Internet DRAFT - draft-cc-isis-flooding-reduction

draft-cc-isis-flooding-reduction





Network Working Group                                            H. Chen
Internet-Draft                                                  D. Cheng
Intended status: Standards Track                     Huawei Technologies
Expires: October 31, 2018                                         M. Toy
                                                                 Verizon
                                                                 Y. Yang
                                                                     IBM
                                                          April 29, 2018


                        ISIS Flooding Reduction
                  draft-cc-isis-flooding-reduction-01

Abstract

   This document proposes an approach to flood ISIS link state protocol
   data units on a topology that is a subgraph of the complete ISIS
   topology per underline physical network, so that the amount of
   flooding traffic in the network is greatly reduced, and it would
   reduce convergence time with a more stable and optimized routing
   environment.  The approach can be applied to any network topology in
   a single ISIS area.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 31, 2018.

Copyright Notice




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   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Problem Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Flooding Topology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   4.  Extensions to ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   5.  Flooding Behavior  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     5.1.  Nodes Support Flooding Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       5.1.1.  Receiving an ISIS LSP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       5.1.2.  Originating an ISIS LSP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       5.1.3.  An Exception Case  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       5.1.4.  One More Note  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     5.2.  Nodes Not Support Flooding Reduction . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   8.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     9.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     9.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   Appendix A.  Algorithms to Build Flooding Topology . . . . . . . . 10
     A.1.  Algorithms to Build Tree without Considering Flag F  . . . 10
     A.2.  Algorithms to Build Tree Considering Flag F  . . . . . . . 12
     A.3.  Connecting Leaves  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15













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1.  Introduction

   For some networks such as dense Data Center (DC) networks, the
   existing ISIS Link State PDU (LSP) flooding mechanism is not
   efficient and may have some issues.  The extra LSP flooding consumes
   network bandwidth.  Processing the extra LSP flooding, including
   receiving, buffering and decoding the extra LSPs, wastes memory space
   and processor time.  This may cause scalability issues and affect the
   network convergence negatively.

   A flooding reduction method between spines and leaves is proposed in
   [I-D.shen-isis-spine-leaf-ext].  The problem on flooding reduction
   and an architectural solution are discussed in
   [I-D.li-dynamic-flooding].  This document proposes an approach to
   flood ISIS LSPs on a topology that is a subgraph of the entire ISIS
   topology per underline physical network, so that the amount of
   flooding traffic in the network is greatly reduced.  The workload for
   processing the extra LSP flooding is decreased significantly.  This
   would improve the scalability and speed up the network convergence,
   stable and optimize the routing environment.

   The approach proposed is applicable to any network topology in a
   single ISIS area.  The approach is backward compatible.


2.  Problem Statement

   ISIS, like other link-state routing protocols, deploys a so-called
   reliable flooding mechanism, where a node must transmit a received or
   self-originated LSP to all its ISIS interfaces (except the interface
   where a LSP is received) in the defined context.  While this
   mechanism assures each LSP being distributed to every ISIS node in
   the relevant routing area or domain, the side-effect is that the
   mechanism often causes redundant LSPs in individual network segments
   (e.g., on an ISIS point-to-point link or a broadcast subnet), which
   in turn forces ISIS nodes to process identical LSPs more than once.
   This results waste of ISIS link bandwidth and ISIS nodes' computing
   resources, and the delay of ISIS topology convergence.

   The problem explained above becomes more serious in ISIS networks
   with large number of nodes and links, and in particular, higher
   degree of interconnection (e.g., meshed topology, spine-leaf
   topology, etc,).  In some environment such as in data centers, the
   drawback of the existing flooding mechanism has already caused
   operational problems, including repeated and waves of flooding
   storms, chock of computing resources, slow convergence, oscillating
   topology changes, instability of routing environment.




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   One example is as shown in Figure 1 (a), where Node 1, Node 2 and
   Node 3 are interconnected in a mesh.  When Node 1 receives a new or
   updated ISIS LSP on its interface I11, it by default would forward to
   its interface Il2 and I13 towards Node 2 and Node 3, respectively,
   after processing.  Node 2 and Node 3 upon reception of the LSP and
   after processing, would potentially flood the same LSP over their
   respective interface I23 and I32 toward each other, which is
   obviously not necessary and at the cost of link bandwidth as well as
   both nodes' computing resource.

   In example Figure 1 (b), Node 2 and Node 3 both connect to a LAN
   where Node 4, Node 5 and Node 6 also connect to.  When Node 1
   receives a LSP as in (a) and floods it to Node 2 and Node 3
   respectively, the two nodes would in turn both (instead of one) flood
   to the LAN, which is unnecessary and at the cost of link bandwidth as
   well as computing resource of all nodes connected to the LAN.



               |                                |
               |I11                             |I11
            +--o---+                         +--o---+
            |Node 1|                         |Node 1|
            +-o--o-+                         +-o--o-+
         I12 /    \ I13                       /    \
            /      \                      I12/      \I13
        I21/        \I31                    /        \
     +----o-+   I32+-o----+           +----o-+      +-o----+
     |Node 2|------|Node 3|           |Node 2|      |Node 3|
     +------+I23   +------+           +--o---+      +---o--+
                                      I2L|      LAN     |I3L
             (a)                    -----o--------o-----o--o-----
                                      I4L|     I5L|     I6L|
                                     +---o--+  +--o---+ +--o---+
                                     |Node 4|  |Node 5| |Node 6|
                                     +------+  +------+ +------+

                                                 (b)


                                 Figure 1


3.  Flooding Topology

   It is a norm that an ISIS node sending a received LSP and self-
   originated LSP to all its ISIS interfaces (except that where an LSP
   is received), as the reliable-flooding mechanism requires, i.e., any



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   ISIS LSP would potentially traverses on each ISIS link in a given
   ISIS network topology, sometimes both directions.  As demonstrated in
   Section 2, dissemination over the entire ISIS network topology has
   drawbacks.

   To change ISIS's aggressive flooding behavior, a flooding topology is
   introduced.  For a given ISIS network topology, a flooding topology
   is a sub-graph or sub-network of the given network topology that has
   the same reachability to every node as the given network topology.
   Thus all the nodes in the given network topology MUST be in the
   flooding topology.  All the nodes MUST be inter-connected directly or
   indirectly.  As a result, ISIS flooding will in most cases occur only
   on the flooding topology, that includes all ISIS nodes but a subset
   of ISIS links.  Note even the flooding topology is a sub-graph of the
   original ISIS topology, any single LSP MUST still be disseminated in
   the entire ISIS network.

   There are many different flooding topologies for a given ISIS network
   topology.  A chain connecting all the nodes in the given network
   topology is a flooding topology.  A circle connecting all the nodes
   is another flooding topology.  A tree connecting all the nodes is a
   flooding topology.  In addition, the tree plus the connections
   between some leaves of the tree and branch nodes of the tree is a
   flooding topology.

   There are many different ways to construct a flooding topology for a
   given ISIS network topology.  A few of them are listed below:

   o  One node in the network builds a flooding topology and floods the
      flooding topology to all the other nodes in the network (This
      seems not very good.  Flooding the flooding topology may increase
      the flooding.);

   o  Each node in the network automatically calculates a flooding
      topology by using the same algorithm (No flooding for flooding
      topology);

   o  Links on the flooding topology are configured statically.

   The minimum requirement for a flooding topology is all ISIS nodes are
   interconnected (directly or indirectly), but there is only one path
   from any node to any other node.  While this lean-and-mean type of
   flooding topology degrades ISIS flooding traffic volume to the least,
   it may introduce some delay of topology convergence in the network
   with some network topologies.  To compensate convergence efficiency,
   additional ISIS links may be added as part of the flooding topology.
   There is a trade-off between the density of the flooding topology and
   the convergence efficiency.



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   Note that the flooding topology constructed by an ISIS node is
   dynamic in nature, that means when the ISIS's base topology (the
   entire topology graph) changes, the flooding topology (the sub-graph)
   MUST be re-computed/re-constructed to ensure that any node that is
   reachable on the base topology MUST also be reachable on the flooding
   topology.

   For reference purpose, some algorithms that allow ISIS nodes to
   automatically compute flooding topology are elaborated in Appendix A.
   However, this document does not attempt to standardize how a flooding
   topology is established.


4.  Extensions to ISIS

   A 1-bit flag F is defined in an ISIS router capability TLV.  Flag F
   set to 1 indicates that the router supports ISIS LSP flood reduction
   described in this document; and Flag F set to 0 indicates that the
   router does not do so.

   This flag is used for an ISIS node during the process of computing a
   flooding topology.  An ISIS node that advertises its LSP containing a
   capability TLV with "F" bit set to 1 MUST always be included in the
   flooding topology computed by other ISIS nodes; but in contrast, the
   node with "F" bit set to zero may or may not be included in the
   flooding topology by other nodes, depending on how other nodes
   construct their flooding topology.

   This flag can also be used for an ISIS node to trigger a decision
   whether it wants to perform LSP flooding to its neighbor.

   The format of an ISIS router capability TLV with flag F is shown
   below.

     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |   Type = 242  |Length(5 ~ 255)|           Router ID           |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |          Router ID            |Reserved |F|D|S|    Optional   |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |  sub-TLVs                                                     ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+








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5.  Flooding Behavior

5.1.  Nodes Support Flooding Reduction

   This section describes ISIS flooding behavior for ISIS nodes that
   support flooding reduction described in this document.  For these
   nodes, they MUST set "F" bit to 1 in their LSPs (see Section 4).  The
   flooding behavior for these nodes differs from that as specified in
   ISIS ([RFC1195]).  Section 5.1.1 describes the flooding behavior when
   an ISIS node receives an ISIS LSP from one of its interface, and
   Section 5.1.2 describes the flooding behavior for LSP originated by
   itself.

   The revised flooding procedure MUST flood LSPs to every node in the
   network in any case, as the standard ISIS flooding procedure does.

   It assumes that the ISIS node of which the flooding behavior is
   described below is on the flooding topology, i.e., the node and at
   least one of its ISIS interface are on the flooding topology, where:

   1.  When the node has only one interface on the flooding topology,
       the node is a leaf on the topology.

   2.  When the node has two interfaces on the flooding topology, the
       node is a transit node on the topology.

   3.  A flooding topology with nodes having one or two interfaces on
       the topology is a lean graph, i.e., there is only one path from
       any node to any other node on the graph.  For flooding
       efficiency, there could be extra ISIS interfaces that are on the
       flooding topology, i.e., a node may have more than two interfaces
       that belong to the flooding topology.

5.1.1.  Receiving an ISIS LSP

   The flooding behavior when an ISIS node receives a newer ISIS LSP
   that is not originated by itself from one of its ISIS interface is as
   follows:

   1.  The LSP is received on a link that is on the flooding topology.
       The LSP is flooded only to all the other interfaces that are on
       the flooding topology.

   2.  The LSP is received on a link that is not on the flooding
       topology.  This situation can happen when a neighboring node on a
       point-to-point link newly forms adjacency with the receiving
       node, or is not currently on the flooding topology; it can happen
       when the LSP sending neighbor does not support the ISIS flooding



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       reduction (i.e., with "F" bit set to zero); it can also happen as
       the receiving link is a broadcast-type interface.  The LSP is
       flooded only to all other interfaces that are on the flooding
       topology.

   3.  In both cases above, if there is any neighboring node that is
       advertising its Router LSP with "F" bit set to zero (see
       Section 4) but it is not on the flooding topology, the received
       LSP MUST also be sent to this neighboring node.

   In any case, the LSP must not be transmitted back to the receiving
   interface.

   Note before forwarding a received LSP, the ISIS node would do the
   normal processing as usual.

5.1.2.  Originating an ISIS LSP

   The flooding behavior when an ISIS node originates an ISIS LSP is as
   follows:

   1.  If it is a refresh LSP, i.e., there is no significant change
       contained in the LSP comparing to the previous LSP, the LSP is
       transmitted over links on the flooding topology.  In addition, if
       there is any neighboring node that is advertising its Router LSP
       with "F" bit set to zero (see Section 4) but it is not on the
       flooding topology, the LSP MUST also be sent to this neighboring
       node.

   2.  Otherwise, the LSP is transmitted to all ISIS interfaces.
       Choosing this action instead of limiting to links on flooding
       topology would speed up the synchronization around the
       advertising node's neighbors, which could then disseminate the
       new LSP quickly.

5.1.3.  An Exception Case

   In Section 5.1.1 and Section 5.1.2, there are times when an ISIS node
   sending out a LSP to an interface on the flooding topology detects a
   critical interface or node failure.  A critical interface is an
   interface on the flooding topology and is the only connection among
   some nodes on the flooding topology.  When this interface goes down,
   the flooding topology will be split.  Note the flooding topology was
   pre-computed/pre-constructed; but if at the time a critical interface
   or a node goes down before a re-newed flooding topology can be
   computed/constructed, the ISIS node MUST send out the LSP to all
   interfaces (except where it is received from) as a traditional ISIS
   node would do.  This handling is also taking place if there are more



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   than one interfaces or nodes on the existing flooding topology fail,
   i.e., if more than one interfaces or nodes on the flooding topology
   fail, the ISIS node does traditional flooding before the flooding
   topology is re-built.

5.1.4.  One More Note

   The destination address that is used when an ISIS node sends out a
   LSP on an interface on its flooding topology follows the
   specification in ISIS ([RFC1195]).  This means on a local LAN, all
   other ISIS nodes will receive the LSP.

5.2.  Nodes Not Support Flooding Reduction

   For ISIS nodes that do not support flooding reduction as described in
   this document, they MUST set "F" bit to 0 in their Router LSP (see
   Section 4); note this is also a default setting.  These nodes may or
   may not be on the flooding topology constructed by other nodes that
   support flooding reduction in the same ISIS area, however that is not
   a business these nodes need to concern.

   The LSP flooding behavior of ISIS nodes that do not support reduction
   as described in this document MUST follow that as specified in ISIS
   ([RFC1195]).


6.  Security Considerations

   This document does not introduce any security issue.


7.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no request to IANA.


8.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Acee Lindem, Zhibo Hu, Robin Li,
   Stephane Litkowski and Alvaro Retana for their valuable suggestions
   and comments on this draft.


9.  References







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9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC1195]  Callon, R., "Use of OSI IS-IS for routing in TCP/IP and
              dual environments", RFC 1195, DOI 10.17487/RFC1195,
              December 1990, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1195>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.li-dynamic-flooding]
              Li, T., "Dynamic Flooding on Dense Graphs",
              draft-li-dynamic-flooding-04 (work in progress),
              March 2018.

   [I-D.shen-isis-spine-leaf-ext]
              Shen, N., Ginsberg, L., and S. Thyamagundalu, "IS-IS
              Routing for Spine-Leaf Topology",
              draft-shen-isis-spine-leaf-ext-05 (work in progress),
              January 2018.


Appendix A.  Algorithms to Build Flooding Topology

   There are many algorithms to build a flooding topology.  A simple and
   efficient one is briefed below.

   o  Select a node R according to a rule such as the node with the
      biggest/smallest node ID;

   o  Build a tree using R as root of the tree (details below); and then

   o  Connect k (k>=0) leaves to the tree to have a flooding topology
      (details follow).

A.1.  Algorithms to Build Tree without Considering Flag F

   An algorithm for building a tree from node R as root starts with a
   candidate queue Cq containing R and an empty flooding topology Ft:

   1.  Remove the first node A from Cq and add A into Ft

   2.  If Cq is empty, then return with Ft





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   3.  Suppose that node Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) is connected to node A
       and not in Ft and X1, X2, ..., Xn are in a special order.  For
       example, X1, X2, ..., Xn are ordered by the cost of the link
       between A and Xi.  The cost of the link between A and Xi is less
       than the cost of the link between A and Xj (j = i + 1).  If two
       costs are the same, Xi's ID is less than Xj's ID.  In another
       example, X1, X2, ..., Xn are ordered by their IDs.  If they are
       not ordered, then make them in the order.

   4.  Add Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) into the end of Cq, goto step 1.

   Another algorithm for building a tree from node R as root starts with
   a candidate queue Cq containing R and an empty flooding topology Ft:

   1.  Remove the first node A from Cq and add A into Ft

   2.  If Cq is empty, then return with Ft

   3.  Suppose that node Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) is connected to node A
       and not in Ft and X1, X2, ..., Xn are in a special order.  For
       example, X1, X2, ..., Xn are ordered by the cost of the link
       between A and Xi.  The cost of the link between A and Xi is less
       than the cost of the link between A and Xj (j = i + 1).  If two
       costs are the same, Xi's ID is less than Xj's ID.  In another
       example, X1, X2, ..., Xn are ordered by their IDs.  If they are
       not ordered, then make them in the order.

   4.  Add Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) into the front of Cq and goto step 1.

   A third algorithm for building a tree from node R as root starts with
   a candidate list Cq containing R associated with cost 0 and an empty
   flooding topology Ft:

   1.  Remove the first node A from Cq and add A into Ft

   2.  If all the nodes are on Ft, then return with Ft

   3.  Suppose that node A is associated with a cost Ca which is the
       cost from root R to node A, node Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) is
       connected to node A and not in Ft and the cost of the link
       between A and Xi is LCi (i=1, 2, ..., n).  Compute Ci = Ca + LCi,
       check if Xi is in Cq and if Cxi (cost from R to Xi) < Ci.  If Xi
       is not in Cq, then add Xi with cost Ci into Cq; If Xi is in Cq,
       then If Cxi > Ci then replace Xi with cost Cxi by Xi with Ci in
       Cq; If Cxi == Ci then add Xi with cost Ci into Cq.

   4.  Make sure Cq is in a special order.  Suppose that Ai (i=1, 2,
       ..., m) are the nodes in Cq, Cai is the cost associated with Ai,



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       and IDi is the ID of Ai.  One order is that for any k = 1, 2,
       ..., m-1, Cak < Caj (j = k+1) or Cak = Caj and IDk < IDj.  Goto
       step 1.

A.2.  Algorithms to Build Tree Considering Flag F

   An algorithm for building a tree from node R as root with
   consideration of flag F starts with a candidate queue Cq containing R
   associated with previous hop PH=0 and an empty flooding topology Ft:

   1.  Remove the first node A with its flag F set to one from the
       candidate queue Cq if there is such a node A; otherwise (i.e., if
       there is not such node A in Cq), then remove the first node A
       from Cq.  Add A into the flooding topology Ft.

   2.  If Cq is empty or all nodes are on Ft, then return with Ft

   3.  Suppose that node Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) is connected to node A
       and not in the flooding topology Ft and X1, X2, ..., Xn are in a
       special order considering whether some of them with flag F = 1.
       For example, X1, X2, ..., Xn are ordered by the cost of the link
       between A and Xi.  The cost of the link between A and Xi is less
       than that of the link between A and Xj (j = i + 1).  If two costs
       are the same, Xi's ID is less than Xj's ID.  The cost of a link
       is redefined such that 1) the cost of a link between A and Xi
       both with F = 1 is much less than the cost of any link between A
       and Xk where Xk with F=0; 2) the real metric of a link between A
       and Xi and the real metric of a link between A and Xk are used as
       their costs for determining the order of Xi and Xk if they all
       (i.e., A, Xi and Xk) with F = 1 or none of Xi and Xk with F = 1.

   4.  Add Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) associated with previous hop PH=A into
       the end of the candidate queue Cq, and goto step 1.

   Another algorithm for building a tree from node R as root with
   consideration of flag F starts with a candidate queue Cq containing R
   associated with previous hop PH=0 and an empty flooding topology Ft:

   1.  Remove the first node A with its flag F set to one from the
       candidate queue Cq if there is such a node A; otherwise (i.e., if
       there is not such node A in Cq), then remove the first node A
       from Cq.  Add A into the flooding topology Ft.

   2.  If Cq is empty or all nodes are on Ft, then return with Ft.

   3.  Suppose that node Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) is connected to node A
       and not in the flooding topology Ft and X1, X2, ..., Xn are in a
       special order considering whether some of them with F = 1.  For



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       example, X1, X2, ..., Xn are ordered by the cost of the link
       between A and Xi.  The cost of the link between A and Xi is less
       than the cost of the link between A and Xj (j = i + 1).  If two
       costs are the same, Xi's ID is less than Xj's ID.  The cost of a
       link is redefined such that 1) the cost of a link between A and
       Xi both with F = 1 is much less than the cost of any link between
       A and Xk where Xk with F = 0; 2) the real metric of a link
       between A and Xi and the real metric of a link between A and Xk
       are used as their costs for determining the order of Xi and Xk if
       they all (i.e., A, Xi and Xk) have F = 1 or none of Xi and Xk has
       F = 1.

   4.  Add Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) associated with previous hop PH=A into
       the front of the candidate queue Cq, and goto step 1.

   A third algorithm for building a tree from node R as root with
   consideration of flag F starts with a candidate list Cq containing R
   associated with low order cost Lc=0, high order cost Hc=0 and
   previous hop ID PH=0, and an empty flooding topology Ft:

   1.  Remove the first node A from Cq and add A into Ft.

   2.  If all the nodes are on Ft, then return with Ft

   3.  Suppose that node A is associated with a cost Ca which is the
       cost from root R to node A, node Xi (i = 1, 2, ..., n) is
       connected to node A and not in Ft and the cost of the link
       between A and Xi is LCi (i=1, 2, ..., n).  Compute Ci = Ca + LCi,
       check if Xi is in Cq and if Cxi (cost from R to Xi) < Ci.  If Xi
       is not in Cq, then add Xi with cost Ci into Cq; If Xi is in Cq,
       then If Cxi > Ci then replace Xi with cost Cxi by Xi with Ci in
       Cq; If Cxi == Ci then add Xi with cost Ci into Cq.

   4.  Suppose that node A is associated with a low order cost LCa which
       is the low order cost from root R to node A and a high order cost
       HCa which is the high order cost from R to A, node Xi (i = 1, 2,
       ..., n) is connected to node A and not in the flooding topology
       Ft and the real cost of the link between A and Xi is Ci (i=1, 2,
       ..., n).  Compute LCxi and HCxi: LCxi = LCa + Ci if both A and Xi
       have flag F set to one, otherwise LCxi = LCa HCxi = HCa + Ci if A
       or Xi does not have flag F set to one, otherwise HCxi = HCa If Xi
       is not in Cq, then add Xi associated with LCxi, HCxi and PH = A
       into Cq; If Xi associated with LCxi' and HCxi' and PHxi' is in
       Cq, then If HCxi' > HCxi then replace Xi with HCxi', LCxi' and
       PHxi' by Xi with HCxi, LCxi and PH=A in Cq; otherwise (i.e.,
       HCxi' == HCxi) if LCxi' > LCxi , then replace Xi with HCxi',
       LCxi' and PHxi' by Xi with HCxi, LCxi and PH=A in Cq; otherwise
       (i.e., HCxi' == HCxi and LCxi' == LCxi) if PHxi' > PH, then



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       replace Xi with HCxi', LCxi' and PHxi' by Xi with HCxi, LCxi and
       PH=A in Cq.

   5.  Make sure Cq is in a special order.  Suppose that Ai (i=1, 2,
       ..., m) are the nodes in Cq, HCai and LCai are low order cost and
       high order cost associated with Ai, and IDi is the ID of Ai.  One
       order is that for any k = 1, 2, ..., m-1, HCak < HCaj (j = k+1)
       or HCak = HCaj and LCak < LCaj or HCak = HCaj and LCak = LCaj and
       IDk < IDj.  Goto step 1.

A.3.  Connecting Leaves

   Suppose that we have a flooding topology Ft built by one of the
   algorithms described above.  Ft is like a tree.  We may connect k (k
   >=0) leaves to the tree to have a enhanced flooding topology with
   more connectivity.

   Suppose that there are m (0 < m) leaves directly connected to a node
   X on the flooding topology Ft.  Select k (k <= m) leaves through
   using a deterministic algorithm or rule.  One algorithm or rule is to
   select k leaves that have smaller or larger IDs (i.e., the IDs of
   these k leaves are smaller/bigger than the IDs of the other leaves
   directly connected to node X).  Since every node has a unique ID,
   selecting k leaves with smaller or larger IDs is deterministic.

   If k = 1, the leaf selected has the smallest/largest node ID among
   the IDs of all the leaves directly connected to node X.

   For a selected leaf L directly connected to a node N in the flooding
   topology Ft, select a connection/adjacency to another node from node
   L in Ft through using a deterministic algorithm or rule.

   Suppose that leaf node L is directly connected to nodes Ni (i =
   1,2,...,s) in the flooding topology Ft via adjacencies and node Ni is
   not node N, IDi is the ID of node Ni, and Hi (i = 1,2,...,s) is the
   number of hops from node L to node Ni in the flooding topology Ft.

   One Algorithm or rule is to select the connection to node Nj (1 <= j
   <= s) such that Hj is the largest among H1, H2, ..., Hs.  If there is
   another node Na ( 1 <= a <= s) and Hj = Ha, then select the one with
   smaller (or larger) node ID.  That is that if Hj == Ha and IDj < IDa
   then select the connection to Nj for selecting the one with smaller
   node ID (or if Hj == Ha and IDj < IDa then select the connection to
   Na for selecting the one with larger node ID).

   Suppose that the number of connections in total between leaves
   selected and the nodes in the flooding topology Ft to be added is
   NLc.  We may have a limit to NLc.



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Authors' Addresses

   Huaimo Chen
   Huawei Technologies


   Email: huaimo.chen@huawei.com


   Dean Cheng
   Huawei Technologies


   Email: dean.cheng@huawei.com


   Mehmet Toy
   Verizon
   USA

   Email: mehmet.toy@verizon.com


   Yi Yang
   IBM
   Cary, NC
   United States of America

   Email: yyietf@gmail.com






















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