Internet DRAFT - draft-chen-v6ops-nat64-experience

draft-chen-v6ops-nat64-experience






Internet Engineering Task Force                                  G. Chen
Internet-Draft                                                    Z. Cao
Intended status: Informational                              China Mobile
Expires: January 31, 2013                                       C. Byrne
                                                            T-Mobile USA
                                                                  C. Xie
                                                           China Telecom
                                                                D. Binet
                                                          France Telecom
                                                           July 30, 2012


                     NAT64 Operational Experiences
                  draft-chen-v6ops-nat64-experience-03

Abstract

   This document summarizes stateful NAT64 deployment scenarios and
   operational experience with NAT64-CGN(NAT64 Carrier Grade NATs) and
   NAT64-CE (NAT64 Customer Edge).

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 31, 2013.

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   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
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   This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
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   than English.



































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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   3.  NAT64-CGN Deployment Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.1.  NAT64-CGN Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.2.  High Availability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  Traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.4.  Quality of Experience  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.5.  Load Balancer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.6.  MTU Consideration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   4.  NAT64-CE Deployment Experiences  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.1.  NAT64-CE Networking  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.2.  Anti-DDoS/SYN Flood  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.3.  User Behavior Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.4.  DNS Resolving  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.5.  Load Balancer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.6.  MTU Consideration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   7.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   8.  Additional Author List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

























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1.  Introduction

   Continued development of global Internet demands IP address
   consumption.  The IANA global IPv4 address pool was exhausted on
   February 3, 2011.  IPv6 is the only sustainable solution for
   numbering nodes on the Internet.  Network operators have to deploy
   IPv6 networks in order to meet the numbering needs of the expanding
   internet without available IPv4 addresses.  IPv4 numbering resources
   and IPv4-only schemes to reduce the numbering utilization during the
   transitional will not be adequate to maintain connectivity and
   deliver Internet services.

   As IPv6 deployment continues, IPv6 networks and hosts will need to
   coexist with IPv4 numbered resources.  The Internet will include
   nodes that are Dual-stack, nodes that remain IPv4-only and IPv6-only
   nodes.  It may be desirable in some cases for operators to deploy a
   single stack network, for reasons of simplicity, cost or performance
   relative to a dual stack network.  As IPv4 utilization eventually
   declines, the appeal of single stack network deployments will likely
   increase.  In a dual-stack architecture, operators have to maintain
   double management interfaces, provide operational support systems for
   two networks, track multiple addresses in different families per
   host, trouble shoot host behavior related to dual stack operation and
   engage in other activities that increase the overhead of operating
   the network.

   Single stack IPv6 network deployment can simplify the network
   provisioning.  Some justification has been described in
   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-464xlat].  IPv6-only networks confer some benefits to
   mobile operators employing them.  In the mobile context, it enables
   the use of a single IPv6 PDP(Packet Data Protocol), which eliminates
   significant network cost caused by doubling the PDP count on a mass
   of legacy mobile terminals.  In broadband networks overall, it can
   allow for the scaling of edge-network growth decoupled from IPv4
   numbering limitations.

   In a transition scenario, an existing network may rely on the IPv4
   stack for a long time.  There is also the troublesome trend of access
   network providers squatting on IPv4 address space that they do not
   own.  Allowing for interconnection between IPv4-only nodes and IPv6-
   only nodes is a critical capability.  Widespread dual-stack
   deployments have not materialized at the anticipated rate over the
   last 10 years on possible conclusion being that legacy networks will
   not make the jump quickly.  A translation mechanism based on a
   NAT64[RFC6146] function might be a key element of the internet
   infrastructure supporting such legacy networks.

   [RFC6036] reported at least 30% operators plan to run some kind of



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   translator (presumably NAT64/DNS64).  Advice on NAT64 deployment and
   operation is therefore of some importance.  [RFC6586] documented the
   implications for ipv6 only networks.  This document intends to be
   specific to NAT64 network planning.

   In regards to IPv4/IPv6 translation, [RFC6144] has described a
   framework of enabling networks to make interworking possible between
   IPv4-only and IPv6-only networks.  Three scenarios are described, "An
   IPv6 Network to the IPv4 Internet", "The IPv6 Internet to an IPv4
   Network" and "An IPv6 Network to an IPv4 Network" where a NAT64
   function is relevant.  The scenario of "The IPv6 Internet to the IPv4
   Internet" seems to be the ideal case for inter-network translation
   technology.  This document has focused on the three cases and further
   categorized different NAT64 location and use case.  The principle
   distinction of location is if the NAT64 is located in a NAT64-CGN
   (Carrier Grade Nat) or NAT64-CE (Customer Edge).  NAT64-CGN
   corresponds to the scenario "IPv6 Network to IPv4 Internet".  The
   NAT64-CE location roughly corresponds to the "IPv6 Internet to IPv4
   Network" and "IPv6 Network to IPv4 Network" scenarios.  Based on
   different NAT64 modes, different considerations have been described
   for ISPs to facilitate NAT64 deployments.


2.  Terminology

   The terms of NAT-CGN/CE are understood to be a topological
   distinction indicating different features employed in a NAT64
   deployment.

   NAT64-CGN:  A NAT64-CGN (Carrier Grade Nat) is placed in an ISP
      network and managed by an administrative entity, e.g. operator.
      From an administrator view, a NAT64-CGN usually forwards outbound
      traffic into an IPv4 network.  IPv6 only subscribers leverage the
      NAT64-CGN to be served by existing IPv4 internet services.  The
      ISP as an administrative entity takes full control on the IPv6
      side, but has limited or no control on the IPv4 side.  ISP's
      should attempt to accommodate the behavior of IPv4 networks and
      services.

   NAT64-CE:  A NAT64-CE (Customer Edge) is placed at the edge of
      customer network, e.g. a network operated by an Enterprise or
      Consumer.  A NAT64-CE makes IPv4 services accessible for the IPv6
      only users.  An upstream entity and ISP usually operates an IPv4
      and potentially IPv6 network respectively.  IPv6 access is the
      common infrastructure behind the NAT64-CE.






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3.  NAT64-CGN Deployment Experiences

   A NAT64-CGN deployment scenario is depicted in Figure 1

                                   -----------
                 ----------       //          \\
               //          \\    /             \
              /             +----+              \
             |              |XLAT|               |
             |  An IPv6     +----+  The IPv4     |
             |  Network     +----+  Internet     |  XLAT: IPv6/IPv4
             |              |DNS |               |        Translator
              \             +----+               /  DNS:  DNS64
               \\         //      \             /
                 ---------         \\         //
                                    -----------
                            ====>


        Figure 1: NAT64-CGN Scenario: IPv6 Network to IPv4 Internet

3.1.  NAT64-CGN Networking

   The NAT64-CGN use case is employed to connect IPv6-only users to the
   IPv4 Internet.  The NAT64 gateway performs protocol translation from
   an IPv6 packet header to an IPv4 packet header and vice versa
   according to the Stateful NAT64 [RFC6146].  Address translation maps
   IPv6 addresses to IPv4 addresses and vice versa for return traffic.

   All connections to the IPv4 Internet from IPv6-only clients must
   traverse the NAT64-CGN.  It is advantageous from the vantage-point of
   troubleshooting and traffic engineering to carry the IPv6 traffic
   natively for as long as possible within an access network and
   translates only at or near the network egress.

   In mobile networks, various possibilities can be envisaged in which
   to deploy the NAT64 function.  Whichever option is selected, the
   NAT64 function will be deployed beyond the GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support
   Node) or PDN-GW (Public Data Network-Gateway), i.e. first IP node in
   currently deployed mobile architectures.

   In a given implementation, NAT64 functionality can be provided by
   either a dedicated GW device or an multifunction gateway with
   integrated NAT64 functionality.  In standalone NAT64, NAT64-CGN is
   placed to the side of a BNG or CR.  An embedded NAT64 deployment
   would be integrated with an existing GW.  Capacities of an existing
   GW can be potentially limited by the inserted functionality.  In a
   mobile context, the NAT64 function can be co-located with GGSN/PDN-GW



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   or it can be embedded in an existing FW/NAT44 already deployed in
   support of IPv4 NAT or, the function can be collocated on a router.
   Whatever the solution retained for the co-location option, impact on
   existing services and legal obligations have to be assessed.

3.2.  High Availability Considerations

   High Availability (HA) is a major requirement for every service and
   network service.

   Two mechanisms are typically used to achieve high availability, i.e.
   cold-standby and hot-standby.  Cold-standby systems have synchronized
   configuration and mechanism to failover traffic between the hot and
   cold systems such as VRRP [RFC5798] .  Unlike hot-standby, cold-
   standby does not synchronize NAT64 session state.  This makes cold-
   standby less resource intensive and generally simpler, but it
   requires clients to re-establish sessions when a fail-over occurs.
   Hot-stanby has all the features of cold-standby but must also
   synchronize the binding information base (BIB).  Given that short
   lived sessions account for most of the bindings, hot-standby does not
   offer much benefit for those sessions.  Consideration should be given
   to the importance (or lack thereof) of maintaining bindings for long
   lived sessions across failovers.

3.3.  Traceability

   Traceablility is required in many cases to identify an attacker or a
   host that launches malicious attacks and/or for various other
   purposes, such as accounting requirements.  NAT64 devices are
   required to log events like creation and deletion of translations and
   information about the occupied resources.  There are two different
   demands for traceability,i.e. online or offline.

   o  Regarding the Online requirements, XFF (X-Forwarded-For)
      [I-D.ietf-appsawg-http-forwarded]would be a candidate, it appends
      IPv6 address of subscribers to HTTP headers which is passed on to
      WEB servers, and the querier server can lookup radius servers for
      the target subscribers based on IPv6 addresses included in XFF
      HTTP headers.  X-Forwarded-For is specific to HTTP, requires the
      use of an application aware gateway, cannot in general be applied
      to requests made over HTTPs and cannot be assumed to be preserved
      end-to-end as it may be overwritten by other application-aware
      proxies such as load balancers.

   o  Some potential solutions to online traceability are explore in
      [I-D.ietf-intarea-nat-reveal-analysis].





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   o  A NAT64-CGN could also deliver NAT64 sessions (BIB and STE) to a
      Radius server by extension of the radius protocol.  Such an
      extension is an alternative solution for online traceability,
      particularly high performance would be required on Radius servers
      on order to achieve this.

   o  For off-line traceability, syslog might be a good choice.
      [RFC6269] indicates address sharing solutions generally need to
      record and store information for specific periods of time.  A
      stateful NAT64 is supposed to manage one mapping per session.  A
      large volume of logs poses a challenge for storage and processing.
      In order to mitigate the issue,
      [I-D.donley-behave-deterministic-cgn]proposed to pre-allocated a
      group of ports for each specific IPv6 host.  A trade-off among
      address multiplexing efficiency, port randomization
      security[RFC6056] and logging storage compression should be
      considered during the planning.  A hybrid mode combining
      deterministic and dynamic port assignment was recommended
      regarding the uncertainty of user traffic.

3.4.  Quality of Experience

   NAT64 is providing a translation capability between IPv6 and IPv4
   end-nodes.  In order to provide the reachability between two IP
   address families, NAT64-CGN has to implement appropriate ALGs where
   address translation is not itself sufficient and security mechanisms
   do not render it infeasible. e.g.  FTP-ALG[RFC6384], RSTP-ALG, H.323-
   ALG,etc.  It should be noted that ALGs may impact the performance on
   a NAT64 box to some extent.  ISPs as well as content providers might
   choose to avoid situations where the imposition of an ALG might be
   required.  At the same time, it is also important to remind customers
   that IPv6 end-to-end usage does not require ALG imposition and
   therefore results in a better overall user experience.

   The service experience should be optimized around stateful NAT
   processing.  Session status normally is managed by a static life-
   cycle.  In some cases, NAT resource maybe significantly consumed by
   largely inactive users.  The NAT translator and other customers would
   suffer from service degradation due to port consummation by other
   subscribers using the same NAT64 device.  A flexible NAT session
   control is desirable to resolve the issues.  PCP[I-D.ietf-pcp-base]
   could be a candidate to provide such capability.  A NAT64-CGN should
   integrate with a PCP server, to allocate available IPv4 address/Port
   resources.  Resources could be assigned to PCP clients through PCP
   MAP/PEER mode.  Such an ability should also be considered to upgrade
   user experiences, e.g. assigning different sizes of port ranges for
   different subscribers.  Such a mechanism is also helpful to minimize
   terminal battery consumption reducing the number of keepalive



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   messages to be sent by terminal devices.

3.5.  Load Balancer

   Load balancers are an essential tool to avoid the issue of single
   points of failure and add additional scale.  It is potentially
   important to employ load-balancing considering that deployment of
   multiple NAT64 devices.  Load balancers are required to achieve some
   service continuity and scale for customers.
   [I-D.zhang-behave-nat64-load-balancing] discusses several ways of
   achieving NAT64 load balancing, including anycast based policy and
   prefix64 selection based policy, either implemented via
   DNS64[RFC6147] or Prefix64 assignments.  Since DNS64 is normally co-
   located with NAT64 in some scenarios, it could be leveraged to
   perform the load balance.  For traffic which does not require a DNS
   resolution, prefix64 assignment based
   on[I-D.ietf-behave-nat64-learn-analysis] could be adopted.

3.6.  MTU Consideration

   IPv6 requires that every link in the internet have an MTU of 1280
   octets or greater[RFC2460].  However, in case of NAT64 translation
   deployments, some IPv4 MTU constrained link will be used in some
   communication path and originating IPv6 nodes may therefore receive
   an ICMP Packet Too Big message, reporting a Next-Hop MTU less than
   1280.  The result would be that IPv6 allows packets to contain a
   fragmentation header, without the packet being fragmented into
   multiple pieces.  [I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-atomic-fragments] discusses how
   this situation could be exploited by an attacker to perform
   fragmentation-based attacks, and also proposes an improved handling
   of such packets.  It required enhancements on protocol level, which
   might imply potential upgrade/modifications on behaviors to deployed
   nodes.  Another approach that potentially avoids this issue is to
   configure IPv4 MTU>=1260.  It would forbid the occurrence of
   PTB<1280.  However, such an operational consideration is hard to
   universally apply to the legacy "IPv4 Internet".


4.  NAT64-CE Deployment Experiences

   The NAT64-CE Scenario is depicted in Figure 2










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                  --------
                //        \\        ----------
               /            \     //          \\
              /             +----+              \
             |              |XLAT|               |
             |  The IPv6    +----+  An IPv4      |
             |  Internet    +----+  Network      |  XLAT: IPv4/IPv6
             |  /Network    |DNS |               |        Translator
              \             +----+              /   DNS:  DNS64
               \            /     \\          //
                \\        //        ----------
                  --------
                             ====>

    Figure 2: NAT64-CE Scenario: IPv6 Internet/Network to IPv4 Network

4.1.  NAT64-CE Networking

   Content providers would like to use IPv6 to serve customers since it
   allows for the definition of new services without having to integrate
   consideration of IPv4 NAT and address limitations of IPv4 networks,
   but they have to provide some IPv4 service continuity to their
   customers.  In some cases, customers outside the network will have
   IPv6-only access provided by early adopters before the internal
   network.  The deployment requirements could be resolved by subsiding
   NAT64 to a customer edge, e.g. enterprise-GW.  Those cases are sure
   to exist for the time being.  An administrator of the IPv4 network
   needs to be cautious and aware of the operational issues this may
   cause, since the native IPv6 is always more desirable than transition
   solution.

   One potential challenge in the scenario is NAT64-CE facing IPv6
   Internet, in which a significant number of IPv6 users may initiate
   connections.  When increasingly numerous users in IPv6 Internet
   access an IPv4 network, scalability concerns(e.g. additional latency,
   a single point of failure, IPv4 pool exhaustion, etc) are apt to be
   applied.  For a given off-the-shelf NAT64-CE, those challenges should
   be seriously assessed.  Potential issues should be properly
   identified.  In order to mitigate the issues, it is suggested such
   usage should be restrained to a relative small-scale.

   For operators who seek a clear precedent for operating reliable IPv6-
   only services, it should be well noted that the usage is problematic
   at several aspects.  In some sense, it's not recommended.







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4.2.  Anti-DDoS/SYN Flood

   For every incoming new connection from the IPv6 Internet, the
   NAT64-CE creates state and maps that connection to an internally-
   facing IPv4 address and port.  An attacker can consume the resources
   of the NAT64-CE device by sending an excessive number of connection
   attempts.  Without a DDOS limitation mechanism, the NAT64 is exposed
   to attacks from the IPv6 Internet.  With service provisioning,
   attacks have the potential could also deteriorate service quality.
   One consideration in internet content providers is place a L3 load
   balancer with capable of line rate DDOS defense, such as the
   employment of SYN PROXY-COOKIE.  Security domain division is
   necessary in this case.  Load Balancers could not only serve for
   optimization of traffic distribution, but also serve as a DOS
   mitigation device

4.3.  User Behavior Analysis

   IP addresses are usually used as input to geo-location services.  The
   use of address sharing will prevent these systems from resolving the
   location of a host based on IP address alone.  Applications that
   assume such geographic information may not work as intended.  The
   possible solutions listed at section 3.3 intended to bridge the gap.
   However, the analysis reveals those solutions can't be a optimal
   substitution to solve the problem of host identification, in
   particular it does not today mitigate problems with source
   identification through translation.  That makes NAT64-CE usage
   becoming a unappealing approach, if customers require source address
   tracking.

   For the operators, who already deployed NAT64-CE approach, the source
   address of the request is obscured without the source address mapping
   information previously obtained.  It's superior to present mapping
   information directly to applications.  Some application layer proxies
   e.g.  XFF (X-Forwarded-For) , can convey this information in-band.
   Another approach is to ask application coordinating the information
   with NAT logging.  But that is not sufficient, since the applications
   itself wants to know the original source address from an application
   message bus.  The logging information may be used by administrators
   offline to inspect use behavior and preference analysis, and accurate
   advertisement delivery.

4.4.  DNS Resolving

   In the case of NAT64-CE, it is recommended to follow the
   recommendations in [RFC6144].  There is no need for the DNS to
   synthesize AAAA from A records, since static AAAA records can be
   registered in the authoritative DNS for a given domain to represent



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   these IPv4-only hosts.  How to design the FQDN for the IPv6 service
   is out-of-scope of this document.

4.5.  Load Balancer

   Load balancing on NAT64-CE has a couple of considerations.  If
   dictated by scale or availability requirements traffic should be
   balanced among multiple NAT64-CE devices.  One point to be noted is
   that synthetic AAAA records may be added directly in authoritative
   DNS. load balancing based on DNS64 synthetic resource records may not
   work in those cases.  Secondly, NAT64-CE could also serve as the load
   balancer for IPv4 backend servers.  There are also some ways of load
   balance for the cases, where load balancer is placed in front of
   NAT64(s).

4.6.  MTU Consideration

   As compared to the MTU consideration in NAT64-CGN, the MTU of IPv4
   network are strongly recommended to set to more than 1260.  Since a
   CE IPv4 network is normally operated by a particular administrative
   entity, it should take steps to prevent the risk of fragmentation
   discussed in [I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-atomic-fragments].


5.  Security Considerations

   This document presents the deployment experiences of NAT64 in CGN and
   CE scenario, some security considerations are described ib detail
   regarding to specific NAT64 mode in section 2 and 3.  In general, RFC
   6146[RFC6146] provides TCP-tracking, address-dependent filtering
   mechanisms to protect NAT64 from DDOS.  In NAT64-CGN cases, ISP also
   could adopt uRPF and black/white-list to enhance the security by
   specifying access policies. for example, NAT64-CGN should forbid
   establish NAT64 BIB for incoming IPv6 packets if URPF (Strict or
   Loose mode) check does not pass or whose source IPv6 address is
   associated to black-lists.


6.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no request to IANA.


7.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Jari Arkko, Dan Wing, Remi Despres,
   Fred Baker, Lee Howard and Iljitsch van Beijnum for their helpful
   comments.  Many thanks to Wesley George and Satoru Matsushima for



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   their reviews.

   The authors especially thank Joel Jaeggli for his efforts and
   contributions on editing which substantially improves the legibility
   of the document.


8.  Additional Author List

   The following are extended authors who contributed to the effort:

   Qiong Sun
   China Telecom
   Room 708, No.118, Xizhimennei Street
   Beijing 100035
   P.R.China
   Phone: +86-10-58552936
   Email: sunqiong@ctbri.com.cn

   QiBo Niu
   ZTE
   50,RuanJian Road.
   YuHua District,
   Nan Jing  210012
   P.R.China
   Email: niu.qibo@zte.com.cn


9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-pcp-base]
              Wing, D., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and P.
              Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)",
              draft-ietf-pcp-base-26 (work in progress), June 2012.

   [RFC2460]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.

   [RFC5798]  Nadas, S., "Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
              Version 3 for IPv4 and IPv6", RFC 5798, March 2010.

   [RFC6146]  Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
              NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
              Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011.

   [RFC6147]  Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. van



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              Beijnum, "DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address
              Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147,
              April 2011.

   [RFC6384]  van Beijnum, I., "An FTP Application Layer Gateway (ALG)
              for IPv6-to-IPv4 Translation", RFC 6384, October 2011.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.donley-behave-deterministic-cgn]
              Donley, C., Grundemann, C., Sarawat, V., and K.
              Sundaresan, "Deterministic Address Mapping to Reduce
              Logging in Carrier Grade NAT Deployments",
              draft-donley-behave-deterministic-cgn-04 (work in
              progress), July 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-6man-ipv6-atomic-fragments]
              Gont, F., "Processing of IPv6 "atomic" fragments",
              draft-ietf-6man-ipv6-atomic-fragments-00 (work in
              progress), February 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-appsawg-http-forwarded]
              Petersson, A. and M. Nilsson, "Forwarded HTTP Extension",
              draft-ietf-appsawg-http-forwarded-06 (work in progress),
              July 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-behave-nat64-learn-analysis]
              Korhonen, J. and T. Savolainen, "Analysis of solution
              proposals for hosts to learn NAT64 prefix",
              draft-ietf-behave-nat64-learn-analysis-03 (work in
              progress), March 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-intarea-nat-reveal-analysis]
              Boucadair, M., Touch, J., Levis, P., and R. Penno,
              "Analysis of Solution Candidates to Reveal a Host
              Identifier (HOST_ID) in Shared Address Deployments",
              draft-ietf-intarea-nat-reveal-analysis-02 (work in
              progress), April 2012.

   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-464xlat]
              Mawatari, M., Kawashima, M., and C. Byrne, "464XLAT:
              Combination of Stateful and Stateless Translation",
              draft-ietf-v6ops-464xlat-05 (work in progress), July 2012.

   [I-D.zhang-behave-nat64-load-balancing]
              Zhang, D., Xu, X., and M. Boucadair, "Considerations on
              NAT64 Load-Balancing",
              draft-zhang-behave-nat64-load-balancing-03 (work in



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              progress), July 2011.

   [RFC6036]  Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang, "Emerging Service Provider
              Scenarios for IPv6 Deployment", RFC 6036, October 2010.

   [RFC6056]  Larsen, M. and F. Gont, "Recommendations for Transport-
              Protocol Port Randomization", BCP 156, RFC 6056,
              January 2011.

   [RFC6144]  Baker, F., Li, X., Bao, C., and K. Yin, "Framework for
              IPv4/IPv6 Translation", RFC 6144, April 2011.

   [RFC6269]  Ford, M., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and P.
              Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing", RFC 6269,
              June 2011.

   [RFC6586]  Arkko, J. and A. Keranen, "Experiences from an IPv6-Only
              Network", RFC 6586, April 2012.


Authors' Addresses

   Gang Chen
   China Mobile
   53A,Xibianmennei Ave.,
   Xuanwu District,
   Beijing  100053
   China

   Email: phdgang@gmail.com


   Zhen Cao
   China Mobile
   53A,Xibianmennei Ave.,
   Xuanwu District,
   Beijing  100053
   China

   Email: caozhen@chinamobile.com











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   Cameron Byrne
   T-Mobile USA
   Bellevue
   Washington  98105
   USA

   Email: cameron.byrne@t-mobile.com


   Chongfeng Xie
   China Telecom
   Room 708 No.118, Xizhimenneidajie
   Beijing  100035
   P.R.China

   Email: xiechf@ctbri.com.cn


   David Binet
   France Telecom
   Rennes
   35000
   France

   Email: david.binet@orange.com


























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