAY be
sent to the list for review as well.
The intent of the public posting to this list is to solicit comments
and feedback on the choice of type/subtype name, the unambiguity of
the references with respect to versions and external profiling
information, and a review of any interoperability or security
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considerations. The submitter may submit a revised registration or
abandon the registration completely and at any time.
5.2. Review and Approval
Media types registered in the standards tree MUST either be reviwed
and approved by the IESG or follow the Specification Required
process:
1. Specification in a permanent and readily available public
specification
2. Review and approval by the Designated Expert for media types
5.3. IANA Registration
Provided that the media type meets all of the relevant requirements
and has obtained whatever approval this specification requires, the
author may submit the registration request to the IANA. Registration
requests can be sent to iana@iana.org. A web form for registration
requests is also available:
http://www.iana.org/cgi-bin/mediatypes.pl
Sending to ietf-types@iana.org does not constitute submitting the
registration to the IANA.
When the registration is either part of an RFC publication request or
a registration in the standards tree submitted to the IESG, close
coordination between the IANA and the IESG means IESG approval in
effect submits the registration to the IANA. There is no need for an
additional registration request in such cases.
5.4. Media Types Reviewer
Registrations submitted to the IANA will be passed on to the media
types reviewer. The media types reviewer, who is appointed by the
IETF Applications Area Director(s), will review the registration to
make sure it meets the requirements set forth in this document.
Registrations that do not meet these requirements will be returned to
the submitter for revision.
Decisions made by the media types reviewer may be appealed to the
IESG using the procedure specified in [RFC2026] section 6.5.4.
Once a media type registration has passed review, the IANA will
register the media type and make the media type registration
available to the community.
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5.5. Comments on Media Type Registrations
Comments on registered media types may be submitted by members of the
community to the IANA at iana@iana.org. These comments will be
reviewed by the media types reviewer and then passed on to the
"owner" of the media type if possible. Submitters of comments may
request that their comment be attached to the media type registration
itself, and if the IANA approves of this, the comment will be made
accessible in conjunction with the type registration.
5.6. Location of Registered Media Type List
Media type registrations are listed by the IANA at:
http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/
5.7. IANA Procedures for Registering Media Types
Upon receipt of a registration request, the IANA will submit the
request for Expert Review. The Expert Reviewer will check to see
that the following minimal conditions are met:
o Media types MUST function as an actual media format. In
particular, charsets and transfer encodings MUST NOT be registered
as media types.
o All media types MUST have properly formed type and subtype names.
All type names MUST be defined by a standards-track RFC. All
type/subtype name pairs MUST be unique and MUST contain the proper
tree prefix.
o Types registered in the standards and personal trees MUST either
provide a format specification or a pointer to one.
o All media types MUST have a reasonable security considerations
section. (It is neither possible nor necessary for the IANA to
conduct a comprehensive security review of media type
registrations. Nevertheless, the IANA has the authority to
identify obviously incompetent material and return it to the
submitter for revision.)
o Registrations in the standards tree MUST satisfy the additional
requirement that they originate from the IETF itself or from
another Standards Body recognized as such by the IETF.
Registrations in the standards tree MUST satisfy the additional
requirement that they originate from the IETF itself or from another
Standards Body recognized as such by the IETF. The IESG determines
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whether or not a given organization qualifies as a standards body.
5.8. Change Procedures
Once a media type has been published by the IANA, the owner may
request a change to its definition. The descriptions of the
different registration trees above designate the "owners" of each
type of registration. The same procedure that would be appropriate
for the original registration request is used to process a change
request.
Changes should be requested only when there are serious omissions or
errors in the published specification. When review is required, a
change request may be denied if it renders entities that were valid
under the previous definition invalid under the new definition.
The owner of a media type may pass responsibility to another person
or agency by informing the IANA and the ietf-types list; this can be
done without discussion or review.
The IESG may reassign responsibility for a media type. The most
common case of this will be to enable changes to be made to types
where the author of the registration has died, moved out of contact
or is otherwise unable to make changes that are important to the
community.
Media type registrations may not be deleted; media types that are no
longer believed appropriate for use can be declared OBSOLETE by a
change to their "intended use" field; such media types will be
clearly marked in the lists published by the IANA.
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5.9. Registration Template
To: ietf-types@iana.org
Subject: Registration of media type XXX/YYY
Type name:
Subtype name:
Required parameters:
Optional parameters:
Encoding considerations:
Security considerations:
Interoperability considerations:
Published specification:
Applications that use this media type:
Additional information:
Magic number(s):
File extension(s):
Macintosh file type code(s):
URI fragment/anchor identifier(s):
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Intended usage:
(One of COMMON, LIMITED USE or OBSOLETE.)
Restrictions on usage:
(Any restrictions on where the media type can be used go here.)
Author:
Change controller:
(Any other information that the author deems interesting may be
added below this line.)
Some discussion of Macintosh file type codes and their purpose can be
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found in [MacOSFileTypes]. Additionally, please refrain from writing
"none" or anything similar when no file extension or Macintosh file
type is specified, lest "none" be confused with an actual code value.
6. Structured Syntax Suffix Registration Procedures
Someone wishing to define a +suffix name for a structured syntax for
use with a new media type registration SHOULD:
1. Check IANA's registry of media type name suffixes to see whether
or not there is already an entry for that well-defined structured
syntax.
2. If there is no entry for their suffix scheme, fill out the
template (specified in Section 6.2) and include that with the
media type registration. The template may be contained in an
Internet Draft, alone or as part of some other protocol
specification. The template may also be submitted in some other
form (as part of another document or as a stand-alone document),
but the contents will be treated as an "IETF Contribution" under
the guidelines of RFC 3978 [RFC3978].
3. Send a copy of the template or a pointer to the containing
document (with specific reference to the section with the
template) to the mailing list ietf-types@ietf.org, requesting
review. This may be combined with a request to review the media
type registration. Allow a reasonable time for discussion and
comments.
4. Respond to review comments and make revisions to the proposed
registration as needed to bring it into line with the guidelines
given in this document.
5. Submit the (possibly updated) registration template (or pointer
to document containing it) to IANA at iana@iana.org.
Upon receipt of a structured syntax suffix registration request,
1. IANA checks the submission for completeness; if sections are
missing or citations are not correct, IANA rejects the
registration request.
2. IANA checks the current registry for a entry with the same name;
if such a registry exists, IANA rejects the registration request.
3. IANA requests Expert Review of the registration request against
the corresponding guidelines.
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4. The Designated Expert may request additional review or
discussion, as necessary.
5. If Expert Review recommends registration registration, IANA adds
the registration to the appropriate registry.
6.1. Change Procedures
Registrations may be updated in each registry by the same mechanism
as required for an initial registration. In cases where the original
definition of the scheme is contained in an IESG-approved document,
update of the specification also requires IESG approval.
6.2. Structured Syntax Suffix Registration Template
This template describes the fields that must be supplied in a
structured syntax sufficx registration request:
Name
Full name of the well-defined structured syntax.
+suffix
Suffix used to indicate conformance to the syntax.
References.
Include full citations for all specifications necessary to
understand the structured syntax.
Encoding considerations
General guidance regarding encoding considerations for any type
employing this syntax should be given here. The same requirements
for media type encoding considerations given in Section 4.8 apply
here.
Interoperability considerations
Any issues regarding the interoperable use of types employing this
structured syntax should be given here. Examples would include
the existence of incompatible versions of the syntax, issues
combining certain charsets with the syntax, or incompatibilities
with other types or protocols.
Security considerations
Security considerations shared by media types employing this
structured syntax must be specified here. The same requirements
for media type security considerations given in Section 4.6 apply
here, with the exception that option of not assessing the security
considerations is not available for suffix registrations.
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Contact
Person (including contact information) to contact for further
information.
Author/Change controller.
Person (including contact information) authorized to change this
suffix registration.
7. Security Considerations
Security requirements for media type registrations are discussed in
Section 4.6.
8. IANA Considerations
The purpose of this document is to define IANA registries for media
types and structured syntax suffixes.
9. Acknowledgements
The current authors would like to acknowledge their debt to the late
Dr. Jon Postel, whose general model of IANA registration procedures
and specific contributions shaped the predecessors of this document
[RFC2048]. We hope that the current version is one with which he
would have agreed but, as it is impossible to verify that agreement,
we have regretfully removed his name as a co-author.
Alexey Melnikov provided many helpful review comments and
suggestions.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.
[RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
November 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
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[RFC2978] Freed, N. and J. Postel, "IANA Charset Registration
Procedures", BCP 19, RFC 2978, October 2000.
[RFC3023] Murata, M., St. Laurent, S., and D. Kohn, "XML Media
Types", RFC 3023, January 2001.
[RFC3555] Casner, S. and P. Hoschka, "MIME Type Registration of RTP
Payload Formats", RFC 3555, July 2003.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, January 2005.
[RFC4234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
May 2008.
10.2. Informative References
[MacOSFileTypes]
Apple Computer, Inc., "Mac OS: File Type and Creator
Codes, and File Formats", Apple Knowledge Base Article
55381, June 1993,
<http://www.info.apple.com/kbnum/n55381>.
[RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision
3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[RFC2048] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and J. Postel, "Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration
Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 2048, November 1996.
[RFC2231] Freed, N. and K. Moore, "MIME Parameter Value and Encoded
Word Extensions:
Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations", RFC 2231,
November 1997.
[RFC3978] Bradner, S., "IETF Rights in Contributions", RFC 3978,
March 2005.
Appendix A. Grandfathered Media Types
A number of media types with unfaceted names, registered prior to
1996, would, if registered under the guidelines in this document, be
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given a faceted name and placed into either the vendor or personal
trees. Reregistration of those types to reflect the appropriate
trees is encouraged but not required. Ownership and change control
principles outlined in this document apply to those types as if they
had been registered in the trees described above.
From time to time there may also be cases where a media type with an
unfaceted name has been widely deployed without being registered. If
possible such types SHOULD be reregistered with a proper faceted
name. However, if this is not possible the type can, subject to
approval by both the media types reviewer and the IESG, be registered
in the proper tree with its unfaceted name.
Appendix B. Changes Since RFC 4288
o Suffixes to indicate the use of a particular structured syntax are
now fully specified and a suffix registration process has been
defined.
o Registration of widely deployed unregistered unfaceted type names
in the vendor or personal trees is now allowed, subject to
approval by the media types reviewer and the IESG.
o The standards tree registration process has been revised to
include Expert Review and generalized to address cases like media
types in non-IETF stream documents.
o A field for fragment/anchor identifiers has been added to the
registration template.
Authors' Addresses
Ned Freed
Oracle
800 Royal Oaks
Monrovia, CA 91016-6347
USA
Email: ned+ietf@mrochek.com
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John C. Klensin
1770 Massachusetts Ave, #322
Cambridge, MA 02140
USA
Email: klensin+ietf@jck.com
Tony Hansen
AT&T Laboratories
200 Laurel Ave.
Middletown, NJ 07748
USA
Email: tony+mtsuffix@maillennium.att.com
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