Internet DRAFT - draft-fang-l3vpn-virtual-pe

draft-fang-l3vpn-virtual-pe



 



INTERNET-DRAFT                                          Luyuan Fang, Ed.
Intended Status: Standards track                               Microsoft
Expires: January 4, 2015                                      David Ward
                                                            Rex Fernando
Ning So                                                            Cisco
Vinci Systems                                            Maria Napierala
Jim Guichard                                                        AT&T
Cisco                                                        Nabil Bitar
Wen Wang                                                         Verizon
CenturyLink                                               Dhananjaya Rao
Manuel Paul                                                        Cisco
Deutsche Telekom                                           Bruno Rijsman
Wim Henderichx                                                   Juniper
Alcatel-Lucent                                                          
                                                            July 4, 2014


                        BGP/MPLS VPN Virtual PE
                     draft-fang-l3vpn-virtual-pe-05


Abstract

   This document describes the architecture solutions for BGP/MPLS L3
   and L2 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) with virtual Provider Edge
   (vPE) routers. It provides a functional description of the vPE
   control, forwarding, and management. The proposed vPE solutions
   support both the Software Defined Networks (SDN) approach which
   allows physical decoupling of the control and the forwarding, and the
   traditional distributed routing approach. A vPE can reside in any
   network or compute devices, such as a server as co-resident with the
   application virtual machines (VMs), or a Top-of-Rack (ToR) switch in
   a Data Center (DC) network.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as
   Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
 


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   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.1 Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.2 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2. Virtual PE Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.1 Virtual PE definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.2 vPE Architecture and Design options  . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       2.2.1 vPE-F host location  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       2.2.2 vPE control plane topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       2.2.3 Data Center orchestration models . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     2.3 vPE Architecture reference models  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       2.3.1 vPE-F in an end-device and vPE-C in the controller . . .  8
       2.3.2 vPE-F and vPE-C on the same end-device . . . . . . . . . 10
       2.3.3 vPE-F and vPE-C are on the ToR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       2.3.4 vPE-F on the ToR and vPE-C on the controller . . . . . . 12
       2.3.5 The server view of a vPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   3. Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     3.1 vPE Control Plane (vPE-C)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       3.1.1 The SDN approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       3.1.2 Distributed control plane  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     3.3 Use of router reflector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     3.4 Use of Constrained Route Distribution [RFC4684]  . . . . . . 14
   4. Forwarding Plane  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.1 Virtual Interface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     4.2 Virtual Provider Edge Forwarder (vPE-F)  . . . . . . . . . . 15
 


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     4.3 Encapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.4 Optimal forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.5 Routing and Bridging Services  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   5. Addressing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.1 IPv4 and IPv6 support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.2 Address space separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     6.0 Inter-connection considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   7. Management, Control, and Orchestration  . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     7.1 Assumptions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     7.2 Management/Orchestration system interfaces . . . . . . . . . 19
     7.3 Service VM Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     7.4 Orchestration and MPLS VPN inter-provisioning  . . . . . . . 19
       7.4.1 vPE Push model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       7.4.2 vPE Pull model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   9.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   10.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   11.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     11.1  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     11.2  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24



























 


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1  Introduction

   Network virtualization enables multiple isolated individual networks
   over a shared common network infrastructure. BGP/MPLS IP Virtual
   Private Networks (IP VPNs) [RFC4364] have been widely deployed to
   provide network based Layer 3 VPNs solutions. [RFC4364] provides
   routing isolation among different customer VPNs and allow address
   overlap among these VPNs through the implementation of per VPN
   Virtual Routing and Forwarding instances (VRFs) at a Service Provider
   Edge (PE) routers, while forwarding customer traffic over a common
   IP/MPLS network. For L2 VPN, a similar technology is being defined in
   [I-D.ietf-l2vpn-evpn] on the basis of BGP/MPLS, to provide switching
   isolation and allow MAC address overlap.

   With the advent of compute capabilities and the proliferation of
   virtualization in Data Center servers, multi-tenant Data Centers are
   becoming the norm. As applications and appliances are increasingly
   being virtualized, support for virtual edge devices, such as virtual
   L3/L2 VPN PE routers, becomes feasible and desirable for Service
   Providers who want to extend their existing MPLS VPN deployments into
   Data Centers to provide end-to-end Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
   services. Virtual PE work is also one of early effort for Network
   Functions Virtualization (NFV). In general, scalability, agility, and
   cost efficiency are primary motivations for vPE solutions.

   The virtual Provider Edge (vPE) solution described in this document
   allows for the extension of the PE functionality of L3/L2 VPN to an
   end device, such as a server where the applications reside, or to a
   first hop routing/switching device, such as a Top of the Rack (ToR)
   switch in a DC.

   The vPE solutions support both the Software Defined Networks (SDN)
   approach, which allows physical decoupling of the control and the
   forwarding, and the traditional distributed routing approach.

1.1 Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].


   Term              Definition
   -----------       --------------------------------------------------
   ASBR              Autonomous System Border Router
   BGP               Border Gateway Protocol
   CE                Customer Edge
   Forwarder         IP VPN forwarding function
 


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   GRE               Generic Routing Encapsulation
   Hypervisor        Virtual Machine Manager
   I2RS              Interface to Routing Systems
   LDP               Label Distribution Protocol
   MP-BGP            Multi-Protocol Border Gateway Protocol
   MPLS              Multi-Protocol Label Switching
   PCEF              Policy Charging and Enforcement Function
   QoS               Quality of Service
   RR                Route Reflector
   RT                Route Target
   RTC               RT Constraint
   SDN               Software Defined Networks
   ToR               Top-of-Rack switch
   VI                Virtual Interface
   vCE               virtual Customer Edge Router
   VM                Virtual Machine
   vPC               virtual Private Cloud
   vPE               virtual Provider Edge Router
   vPE-C             virtual Provider Edge Control plane
   vPE-F             virtual Provider Edge Forwarder
   VPN               Virtual Private Network
   vRR               virtual Route Reflector
   WAN               Wide Area Network

   End device: where Guest OS, Host OS/Hypervisor, applications, VMs,
   and virtual router may reside.

1.2 Requirements

   The following are key requirements for vPE solutions.

   1) MUST support end device multi-tenancy, per tenant routing
   isolation and traffic separation.

   2) MUST support large scale MPLS VPNs in the Data Center, upto tens
   of thousands of end devices and millions of VMs in the single Data
   Center.

   3) MUST support end-to-end MPLS VPN connectivity, e.g. MPLS VPN can
   start from a DC end device, connect to a corresponding MPLS VPN in
   the WAN, and terminate in another Data Center end device.

   4) MUST allow physical decoupling of MPLS VPN PE control and
   forwarding for network virtualization and abstraction.

   5) MUST support the control plane with both SDN controller approach,
   and the traditional distributed control plane approach with MP-BGP
   protocol.
 


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   6) MUST support VM mobility.

   7) MUST support orchestration/auto-provisioning deployment model.

   8) SHOULD be capable to support service chaining as part of the
   solution [I-D.rfernando-l3vpn-service-chaining],
   [I-D.bitar-i2rs-service-chaining].

   The architecture and protocols defined in BGP/MPLS IP VPN [RFC4364]
   and BGP/MPLS EVPN [I-D.ietf-l2vpn-evpn] provide the foundation for
   vPE extension. Certain protocol extensions may be needed to support
   the virtual PE solutions.

2. Virtual PE Architecture

2.1 Virtual PE definitions

   As defined in [RFC4364] and [I-D.ietf-l2vpn-evpn], an MPLS VPN is
   created by applying policies to form a subset of sites among all
   sites connected to the backbone networks. It is a  collection of
   "sites". A site can be considered as a set of IP/ETH systems
   maintaining IP/ETH inter-connectivity without direct connecting
   through the backbone. The typical use of L3/L2 VPN has been to
   inter-connect different sites of an Enterprise networks through a
   Service Provider's BGP MPLS VPNs in the WAN.

   A virtual PE (vPE) is a BGP/MPLS L3/L2 VPN PE software instance which
   may reside in any network or computing devices. The control and
   forwarding components of the vPE can be decoupled, they may reside in
   the same physical device, or in different physical devices.

   A virtualized Provider Edge Forwarder (vPE-F) is the forwarding
   element of a vPE. vPE-F can reside in an end device, such as a server
   in a Data Center where multiple application Virtual Machines (VMs)
   are supported, or a Top-of-Rack switch (ToR) which is the first hop
   switch from the Data Center edge. When a vPE-F is residing in a
   server, its connection to a co-resident VM can be viewed as similar
   to the PE- CE relationship in the regular BGP L3/L2 VPNs, but without
   routing protocols or static routing between the virtual PE and end-
   host because the connection is internal to the device.

   The vPE Control plane (vPE-C) is the control element of a vPE. When
   using the approach where control plane is decoupled from the physical
   topology, the vPE-F may be in a server and co-resident with
   application VMs, while one vPE-C can be in a separate device, such as
   an SDN Controller where control plane elements and orchestration
   functions are located. Alternatively, the vPE-C  can reside in the
   same physical device as the vPE-F. In this case, it is similar to the
 


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   traditional implementation of VPN PEs where, distributed MP-BGP is
   used for L3/L2 VPN information exchange, though the vPE is not a
   dedicated physical entity as it is in a physical PE implementation.













































 


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2.2 vPE Architecture and Design options

2.2.1 vPE-F host location

   Option 1a. vPE-F is on an end device as co-resident with application
   VMs. For example, the vPE-F is on a server in a Data Center.

   Option 1b. vPE-F forwarder is on a ToR or other first hop devices in
   a DC, not as co-resident with the application VMs.

   Option 1c. vPE-F is on any network or compute devices in any types of
   networks.

2.2.2 vPE control plane topology

   Option 2a. vPE control plane is physically decoupled from the vPE-F.
   The control plane may be located in a controller in a separate device
   (a stand alone device or can be in the gateway as well) from the vPE
   forwarding plane.

   Option 2b. vPE control plane is supported through dynamic routing
   protocols and located in the same physical device as the vPE-F.

2.2.3 Data Center orchestration models

   Option 3a. Push model: It is a top down approach, push IP VPN
   provisioning state from a network management system or other
   centrally controlled provisioning system to the IP VPN network
   elements.

   Option 3b. Pull model: It is a bottom-up approach, pull state
   information from network elements to network management/AAA based
   upon data plane or control plane activity.

2.3 vPE Architecture reference models

2.3.1 vPE-F in an end-device and vPE-C in the controller

   Figure 1 illustrates the reference model for a vPE solution with the
   vPE-F in the end device co-resident with applications VMs, while the
   vPE-C is physically decoupled and residing on a controller.

   The Data Center is connected to the IP/MPLS core via the
   Gatways/ASBRs. The MPLS VPN , e.g. VPN RED, has a single termination
   point within the DC at one of the VPE-F, and is inter-connected in
   the WAN to other member sites which belong to the same client, and
   the remote ends of VPN RED can be a PE which has VPN RED attached to
   it, or another vPE in a different Data Center.
 


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   Note that the DC fabrics/intermediate underlay devices in the DC do
   not participate IP VPNs, their function is the same as provider
   backbone routers in the IP/MPLS back bone and they do not maintain
   the VPN states, nor they are VPN aware.

                             ,-----.
                            (       ')
                        .--(.       '.---.
                       (     '      '     )
                      (     IP/MPLS WAN    )
                       (.                .)
                        (     (        .)
          WAN            ''--' '-''---'
          ----------------|----------|------------------------
          Service/DC      |          |
          Network     +-------+   +-------+
                      |Gateway|---|Gateway|  *
                      | /ASBR |   | /ASBR |     *
                      +-------+   +-------+       *
                          |          |         +-------------+
                          |    ,---. |         |Controller   |
                        .---. (     '.---.     |(vPE-C and   |
                       (     '      '     ')   |orchestrator)|
                      (     Data Center     )  +-------------+
                       (.      Fabric      )           *
                        (     (       ).--'            *
                     /   ''--' '-''--'       \        *
                    /     /            \      \     *
           +-------+   +-------+   +-------+   +-------+
           | vPE-F |   | vPE-F |   | vPE-F |   | vPE-F |
           +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+
           |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |
           +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+
           |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |
           +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+

           End Device  End Device  End Device  End Device

           Figure 1. Virtualized Data Center with vPE at
      the end device and vPE-C and vPE-F physically decoupled

   Note:

   a) *** represents Controller logical connections to the all
   Gateway/ASBRs and to all vPE-F.

   b) ToR is assumed included in the Data Center cloud.

 


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2.3.2 vPE-F and vPE-C on the same end-device

   In this option, vPE-F and vPE-C functionality are both resident in
   the end-device. The vPE functions the same as it is in a physical PE.
   MP-BGP is used for the VPN control plane. Virtual or physical Route
   Reflectors (RR) (not shown in the diagram) can be used to assist
   scaling.

                             ,-----.
                            (       ')
                        .--(.       '.---.
                       (     '      '     )
                      (     IP/MPLS WAN    )
                       (.                .)
                        (     (        .)
          WAN            ''--' '-''---'
          ----------------|----------|----------------------
          Service/DC      |          |
          Network     +-------+   +-------+
                      |Gateway|---|Gateway|
                      | /ASBR |   | /ASBR | *
                      +-------+   +-------+   *
                          |          |          * MP-BGP
                          |    ,---. |            *
                        .---. (     '.---.          *
                       (     '      '     ')         *
                      (     Data Center     )         *
                       (.      Fabric      )          *
                        (     (       ).--'           *
                     /   ''--' '-''--'       \       *
                    /     /            \      \     *
           +-------+   +-------+   +-------+   +-------+
           |  vPE  |   |  vPE  |   |  vPE  |   |  vPE  |
           +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+
           |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |
           +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+
           |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |
           +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+

           End Device  End Device  End Device  End Device

           Figure 2. Virtualized Data Center with vPE at
           the end device, VPN control signal uses MP-BGP

   Note:

   a) *** represents the logical connections using MP-BGP among the
   Gateway/ASBRs and to the vPEs on the end devices.
 


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   b) ToR is assumed included in the Data Center cloud.

2.3.3 vPE-F and vPE-C are on the ToR

   In this option, vPE functionality is the same as a physical PE. MP-
   BGP is used for the VPN control plane. Virtual or physical Route
   Reflector (RR) (not shown in the diagram) can be used to assist
   scaling.

                             ,-----.
                            (       ')
                        .--(.       '.---.
                       (     '      '     )
                      (     IP/MPLS WAN    )
                       (.                .)
                        (     (        .)
          WAN            ''--' '-''---'
          ----------------|----------|----------------------
          Service/DC      |          |
          Network     +-------+   +-------+
                      |Gateway|---|Gateway|
                      | /ASBR |   | /ASBR | *
                      +-------+   +-------+   *
                          |          |          *  MP-BGP
                          |    ,---. |           *
                        .---. (     '.---.        *
                       (     '      '     ')      *
                      (     Data Center     )     *
                       (.      Fabric      )     *
                        (     (       ).--'     *
                        /''--' '-/'--'     \  *
                  +---+---+  +---+---+  +---+---+
                  |vPE|   |  |vPE|   |  |vPE|   |
                  +---+   |  +---+   |  +---+   |
                  |  ToR  |  |  ToR  |  |  ToR  |
                  +-------+  +-------+  +-------+
                   /     \    /      \    /     \
           +-------+   +-------+   +-------+   +-------+
           |  vPE  |   |  vPE  |   |  vPE  |   |  vPE  |
           +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+
           |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |
           +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+
           |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |   |VM |VM |
           +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+   +---+---+
           End Device  End Device  End Device  End Device

           Figure 3. Virtualized Data Center with vPE at
           the ToP, VPN control signal uses MP-BGP
 


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   Note: *** represents the logical connections using MP-BGP among the
   Gateway/ASBRs and to the vPEs on the ToRs.

2.3.4 vPE-F on the ToR and vPE-C on the controller

   In this option, the L3/L2 VPN termination is at the ToR, but the
   control plane decoupled from the data plane and resided in a
   controller, which can be on a stand alone device, or can be placed at
   the Gateway/ASBR.

2.3.5 The server view of a vPE

   An end device shown in Figure 4 is a virtualized server that hosts
   multiple VMs. The virtual PE is co-resident in the server with
   application VMs. The vPE supports multiple VRFs, VRF Red, VRF Grn,
   VRF Yel, VRF Blu, etc. Each application VM is associated to a
   particular VRF as a member of the particular VPN. For example, VM1 is
   associated to VRF Red, VM2 and VM47 are associated to VRF Grn, etc.
   Routing/switching isolation applies between VPNs for multi-tenancy
   support. For example, VM1 and VM2 cannot communicate directly in a
   simple intranet VPN topology as shown in the configuration.

   The vPE connectivity relationship between vPE and the application VM
   is similar to the PE-to-CE relationship in regular BGP VPNs. However,
   as the vPE and end-host functions are co-resident in the same server,
   the connection between them is an internal implementation of the
   server.

             +----------------------------------------------------+
             | +---------+ +---------+    +---------+ +---------+ |
             | |  VM1    | |  VM2    |    |  VM47   | |  VM48   | |
             | |(VPN Red)| |(VPN Grn)|... |(VPN Grn)| |(VPN Blu)| |
             | +----+----+ +---+-----+    +----+----+ +----+----+ |
             |      |          |               |           |      |
             |      +---+      | +-------------+       +---+      |
             |          |      | |                     |          |
      to     |      +---+------+-+---------------------+---+      |
      Gateway|      |   |      | |                     |   |      |
      PE     |      | +-+-+   ++-++            +---+ +-+-+ |      |
             |      | |VRF|   |VRF|   .......  |VRF| |VRF| |      |
      <------+------+ |Red|   |Grn|            |Yel| |Blu| |      |
             |      | +---+   +---+            +---+ +---+ |      |
             |      |           L3 VPN virtual PE          |      |
             |      +--------------------------------------+      |
             |                                                    |
             |                     End Device                     |
             +----------------------------------------------------+

 


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              Figure 4. Server View of vPE to VM relationship

   An application VM may send packets to a vPE forwarder that need to be
   bridged, either locally to another VM, or to a remote destination. In
   this case, the vPE contains a virtual bridge instance to which the
   application VMs (CEs) are attached.

                +----------------------------------------------------+
                | +---------+ +---------+   +---------+              |
                | |  VM1    | |  VM2    |   |  VM47   |              |
                | |(VPN Red)| |(VPN Grn)|...|(VPN Grn)|              |
                | +----+----+ +----+----+   +----+----+              |
                |      |           |             |                   |
                |      +---+       +----+   +----+                   |
                |          |            |   |                        |
         to     |      +---+------------+---+-----------------+      |
         Gateway|      |   |            |   |                 |      |
         PE     |      | +-+--+--+    +-+---+-+               |      |
                |      | |VBridge|    |VBridge|   .......     |      |
         <------+------+ |Red    |    |Grn    |               |      |
                |      | +-------+    +-------+               |      |
                |      |              vPE                     |      |
                |      +--------------------------------------+      |
                |                                                    |
                |                     End Device                     |
                +----------------------------------------------------+

                 Figure 4. Bridging Service at vPE

3. Control Plane

3.1 vPE Control Plane (vPE-C)

3.1.1 The SDN approach

   This approach is appropriate when the vPE control and data planes are
   physically decoupled. The control plane directing the data flow may
   reside elsewhere, e.g. in a SDN controller. This approach requires a
   standard interface to the routing system. The Interface to Routing
   System (I2RS) is work in progress in IETF as described in
   [I-D.ietf-i2rs-architecture], [I-D.ietf-i2rs-problem-statement].

   Although MP-BGP is often the de facto preferred choice between vPE
   and gateway-PE/ASBR, the use of extensible signaling messaging
   protocols MAY often be more practical in a Data Center environment.
   One such proposal that uses this approach is detailed in
   [I-D.ietf-l3vpn-end-system].

 


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3.1.2 Distributed control plane

   In the distributed control plane approach, the vPE participates in
   the overlay L3/L2 VPN control protocol: MP-BGP [RFC4364].

   When the vPE function is on a ToR, it participates the underlay
   routing through IGP protocols (ISIS or OSPF) or BGP.

   When the vPE function is on a server, it functions as a host attached
   to a server.

3.3 Use of router reflector

   Modern Data Centers can be very large in scale. For example, the
   number of VPNs routes in a very large DC can surpass the scale of
   those in a Service Provider backbone VPN networks. There may be tens
   of thousands of end devices in a single DC.

   Use of Router Reflector (RR) is necessary in large-scale IP VPN
   networks to avoid a full iBGP mesh among all vPEs and PEs. The VPN
   routes can be partitioned to a set of RRs, the partitioning
   techniques are detailed in [RFC4364] and [I-D.ietf-l2vpn-evpn].

   When a RR software instance is residing in a physical device, e.g., a
   server, which is partitioned to support multi-functions and
   application VMs, the RR becomes a  virtualized RR (vRR). Since RR
   performs control functions only, a dedicated or virtualized server
   with large scale of computing power and memory can be a good
   candidate as host of vRRs. The vRR can also reside in a Gateway
   PE/ASBR, or in an end device.

3.4 Use of Constrained Route Distribution [RFC4684]

   The Constrained Route Distribution [RFC4684] is a powerful tool for
   selective VPN route distribution. With RTC, only the BGP receivers
   (e.g, PE/vPE/RR/vRR/ASBRs, etc.) with the particular IP VPNs attached
   will receive the route update for the corresponding VPNs. It is
   critical to use constrained route distribution to support large-scale
   IP VPN developments.

4. Forwarding Plane

4.1 Virtual Interface

   A Virtual Interface (VI) is an interface within an end device that is
   used for connection of the vPE to the application VMs in the same end
   device. Such application VMs are treated as CEs in the regular VPN's
   view.
 


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4.2 Virtual Provider Edge Forwarder (vPE-F)

   The Virtual Provider Edge Forwarder (vPE-F) is the forwarding
   component of a vPE where the tenant identifiers (for example, MPLS
   VPN labels) are pushed/popped.

   The vPE-F location options include:

   1) Within the end device where the virtual interface and application
   VMs are located.

   2) In an external device such as a Top of the Rack switch (ToR) in a
   DC into which the end device connects.

   Multiple factors should be considered for the location of the vPE-F,
   including device capabilities, overall solution economics,
   QoS/firewall/NAT placement, optimal forwarding, latency and
   performance, operational impact, etc. There are design tradeoffs, it
   is worth the effort to study the traffic pattern and forwarding
   looking trend in your own unique Data Center as part of the exercise.

4.3 Encapsulation

   BGP/MPLS VPNs can be tunneled through the network as overlays using
   MPLS-based or IP-based encapsulation.

   In the case of MPLS-based encapsulation, most existing core
   deployments use distributed protocols such as Label Distribution
   Protocol (LDP), [RFC3032][RFC5036], or RSVP-TE [RFC3209].

   Due to its maturity, scalability, and header efficiency, MPLS Label
   Stacking is gaining traction by service providers, and large-scale
   cloud providers in particular, as the unified forwarding mechanism of
   choice.

   With the emergence of the SDN paradigm, label distribution may be
   achieved through SDN controllers, or via a combination of centralized
   control and distributed protocols.

   In the case of IP-based encapsulation, MPLS VPN packets are
   encapsulated in IP or Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), [RFC4023],
   [RFC4797]. IP-based encapsulation has not been extensively deployed
   for BGP/MPLS VPN in the core; however it is considered as one of the
   tunneling options for carrying MPLS VPN overlays in the data center.
   Note that when IP encapsulation is used, the associated security
   properties must be analyzed carefully.

4.4 Optimal forwarding
 


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   Many large cloud service providers have reported the DC traffic is
   now dominated by East-West across subnet traffic (between the end
   device hosting different applications in different subnets) rather
   than North-South traffic (going in/out of the Data Center and to/from
   the WAN) or switched traffic within subnets. This is the primary
   reason that newer DC design has moved away from traditional Layer-2
   design to Layer-3, especially for the overlay networks.

   When forwarding the traffic within the same VPN, the vPE SHOULD be
   capable to provide direct communication among the VMs/application
   senders/receivers without the need of going through Gateway devices.
   If the senders and the receivers are on the same end device, the
   traffic SHOULD NOT need to leave the device. If they are on different
   end devices, optimal routing SHOULD be applied.

   Extranet MPLS VPN techniques can be used for multiple VPNs access
   without the need of Gateway facilitation. This is done through the
   use of VPN policy control mechanisms.

   In addition, ECMP is a built in IP mechanism for load sharing.
   Optimal use of available bandwidth can be achieved by virtue of using
   ECMP in the underlay, as long as the encapsulation includes certain
   entropy in the header, VXLAN is such an example.

4.5 Routing and Bridging Services

   A VPN forwarder (vPE-F) may support both IP forwarding as well as
   Layer 2 bridging for traffic from attached end hosts. This traffic
   may be between end hosts attached to the same VPN forwarder or to
   different VPN forwarders.

   In both cases, forwarding at a VPN forwarder takes place based on the
   IP or MAC entries provisioned by the vPE controller.

   When the vPE is providing Layer 3 service to the attached CEs, the
   VPN forwarder has a VPN VRF instance with IP routes installed for
   both locally attached end-hosts and ones reachable via other VPN
   forwarders. The vPE may perform IP routing for all IP packets in this
   mode.

   When the vPE provides Layer 2 service to the attached end-hosts, the
   VPN forwarder has an E-VPN instance with appropriate MAC entries.

   The vPE may support an Integrated Routing and Bridging service, in
   which case the relevant VPN forwarders will have both MAC and IP
   table entries installed, and will appropriately route or switch
   incoming packets.

 


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   The vPE controller performs the necessary provisioning functions to
   support various services, as defined by an user.

5. Addressing

5.1 IPv4 and IPv6 support

   IPv4 and IPv6 MUST be supported in the vPE solution.

   This may present a challenge for older devices, but this normally is
   not an issue for the newer generation of forwarding devices and
   servers. Note that a server is replaced much more frequently than a
   network router/switch, and newer equipment SHOULD be capable of IPv6
   support.

5.2 Address space separation

   The addresses used for the IP VPN overlay in a DC, SHOULD be taken
   from separate address blocks outside the ones used for the underlay
   infrastructure of the DC. This practice is to protect the DC
   infrastructure from being attacked if the attacker gains access to
   the tenant VPNs.

   Similarity, the addresses used for the DC SHOULD be separated from
   the WAN backbone addresses space.

6.0 Inter-connection considerations

   The inter-connection considerations in this section are focused on
   intra-DC inter-connections.

   There are deployment scenarios where BGP/MPLS IP VPN may not be
   supported in every segment of the networks to provide end-to-end IP
   VPN connectivity. A vPE may be reachable only via an intermediate
   inter-connecting network; interconnection may be needed in these
   cases.

   When multiple technologies are employed in the solution, a clear
   demarcation should be preserved at the inter-connecting points. The
   problems encountered in one domain SHOULD NOT impact other domains.

   From an IP VPN point of view: An IP VPN vPE that implements [RFC4364]
   is a component of the IP VPN network only. An IP VPN VRF on a
   physical PE or vPE contains IP routes only, including routes learnt
   over the locally attached network.

   The IP VPN vPE should ideally be located as close to the "customer"
   edge devices as possible. When this is not possible, simple existing
 


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   "IP VPN CE connectivity" mechanisms should be used, such as static,
   or direct VM attachments such as described in the vCE
   [I-D.fang-l3vpn-virtual-ce] option below.

   Consider the following scenarios when BGP MPLS VPN technology is
   considered as whole or partial deployment:

   Scenario 1: All VPN sites (CEs/VMs) support IP connectivity. The most
   suited BGP solution is to use IP VPNs [RFC4364] for all sites with PE
   and/or vPE solutions.

   Scenario 2: Legacy Layer 2 connectivity must be supported in certain
   sites/CEs/VMs, and the rest of the sites/CEs/VMs need only Layer 3
   connectivity.

   One can consider using a combined vPE and vCE
   [I-D.fang-l3vpn-virtual-ce] solution to solve the problem. Use IP VPN
   for all sites with IP connectivity, and a physical or virtual CE
   (vCE, may reside on the end device) to aggregate the Layer 2 sites
   which for example, are in a single container in a Data Center. The
   CE/vCE can be considered as inter-connecting points, where the Layer
   2 network is terminated and the corresponding routes for connectivity
   of the L2 network are inserted into IP VPN VRFs. The Layer 2 aspect
   is transparent to the L3VPN in this case.

   Reducing operation complicity and maintaining the robustness of the
   solution are the primary reasons for the recommendations.

   The interconnection of MPLS VPN in the data center and the MPLS core
   through ASBR using existing inter-AS options is discussed in detail
   in [I-D.fang-l3vpn-data-center-interconnect]. 

7. Management, Control, and Orchestration

7.1 Assumptions

   The discussion in this section is based on the following set of
   assumptions:

   - The WAN and the inter-connecting Data Center, MAY be under control
   of separate administrative domains

   - WAN Gateways/ASBRs/PEs are provisioned by existing WAN provisioning
   systems

   - If a single Gateway/ASBR/PE connecting to the WAN on one side, and
   connecting to the Data Center network on the other side, then this
   Gateway/ASBR/PE is the demarcation point between the two networks.
 


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   - vPEs and VMs are provisioned by Data Center Orchestration systems.

   - Managing IP VPNs in the WAN is not within the scope of this
   document except the inter-connection points.

7.2 Management/Orchestration system interfaces

   The Management/Orchestration system CAN be used to communicate with
   both the DC Gateway/ASBR, and the end devices.

   The Management/Orchestration system MUST support standard,
   programmatic interface for full-duplex, streaming state transfer in
   and out of the routing system at the Gateway.

   The programmatic interface is currently under definition in IETF
   Interface to Routing Systems (I2RS)) initiative.
   [I-D.ietf-i2rs-architecture], and [I-D.ietf-i2rs-problem-statement].

   Standard data modeling languages will be defined/identified in I2RS.
   YANG - A Data Modeling Language for the Network Configuration
   Protocol (NETCONF) [RFC6020] is a promising candidate currently under
   investigation.

   To support remote access between applications running on an end
   device (e.g., a server) and routers in the network (e.g. the DC
   Gateway), a standard mechanism is expected to be identified and
   defined in I2RS to provide the transfer syntax,  as defined by a
   protocol, for communication between the application and the
   network/routing systems. The protocol(s) SHOULD be lightweight and
   familiar by the computing communities. Candidate examples include
   ReSTful web services, JSON [RFC7159], NETCONF [RFC6241], XMPP
   [RFC6120], and XML. [I-D.ietf-i2rs-architecture].

7.3 Service VM Management

   Service VM Management SHOULD be hypervisor agnostic, e.g. On demand
   service VMs turning-up SHOULD be supported.

7.4 Orchestration and MPLS VPN inter-provisioning

   The orchestration system

   1) MUST support MPLS VPN service activation in virtualized DC.

   2) MUST support automated cross-provisioning accounting correlation
   between the WAN MPLS VPN and Data Center for the same tenant.

   3) MUST support automated cross provisioning state correlation
 


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   between WAN MPLS VPN and Data Center for the same tenant

   There are two primary approaches for IP VPN provisioning - push and
   pull, both CAN be used for provisioning/orchestration.

7.4.1 vPE Push model

   Push model: push IP VPN provisioning from management/orchestration
   systems to the IP VPN network elements.

   This approach supports service activation and it is commonly used in
   existing MPLS VPN Enterprise deployments. When extending existing WAN
   IP VPN solutions into the a Data Center, it MUST support off-line
   accounting correlation between the WAN MPLS VPN and the cloud/DC MPLS
   VPN for the tenant. The systems SHOULD be able to bind interface
   accounting to particular tenant. It MAY requires offline state
   correlation as well, for example, binding of interface state to
   tenant.

   Provisioning the vPE solution:

   1) Provisioning process

      a. The WAN provisioning system periodically provides to the DC
         orchestration system the VPN tenant and RT context.
      b. DC orchestration system configures vPE on a per request basis

   2) Auto state correlation

   3) Inter-connection options:

      Inter-AS options defined in [RFC4364] may or may not be sufficient
      for a given inter-connection scenario. BGP IP VPN inter-connection
      with the Data Center is discussed in
      [I-D.fang-l3vpn-data-center-interconnect].

      This model requires offline accounting correlation

      1) Cloud/DC orchestration configures vPE

      2) Orchestration initiates WAN IP VPN provisioning; passes
      connection IDs (e.g., of VLAN/VXLAN) and tenant context to WAN IP
      VPN provisioning systems.

      3) WAN MPLS VPN provisioning system provisions PE VRF and policies
      as in typical Enterprise IP VPN provisioning processes.

      4) Cloud/DC Orchestration system or WAN IP VPN provisioning system
 


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      MUST have the knowledge of the connection topology between the DC
      and WAN, including the particular interfaces on core router and
      connecting interfaces on the DC PE and/or vPE.

      In short, this approach requires off-line accounting correlation
      and state correlation, and requires per WAN Service Provider
      integration.

      Dynamic BGP sessions between PE/vPE and vCE MAY be used to
      automate the PE provisioning in the PE-vCE model, that will remove
      the needs for PE configuration. Caution: This is only under the
      assumption that the DC provisioning system is trusted and can
      support dynamic establishment of PE-vCE BGP neighbor
      relationships, for example, the WAN network and the cloud/DC
      belong to the same Service Provider.

7.4.2 vPE Pull model

      Pull model: pull from network elements to network management/AAA
      based upon data plane or control plane activity. It supports
      service activation. This approach is often used in broadband
      deployments. Dynamic accounting correlation and dynamic state
      correlation are supported. For example, session based accounting
      is implicitly includes tenant context state correlation, as well
      as session-based state that implicitly includes tenant context.
      Note that the pull model is less common for vPE deployment
      solutions.

      Provisioning process:

      1) Cloud/DC orchestration configures vPE

      2) Orchestration primes WAN MPLS VPN provisioning/AAA for new
      service, passes connection IDs (e.g., VLAN/VXLAN) and tenant
      context.

      3) Cloud/DC ASBR detects new VLAN and sends Radius Access-Request
      (or Diameter Base Protocol request message [RFC6733]).

      4) Radius Access-Accept (or Diameter Answer) with VRF and other
      policies


      Auto accounting correlation and auto state correlation is
      supported.


8.  Security Considerations
 


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      As vPE is an extended BGP/MPLS VPN solution, security threats and
      defense techniques described in RFC 4111 [RFC4111] generally
      apply.

      When the SDN approach is used, the protocols between the vPE agent
      and the vPE-C in the controller MUST be mutually authenticated.
      Given the potentially very large scale and the dynamic nature in
      the cloud/DC environment, the choice of key management mechanisms
      need to be further studied.

      VMs in the servers can belong to different tenants with different
      characteristics depending on the application. Classification of
      the VMs must be done through the orchestration system and
      appropriate security policies must be applied based on such
      classification before turning on the services.

9.  IANA Considerations

      None.

10.  Acknowledgments

      The authors would like to thank Daniel Voyer for his review and
      comments.

11.  References

11.1  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3032]  Rosen, E., Tappan, D., Fedorkow, G., Rekhter, Y.,
              Farinacci, D., Li, T., and A. Conta, "MPLS Label Stack
              Encoding", RFC 3032, January 2001.

   [RFC3209]  Awduche, D., et al., "RSVP-TE: Extension to RSVP for LSP
              Tunnels", RFC 3209, December 2001.

   [RFC4023]  Worster, T., Rekhter, Y., and E. Rosen, Ed.,
              "Encapsulating MPLS in IP or Generic Routing Encapsulation
              (GRE)", RFC 4023, March 2005.

   [RFC4364]  Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
              Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006.

   [RFC4684]  Marques, P., Bonica, R., Fang, L., Martini, L., Raszuk,
              R., Patel, K., and J. Guichard, "Constrained Route
 


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              Distribution for Border Gateway Protocol/MultiProtocol
              Label Switching (BGP/MPLS) Internet Protocol (IP) Virtual
              Private Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4684, November 2006.

   [RFC5036]  Andersson, L., Ed., Minei, I., Ed., and B. Thomas, Ed.,
              "LDP Specification", RFC 5036, October 2007.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for

              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              October 2010.

   [RFC6120]  Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence
              Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 6120, March 2011.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, June 2011.

   [RFC6733]  Fajardo, V., Ed., Arkko, J., Loughney, J., and G. Zorn,
              Ed., "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 6733, October 2012.


11.2  Informative References


   [RFC4111]  Fang, L., Ed., "Security Framework for Provider-
              Provisioned Virtual Private Networks (PPVPNs)", RFC 4111,
              July 2005.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, March 2014.

   [RFC4797]  Rekhter, Y., Bonica, R., and E. Rosen, "Use of Provider
              Edge to Provider Edge (PE-PE) Generic Routing
              Encapsulation (GRE) or IP in BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
              Networks", RFC 4797, January 2007.

   [I-D.ietf-l3vpn-end-system] Marques, P., Fang, L., Pan, P., Shukla,
              A., Napierala, M., Bitar, N., "BGP-signaled end-system
              IP/VPNs", draft-ietf-l3vpn-end-system, work in progress.

   [I-D.rfernando-l3vpn-service-chaining] Fernando, R., Rao, D., Fang,
              L., Napierala, M., So, N., draft-rfernando-l3vpn-service-
              chaining, work in progress.

   [I-D.fang-l3vpn-virtual-ce] Fang, L., Evans, J., Ward, D., Fernando,
              R., Mullooly, J., So, N., Bitar., N., Napierala, M., "BGP
 


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              IP VPN Virtual PE", draft-fang-l3vpn-virtual-ce, work in
              progress.

   [I-D.ietf-i2rs-architecture] Atlas, A., Halpern, J., Hares, S., Ward,

              D., and Nadeau, T., "An Architecture for the Interface to
              the Routing System", draft-ietf-i2rs-architecture, work in
              progress.

   [I-D.ietf-i2rs-problem-statement] Atlas, A., Nadeau, T., and Ward,
              D., "Interface to the Routing System Problem Statement",
              draft-ietf-i2rs-problem-statement, work in progress.

   [I-D.bitar-i2rs-service-chaining] Bitar, N., Geron, G., Fang, L.,
              Krishnan, R., Leymann, N., Shah, H., Chakrabarti, S.,
              Haddad, W., draft-bitar-i2rs-service-chaining, work in
              progress.

   [I-D.fang-l3vpn-data-center-interconnect] Fang, L., Fernando, R.,
              Rao, D., Boutros, S., "BGP IP VPN Data Center
              Interconnect", draft-fang-l3vpn-data-center-interconnect,
              work in progress.

   [I-D.ietf-l2vpn-evpn] Sajassi, A., et al., "BGP MPLS Based Ethernet
              VPN", draft-ietf-l2vpn-evpn, work in progress.



Authors' Addresses

   Luyuan Fang
   Microsoft
   5600 148th Ave NE
   Redmond, WA 98052
   Email: lufang@microsoft.com

   David Ward
   Cisco
   170 W Tasman Dr
   San Jose, CA 95134
   Email: wardd@cisco.com

   Rex Fernando
   Cisco
   170 W Tasman Dr
   San Jose, CA
   Email: rex@cisco.com

 


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   Maria Napierala
   AT&T
   200 Laurel Avenue
   Middletown, NJ 07748
   Email: mnapierala@att.com

   Nabil Bitar
   Verizon
   40 Sylvan Road
   Waltham, MA 02145
   Email: nabil.bitar@verizon.com

   Dhananjaya Rao
   Cisco
   170 W Tasman Dr
   San Jose, CA
   Email: dhrao@cisco.com

   Bruno Rijsman
   Juniper Networks
   10 Technology Park Drive
   Westford, MA 01886
   Email: brijsman@juniper.net

   Ning So
   Vinci Systems
   Plano, TX 75082, USA
   Email: ning.so@vinci-systems.com

   Jim Guichard
   Cisco
   Boxborough, MA 01719
   Email: jguichar@cisco.com

   Wen Wang
   CenturyLink
   2355 Dulles Corner Blvd.
   Herndon, VA 20171
   Email:Wen.Wang@CenturyLink.com

   Manuel Paul
   Deutsche Telekom
   Winterfeldtstr. 21-27
   10781 Berlin, Germany
   Email: manuel.paul@telekom.de

   Wim Henderichx
   Alcatel-Lucent
 


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   Email: wim.henderichx@alcatel-lucent.com


















































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