Internet DRAFT - draft-chen-bier-te-frr

draft-chen-bier-te-frr







Network Working Group                                            H. Chen
Internet-Draft                                                M. McBride
Intended status: Standards Track                               Futurewei
Expires: 3 August 2024                                            Y. Liu
                                                            China Mobile
                                                                 A. Wang
                                                           China Telecom
                                                               G. Mishra
                                                            Verizon Inc.
                                                                  Y. Fan
                                                            Casa Systems
                                                                  L. Liu
                                                                 Fujitsu
                                                                  X. Liu
                                                               Alef Edge
                                                         31 January 2024


                          BIER-TE Fast ReRoute
                       draft-chen-bier-te-frr-06

Abstract

   This document describes a mechanism for fast re-route (FRR)
   protection against the failure of a transit node or link on an
   explicit point to multipoint (P2MP) multicast path/tree in a "Bit
   Index Explicit Replication" (BIER) Traffic Engineering (TE) domain.
   It does not have any per-path state in the core.  For a multicast
   packet to traverse a transit node along an explicit P2MP path, when
   the node fails, its upstream hop node as a PLR reroutes the packet
   around the failed node along the P2MP path once it detects the
   failure.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] [RFC8174]
   when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.







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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Overview of BIER-TE FRR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  BIER-TE Extensions for BIER-TE FRR  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Extensions to BIER-TE BIFT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.2.  Updated Forwarding Procedure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  Example Application of BIER-TE FRR  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Example BIER-TE Topology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  BIER-TE BIFT on a BFR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.3.  Extended BIER-TE BIFT on a BFR  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.4.  Forwarding using Extended BIER-TE BIFT  . . . . . . . . .  13
       4.4.1.  Forwarding in Normal Operations . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       4.4.2.  Forwarding in Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17



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1.  Introduction

   [I-D.ietf-bier-te-arch] introduces Bit Index Explicit Replication
   (BIER) Traffic/Tree Engineering (BIER-TE).  It is an architecture for
   per-packet stateless explicit point to multipoint (P2MP) multicast
   path/tree and based on Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER)
   architecture defined in [RFC8279].  It does not require intermediate
   nodes to maintain any per-path/tree state.

   [I-D.eckert-bier-te-frr] describes three BIER-TE FRR methods for
   providing fast protections against the failure of an intermediate
   node or link on an explicit P2MP BIET-TE path.  The first method is
   Point-to-Point Tunneling (PPT), where a BIER-TE packet is rerouted by
   the PLR around the failure to its NHs and NNHs through unicast
   tunnels.  This method depends on the tunnels, whose configurations
   may increase the Opex.  The second is BIER-in-BIER Encapsulation
   (BBE), where a BIER-TE packet is rerouted by the PLR to its NHs and
   NNHs through encapsulating the packet in another BIER-TE header.
   This additional header reroutes the packet around the failure towards
   its NHs and NNHs and may increase the overhead.  The third is Header
   Modification (HM), where the backup path is added into the existing
   BIER-TE header through using an AddBitmask and a ResetBitmask.  The
   issue of this method is that it may cause duplicated packets for some
   destinations.

   This document describes a BIER-TE FRR mechanism without the above
   issues.  For a multicast packet with a BIER-TE header to traverse a
   transit node along an explicit P2MP path, when the node fails, its
   upstream hop node as a point of local repair (PLR) reroutes the
   packet around the failed node to the next hop nodes of the failed
   node on the P2MP path once it detects the failure.

   This BIER-TE FRR does not require intermediate nodes to maintain any
   per-path state for FRR protection against the failure of a transit
   node or link on any explicit P2MP multicast path.

1.1.  Terminology

   BIER:  Bit Index Explicit Replication.

   BIER-TE:  BIER Traffic/Tree Engineering.

   BFR:  Bit-Forwarding Router.

   BFIR:  Bit-Forwarding Ingress Router.

   BFER:  Bit-Forwarding Egress Router.




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   BFR-id:  BFR Identifier.  It is a number in the range [1,65535].

   BFR-NBR:  BFR Neighbor.

   F-BM:  Forwarding Bit Mask.

   BFR-prefix:  An IP address (either IPv4 or IPv6) of a BFR.

   BIRT:  Bit Index Routing Table.  It is a table that maps from the
         BFR-id (in a particular sub-domain) of a BFER to the BFR-prefix
         of that BFER, and to the BFR-NBR on the path to that BFER.

   BIFT:  Bit Index Forwarding Table.

   FRR:  Fast Re-Route.

   PLR:  Point of Local Repair.

   IGP:  Interior Gateway Protocol.

   LSDB:  Link State DataBase.

   SPF:  Shortest Path First.

   SPT:  Shortest Path Tree.

2.  Overview of BIER-TE FRR

   A Bit-Forwarding Router (BFR) in a BIER-TE domain has a BIER-TE Bit
   Index Forwarding Tables (BIFT) [I-D.ietf-bier-te-arch].  A BIER-TE
   BIFT on a BFR comprises a forwarding entry for a BitPosition (BP)
   assigned to each of the adjacencies of the BFR.  If the BP represents
   a forward connected adjacency, the forwarding entry for the BP
   forwards the multicast packet with the BP to the directly connected
   BFR neighbor of the adjacency.  If the BP represents a BFER (i.e.,
   egress node) or say a local decap adjacency, the forwarding entry for
   the BP decapsulates the multicast packet with the BP and passes a
   copy of the payload of the packet to the packet's NextProto within
   the BFR.

   To support BIER-TE FRR (i.e., fast re-route (FRR) protection against
   the failure of a transit node or link on an explicit P2MP multicast
   path in a BIER-TE domain), the BIER-TE BIFT on a BFR is extended.
   For each forwarding entry of the BIER-TE BIFT on the BFR, if it is
   for the BP representing a forward connected adjacency, the forwarding
   entry is extended to include a new forwarding entry, which is called
   FRR forwarding entry or FRR entry for short.




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   Suppose that the BFR-NBR in the forwarding entry for the BP is N.
   The FRR entry forwards the multicast packet with the BP to the N's
   next hops that are on the P2MP path encoded in the multicast packet.

   Once the BFR as a PLR detects the failure of its BFR-NBR N that is a
   transit node, for a multicast packet with the BP attached to N, the
   PLR uses the FRR forwarding entry in the extended BIER-TE BIFT to
   send the packet to the N's next hop nodes that are on the P2MP path
   encoded in the multicast packet.  These next hop nodes forward the
   packet along the P2MP path towards the egress nodes of the path.

   Before sending the packet to the N's next hops, for any local decap
   BP for a destination/BFER in the header, the PLR removes/clears it if
   it is on the backup path and it is not reachable through the forward
   connected adjacency BPs in the header (i.e., it is not on any branch
   from the PLR).

3.  BIER-TE Extensions for BIER-TE FRR

   This section describes extensions to a BIER-TE BIFT of a BFR for
   supporting BIER-TE FRR and enhancements on a forwarding procedure to
   use the extended BIER-TE BIFT for BIER-TE FRR.

3.1.  Extensions to BIER-TE BIFT

   Every BFR has an extended BIER-TE BIFT to support BIER-TE FRR
   protection against the failure of its neighbor transit node.  The
   forwarding entry with transit node (say N) as its BFR-NBR in the BIFT
   comprises a FRR forwarding entry (or FRR entry for short).  The FRR
   entry contains a flag FPA (which is short for FRR Protection is
   Active) and a backup path from the BFR to each of N's next hop nodes.

   In normal operations, the flag FPA in the FRR entry for neighbor
   transit node N is set to 0 (zero).  The flag FPA is set to 1 (one)
   when transit node N fails.  FPA == 1 means that the FRR protection
   for transit node N is active and the FRR entry will be used to
   forward the packet with the BP for the adjacency from the BFR to node
   N towards N's next hop nodes on the P2MP path encoded in the packet's
   BitString along the backup paths.

   The backup path from the BFR to a N's next hop node X is a path that
   satisfies a set of constraints and does not traverse transit node N
   or any link connected to N.  In one implementation, the backup path
   is represented by the BitPositions for the adjacencies along the
   backup path.






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3.2.  Updated Forwarding Procedure

   The forwarding procedure defined in [I-D.ietf-bier-te-arch] is
   updated/enhanced for using an extended BIER-TE BIFT to support BIER-
   TE FRR.

   For a multicast packet with the BP in the BitString indicating a BFR-
   NBR as a transit node of the P2MP path encoded in the packet, the
   updated forwarding procedure on a BFR sends the packet towards the
   transit node's next hop nodes on the P2MP path if the transit node
   fails.

   It checks whether FPA equals to 1 (one) in the forwarding entry with
   the BFR-NBR that is a transit node of the P2MP path.  If FPA is 1
   (i.e., the transit node fails and the FRR protection for the transit
   node is active), the procedure clears the BP for the adjacency to the
   transit node in the packet's BitString first.  Secondly, for any
   local decap BP for a destination/BFER in the BitString, it removes/
   clears the BP if the BP is on the backup path and is not reachable by
   the forward connected adjacency BPs in the BitString (i.e., is not on
   any branch from the BFR as PLR).  And then, for each next hop node of
   the failed transit node that is on the P2MP path encoded in the
   packet's BitString, it copies and sends the packet to the next hop
   node along the backup path from the BFR to the next hop node.

   For each next hop node of transit node BFR-NBR (which is named as N
   for simplicity), when N's next hop node is on the P2MP path, the
   forwarding procedure clears the BP for the adjacency from N to the
   N's next hop node in the packet's BitString and adds the BPs for the
   backup path from the BFR to the N's next hop node.  This lets the
   packet be copied and sent to the N's next hop nodes along the backup
   paths when transit node N fails and then towards the destinations
   along the P2MP path.

   The updated procedure is described in Figure 1.  It can also be used
   by the BFR to forward multicast packets in normal operations.















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     Packet = the packet received by BFR;
     FOR each BP k (from the rightmost in Packet's BitString) {
        IF (BP k is local decap adjacency) {
           copies Packet, sends the copy to the multicast
           flow overlay and clears bit k in Packet's BitString
        } ELSE IF (BP k is forward connect adjacency of the BFR) {
           finds the forwarding entry in the BIER-TE BIFT for the domain
           using BP k;
           Clears BP k in Packet's BitString;
           IF (FPA == 1) {//FRR for BFR-NBR/transit N is Active
              FOR each BP j for a BFER in Packet's BitString {
                 IF (BP j is on a backup path and
                          is not reachable by BPs in BitString) {
                    Clears BP j in Packet's BitString
                 }
              }
              FOR each N's next hop on P2MP path in Packet's BitString {
                 Clears the BP for the adjacency from N to the next hop;
                 Adds the BPs for the backup path to N's next hop
                 into Packet's BitString
              }
           } //Adjacency to N removed, backup path to N's next hop added
           ELSE {
              Copies Packet, updates the copy's BitString by
              clearing all the BPs for the adjacencies of the BFR,
              and sends the updated copy to BFR-NBR
           }
        }
     }

                   Figure 1: Updated Forwarding Procedure

4.  Example Application of BIER-TE FRR

   This section illustrates an example application of BIER-TE FRR on a
   BFR in a BIER-TE topology in Figure 2.

4.1.  Example BIER-TE Topology

   An example BIER-TE topology for a BIER-TE domain is shown in
   Figure 2.  It has 9 nodes/BFRs A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I.  Nodes/
   BFRs D, F, E, H and A are BFERs and have local decap adjacency
   BitPositions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively.  For simplicity, these
   BPs are represented by (SI:BitString), where SI = 0 and BitString is
   of 8 bits.  BPs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are represented by 1 (0:00000001),
   2 (0:00000010), 3 (0:00000100), 4 (0:00001000) and 5 (0:00010000)
   respectively.




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                                   26'       19'       20'    4
                /--------------------(  G  )---------------(  H  )
               /                    /  18'\               16'/|28'
              /                  6'/       \17'             / |
             /            ________/       ( I )____________/  |
         25'/            /             14'/      15'          |
           /          5'/                /                    |
          /   8'   7'  /    3'     4'   /13'           12'    |27'
        ( A )--------( B )------------( C )-----------------( D ) 1
          5            \1'              \9'   11'            /24'
                        \                \                  /
                         \2'   21'   22'  \10'             /
                        ( E )------------( F )____________/
                          3                2   23'

                     Figure 2: Example BIER-TE Topology

   The BitPositions for the forward connected adjacencies are
   represented by i', where i is from 1 to 28.  In one option, they are
   encoded as (n+i), where n is a power of 2 such as 32768.  For
   simplicity, these BitPositions are represented by (SI:BitString),
   where SI = (6 + (i-1)/8) and BitString is of 8 bits.  BitPositions i'
   (i from 1 to 28) are represented by 1'(6:00000001), 2'(6:00000010),
   3'(6:00000100), 4'(6:00001000), 5'(6:00010000), 6'(6:00100000),
   7'(6:01000000), 8'(6:10000000), 9'(7:00000001), 10'(7:00000010), . .
   . , 24'(8:10000000) 25'(9:00000001), 26'(9:00000010), ...,
   28'(9:00001000).

   For a link between two nodes X and Y, there are two BitPositions for
   two forward connected adjacencies.  These two forward connected
   adjacency BitPositions are assigned on nodes X and Y respectively.
   The BitPosition assigned on X is the forward connected adjacency of
   Y.  The BitPosition assigned on Y is the forward connected adjacency
   of X.

   For example, for the link between nodes B and C in the figure, two
   forward connected adjacency BitPositions 3' and 4' are assigned to
   two ends of the link.  BitPosition 3' is assigned on node B to B's
   end of the link.  It is the forward connected adjacency of node C.
   BitPosition 4' is assigned on node C to C's end of the link.  It is
   the forward connected adjacency of node B.

4.2.  BIER-TE BIFT on a BFR

   Every BFR in a BIER-TE domain/topology has a BIER-TE BIFT.  For the
   BIER-TE topology in Figure 2, each of 9 nodes/BFRs A, B, C, D, E, F,
   G, H and I has its BIER-TE BIFT for the topology.




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   The BIER-TE BIFT on BFR B (i.e. node B) is shown in Figure 3.

   The 1st forwarding entry in the BIFT is for BitPosition 2', which is
   the forward connected adjacency from B to E.  For a multicast packet
   with BitPosition 2', which indicates that the P2MP path in the packet
   traverses the adjacency from B to E, the forwarding entry forwards
   the packet to E along the link from B to E.

   The 2nd forwarding entry in the BIFT is for BitPosition 4', which is
   the forward connected adjacency from B to C.  For a multicast packet
   with BitPosition 4', which indicates that the P2MP path in the packet
   traverses the adjacency from B to C, the forwarding entry forwards
   the packet to C along the link from B to C.

   The 3rd forwarding entry in the BIFT is for BitPosition 6', which is
   the forward connected adjacency from B to G.  For a multicast packet
   with BitPosition 6', which indicates that the P2MP path in the packet
   traverses the adjacency from B to G, the forwarding entry forwards
   the packet to G along the link from B to G.

   The 4-th forwarding entry in the BIFT is for BitPosition 8', which is
   the forward connected adjacency from B to A.  For a multicast packet
   with BitPosition 8', which indicates that the P2MP path in the packet
   traverses the adjacency from B to A, the forwarding entry forwards
   the packet to A along the link from B to A.


               +----------------+--------------+------------+
               |  Adjacency BP  |    Action    |  BFR-NBR   |
               | (SI:BitString) |              | (Next Hop) |
               +================+==============+============+
               | 2'(6:00000010) | fw-connected |     E      |
               +----------------+--------------+------------+
               | 4'(6:00001000) | fw-connected |     C      |
               +----------------+--------------+------------+
               | 6'(6:00100000) | fw-connected |     G      |
               +----------------+--------------+------------+
               | 8'(6:10000000) | fw-connected |     A      |
               +----------------+--------------+------------+

                      Figure 3: BIER-TE BIFT on BFR B

   The BIER-TE BIFT on BFR E (i.e. node E) is shown in Figure 4.








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   The 1st forwarding entry in the BIFT forwards a multicast packet with
   BitPosition 1' to B.  It is for BitPosition 1', which is the forward
   connected adjacency from E to B.  For a multicast packet with
   BitPosition 1', which indicates that the P2MP path in the packet
   traverses the adjacency from E to B, the forwarding entry forwards
   the packet to B along the link from E to B.

   The 2nd forwarding entry in the BIFT forwards a multicast packet with
   BitPosition 22' to F.  It is for BitPosition 22', which is the
   forward connected adjacency from E to F.  For a multicast packet with
   BitPosition 22', which indicates that the P2MP path in the packet
   traverses the adjacency from E to F, the forwarding entry forwards
   the packet to F along the link from E to F.

   The 3rd forwarding entry in the BIFT locally decapsulates a multicast
   packet with BitPosition 3 and passes a copy of the payload of the
   packet to the packet's NextProto.  It is for BitPosition 3, which is
   the local decap adjacency for BFER (i.e., egress) E.  For a multicast
   packet with BitPosition 3, which indicates that the P2MP path in the
   packet has node E as one of its destinations (i.e., egress nodes),
   the forwarding entry decapsulates the packet and passes a copy of the
   payload of the packet to the packet's NextProto within node E.


               +----------------+--------------+------------+
               |  Adjacency BP  |    Action    |  BFR-NBR   |
               | (SI:BitString) |              | (Next Hop) |
               +================+==============+============+
               |  1'(6:00000001)| fw-connected |     B      |
               +----------------+--------------+------------+
               | 22'(8:00001000)| fw-connected |     F      |
               +----------------+--------------+------------+
               |  3 (0:00000100)| local-decap  |            |
               +----------------+--------------+------------+

                      Figure 4: BIER-TE BIFT on BFR D

4.3.  Extended BIER-TE BIFT on a BFR

   Every BFR has an extended BIER-TE BIFT to support BIER-TE FRR
   protection against the failure of its neighbor transit node.










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   For example, the extended BIER-TE BIFT on BFR B is illustrated in
   Figure 5.  Each forwarding entry with transit node (such as E, C and
   G) as its BFR-NBR in the BIFT comprises a FRR entry.  Each of these
   FRR entries contains a flag FPA and a number of backup paths.  For a
   forwarding entry with transit node X, its FRR entry has a backup path
   to each of node X's next hop nodes except for BFR B itself.  FPA is
   set to zero in normal operations.  FPA in the FRR entry for neighbor
   transit node X is set to one when node X fails.

   On BFR B, the 1st forwarding entry in the BIFT has BFR-NBR E as
   transit node.  Nodes F and B are the next hop nodes of node E in
   Figure 2.  The backup path from B to F without E or links attached to
   E goes through the link from B to C and then the link from C to F.
   This backup path from B to F is represented by B-->F: {4', 10'} in
   the FRR entry of the forwarding entry.

   FPA in the FRR entry is set to 0 (zero) in normal operations.  When
   transit node E fails, the FPA is set to 1 (one) and the FRR entry is
   used to forward a multicast packet with BitPosition 2' for adjacency
   from B to E towards E's next hop node F along the backup path from B
   to F if the P2MP path in the packet traverses node F.


     +--------------+------------+----------+------------------------+
     | Adjacency BP |   Action   | BFR-NBR  |     FRR Entry          |
     |(SI:BitString)|            |(Next Hop)|---+--------------------+
     |              |            |          |FPA|  Backup Paths      |
     +==============+============+==========+===+====================+
     |2'(6:00000010)|fw-connected|    E     | 0 |B-->F: {4',10'}     |
     +--------------+------------+----------+---+--------------------+
     |4'(6:00000010)|fw-connected|    C     | 0 |B-->F: {2',22'}     |
     |              |            |          |   |B-->D: {6',20',27'} |
     |              |            |          |   |B-->I: {6',17'}     |
     +--------------+------------+----------+---+--------------------+
     |6'(6:00100000)|fw-connected|    G     | 0 |B-->I: {4',14'}     |
     |              |            |          |   |B-->H: {4',14',16'} |
     |              |            |          |   |B-->A: {8'}         |
     +--------------+------------+----------+---+--------------------+
     |8'(6:10000000)|fw-connected|    A     | 0 |B-->G: {6'}         |
     +--------------+------------+----------+---+--------------------+

                  Figure 5: Extended BIER-TE BIFT on BFR B









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   On BFR B, the 2nd forwarding entry in the BIFT has BFR-NBR C as
   transit node.  Nodes F, D, I and B are the next hop nodes of node C
   in Figure 2.  The backup path from B to F without C or links attached
   to C goes through the link from B to E and then the link from E to F.
   This backup path from B to F is represented by B-->F: {2', 22'} in
   the FRR entry of the forwarding entry.

   The backup path from B to D without C or links attached to C goes
   through the link from B to G, the link from G to H and then the link
   from H to D.  This backup path from B to D is represented by B-->D:
   {6', 20', 27'} in the FRR entry of the forwarding entry.

   The backup path from B to I without C or links attached to C goes
   through the link from B to G and then the link from G to I.  This
   backup path from B to I is represented by B-->I: {6', 17'} in the FRR
   entry of the forwarding entry.

   FPA in the FRR entry is set to 0 (zero) in normal operations.  When
   transit node C fails, the FPA is set to 1 (one) and the FRR entry is
   used to forward a multicast packet with BitPosition 4' for adjacency
   from B to C towards C's next hop nodes F, D or I along the backup
   paths from B to F, D or I respectively if the P2MP path in the packet
   traverses nodes F, D or I.

   On BFR B, the 3rd forwarding entry in the BIFT has BFR-NBR G as
   transit node.  Nodes I, H, A and B are the next hop nodes of node G
   in Figure 2.  The backup path from B to I without G or links attached
   to G goes through the link from B to C and then the link from C to I.
   This backup path from B to I is represented by B-->I: {4', 14'} in
   the FRR entry of the forwarding entry.

   The backup path from B to H without G or links attached to G goes
   through the link from B to C, the link from C to I and then the link
   from I to H.  This backup path from B to H is represented by B-->H:
   {4', 14', 16'} in the FRR entry of the forwarding entry.

   The backup path from B to A without G or links attached to G goes
   through the link from B to A.  This backup path from B to A is
   represented by B-->A: {8'} in the FRR entry of the forwarding entry.

   FPA in the FRR entry is set to 0 (zero) in normal operations.  When
   transit node G fails, the FPA is set to 1 (one) and the FRR entry is
   used to forward a multicast packet with BitPosition 6' for adjacency
   from B to G towards G's next hop nodes I, H or A along the backup
   paths from B to I, H or A respectively if the P2MP path in the packet
   traverses nodes I, H or A.





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   On BFR B, the 4-th forwarding entry in the BIFT has BFR-NBR A as
   transit node.  Nodes G and B are the next hop nodes of node A.  The
   backup path from B to G without A or links attached to A goes through
   the link from B to G.  This backup path from B to G is represented by
   B-->G: {6'} in the FRR entry of the forwarding entry.

   FPA in the FRR entry is set to 0 (zero) in normal operations.  When
   node A fails, the FPA is set to 1 (one) and the FRR entry is used to
   forward a multicast packet with BitPosition 8' for adjacency from B
   to A towards A's next hop node G along the backup path from B to G if
   the P2MP path in the packet traverses node A as a transit node.

4.4.  Forwarding using Extended BIER-TE BIFT

   Suppose that there is an explicit multicast P2MP path from ingress A
   to egresses H and D, traversing from A to G to H and from A to B to C
   to D.  This path is represented by BPs as {26', 20', 7', 4', 12', 4,
   1}.  The forwarding behaviors in normal operations and in case of BFR
   C failure are described below.

4.4.1.  Forwarding in Normal Operations

   For a multicast packet with the path on BFR A, A sends the packet to
   G and B according to the forwarding entries for 26' and 7' in A's
   extended BIER-TE BIFT respectively.  The packet received by G and B
   contains path {20', 4', 12', 4, 1}.

   After receving the packet from A, G forwards the packet to H
   according to forwarding entry for 20' in its extended BIER-TE BIFT.
   The packet received by H contains path {4', 12', 4, 1}.  After
   receving the packet from A, B forwards the packet to C according to
   forwarding entry for 4' in its extended BIER-TE BIFT.  The packet
   received by C contains path {20', 12', 4, 1}.

   After receving the packet from G, H decapsulates the packet and
   passes a copy of the payload of the packet to the packet's NextProto
   according to forwarding entry for 4 in its extended BIER-TE BIFT.
   After receving the packet from B, C forwards the packet to D
   according to forwarding entry for 12' in its extended BIER-TE BIFT.
   The packet received by D contains path {20', 4, 1}.

   After receving the packet from C, D decapsulates the packet and
   passes a copy of the payload of the packet to the packet's NextProto
   according to forwarding entry for 1 in its extended BIER-TE BIFT.







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4.4.2.  Forwarding in Failure

   Once BFR B detects the failure of node C, it sets FPA of the FRR
   entry in the 2nd forwarding entry with BFR-NBR C to one.  After
   receiving the packet from BFR A, which contains path {20', 4', 12',
   4, 1}, BFR B clears BP 4'; BFR B clears the BP 4 for BFER H since H
   is on the backup path from B to G to H to D, but not on any branch of
   the path from B.

   For C's next hop node D on the P2MP path, BFR B clears adjacency BP
   12' from C to D and adds the BPs for backup path {6', 20', 27'} from
   B to G to H to D.  The packet has path {6', 20', 27', 1}.  BFR B
   sends the packet to G according to forwarding entry for 6' in its
   extended BIER-TE BIFT.  The packet received by G contains path {20',
   27', 1}.

   After receving the packet from B, G forwards the packet to H
   according to forwarding entry for 20' in its extended BIER-TE BIFT.
   The packet received by H contains path {27', 1}.

   After receving the packet from G, H forwards the packet to D
   according to forwarding entry for 27' in its extended BIER-TE BIFT.
   The packet received by D contains path {1}.

   After receving the packet from H, D decapsulates the packet and
   passes a copy of the payload of the packet to the packet's NextProto
   according to forwarding entry for 1 in its extended BIER-TE BIFT.

5.  Security Considerations

   TBD.

6.  IANA Considerations

   No requirements for IANA.

7.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Daniel Merling for his comments to
   this work.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-bier-te-arch]
              Eckert, T. T., Menth, M., and G. Cauchie, "Tree
              Engineering for Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER-TE)",



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              Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-bier-te-arch-
              13, 25 April 2022, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-bier-te-arch-13>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", RFC 5226,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5226>.

   [RFC5250]  Berger, L., Bryskin, I., Zinin, A., and R. Coltun, "The
              OSPF Opaque LSA Option", RFC 5250, DOI 10.17487/RFC5250,
              July 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5250>.

   [RFC5286]  Atlas, A., Ed. and A. Zinin, Ed., "Basic Specification for
              IP Fast Reroute: Loop-Free Alternates", RFC 5286,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5286, September 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5286>.

   [RFC5714]  Shand, M. and S. Bryant, "IP Fast Reroute Framework",
              RFC 5714, DOI 10.17487/RFC5714, January 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5714>.

   [RFC5880]  Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD)", RFC 5880, DOI 10.17487/RFC5880, June 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5880>.

   [RFC7356]  Ginsberg, L., Previdi, S., and Y. Yang, "IS-IS Flooding
              Scope Link State PDUs (LSPs)", RFC 7356,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7356, September 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7356>.

   [RFC7490]  Bryant, S., Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Shand, M., and N.
              So, "Remote Loop-Free Alternate (LFA) Fast Reroute (FRR)",
              RFC 7490, DOI 10.17487/RFC7490, April 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7490>.

   [RFC7684]  Psenak, P., Gredler, H., Shakir, R., Henderickx, W.,
              Tantsura, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPFv2 Prefix/Link Attribute
              Advertisement", RFC 7684, DOI 10.17487/RFC7684, November
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7684>.






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   [RFC7770]  Lindem, A., Ed., Shen, N., Vasseur, JP., Aggarwal, R., and
              S. Shaffer, "Extensions to OSPF for Advertising Optional
              Router Capabilities", RFC 7770, DOI 10.17487/RFC7770,
              February 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7770>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8279]  Wijnands, IJ., Ed., Rosen, E., Ed., Dolganow, A.,
              Przygienda, T., and S. Aldrin, "Multicast Using Bit Index
              Explicit Replication (BIER)", RFC 8279,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8279, November 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8279>.

   [RFC8556]  Rosen, E., Ed., Sivakumar, M., Przygienda, T., Aldrin, S.,
              and A. Dolganow, "Multicast VPN Using Bit Index Explicit
              Replication (BIER)", RFC 8556, DOI 10.17487/RFC8556, April
              2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8556>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.eckert-bier-te-frr]
              Eckert, T. T., Cauchie, G., Braun, W., and M. Menth,
              "Protection Methods for BIER-TE", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-eckert-bier-te-frr-03, 5 March 2018,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-eckert-bier-
              te-frr-03>.

   [I-D.ietf-rtgwg-segment-routing-ti-lfa]
              Bashandy, A., Litkowski, S., Filsfils, C., Francois, P.,
              Decraene, B., and D. Voyer, "Topology Independent Fast
              Reroute using Segment Routing", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-rtgwg-segment-routing-ti-lfa-
              13, 16 January 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-rtgwg-
              segment-routing-ti-lfa-13>.

   [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-protection-sr-te-paths]
              Hegde, S., Bowers, C., Litkowski, S., Xu, X., and F. Xu,
              "Segment Protection for SR-TE Paths", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-spring-segment-protection-sr-
              te-paths-05, 27 September 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-spring-
              segment-protection-sr-te-paths-05>.






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   [RFC8296]  Wijnands, IJ., Ed., Rosen, E., Ed., Dolganow, A.,
              Tantsura, J., Aldrin, S., and I. Meilik, "Encapsulation
              for Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) in MPLS and Non-
              MPLS Networks", RFC 8296, DOI 10.17487/RFC8296, January
              2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8296>.

   [RFC8401]  Ginsberg, L., Ed., Przygienda, T., Aldrin, S., and Z.
              Zhang, "Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) Support via
              IS-IS", RFC 8401, DOI 10.17487/RFC8401, June 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8401>.

   [RFC8444]  Psenak, P., Ed., Kumar, N., Wijnands, IJ., Dolganow, A.,
              Przygienda, T., Zhang, J., and S. Aldrin, "OSPFv2
              Extensions for Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER)",
              RFC 8444, DOI 10.17487/RFC8444, November 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8444>.

Authors' Addresses

   Huaimo Chen
   Futurewei
   Boston, MA,
   United States of America
   Email: Huaimo.chen@futurewei.com


   Mike McBride
   Futurewei
   Email: michael.mcbride@futurewei.com


   Yisong Liu
   China Mobile
   Email: liuyisong@chinamobile.com


   Aijun Wang
   China Telecom
   Beiqijia Town, Changping District
   Beijing
   102209
   China
   Email: wangaj3@chinatelecom.cn








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   Gyan S. Mishra
   Verizon Inc.
   13101 Columbia Pike
   Silver Spring,  MD 20904
   United States of America
   Phone: 301 502-1347
   Email: gyan.s.mishra@verizon.com


   Yanhe Fan
   Casa Systems
   United States of America
   Email: yfan@casa-systems.com


   Lei Liu
   Fujitsu
   United States of America
   Email: liulei.kddi@gmail.com


   Xufeng Liu
   Alef Edge
   United States of America
   Email: xufeng.liu.ietf@gmail.com


























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