Internet DRAFT - draft-chimiak-enhanced-ipv4

draft-chimiak-enhanced-ipv4







Network Working Group                                         W. Chimiak
Internet-Draft                                                 S. Patton
Intended status: Experimental                                   J. Brown
Expires: June 10, 2016         Laboratory for Telecommunication Sciences
                                                              J. Bezerra
                                        Florida International University
                                                               H. Galiza
                  Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa (RNP) - NEG AmLight
                                                                J. Smith
                                              University of Pennsylvania
                                                       December 08, 2015


                     IPv4 with 64 bit Address Space
                     draft-chimiak-enhanced-ipv4-02

Abstract

   This document describes a solution to the Internet address depletion
   problem through use of a clever IPv4 options mechanism as a solution.
   This IPv4 protocol extension is called enhanced IP (EnIP).  Because
   it is IPv4, it maximizes backward compatibility while increasing
   address space by a factor of 17.9 million.  Unlike other similar
   proposals, care was taken to avoid costly changes and requirements to
   the core network and border routers, with the exception that options
   be passed in that equipment as described below.  Because it is
   backward compatible, current IPv4 software, network equipment,
   firewalls, intrusion detection/protection, and layer 5 firewalls can
   be maintained until IPv6 system information security reaches
   acceptable maturity and availability.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 10, 2016.




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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Protocol Transitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  EnIP's Use of IP Options  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  Contents of this Paper  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Introduction to EnIP (EnIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  EnIP Addressing Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  IPv4 Header with EnIP Option Header . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       2.2.1.  IPv4 Header Fields used for EnIP  . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  EnIP Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  IPv4 NAT Explanation using Figure 2 . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.1.1.  Typical Private IPv4 Host to a Typical Public IPv4
               Host using NAT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.1.2.  Typical Private IPv4 Host to a Typical Private IPv4
               Host using NAT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.1.3.  Private EnIP Host to a Typical Public IPv4 Host
               NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       3.1.4.  Private EnIP Host to a Typical Private IPv4 Host
               using NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.2.  Enhanced IPv4 Explanation using an Example Figure 7 . . .  11
       3.2.1.  EIP1 constructs the Packet  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.2.2.  EIP1 Transmits the Packet to N1 . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.2.3.  Packet Arrives at N2 (192.0.2.2)  . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.2.4.  EIP2 Receives the Packet  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       3.2.5.  EIP2 Transmits a Packet to EIP1 . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.2.6.  Packet Arrives at N2  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.2.7.  Packet Arrives at N1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.3.  Upgrading Servers to Support EnIP . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     3.4.  DNS Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     3.5.  Information Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   4.  Tests and Comparisons of EnIP and Typical IPv4  . . . . . . .  15
   5.  Conclusion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15



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   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   7.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17

1.  Introduction

   For various reasons, there is a large demand for IP addresses.  It
   would be useful to have a unique address for each Internet device to
   allow, if desired, that any device could call another [Lee-2012].
   The Internet of Things would also be able to make use of more
   routable addresses if they were available.  Currently, this is not
   possible with IPv4.  IPv6 has presented a potential solution to this
   problem but has faced problems with global adoption.  Carrier Grade
   Network Address Translation and NAT (NAPT) have provided the solution
   thus far.

   Enhanced IP (EnIP) was designed to minimize impact on core and border
   routers.  DHCP, ARP, and existing IPv4 routing protocols are
   compatible with EnIP.  By leveraging private address space in a
   similar manner of IP4+4 [Turanyi-2002], EnIP increases available
   address space by a factor of 17.9 million [Chimiak-2014] or 17.9
   million new addresses for each current routable IP address.

   This could allow the reassignment of small segments of unused address
   blocks in /8 networks to registries with chronic shortages of IP
   addresses.

   EnIP packets carry additional address bits and state in an IP option,
   eliminating routing table updates like IPv6.  EnIP supports end-to-
   end connectivity, a shortcoming of NAT, making it easier to implement
   mobile networks.  Host renumbering is also not required in EnIP as
   has been the case with other 64-bit protocol proposals
   [Turanyi-2002].  This is a major topic of section 4.

   Because current NATs are resource intensive, requiring that state be
   maintained, this paper will call these NATs NATs, The stateless NAT
   used in EnIP will be called an EnIP NAT.

1.1.  Protocol Transitions

   Several transitions in the Internet Protocol suite are discussed in
   the IEEE paper [Chimiak-2014].  These transitions include Network
   Control Program (NCP) to TCP/IP, the evolution of IPv4, and IPv6.  It
   also refers to network address port translation (NAPT), usually
   called NAT [Paul-2014], Nat444 [Shirasaki-2012], Dual-Stack Lite
   [RFC6333], NAT64 [RFC6146] and RFC 6144 [RFC6144].





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1.2.  EnIP's Use of IP Options

   EnIP uses IP options to increase address space.  Over time, this
   fixed-length IP option would need to be added to the fast path
   implementations available on core routers [Aweya-1999].  Fast path
   implementations are discussed by Hidell et. al.  [Hidell-2014].  Fast
   path allows core routers to optimize data paths to line cards based
   on table lookups.  The fast path does not usually process packets
   containing IP options [Aweya-1999].  As a result, packets containing
   IP options are forwarded to the slow path CPU for processing and
   forwarding to the correct line card.

   However, a very simple upgrade could be made to the core and border
   routers to process EnIP packets in the fast path with the following
   simple pseudo code [Chimiak-2014]:

          if (IgnoreOptions)
                  FastPathOperations();
          else if (IP_Option_Present AND Option_Byte1 == 0X9A)
                  FastPathOperations() ;
          else
                  SlowPathOperations() ;

   EnIP and IPv6 both require upgrades to the fast path implementations
   of routers.  EnIP's fast path upgrade has four advantages:

     (1)  The EnIP upgrade is the pseudo code above, instead of a large
          code base insertion.

     (2)  There is no equipment reconfiguration.

     (3)  Internet providers can independently upgrade their fast paths.

     (4)  Finally, there are no requirements to update the IPv4 routing
          tables.

1.3.  Contents of this Paper

   Section 2 describes EnIP.  Section 3 is the heart of the paper,
   describing the mechanics of EnIP.  Section 4 describes the University
   of Maryland and University of Delaware deployment.  It also describes
   tests between two nodes using EnIP and using normal IPv4 and gives
   the results of the tests.  The final section contains some concluding
   remarks.







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2.  Introduction to EnIP (EnIP)

   EnIP increases IP address space while maintaining compatibility with
   existing IPv4 implementations.  Current EnIP implementations use IP
   option 26 to create a twelve byte extension to the IP header.

2.1.  EnIP Addressing Example

   The EnIP extension contains four bytes of overhead, and two four byte
   fields used as additional storage for the EnIP source and destination
   addresses.  EnIP addresses are written as two IPv4 addresses
   concatenated together.  IPv6 and EnIP addressing schemes are shown
   below:

          IPv6 address   2001:0101:c000:0202:0a01:0102::0
          EnIP address   192.0.2.2.10.1.1.2

   In the above EnIP address, 192.0.2.2 is a public IPv4 address called
   the site address; the 10.1.1.2 address is called the host address.
   The host address is always a private IPv4 address assigned to a host
   behind a lightweight, stateless EnIP-enabled NAT.  It is the private
   IPv4 address that identifies the host in the network behind that NAT
   and is compatible with other normal IPv4 hosts.  The site address
   allows the packet to traverse public networks because its IPv4 Source
   Host Number (or source address) is 192.0.2.2, a fully routable IPv4
   address.

2.2.  IPv4 Header with EnIP Option Header

   The IPv4 header supporting EnIP is shown in Figure 1.  It is an IPv4
   header with additional option space used as follows:




















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        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     1 |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     2 |        Identification         |Flags|     Fragment Offset     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     3 | Time to Live  |    Protocol   |        Header Checksum        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     4 |                       Source Host Number                      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     5 |                  Destination Host Number                      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     6 |    EnIP ID    |    EnIP ID    |E|E|                           |
       |     (0X9A)    | Option Length |S|D|         (Reserved)        |
       |               |               |P|P|                           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     7 |                     Enhanced Source Address                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     8 |                   Enhanced Destination Address                |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                           Figure 1: EnIP Header

2.2.1.  IPv4 Header Fields used for EnIP

      The fields

                 Field            Bits        Description
     -------------------------------------------------------------------
      Version                        4    The Version field is identical
                                            to IPv4's
      IHL                            4    Internet Header Length is
                                            identical to IPv4's and is
                                            set to the length of the
                                            EnIP header
      Type of Service                8    The ToS field is identical
                                            to IPv4's
      Total Length                  16    The Total Length field is
                                            identical to that of IPv4
                                            and is 32 octets
      Identification                16    The Identification field is
                                            identical to IPv4's
      Flags                          3    The Flags field is identical
                                            to IPv4's
      Fragment Offset               13    The Fragment Offset field is
                                            identical to IPv4's
      Time to Live                   8    The Time to Live field is



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                                            identical to IPv4's
      Protocol                       8    The Protocol field is
                                            identical to IPv4's
      Header Checksum               16    The Header Checksum field is
                                            to IPv4's
     -------------------------------------------------------------------

                                   EnIP specific
     -------------------------------------------------------------------
      Source Host Number            32    The Source Host Number field
                                            identifies the source host.
                                            The EnIP use is described in
                                            section 3
      Destination Host Number       32    The Destination Host Number
                                            field identifies the
                                            destination host.The EnIP
                                            is described in section 3
      EnIP ID                        8    The EnIP ID field equals to
                                            0x9A or 1 00 11010. It's
                                            meaning is given at the end
                                            of this section
      EnIP Option Length             8    The EnIP Option Length field
                                            is 12 octets
      ESP                            1    This selector determines if an
                                            Enhanced Source Address is
                                            present
      EDP                            1    This selector determines if an
                                            EnIP Destination Address is
                                            present
      Reserved                      14    Reserved for future use
      Enhanced Source Address       32    This is the host address used
                                            by EnIP. It is described in
                                            section 3
      Enhanced Destination Address  32    This is the destination host
                                            address used by EnIP. It is
                                            described in section 3
     -------------------------------------------------------------------

   NOTE: The protocol has 12 bytes of overhead per packet.

   The meaning of the EnIP ID field,

         1 00 11010 (0x9A hexadecimal)

   is as follows:

   If an EnIP packet traverses a router and must be fragmented because
   of a link with a smaller MTU, the copy bit ensures that fragments



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   include the 12-byte IP option header in all fragmented packets.  The
   rest of the bits and their meaning are as follows.

     +--------------------------------------------------------+
     |           Meaning of 1 00 11010 the EnIP ID            |
     +-------------+------------------+-----------------------+
     |     1       |        00        | 11010 (or 26 base 10) |
     +-------------+----------------+-+-----------------------+
     |copy bit set | Class is Control | Option is a new value |
     +-------------+------------------|-----------------------+

                       EnIP Id Field Interpretation

   Note that 26 is the IP option value used in the EnIP experiments.

3.  EnIP Operation

3.1.  IPv4 NAT Explanation using Figure 2

         +-----+                                            +-----+
         | IP1 |                                            | IP2 |
         +-----+                                            +-----+
         10.1.1.1                                          10.3.3.1
                       192.0.2.1         192.0.2.2
                        +----+            +----+
        +------+        | N1 |            | N2 |          +------+
        | EIP1 |        +----+            +----+          | EIP2 |
        +------+      10.1.1.254        10.3.3.254        +------+
        10.1.1.2                                          10.3.3.2

              EIP1 and EIP2: machines supporting IPv4
                             and Enhanced IPv4
              IP1 and IP2:   machines supporting only IPv4
              N1 and N2:     NAT and EnIPNAT/translator devices

                Figure 2 - Enhanced IP and Unenhanced IPv4

   This section shows how two nodes, without EnIP, can communicate.
   More complete explanations are available in [Chimiak-2014].

3.1.1.  Typical Private IPv4 Host to a Typical Public IPv4 Host using
        NAT

   IP1 (10.1.1.1), a typical IPv4 host, wants to reach N2 (192.0.2.2)
   (See Figure 3).  It uses NAT (as on Linux iptables) to masquerade as
   the public IP address of N1 (192.0.2.1).  N1 sets up a port
   forwarding rule for IP1 for return packets from N2.




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                             192.0.2.1           192.0.2.2
          +-----+              +----+              +----+
          | IP1 +--------------+ N1 +--------------+ N2 +
          +-----+              +----+              +----+
         10.1.1.1

              IP1:           machine supporting only IPv4
              N1 and N2:     NAT and EnIPNAT/translator devices

    Figure 3 - Typical Private IPv4 Host to a Typical Public IPv4 Host
                                    NAT

3.1.2.  Typical Private IPv4 Host to a Typical Private IPv4 Host using
        NAT

   The same IP1 (10.1.1.1) wants to reach tcp port 80 on IP2 (10.3.3.1),
   another typical IPv4 host (see Figure 4).  The packets from 10.1.1.1
   use NAT on N1 to masquerade as source IP address 192.0.2.1.  At N2
   (192.0.2.2), the packets arrive.  There they have a NAT port
   forwarding rule setup on N2 to map tcp port 80 on 192.0.2.2 to
   forward packets to the internal host IP2 (10.3.3.1).

                       192.0.2.1       192.0.2.2
         +-----+         +----+         +----+         +-----+
         | IP1 +---------+ N1 +---------+ N2 +---------+ IP2 |
         +-----+         +----+         +----+         +-----+
        10.1.1.1                                       10.3.3.1

              IP1 and IP2:   machines supporting only IPv4
              N1 and N2:     NAT and EnIP NAT/translator devices

    Figure 4 - Typical Private IPv4 Host to a Typical Private IPv4 Host
                                 using NAT

   So packets move from IP1 to N1, taking N1's address as the source
   address and move to N2.  N2 has a mapping to IP2 and sends the packet
   to IP2.  When IP2 sends replies, the NATs used their table entries to
   send the packet back to IP1, adjusting the addresses as necessary.

3.1.3.  Private EnIP Host to a Typical Public IPv4 Host NAT

   Suppose EIP1 (10.1.1.2) wants to reach N2 (192.0.2.2) as in Figure 5.
   It is the same as an IPv4 node wanting to reach N2.  So the
   destination IP address EIP1 used to communicate with N2 is 192.0.2.2.
   The NAT device (N1) uses IPv4 NAT to translate the source of the
   packets to come from 192.0.2.1.  EIP1 behaves as though it is an IPv4
   host.  It is fully compatible with normal IPv4 communications.




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                            192.0.2.1         192.0.2.2
          +------+            +---+             +----+
          | EIP1 +------------+ N1 +------------+ N2 |
          +------+            +----+            +----+
          10.1.1.2

              EIP1:          machine supporting IPv4
                             and Enhanced IPv4
              N1 and N2:     NAT and EnIP NAT/translator devices

   Figure 5 - Private EnIP Host to a Typical Public IPv4 Host using NAT

3.1.4.  Private EnIP Host to a Typical Private IPv4 Host using NAT

   EIP1 (10.1.1.2) initiates a tcp port 80 connection to IP2 (10.3.3.1)
   (see Figure 6).  Packets from EIP1 reach N1.  As above, they are
   masqueraded as IPv4 address 192.0.2.1.  When the packets arrive at N2
   (192.0.2.2) from N1 (192.0.2.1), there is a port forwarding entry for
   the port 80 setup to send the packets to IP2 (10.3.3.1).

                                                          +-----+
                        192.0.2.1       192.0.2.2    +----+ IP2 |
                          +----+          +----+     |    +-----+
                     +----+ N1 +----------+ N2 +-----+    10.3.3.1
        +------+     |    +----+          +----+
        | EIP1 +-----+
        +------+
          10.1.1.2

              EIP1:          machine supporting IPv4
                             and Enhanced IPv4
              IP2:           machine supporting only IPv4
              N1 and N2:     NAT and EnIP NAT/translator devices

   Figure 6 - Private EnIP Host to a Typical Private IPv4 Host using NAT

   In the reverse direction, IP2 looks at the return address.  It is the
   address of N1 (192.0.2.1).  It sends the packet to N2.  N2 sees the
   connection in its state table and realizes the is the N1 to IP2
   connection.  It strips IP2's 10.3.3.1 and places its 192.0.2.2
   address in the source field and places the appropriate port value and
   sends the packet to N1.  N1 sees that this is the EIP1 to IP2
   connection in its state table.  It uses the state table entry to
   rewrite the proper port translation, sets the destination address as
   10.1.1.2 and sends the packet back to EIP1 as a normal IPv4 packet.






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     -------------------------------------------------------------------

              It is important to note that thus far this paper
               has not demonstrated any usage of EnIP features,
             just compatibility with current IPv4 implementations

     -------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2.  Enhanced IPv4 Explanation using an Example Figure 7

   Suppose EIP1 wants to send packets to EIP2.  Here both hosts are
   running Enhanced IPv4 stacks and N1 and N2 support EnIP.  Suppose
   EIP1 knows the address of EIP2 is 192.0.2.2.10.3.3.2.  EIP1 knows its
   internal IP address of 10.1.1.2 but is not aware of the external
   address of N1 (192.0.2.1).  The following is done (see Figure 7):

                         192.0.2.1        192.0.2.2
                          +----+            +----+
                    +-----+ N1 +------------+ N2 +-----+
       +------+     |     +----+            +----+     |     +------+
       | EIP1 +-----+   10.1.1.254        10.3.3.254   +-----+ EIP2 |
       +------+                                              +------+
        10.1.1.2                                             10.3.3.2

              EIP1 and EIP2: machines supporting IPv4
                             and Enhanced IPv4
              N1 and N2:     NAT and EnIP NAT/translator devices

                          Figure 7 - Enhanced IP

3.2.1.  EIP1 constructs the Packet

     (1)  EIP1 sets the Source Host Number field (the source IPv4
          address) to 10.1.1.2;

     (2)  The EnIP ID field is set to 0X9A. the ESP bit is zeroed in the
          EnIP header.

     (3)  The Enhanced Source Address in the EnIP header is set to all
          ones since an EnIP source address is not currently present.

     (4)  The most significant 32 bits of the EnIP address is set by
          storing 192.0.2.2 in the IPv4 Destination Host Number.

     (5)  The least significant 32 bits of the EnIP address is set by
          storing 10.3.3.2 in the EnIP Destination Address field.

     (6)  Finally, EIP1 sets the EDP bit to 1.



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3.2.2.  EIP1 Transmits the Packet to N1

   The packet is routed to N1 using normal IPv4.  N1 does the following:

     (1)  It notes the EnIP option (0X9A)is present.

     (2)  N1 reads 10.1.1.2 from the IPv4 Source Host Number field and
          places that in the Enhanced Source Address field.  This field
          no longer contains 255.255.255.255.

     (3)  N1 sets the ESP bit to 1

     (4)  N1 makes 192.0.2.1 the IPv4 Source Host Number.

     (5)  N1 recomputes the IP checksum of the new packet.  If the
          packet carries TCP or UDP, it recomputes these checksums as
          they have also changed.

3.2.3.  Packet Arrives at N2 (192.0.2.2)

   When the packet Arrives at N2, N2 does the following:

     (1)  N2 identifies the packet as an EnIP packet (0X9A).

     (2)  It reads the Enhanced Destination Address, 10.3.3.2, and
          places this value as the IP header's Destination Host Number.

     (3)  N2 zeroes the EDP bit and the Enhanced Destination Address to
          zero.

     (4)  It recomputes the IP checksum.  If the packet carries TCP or
          UDP, recomputes these checksums as they have changed as a
          result of a change to the IP destination address.

     (5)  N2 sends the packet to EIP2.

3.2.4.  EIP2 Receives the Packet

   When the packet arrives at EIP2, EIP2 does the following:

     (1)  It computes the source address of the packet.  The IPv4 Source
          Host Number (192.0.2.1) is concatenated with the Enhanced
          source address (10.1.1.2) The result is 192.0.2.1.10.1.1.2.

     (2)  The IPv4 Destination Host Number (address) is 10.3.3.2.






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3.2.5.  EIP2 Transmits a Packet to EIP1

   To construct a packet from EIP2 to EIP1, EIP2 does the following:

     (1)  EIP2 sets the Option ID field to 0X9A.

     (2)  It takes the IPv4 Source Host Number from the incoming packet,
          192.0.2.1, and sets it as the IPv4 Destination Host Number.

     (3)  It places the Enhanced Source Address (10.1.1.2) in the
          Enhanced Destination Address field.

     (4)  EIP2 sets the EDP field to 1 and the IPv4 Source Host Number
          to 10.3.3.2.

     (5)  It sets the Enhanced Source Address to all ones.

     (6)  It sets the ESP bit to 0.

3.2.6.  Packet Arrives at N2

   When the packet Arrives at N2, N2 does the following:

     (1)  It writes 10.3.3.2 in the Enhanced Source Address field.

     (2)  The ESP bit is set to 1.

     (3)  N2 writes 192.0.2.2 in the IPv4 Source Host Number field and
          recomputes the IP checksum.  If the packet carries TCP or UDP,
          it recomputes these checksums as well.

     (4)  N2 sends the packet to N1 (192.0.2.1).

3.2.7.  Packet Arrives at N1

   When the packet arrives at N1, it does the following:

     (1)  N1 reads 10.1.1.2 from the Enhanced Destination Address.

     (2)  It writes this value in the IPv4 Destination Host Number
          field.

     (3)  It zeroes the EDP bit and the Enhanced Destination Address
          field.

     (4)  N1 recomputes the IP checksum and if the protocol is TCP or
          UDP, recomputes these checksums as well.




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     (5)  N1 sends the packet to EIP1.

3.3.  Upgrading Servers to Support EnIP

   In order to maintain backward compatibility with old IPv4 systems, it
   is important that the EnIP Source Address is an allowed private
   address.  Otherwise, that address becomes a routable address outside
   of an autonomous system and there is a potential for routing
   ambiguity.

   With a kernel modification to support EnIP, an existing server
   deployed using an IPv4 address can be upgraded.  The example of a TCP
   echo server [RFC862] is shown in detail elsewhere [Chimiak-2014].
   However, highlights are now presented here.

   An echo server logs the source IP address of each data packet with
   the getpeername function.  However, the length of the IPv4 address
   structure returned is currently 16 bytes for IPv4 (the size of a
   struct sockaddr_in).  For IPv6 the size of struct sockaddr_in6 is 28
   bytes.  As an example of the Alpha implementation mentioned
   previously, EnIP returns a new structure called struct sockaddr_ein
   that is 26 bytes.  It is necessary to use the length 26 to detect a
   struct sockaddr_ein.  This new struct has two values: sin addr1 and
   sin addr2.  These represent the IPv4 source address and the EnIP
   Source Address.  An implementation of getpeername could provide a
   compatibility mode to treat EnIP addresses as IPv4 addresses.  Once
   the echo client software is upgraded, the getpeername implementation
   could return struct sockaddr_ein.

3.4.  DNS Operation

   RFC 2928 provides 2001:0101 as the experimental IPv6 prefix[RFC2928]
   .  EnIP lookups can use already standardized AAAA records with this
   prefix.  This prefix uses 32 bits of the 128 bit AAAA record.  EnIP
   uses only 64 bits of the remaining 96 bits.  If 192.0.2.2.10.1.1.2 is
   the EnIP address, the EnIP AAAA record is
   2001:0101:c000:0202:0a01:0102::0.  We call this an AA record.  A new
   record type is not needed and eliminates the need for DNS server
   software upgrades on a massive scale.

3.5.  Information Security

   The same article shows the care taken to minimize changes in IDS/
   Firewalls Operation.  It also addresses the prevention of EnIP NAT or
   hosts from forwarding illegal packets, and its operation with most of
   IPSEC, except in the full tunnel mode AH+ESP scenario.





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4.  Tests and Comparisons of EnIP and Typical IPv4

   The IEEE Computer Magazine article describes the two-node EnIP test
   deployment over the Internet2 network with the EnIP NATs.  The tests,
   along with their results, are given that compare typical IPv4
   connections with EnIP connections [Chimiak-2014].  EnIP was used
   across 7 routers on Internet2 to demonstrate viability in
   environments that need more addressing.

   In brief, the test had a node at the University of Maryland running
   the Linux 2.6.38 kernel with patches to include the EnIP alpha code.
   Another similar node was set up at the University of Delaware.  Each
   had an EnIP NAT.  http, samba, and ssh were used without modification
   with Enhanced IP DNS calls used.

   The results, in section 5.3 of the paper[Chimiak-2014], show EnIP
   performance gains over traditional NAT, as there are no hash table
   lookups, as in NAT.  It provided roughly a factor of 2 improvement.

   EnIP has also had basic testing with a 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE)
   simulator along with an Android phone.  However, these results have
   not been compiled.

5.  Conclusion

   This RFC describes the operation of IPv4 using IP options, called
   Enhanced IP or EnIP.  EnIP provides a solution to IPv4 address
   scarcity.  Because the EnIP design criteria is to extend IPv4 instead
   of replacing it, it reduces impact on routers and information
   security mechanisms already in place.  The operation of two EnIP
   nodes at the University of Maryland and the University of Delaware,
   running http, samba, and ssh without modification of the software or
   routers in the path demonstrates the feasibility of EnIP on a small
   but realistic scale that spanned seven routers.

   Tests were conducted and documented, that show expected performance
   improvement over the old NAT currently used, and the new EnIP NAT.
   It provided roughly a factor of 2 improvement [Chimiak-2014].

6.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not create a new registry nor does it register any
   values in existing registries; no IANA action is required.








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7.  Informative References

   [Chimiak-2014]
              Chimiak, W., Patton, S., and S. Janansky, "Enhanced IP:
              IPv4 with 64-Bit Addresses", IEEE Comuter Magazine Vol.
              47, Issue 2, pp 62-69, February 2014.

   [Lee-2012]
              Lee, G., "The Internet of Things - Concept and Problem
              Statement", Internet Draft (work in progress) draft-lee-
              iot-problem-statement-05, July 2012.

   [Turanyi-2002]
              Turanyi, Z. and A. Valko, "IPv4+4", Proceedings of the
              10th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols,
              2002.

   [Paul-2014]
              Paul, T. and F. Tsuchiya, "Extending the ip Internet
              through address reuse", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication
              Review vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 16-33, January 1993.

   [Shirasaki-2012]
              Yamaguchi, J., Shirasaki, Y., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa, A.,
              and H. Ashida, ""Enhanced IP: IPv4 with 64-Bit
              Addresses"", Internet Draft (work in progress) draft-
              shirasaki-nat444-isp-shared-addr-08, July 2012.

   [RFC6333]  Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
              Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
              Exhaustion", Proposed Standard RFC 6333, August 2011.

   [RFC6146]  Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
              NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
              Clients to IPv4 Servers", Proposed Standard RFC 6146, Apr
              2011.

   [RFC6144]  Baker, F., Li, X., Bao, C., and K. Yin, "Framework for
              IPv4/IPv6 Translation.", Internet Draft
              (Informational) RFC 6144, April 2011.

   [Aweya-1999]
              Aweya, J., "IP router architecture: An overview",
              Technical Report University of Virginia, 1999.







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   [Hidell-2014]
              Hidell, M., Sjodin, P., and O. Hagsand, "Router
              architectures: Tutorial at Networking 2004", Networking
              2004 Athens, Greece, May 2004.

   [RFC862]   Postel, J., "Echo Protocol", May 1983.

   [RFC2928]  Postel, J., "Initial IPv6 Sub-TLA ID Assignments",
              September 2000.

Authors' Addresses

   William Chimiak
   Laboratory for Telecommunication Sciences
   8080 Greenmead Drive
   College Park, MD  20740
   US

   Phone: +1 301 422 5217
   EMail: w.chimiak@ieee.org


   Samuel Patton
   Laboratory for Telecommunication Sciences
   8080 Greenmead Drive
   College Park, MD  20740
   US

   Phone: +1 301 422 5217
   EMail: sam@enhancedip.org


   James F. Brown
   Laboratory for Telecommunication Sciences
   8080 Greenmead Drive
   College Park, MD  20740
   US

   Phone: +1 301 422 5217
   EMail: brown@ltsnet.net











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   Jeronimo A Bezerra
   Florida International University
   11200 S.W. 8th St PC building Suite 312
   Miami, FL  33199
   US

   Phone: +1 786 616 3081
   EMail: jbezerra@fiu.edu


   Humberto Silva Galiza de Freitas
   Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa (RNP) - NEG AmLight
   Av. Dr. Andre Tosello, 209
   Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz Campinas, SP  13083-886
   Brazil

   Phone: +55 19 3787-3300
   EMail: galiza@amlight.net


   Jonathan Smith
   University of Pennsylvania
   Levine Hall 3330 Walnut Street
   Philadelphia, PA  19104
   US

   Phone: 215.898.9509
   EMail: jms@cis.upenn.edu























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