Internet DRAFT - draft-cheng-avtcore-srtp-cloud

draft-cheng-avtcore-srtp-cloud







Network Working Group                                           Y. Cheng
Internet-Draft                                               J. Mattsson
Intended status: Standards Track                              M. Naslund
Expires: September 10, 2015                                     Ericsson
                                                           March 9, 2015


     Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) for Cloud Services
                   draft-cheng-avtcore-srtp-cloud-00

Abstract

   In order to support use cases when two or more end-points communicate
   via one (or more) cloud service (e.g. virtualized cloud-based
   conferencing) that are not trusted to access the media content, this
   document describes the use of so called end-to-end (inner) and hop-
   by-hop (outer) cryptographic transforms within the Secure Real-time
   Transport Protocol (SRTP).  One of the main aspects of the transforms
   is to make the confidentiality and message authentication independent
   of the RTP header.  Another central aspect is to enable
   identification of the cryptographic contexts (keys etc.).  Besides
   the security of the end-points, also trust assumptions regarding the
   cloud services are addressed.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
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   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 10, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents



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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Scope of this Document  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Conventions used in this Document . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  SRTP Cloud Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  SRTP Cloud Cryptographic Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.3.  SRTP Cloud Packet Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.4.  Replay Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  SRTP Cloud Specification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  The Cloud Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.3.  Trust Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.4.  SRTP Cloud Packet Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.5.  Extension of the SRTP Cryptographic Context . . . . . . .  12
       3.5.1.  Definition of e2e Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.5.2.  Identification of e2e Context . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.6.  SRTP Cloud Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.6.1.  Sender  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.6.2.  Middlebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       3.6.3.  Receiver  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     3.7.  Use of SRTCP with SRTP Cloud  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     3.8.  Cryptographic Transforms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.8.1.  Pre-Defined e2e Transforms  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.8.2.  Session Key Derivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
       3.8.3.  Default Transforms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       3.8.4.  SRTP Cloud Default Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
       3.8.5.  Adding Future e2e Transforms  . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     4.1.  General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     4.2.  Keystream Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     4.3.  Authentication and Authorization  . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     4.4.  Replay Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     4.5.  Key Management Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     4.6.  Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     4.7.  RTCP Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     4.8.  Malicious middleboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   5.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23



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   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     7.2.   Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   Appendix A.  Use Cases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     A.1.  Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     A.2.  Security Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     A.3.  Problems with SRTP in Cloud Based Scenarios . . . . . . .  26
     A.4.  Design Rationale  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27

1.  Introduction

   The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) [RFC3711] is a profile
   of RTP, which can provide confidentiality, message authentication,
   and replay protection to the RTP traffic and to the RTP Control
   Protocol (RTCP).  The basic SRTP profile in [RFC3711] addresses real-
   time end-to-end use cases, and does not consider use cases where a
   sender delivers media to one or more receivers via a cloud-based
   service.  One typical example of such use cases is multi-party
   conferencing, where a middlebox (conference server) forwards media
   received from one participant to all other participants.  Figure 1
   below shows a conference with four participants.

                   +---+      +------------+      +---+
                   | A |<---->|            |<---->| B |
                   +---+      |            |      +---+
                              | Middlebox  |
                   +---+      |            |      +---+
                   | C |<---->|            |<---->| D |
                   +---+      +------------+      +---+

             Figure 1: Multi-party conference with a middlebox

   The cloud based middlebox is typically considered as semi-trusted,
   meaning that the middlebox will deliver media as requested, but it
   cannot be excluded that the middlebox will also try to extract the
   information in the media(e.g.  infringement of copyrighted content,
   legal or illegal intercept).  The reason to not use a fully trusted
   middlebox is mainly cost and convenience, the same forces that drives
   out-sourcing and cloud computing.  The trust model will be made more
   formal later in this document.  What causes problems for standard
   end-to-end SRTP in these settings is its dependence on the actual RTP
   transport parameters which will differ when RTP is used on different
   hops, i.e., sender-middlebox and middlebox-receiver.

   SRTP is a framework that allows new security functions and new
   transforms to be added and this document defines extensions to SRTP
   to meet the additional use cases considered.  One of the main aspects



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   of the transform is to make the confidentiality and message
   authentication independent of the RTP header.  This allows for end-
   to-end protection to be achieved also when cloud based middleboxes
   assign values to the RTP headers, independently on each hop.

   Another aspect is that identification of the cryptographic context
   (keys etc.) between the end-points must be extended, as the
   parameters used in [RFC3711] are available only during transport of
   RTP packets over a "hop".  For instance, [RFC3711] specifies that the
   receiver's IP address shall be part of the context identifier, but
   this value may of course not be known to the sender when
   communicating messages via a cloud based middlebox.  One may also
   want to avoid using IP address as context identifier due to privacy
   considerations.  Another part of the cryptographic context identifier
   is the SSRC, which may be modified by middleboxes.

   While there certainly are differences between this document and
   [RFC3711] on mechanism level, it is worth noticing that the kind of
   extensions defined herein are conceptually almost identical to the
   SRTP extensions previously defined in [RFC4383], which adds source
   origin authentication support to SRTP.  Moreover, as far as the
   cryptographic processing is concerned, the cloud based middleboxes
   may use [RFC3711] compliant processing and changes in cryptographic
   processing are thus only needed in the end-points.

1.1.  Scope of this Document

   The scope of this document is to specify extensions to SRTP
   (parameters, processing, and cryptographic transforms) to support use
   cases where a cloud based middlebox is involved and to describe the
   associated trust model.

   The existence of cloud based middlebox implies a different trust
   model than that originally considered when designing SRTP.  This
   manifests itself in terms of the need to ensure only authorized
   access to the different cryptographic keys involved, i.e. the
   extensions defined herein MUST have support from some key management
   scheme.  Similar to the original SRTP specification, the actual
   definition of the key management solution is out of scope of this
   document.

1.2.  Conventions used in this Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   Definitions:



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      DoS: Denial of service

      e2e: end-to-end

      hbh: hop-by-hop

2.  SRTP Cloud Overview

2.1.  Overview

   A high-level description of the proposed new SRTP functionality is as
   follows: The first step is to perform a transport independent media
   protection operation.  The coverage of this transform is the RTP
   payload only.  This operation is done with an Authenticated
   Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) transform.  The media
   protection should rely on two explicit values for cryptographic
   synchronization, the Packet Unique Value (PUV) and the SRTP Source
   (SSS), which are included and forwarded in the payload.

   After the steps making up the transport independent media protection
   have been performed, the protection processing proceeds as currently
   defined by [RFC3711], which results in the addition of the required
   transport protection.

   Keying for transport protection is performed as described in
   [RFC3711] and uses the SRTP internal key derivation function.  The
   key derivation function operates on a master key and a master salt,
   where the master key (and salt) is here denoted hbh key (and hbh
   salt).

   The keying for the media protection is defined in an equivalent way,
   producing keying material for the media transform.  The e2e keying
   material is based on another master key, the e2e key, which is
   independent of the hbh key.  Also for the e2e context, a master salt
   (e2e salt) is defined.  The key derivations used to derive the e2e
   keying material could preferable use the key derivation function
   defined in [RFC3711].

   Note that with the approach taken, only the media protection
   endpoints will have to implement the handling of two security
   contexts.  One of the defined transforms of [RFC3711] is used for the
   transport protection (using the hbh key).  A cloud middlebox should
   be able to reuse a [RFC3711] compliant implementation of SRTP to
   first receive and then resend the media.

   For RTCP, the solution principles described for RTP applies.
   However, the main applications for RTCP in a multi-party conference
   is to both control the traffic over one hop, as well as performing



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   conference media control [RFC5104], which means that e2e encryption
   cannot be applied in general.  However, note that there are RTCP
   application messages, which might benefit from having e2e integrity
   protection.

2.2.  SRTP Cloud Cryptographic Contexts

   SRTP maintains a cryptographic context, containing master key(s),
   cryptographic transforms, etc., for the associated SRTP session.
   Exactly how the parameters in the cryptographic context are agreed
   upon is a session setup issue and out of scope of SRTP.  SRTP assumes
   that a cryptographic context or rather the master key therein, is
   shared only between mutually trusted parties.

                      e2e context (media protection)
             <----------------------------------------------->
           +---+                   +---+                   +---+
           | S |                   | M |                   | R |
           +---+                   +---+                   +---+
             <----------------------> <---------------------->
                  hbh context 1             hbh context 2
              (transport protection)   (transport protection)

          Figure 2: Context sharing (Sender, Middlebox, Receiver)

   Note that in Figure 2, R represents multiple receivers in the case of
   multi-party conferencing.  Also M may represent several cascading
   middleboxes.

   The SRTP cryptographic context concept is reusable for the proposed
   solution.  Conceptually, the originator and the intended end-
   receiver(s) share an e2e media security context, while a hbh
   transport security context is shared by an endpoint and an
   intermediary or by two intermediaries, see Figure 2.

   The master key(s) in the e2e context MUST be cryptographically
   independent of, and MUST NOT be deducible from, the master key of any
   hbh context.  The key management protocol(s) used MUST therefore be
   able to negotiate keys satisfying these requirements.

   The identification of the hbh context is as defined in [RFC3711],
   while the used e2e context is implicitly identified in the session
   setup.

   A sender will use two cryptographic contexts: an e2e context used for
   payload protection to the end-receiver(s), and a hbh context used to
   secure the SRTP transport to the (first) intermediary.  Similarly,
   the end-receiver(s) will use two contexts.  An intermediary node



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   however, will only use one standard SRTP context for each session.
   In other words, an e2e context is used to achieve transport
   independent media protection, and an hbh context is similarly used to
   achieve transport protection.

   For both e2e and hbh contexts, it is assumed that cryptographic
   context parameters, such as master key and salt (if needed) are
   included.  From these, session keys/salts are derived similarly to
   [RFC3711].

2.3.  SRTP Cloud Packet Format

   The packet format is composed of an "inner" e2e (sender-receiver)
   part embedded in an "outer" hbh (sender-middlebox or middlebox-
   receiver) part.

   The SRTP Cloud packet format looks approximately like Figure 3

        +------------+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
        |    hbh     |        e2e        | e2e | e2e | hbh | hbh |
        | RTP Header | Protected Payload | PUV | SSS | MKI | MAC |
        +------------+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+

                    Figure 3: SRTP Cloud packet format

   The additional fields added by the inner e2e security processing are:

   o  SSS: SRTP Source is a value used by the e2e transform as an
      identifier for the source within a e2e session.  Thus, SSS MUST be
      unique for all sources within the session.

   o  PUV: Packet Unique Value for the e2e transform.  The PUV shall be
      unique for each e2e protected payload being generated by a source
      within a e2e session.

   The RTP header, hbh MAC, and hbh MKI are in one-to-one correspondence
   with respective fields of [RFC3711] and will not be discussed
   further.

2.4.  Replay Protection

   When the RTP data is hbh transport protected between server and
   receiver, replay protection on the transport level is provided as the
   hbh protection offers the same security features as [RFC3711].  It is
   assumed that the server is trusted not to attempt replay of data on
   media level, unless the user requests it and thus, this is in line
   with the trust model.




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   It is possible to implement replay protection on the media level for
   e2e transforms when the PUV is a counter.  This has to be done on the
   application layer for the applications that requires it.

3.  SRTP Cloud Specification

3.1.  The Cloud Extension

   The Cloud extension consists of a new packet format (Section 3.4), an
   extended cryptographic context concept (Section 3.5), and new SRTP
   processing at sender/receiver (Section 3.6).  Considering only the
   cryptographic processing, cloud based middleboxes are compatible with
   [RFC3711], and the necessary additional processing is defined in
   Section 3.6.2.  Senders/receivers need to support new cryptographic
   transforms (see Section 3.8).

3.2.  Terminology

   An e2e session is defined as the set of e2e protected data produced
   under a single e2e context (a security association between sender and
   the ultimate receiver(s), see Section 3.5.1 for the exact definition
   of e2e context).  A e2e session may comprise several sources, i.e.
   several distinct logical e2e media streams to be protected by the
   same e2e context.

   A hbh session is defined as the set of hbh protected data produced
   under a single hbh context (a security association between two
   entities, see Section 3.5 for the exact definition of hbh context).

   The cryptographic transforms, keys, etc., used for the e2e and hbh
   protection, respectively, are denoted e2e transform, hbh transform,
   e2e key, hbh key, etc.

   Throughout the specification all protocol data fields are assumed to
   be byte aligned, i.e. all defined bit-sizes SHALL be multiples of 8.

3.3.  Trust Model

   For the purpose of this document we use the following definitions:

   A is said to trust B with information I, if A is willing to share I
   with B.  In the sequel we will simply say that A trusts B.

   A is said to have sender-semi-trust in B if A considers B to be
   "honest-but-curious" in the following sense.  A trust B to maintain
   information I provided by A, and (later) redistribute it to the
   intended recipients as specified by A (parties that A trust with I).
   However, A does not trust that B will not also try to extract the



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   information I for him/herself and/or to attempt to distribute I also
   to other parties, e.g. parties that A does not trust with I.

   A is similarly said to have receiver-semi-trust in B, if A trusts B
   to maintain information intended for A and to (later) distribute this
   information to A if and only if A so requests.  However, A does not
   trust that B will not also attempt to distribute the information to
   other parties and/or try to extract it him/herself.

   When it is obvious from the context (or irrelevant) we shall omit the
   directivity (sender/receiver) and simply say that A semi-trusts B.

   Figure 4 shows the assumed trust model in terms of previous
   definitions.

   In practice, the model means that

   o  S trusts R,

   o  S semi-trusts M to deliver information to R, and,

   o  R semi-trusts M to forward any information intended for R.

                                   Trust
               -------------------------------------------->
             +---+                 +---+                 +---+
             | S |                 | M |                 | R |
             +---+                 +---+                 +---+
               ---------------------> <---------------------
                 Sender-semi-trust      Receiver-semi-trust

            Figure 4: Trust Model (Sender, Middlebox, Receiver)

   Note in the case of multi-party conferencing R represents multiple
   receivers.

   As noted in the use cases above, S may be more concerned with who
   gets access to the information than R is.  Still, this trust model,
   assuming a bare minimum of sender- and receiver-semi-trust as defined
   above, has been chosen since it is a simple trust model and seems to
   apply (qualitatively) as a common denominator for all the use cases
   where a cloud based middlebox is involved.  Note also that the trust
   between S and R may often be mutual, but we do not require this.

   M does not need to trust either of S or R.  However, the trust model
   also assumes the existence of other parties (not shown) that are not
   trusted by any of S, M, or R, and which may attempt to intervene with
   the communication between them and the services provided by M.  Thus,



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   depending on the application and the security requirements,
   authentication of S and R may be needed by some middleboxes in order
   to detect impersonation and prevent unauthorized access.

   When there are several middleboxes in the path between S and R, it is
   necessary to assume that the middleboxes semi-trust each other, at
   least in a transitive sense.  Also, we may then have a situation
   where S and R does not (directly) semi-trust a common M.

3.4.  SRTP Cloud Packet Format

   Figure 5 illustrates the format of the SRTP packet with the Cloud
   extension.

   The packet format is composed of an "inner" e2e (sender-receiver)
   part embedded in an "outer" hbh (sender-middlebox or middlebox-
   receiver) part.

   The e2e protected portion provides e2e encryption and authentication
   of the payload, RTP padding, and RTP pad count.  The e2e protected
   portion also defines two new fields (PUV and SSS) for cryptographic
   synchronization.  These two fields, together with the padding flag P
   in the RTP header, are e2e authenticated.




























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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<---+
  |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |        sequence number        |    |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+    |
  |                           timestamp                           |    |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+    |
  |           synchronization source (SSRC) identifier            |    |
  +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+    |
  |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             |    |
  |                             ....                              |    |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+    |
  |                   RTP extension (OPTIONAL)                    |    |
+>+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+ |
| |                          payload  ...                         |  | |
| |                               +-------------------------------+  | |
| |                               |  RTP padding  | RTP pad count |  | |
| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  | |
| ~                        e2e PUV (MANDATORY)                    ~  | |
| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  | |
| ~                        e2e SSS (OPTIONAL)                     ~  | |
+>+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+-+
| ~                        hbh MKI (OPTIONAL)                     ~  | |
| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  | |
| ~                        hbh MAC (RECOMMENDED)                  ~  | |
| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  | |
|                                                                    | |
+-- hbh Encrypted Portion                   e2e Protected Portion ---+ |
                                                                       |
                                        hbh Authenticated Portion -----+

              Figure 5: The format of the SRTP Cloud packet.

   Default e2e transforms, which provide both encryption and
   authentication, and which SHALL be supported are defined in
   Section 3.8.3.

   The e2e protected portion is opaque from the cloud based middlebox
   point-of-view.

   Thus, by treating the inner e2e protected portion as the (hbh)
   "encrypted portion" of [RFC3711], the overall SRTP Cloud packet
   format conforms to standard [RFC3711] compliant SRTP.  (Note that the
   additional fields added in the inner e2e part could just as well have
   been added by a new transform defined for SRTP, e.g. padding and/or
   crypto synch fields.)  Hence, the hbh MAC and hbh MKI are in one-to-
   one correspondence with the MAC and MKI of [RFC3711] and will not be
   discussed further.



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   The additional fields added by the inner e2e security processing are:

   o  SSS: SRTP Source is a value used by the SRTP Cloud transform as an
      identifier for the source within an e2e session.  Thus, SSS MUST
      be unique for all sources within the e2e session.  Since there may
      be only one such source, the SSS field is OPTIONAL and of
      configurable length.  SSS resembles the SSRC usage in RTP/SRTP in
      the sense that it ensures that two-time pads do not occur under
      the same e2e master key, see Sections 3.8 and 4.2.  The
      implementation of the necessary anti-collision mechanism is
      outside the scope of this specification.  The format is
      implementation specific, but the values 0, 1, 2, ..., n-1 MAY be
      used if there are n sources.

   o  PUV: Packet Unique Value for the e2e transform.  PUV is transform
      dependent, of configurable length, and MANDATORY.  The format is
      transform dependent and security aspects need to be considered
      when defining the format, see Sections 4.2 and 4.4.  For a given
      e2e session and source, the PUV SHALL be unique for each generated
      e2e protected portion.  The PUV is used as input to the IV
      formation for the e2e authenticated encryption transform.

   Parameters which are configurable have default values (see
   Section 3.8.4), and are otherwise negotiated during e2e/hbh session
   establishment, agreed upon out of band, or hard coded for a specific
   application.  The new fields are of configurable length for maximum
   data compactness (see Table 3.1).

     Field       SRTP Counterpart                Typical Size (bytes)
     ----------------------------------------------------------------
     PUV         SRTP Index                                         3
     SSS         SSRC (IV formation)                              0-1
     ----------------------------------------------------------------
     Total                                                        3-4

                     Table 3.1: Additional parameters

3.5.  Extension of the SRTP Cryptographic Context

   A SRTP Cloud cryptographic context SHALL consist of two main parts.

   1.  A hbh context.  The hbh context SHALL be an SRTP cryptographic
       context conforming to [RFC3711] and SHALL be used for the hbh
       protection between sender and middlebox, between middlebox and
       receiver, or, between two middleboxes.  The hbh context SHALL
       thus be identified by the <SSRC, destination network address,
       destination port number> triplet exactly as defined in [RFC3711].




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   2.  An e2e context: this part of the context is defined below and
       SHALL be used for the e2e protection between sender and
       receiver(s).

3.5.1.  Definition of e2e Context

   The e2e context SHALL contain the following e2e transform independent
   parameters.

   o  an identifier for the e2e authenticated encryption algorithm,
      i.e., the AEAD cipher, see Section 3.8.3 for the default e2e
      transform specification,

   o  an identifier for the e2e pseudo-random function,

   o  an e2e master key, which MUST be random and secret to all except
      sender and receiver(s).  The e2e master key MUST be
      cryptographically independent of any hbh key,

   o  an e2e master salt.  Use of e2e master salt is strongly
      RECOMMENDED.  This value, when used, MUST be random, but MAY be
      public.

   o  non-negative integers n_e, and n_s determining the length of the
      e2e session key for authenticated encryption and the e2e session
      salt.

   o  non-negative integers n_PUV, and n_SSS determining the length of
      the PUV, and SSS fields, respectively.

   There may also be need to include e2e transform dependent parameters,
   see Section 3.8.4 for the parameters associated with the default e2e
   transforms.

   Observe that there is no replay protection data in the e2e context,
   see Section 3.6.3.1.  Also note that unlike [RFC3711] cryptographic
   contexts, the e2e context SHALL only contain parameters for RTP
   protection, and SHALL NOT contain parameters for RTCP protection, see
   Section 3.7.

   Only end-points need to support e2e contexts, i.e. senders and
   receivers.

3.5.2.  Identification of e2e Context

   The e2e context SHALL be identified by out-of-band (outside the SRTP
   Cloud Packet) and in-band (in the SRTP Cloud Packet) signaling.




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3.5.2.1.  Out-of-band Signaling

   The e2e context MAY be identified by simply transferring the entire
   context out-of-band (e.g. in the SIP signaling).  Only half-roundtrip
   key management protocols can be used and the e2e context MUST be e2e
   protected so that middleboxes or other unauthorized entities cannot
   access or modify it.

                    e2e context                   e2e context
   SIP     +---------------------------+ +---------------------------+
           |                           v |                           v
         +---+                        +---+                        +---+
   SRTP  | S |----------------------->| M |----------------------->| R |
         +---+                        +---+                        +---+

      Figure 6: Transferring the entire e2e context via the middlebox

3.5.2.2.  In-band Signaling

   The in-band context identification is similar to that of [RFC3711]
   and SHALL be defined as follows.  The e2e context is uniquely
   identified by the triplet context identifier:

   <SSS, destination network address, destination port number>

   The e2e context is here implicit from the triplet.  Just like in
   [RFC3711] the entire triplet MAY not be needed to uniquely identify
   the e2e context.  In the case of multi-party conferencing where there
   are multiple receivers, SSS alone identifies the e2e context.

3.6.  SRTP Cloud Processing

   In what follows, it is assumed that the sender and receiver(s) agree
   out-of-band on the e2e cryptographic context.

   It is similarly assumed that sender-middlebox and middlebox-receiver,
   respectively, agree on the hbh cryptographic context.

3.6.1.  Sender

   The sender SHALL first, out-of-band, establish the necessary hbh
   context parameters with the middlebox as discussed above.  The rest
   of sender's processing is identical to [RFC3711] with the following
   exceptions and extensions.

   S1  In analogy with step 1 of [RFC3711], the sender SHALL determine
       both the hbh context and the e2e context as discussed in




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       Section 3.5.  Next, and prior to performing step 2 of [RFC3711],
       the sender SHALL perform step S2-S4 as defined below.

   S2  The sender SHALL from the e2e master key and master salt derive
       the e2e session key/salt as described in Section 3.8.2.

   S3  The sender SHALL next apply the e2e transform as described in
       Section 3.8.3.

   S4  The sender SHALL then form the e2e protected portion of the SRTP
       Cloud packet by concatenating the result of S3, the PUV, and the
       SSS.

   The rest of the sender's processing conforms to [RFC3711], steps 2-8,
   by treating the result of S5 as the part to be encrypted ("encrypted
   portion" of [RFC3711]) and using the hbh context.

3.6.2.  Middlebox

   Middleboxes do not have access to the e2e contexts and may even be
   unaware of their definition.  Hence, "context" in this section refers
   to standard [RFC3711] cryptographic contexts, which in turn agrees
   with the hbh contexts defined herein.

   Generally, the middlebox SHALL first, out-of-band, establish the
   necessary hbh context parameters with the source or destination.

3.6.2.1.  Acting as Receiver

   MR1  When receiving media from a sender, the middlebox SHALL retrieve
        the correct context and process the packet exactly according to
        the receiver behavior of [RFC3711].

   MR2  The middlebox SHALL store sufficient information to later be
        able to map the correct content to the intended receiver, e.g.
        e2e context, or the intended receiver's identity (ID).  ID
        format and usage is otherwise out of scope for this
        specification, but could, e.g., be retrieved during the session
        establishment.

   MR3  The middlebox SHALL store information sufficient to later
        reconstruct the e2e protected portion of the packets
        (corresponding to Figure 5) and to allow the receiver to
        uniquely identify the correct e2e context, e.g. by storing the
        the e2e context.  Note that header information (e.g.  P, M, PT,
        and timestamp) is needed for rendering and information from RTCP
        SR is used for synchronization between streams e.g. in a




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        multimedia video/audio session.  Such information also has to be
        stored by the middlebox.

3.6.2.2.  Acting as Sender

   MS1  When forwarding media to the receiver, the middlebox SHALL
        retrieve the correct hbh context as specified in [RFC3711].

   MS2  The e2e protected portion SHALL be used as the payload.

   MS3  An RTP Header SHALL be formed with the P and M fields identical
        to when the payload was stored.  The PT field must refer to a PT
        definition that is equivalent to the one received.  The original
        timestamp MAY be used.  The SEQ and SSRC SHOULD be defined
        strictly on hbh basis.

   MS4  The middlebox SHALL then concatenate the payload from MS2 with
        the RTP header from MS3 and process the packet exactly according
        to the sender behavior of [RFC3711] using the retrieved context.
        As noted above, certain information from RTCP messages,
        originating from the sender (e.g.  RTCP SRs), may also need to
        be forwarded (and sometimes modified as discussed in
        Section 4.6).  These (and other RTCP messages) SHALL be
        processed according to the SRTCP specification of [RFC3711].

3.6.2.3.  Multiple Middleboxes

   When more than one middlebox is present, we consider a pair of
   adjacent middleboxes M1 and M2, where M1 forwards media to M2.

   M1 SHALL act as a middlebox sender (Section 3.6.2.2) treating M2 as a
   receiver.  M2 SHALL act as a middlebox receiver (Section 3.6.2.1)
   treating M1 as a sender.

3.6.3.  Receiver

   R1  The receiver SHALL first, out-of-band, establish the necessary
       hbh context parameters with the middlebox.

   R2  Step 1 to 8 of [RFC3711] SHALL then be applied, using the hbh
       context to perform hbh processing.

   The remainder of the processing concerns the e2e protection.  The
   result after performing the hbh authentication check and decryption
   as described above MAY be stored at the receiver for later
   application of the e2e processing.  If so, the receiver MUST store
   the e2e protected portion in order to be able to perform the further
   steps as described below.



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   R3  The receiver SHALL next determine the e2e context as discussed in
       Section 3.5.2.

   R4  The receiver SHALL derive the e2e session encryption key as
       described in Section 3.8.2 using the e2e master key and salt.

   R5  The receiver SHALL verify authentication and decrypt the e2e
       protected portion as specified by the e2e transform(s), see
       Section 3.8.3.  If the result of authentication is "FAILURE", the
       packet MUST be discarded from further processing and the event
       SHOULD be logged.  Note that there is no replay protection for
       the e2e context (see Section 4.4).

   R6  The receiver removes PUV, and SSS as appropriate.

3.6.3.1.  Replay Protection

   For reasons discussed in Appendix A, it is in general not meaningful
   or desirable to provide application independent replay protection for
   the e2e part.  Some of the identified use cases make this clear by
   having a requirement that the receiver should be able to jump back/
   forward in the e2e media stream.  See Section 4.4 for security
   considerations.

3.7.  Use of SRTCP with SRTP Cloud

   SRTCP protection SHALL be provided hbh, conforming to [RFC3711], and
   SHALL NOT be provided e2e, as this covers most/all use cases
   currently identified.  Protecting e.g. the synchronization
   information e2e would prevent use cases where several stored streams
   are spliced together.  Further RFCs may specify additional e2e
   functionality for SRTCP Cloud.

   As noted, it may still be needed to forward information from some of
   the inbound RTCP messages (e.g.  RTCP SR and APP).  Note that if
   several stored streams are spliced together, the timestamps and
   therefore also the synchronization information has to be modified.
   Also note that it may in general not be possible for the middlebox to
   reproduce RTCP reports accurately reflecting the ongoing hbh session.
   For instance, since the e2e encryption hides any possible RTP
   padding, there may be a discrepancy between sender's byte counts on
   the S-M and M-R links, respectively.  After decryption at R, however,
   the correct values will be possible to reconstruct.








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3.8.  Cryptographic Transforms

   We define a set of pre-defined SRTP Cloud e2e transforms.  Note that
   middleboxes do not need to support any cryptographic transform
   outside what is already defined in [RFC3711].  The hbh protection may
   reuse any of the existing SRTP transforms such as those defined in
   the original specification [RFC3711], or, transforms that have been
   added later.  The e2e protection may use the transforms defined in
   Section 3.8.1, or, transforms that have been added later (see
   Section 3.8.5).

3.8.1.  Pre-Defined e2e Transforms

   For e2e protection we use Authenticated Encryption with Associated
   Data (AEAD) algorithms.  Specifically, the AES-GCM (AES Galois/
   Counter Mode) transforms as specified in
   [I-D.ietf-avtcore-srtp-aes-gcm] are used as the pre-defined e2e
   cryptographic transforms, with the following modifications.

   Instead of forming the initialization vector as specified in
   Section 9.1 of [I-D.ietf-avtcore-srtp-aes-gcm], the IV SHALL be
   formed by first concatenating 2-octets of zeroes, a 4-octet SSS (the
   original SSS padded with as many leading zeros as needed) and a
   6-octet PUV (the original PUV padded with as many leading zeros as
   needed).  The resulting 12-octet value is then bitwise-XORed to the
   12-octet session salt to form the 12-octet IV.

   SSS and PUV are the SSS/PUV fields from the packet.  The PUV is a
   counter, initially set to zero and then increasing by one (1) for
   each packet.  The maximum allowed size of the PUV for AES-GCM SHALL
   be 48 bits.  If the SSS field is not present, the value 0 (zero)
   SHALL be used.  The maximum allowed size of the SSS for AES-GCM SHALL
   be 32 bits.

   The associated data specified in Section 9.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-avtcore-srtp-aes-gcm] is redefined as:

   Associated Data: The padding flag P (1 bit), PUV (n_PUV bits) and SSS
   (if used, n_SSS bits)

3.8.2.  Session Key Derivation

   For the hbh security processing, session key derivation SHALL be done
   exactly as in [RFC3711] using the hbh master key and salt.

   For the e2e security processing the key derivation is also identical
   to [RFC3711] with the following exceptions




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   o  The e2e master key and salt, SHALL be used together with the
      defined labels of [RFC3711] for derivation of the different keys.

   o  The key derivation rate SHALL be zero.

3.8.3.  Default Transforms

   The default hbh encryption transform SHALL be the NULL encryption
   algorithm, the default hbh authentication transform SHALL be HMAC-
   SHA1, and the default hbh pseudo-random function SHALL be AES-CM.
   The transforms are defined in Sections 4.1.1, 4.2.1, and 4.3.3 of
   [RFC3711].

   The default e2e cryptographic transforms SHALL be AES-GCM as defined
   in Section 3.8.1.  The default e2e pseudo-random function SHALL be
   AES-CM as defined in [RFC3711], Section 4.3.3.

3.8.4.  SRTP Cloud Default Parameters

   The default hbh parameters SHALL be identical to [RFC3711].

   The default e2e parameters for master and session key lengths are the
   same as in [RFC3711] with the differences in transform definition as
   defined above and the following additional exception.

   o  Replay window size: N/A (or 0).

   We also add the following additional bit-length parameters:

                        parameter | min | default
                        ----------+-----+--------
                        n_PUV     |  16 |      24
                        n_SSS     |   0 |       0

                     Table 3.2: Additional parameters

3.8.5.  Adding Future e2e Transforms

   Adding transforms for the hbh protection SHALL follow the existing
   guidelines of [RFC3711].  Indeed, any current (or future, as far as
   we can see) transform specification for SRTP is applicable for usage
   with the hbh protection.

   To add an e2e transform, the accompanying specification MUST, besides
   specifying the cryptographic operations, define the format and usage
   of the PUV field and, if used, for the SSS field and any possible
   additional field, e.g. padding.




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4.  Security Considerations

4.1.  General

   Though it may seem that there are quite a few differences between the
   cryptography and key management used in [RFC3711] and the
   corresponding functions defined here, the differences are actually
   smaller than one may think and the security considerations turn out
   to be essentially equivalent.

   As noted, a problem of SRTP in applications with cloud based
   middlebox is the transforms' dependence of the SSRC.  The SSRC is
   part of IV formation and crypto context identification in [RFC3711].

   In this specification two new in-band parameters, PUV and SSS, are
   specified.  Note that SSS is used in exactly the same way the SSRC is
   used in [RFC3711]: IV formation.  Basically, one can think of the SSS
   as the e2e source identifier.  The SSS is e2e protected.

4.2.  Keystream Reuse

   A main concern of [RFC3711] is to avoid keystream reuse.  This
   concern is present also here.  The currently defined encryption
   transforms are additive stream ciphers, which are sensitive to
   keystream reuse.  It is therefore RECOMMENDED that each session
   utilizes random and cryptographically independent e2e and hbh keys.

   When sender and receiver share an e2e master key it may be convenient
   to reuse the key for several e2e sessions/messages via the middlebox.
   Another situation when key reuse may be beneficial is if sender and
   receiver use the middlebox in a "chat-like" fashion (with bi-
   directional communication using the same e2e master key in both
   directions).  In this case there may be a risk that a message in one
   direction (e.g.  "A-to-B") reuses keystream of some message in the
   other direction ("B-to-A").  For the predefined e2e encryption
   transform such reuse will only be secure if the sender and receiver
   keep state to prohibit reuse of IVs.

   Unique IVs MAY be assured by putting requirement on the
   implementation of the sender to ensure that unique SSS values are
   used each time the same e2e master key is reused.  For the
   bidirectional case (as well as for the more general case where a
   group key is used as e2e master key), some out-of-band signaling that
   assures that end-points use distinct SSSs is, as mentioned, REQUIRED.

   The situation is essentially equivalent to that of SRTP.  As noted in
   the security considerations of [RFC3711], keys may be reused (with
   the predefined transforms) if (and only if) unique SSRC values can be



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   guaranteed.  Due to the risks of misuse, reuse of master keys between
   sessions is, just as in [RFC3711], therefore NOT RECOMMENDED.

4.3.  Authentication and Authorization

   For reasons already discussed, it is RECOMMENDED that middleboxes
   authorize senders and receivers (typically involving authentication)
   before accepting/forwarding messages.  While the content is protected
   by keys supposedly only known to the receiver(s), this provides extra
   protection if the e2e keys have fallen into the wrong hands and it
   also avoids that the middlebox wastes resources, responding to
   spoofed requests.  It is also RECOMMENDED to have e2e authentication
   between sender and receiver(s), which is achieved by applying
   authentication/integrity to the e2e protected portion.

4.4.  Replay Protection

   Replay protection is provided on an hbh basis by use of an hbh
   transform including message authentication.  It is RECOMMENDED to use
   hbh message authentication as it protects from outsiders attempting
   to change the order of packets.

   Since some scenarios considered makes it reasonable to expect that
   the receiver may wish to jump (fast-forward or rewind) in the e2e
   protected media flow, it is not meaningful to strictly enforce replay
   protection on an e2e basis.  Note however that our trust model
   assumes that the middleboxes are trusted enough not to attempt to
   replay or reorder media unless the receiver so requests.

   It is however still possible (and RECOMMENDED) to provide e2e
   authentication of the packets in combination with inclusion of a
   sequence number in the PUV (as the default e2e transform does).  It
   then becomes infeasible even for the middlebox to fake the relative
   association between a particular packet and its sequence number.
   This means that the receiver will be able to detect a replay that
   occurs without the receiver actually having requested it.

4.5.  Key Management Considerations

   Key management is outside the scope of this specification which is an
   intentional design choice in order not to introduce any dependency on
   using a specific key management scheme.  Nevertheless, some
   considerations need to be highlighted and taken into account when
   deploying this specification in practice.

   To implement the targeted trust model, the main concern is that the
   e2e keys MUST be independent from the hbh keys.  In other words




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   knowledge of any hbh key MUST NOT reveal non-trivial information
   about any e2e key.

   This can be achieved by ensuring that key management for hbh and e2e
   protection is carried out independently using fresh, random and
   independent keys each time.  This is the RECOMMENDED approach.

   Another alternative which may be attractive in some cases is to use
   the slightly weaker notion of cryptographic independence.  Here, the
   hbh keys MAY be derived from the e2e keys by applying a sufficiently
   strong pseudo-random function.

   Even if hbh keys are random and independent each time, it is still
   RECOMMENDED that e2e keys are not cached/reused (see Section 4.2 for
   discussion on keystream reuse).

4.6.  Privacy

   In order for a cloud based middlebox to deliver the correct media
   (produced with the correct e2e context) to the receiver(s), some
   applications may choose to store information regarding the identity
   of the sender and will be able to deduce the communication taking
   part between the two.

   To enhance privacy, senders/receivers may use agreed pseudonyms or
   other similar Privacy Enhancing Techniques (PET)s.  Complete
   anonymity may be in conflict with the requirement that the middlebox
   needs protection from flooding by garbage or other forms of unwanted
   traffic.

4.7.  RTCP Considerations

   As specified, RTCP is only protected on hbh basis.  This is motivated
   by the assumption that a middlebox indeed is a true store-and-
   forward entity (as opposed to performing a more intelligent
   function).  The inbound/outbound RTP sessions are then different and
   RTCP then reports only on the current RTP session.  As noted though,
   it may still be useful to forward e.g. (modified) sender reports to
   the receiver using hbh RTCP protection.

4.8.  Malicious middleboxes

   Middleboxes are semi-trusted which implies that they are assumed to
   (at least) forward data as requested by the sender/receiver.
   Malicious middleboxes therefore falls outside the trust model.
   Nevertheless, even if a middlebox is malicious beyond our
   assumptions, such attacks will only have DoS effects if e2e
   authentication is used (RECOMMENDED) and could as easily have been



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   done by some other party (non-middlebox).  If hbh authentication is
   used (RECOMMENDED), it can even be detected that it is the middlebox
   that modified the e2e protected part.

   By modifying RTCP, a malicious middleboxes could perform attacks that
   are not detected but which would be detected if done by some other
   party (non-middlebox).  By incorrectly altering RTCP SR packets, a
   malicious middlebox could forward only parts of messages or mess with
   the synchronization information without being detected.  However, for
   the intended use cases, there seems to be no gain to the middlebox
   owner (typically a cloud service provider or network operator) to
   perform such attacks to its paying customers.

5.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to give special thanks to Magnus Westerlund
   for his valuable comments and feedback.

6.  IANA Considerations

   To signal that the new transforms are used, each relevant key
   management protocol needs to register the new transforms including
   numbering scheme and syntax with IANA.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-avtcore-srtp-aes-gcm]
              McGrew, D. and K. Igoe, "AES-GCM and AES-CCM Authenticated
              Encryption in Secure RTP (SRTP)", draft-ietf-avtcore-srtp-
              aes-gcm-14 (work in progress), July 2014.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3711]  Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
              Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
              RFC 3711, March 2004.

7.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4383]  Baugher, M. and E. Carrara, "The Use of Timed Efficient
              Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication (TESLA) in the Secure
              Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 4383, February
              2006.





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   [RFC5104]  Wenger, S., Chandra, U., Westerlund, M., and B. Burman,
              "Codec Control Messages in the RTP Audio-Visual Profile
              with Feedback (AVPF)", RFC 5104, February 2008.

Appendix A.  Use Cases

A.1.  Problem Statement

   We consider RTP communication solutions that include semi-trusted
   middleboxes, i.e. middleboxes that should not have access to
   cleartext media, but still should be able to have access to other
   data in order to retransmit media according to RTP standard
   procedures.  Below, we provide some use cases where S, M, and R refer
   to Sender, Middlebox, and Receiver.  For each use case, we comment on
   aspects of the trust-model defined above.

   Cloud based conferencing: A conference participant (S) talks to other
   participants (R) via a conference bridge (M) that is hosted in the
   cloud.  Since the participants have no control over the cloud
   environment which might be under pervasive monitoring, S and R do not
   want the content of their communications to be disclosed to M.  M is
   only trusted to be a forwarder of (encrypted) media.

   Caching Protected Media in the Network: A content provider (S)
   broadcasts high value encrypted media (e.g.  Internet Protocol
   Television (IPTV), and radio) to clients (R).  A network node (M) is
   enhancing distribution by caching of the media, but is not trusted by
   the content provider and has therefore no access to the encryption
   keys.  A client that missed the beginning of a program might stream
   the media from the network cache instead of listening to the
   broadcast.  Due to the trust model where the content provider only
   trusts the clients, the media needs to be e2e protected.
   Nevertheless, the media also needs to be hbh integrity protected to
   protect against denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.

   The typical use case is thus to require that media is (at least)
   confidentiality protected end-to-end (e2e) between the sender and the
   receiver.  At the same time the communication should be protected
   hop-by-hop (hbh) to prevent malicious users from performing denial of
   service attacks by sending bogus data to middleboxes or replaying
   previous packets.

A.2.  Security Requirements

   The security requirements for SRTP Cloud are:

   o  Transport independent media protection




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      It SHALL be possible to have media protection that is independent
      of RTP parameters.

      To allow retransmission of received protected media, a transform
      for protecting the RTP payload that is independent of RTP
      transport parameters is needed.

      The media protection MUST cover both message authentication and
      confidentiality protection.

      It SHALL be possible to protect several e2e protected media
      streams with a single e2e context.

   o  Media source authentication

      It SHALL be possible to provide e2e source authentication of the
      media stream.

      In a group setting, source authentication is here meant to ensure
      that the message originated from a member of the group.  This
      requirement is fulfilled if media has authentication protection in
      a transport independent manner.

   o  Support of playback of protected media streams

      A client SHALL be able to do random seek in a protected media
      stream.

      Note that as playback functions like retransmission and random
      seek capability are features in the described use cases, replay
      protection cannot be required for transport independent media
      protection.

   o  Transport protection

      It SHALL be possible to provide transport protection that is
      independent of the media protection.

      The transport protection MUST be able to provide confidentiality,
      authentication, and replay protection for RTP and at least
      authentication and replay protection for RTCP.

      This requirement maps well against SRTP as of [RFC3711].
      Transport protection is also a means to provide replay protection
      of the media on a hop-by-hop basis.

   o  Separation of security contexts




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      It MUST be possible to have independent security contexts for the
      transport independent media protection and the transport
      protection.

      This means in particular that there has to be two distinct master
      keys, one for e2e media protection and one for hbh transport
      protection.


A.3.  Problems with SRTP in Cloud Based Scenarios

   It would be desirable to be able to offer use of SRTP as a general,
   lightweight mechanism to achieve the above type of protection, but
   trying to do so reveals two main problems.

   The first problem is due to the fact that RTP streams received and
   later resent by an middlebox in general are independent; received
   SRTP-encrypted payloads cannot just be retransmitted as a new SSRC is
   most likely used when retransmitting.  And if several recorded
   streams are spliced together, an offset must be added to the SEQ and
   timestamp so that they form a continuous sequence.  This in
   particular implies that SRTP with currently defined transforms cannot
   be applied end-to-end as they depend on the RTP header.

   The second problem is that in order to provide both e2e and hbh
   protection, two independent security contexts with associated
   protection mechanisms have to coexist; a feature unavailable in SRTP
   as currently specified.  While it is not too difficult to imagine how
   two contexts in place of one might be used, a problem arises when
   specifying how the e2e part of the context should be identified and
   signaled, as current SRTP context definition rests on parameters
   which are not constant end-to-end in the scenario where a middlebox
   is involved, namely SSRC and receiver's IP address and port.

   The SRTP extensions defined in this document address these problems.

A.4.  Design Rationale

   As noted above, different use cases may have slightly different
   security requirements and trust levels and there may be many
   different possibilities to extend SRTP in different directions to
   handle a specific use case (or some subset of use cases).  For
   example, the problems related to the most basic trust model extension
   (need to provide confidentiality e2e and integrity hbh) are due to
   the fact that in SRTP, parties always know both the encryption key
   and the authentication key.  This could be addressed (mainly) by just
   separating encryption and authentication keys (i.e. modifying SRTP
   key derivation and cryptographic context).  However, the solution



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   would then become severely limited, e.g. it would not support pre-
   encryption of data or re-transmission of stored data.  Similarly, as
   will be seen below, SRTP Cloud adds some additional in-band data
   fields, though some use cases above could probably be handled without
   them.  Again, the solution would be limited to these use-cases and
   would then not allow e.g. the secure fast-forward/rewind use cases,
   which requires in-band synchronization data.  By making the added
   fields optional, it is possible to support these features as needed,
   yet keeping bandwidth low when such features are not needed.

   Another approach would be to use some already defined standard like
   S/MIME or OpenPGP, which are mostly used for secure email.  This
   works well when the entire message is e2e protected and transferred
   as a file from sender to middlebox and from middlebox to receiver,
   but it does not support streaming.  Another drawback is that both S/
   MIME and OpenPGP require the use of public keys.  Protecting each RTP
   packet with both SRTP, and S/MIME or OpenPGP would support streaming
   but would add significant overhead.  Use of (D)TLS or IPsec is
   clearly ruled out since it would only provide hbh protection.

   This specification is rather based on

   -  identifying the common denominator(s) to the cloud based middlebox
      problems, captured in the trust model and requirements of
      Section 3.2
   -  proposing a single extension of the SRTP framework (see
      Section 4.1) powerful enough to handle all foreseen middlebox use
      cases, which, by
   -  simple configuration of the extended framework (Section 4.3) can
      be adopted to support the requirements of the specific use case at
      hand.

   Considering that the impacts of the present specification on SRTP are
   very similar to those of [RFC4383], there does not appear to be any
   disadvantage in having a single extension compared to having per-
   use-case extensions.

Authors' Addresses

   Yi Cheng
   Ericsson AB
   SE-164 80 Stockholm
   Sweden

   Phone: +46 10 71 17 589
   Email: yi.cheng@ericsson.com





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   John Mattsson
   Ericsson AB
   SE-164 80 Stockholm
   Sweden

   Phone: +46 10 71 43 501
   Email: john.mattsson@ericsson.com


   Mats Naslund
   Ericsson AB
   SE-164 80 Stockholm
   Sweden

   Phone: +46 10 71 33 739
   Email: mats.naslund@ericsson.com



































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