Internet DRAFT - draft-bormann-6lowpan-ghc

draft-bormann-6lowpan-ghc







6LoWPAN Working Group                                         C. Bormann
Internet-Draft                                   Universitaet Bremen TZI
Intended status: Standards Track                          March 29, 2013
Expires: September 30, 2013


    6LoWPAN Generic Compression of Headers and Header-like Payloads
                      draft-bormann-6lowpan-ghc-06

Abstract

   This short I-D provides a simple addition to 6LoWPAN Header
   Compression that enables the compression of generic headers and
   header-like payloads, without a need to define a new header
   compression scheme for each new such header or header-like payload.

Status of This Memo

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  The Header Compression Coupling Problem . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.3.  Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  6LoWPAN-GHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Integrating 6LoWPAN-GHC into 6LoWPAN-HC . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Compressing payloads (UDP and ICMPv6) . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.2.  Compressing extension headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.3.  Indicating GHC capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.4.  Using the 6CIO Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Appendix A.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19

1.  Introduction

1.1.  The Header Compression Coupling Problem

   6LoWPAN-HC [RFC6282] defines a scheme for header compression in
   6LoWPAN [RFC4944] packets.  As with most header compression schemes,
   a new specification is needed for every new kind of header that needs
   to be compressed.  In addition, [RFC6282] does not define an
   extensibility scheme like the ROHC profiles defined in ROHC [RFC3095]
   [RFC5795].  This leads to the difficult situation that 6LoWPAN-HC
   tended to be reopened and reexamined each time a new header receives
   consideration (or an old header is changed and reconsidered) in the
   6LoWPAN/roll/CoRE cluster of IETF working groups.  While [RFC6282]
   finally got completed, the underlying problem remains unsolved.

   The purpose of the present contribution is to plug into [RFC6282] as
   is, using its NHC (next header compression) concept.  We add a
   slightly less efficient, but vastly more general form of compression
   for headers of any kind and even for header-like payloads such as
   those exhibited by routing protocols, DHCP, etc.  The objective is an
   extremely simple specification that can be defined on a single page
   and implemented in a small number of lines of code, as opposed to a
   general data compression scheme such as that defined in [RFC1951].

1.2.  Terminology





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   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

   The term "byte" is used in its now customary sense as a synonym for
   "octet".

1.3.  Notation

   This specification uses a trivial notation for code bytes and the
   bitfields in them the meaning of which should be mostly obvious.
   More formally speaking, the meaning of the notation is:

   Potential values for the code bytes themselves are expressed by
   templates that represent 8-bit most-significant-bit-first binary
   numbers (without any special prefix), where 0 stands for 0, 1 for 1,
   and variable segments in these code byte templates are indicated by
   sequences of the same letter such as kkkkkkk or ssss, the length of
   which indicates the length of the variable segment in bits.

   In the notation of values derived from the code bytes, 0b is used as
   a prefix for expressing binary numbers in most-significant-bit first
   notation (akin to the use of 0x for most-significant-digit-first
   hexadecimal numbers in the C programming language).  Where the
   abovementioned sequences of letters are then referenced in such a
   binary number in the text, the intention is that the value from these
   bitfields in the actual code byte be inserted.

   Example: The code byte template

      101nssss

   stands for a byte that starts (most-significant-bit-first) with the
   bits 1, 0, and 1, and continues with five variable bits, the first of
   which is referenced as "n" and the next four are referenced as
   "ssss".  Based on this code byte template, a reference to

      0b0ssss000

   means a binary number composed from a zero bit, the four bits that
   are in the "ssss" field (for 101nssss, the four least significant
   bits) in the actual byte encountered, kept in the same order, and
   three more zero bits.








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2.  6LoWPAN-GHC

   The format of a GHC-compressed header or payload is a simple
   bytecode.  A compressed header consists of a sequence of pieces, each
   of which begins with a code byte, which may be followed by zero or
   more bytes as its argument.  Some code bytes cause bytes to be laid
   out in the destination buffer, some simply modify some decompression
   variables.

   At the start of decompressing a header or payload within a L2 packet
   (= fragment), variables "sa" and "na" are initialized as zero.

   The code bytes are defined as follows:

   +------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+
   | code byte  | Action                                   | Argument  |
   +------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+
   | 0kkkkkkk   | Append k = 0b0kkkkkkk bytes of data in   | k bytes   |
   |            | the bytecode argument (k < 96)           | of data   |
   |            |                                          |           |
   | 1000nnnn   | Append 0b0000nnnn+2 bytes of zeroes      |           |
   |            |                                          |           |
   | 10010000   | STOP code (end of compressed data, see   |           |
   |            | Section 3.2)                             |           |
   |            |                                          |           |
   | 101nssss   | Set up extended arguments for a          |           |
   |            | backreference: sa += 0b0ssss000, na +=   |           |
   |            | 0b0000n000                               |           |
   |            |                                          |           |
   | 11nnnkkk   | Backreference: n = na+0b00000nnn+2; s =  |           |
   |            | 0b00000kkk+sa+n; append n bytes from     |           |
   |            | previously output bytes, starting s      |           |
   |            | bytes to the left of the current output  |           |
   |            | pointer; set sa = 0, na = 0              |           |
   +------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+


   Note that the following bit combinations are reserved at this time:
   011xxxxx, and 1001nnnn (where 0b0000nnnn > 0).

   For the purposes of the backreferences, the expansion buffer is
   initialized with a predefined dictionary, at the end of which the
   target buffer begins.  This dictionary is composed of the pseudo-
   header for the current packet as defined in [RFC2460], followed by a
   16-byte static dictionary (Figure 1).  These dictionary bytes are
   therefore available for backreferencing, but not copied into the
   final result.




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   16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00

           Figure 1: The 16 bytes of static dictionary (in hex)

3.  Integrating 6LoWPAN-GHC into 6LoWPAN-HC

   6LoWPAN-GHC is intended to plug in as an NHC format for 6LoWPAN-HC
   [RFC6282].  This section shows how this can be done (without
   supplying the detailed normative text yet, although it could be
   implemented from this page).

3.1.  Compressing payloads (UDP and ICMPv6)

   GHC is by definition generic and can be applied to different kinds of
   packets.  All the examples given in Appendix A are for ICMPv6
   packets; a single NHC value suffices to define an NHC format for
   ICMPv6 based on GHC (see below).

   In addition it may be useful to include an NHC format for UDP, as
   many headerlike payloads (e.g., DHCPv6) are carried in UDP.
   [RFC6282] already defines an NHC format for UDP (11110CPP).  What
   remains to be done is to define an analogous NHC byte formatted, e.g.
   as shown in Figure 2, and simply reference the existing
   specification, indicating that for 0b11010cpp NHC bytes, the UDP
   payload is not supplied literally but compressed by 6LoWPAN-GHC.

                   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | C |   P   |
                 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

   Figure 2: Proposed NHC byte for UDP GHC (actual value to be allocated
                                 by IANA)

   To stay in the same general numbering space, we propose 0b11011111 as
   the NHC byte for ICMPv6 GHC (Figure 3).

                   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
                 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

      Figure 3: Proposed NHC byte for ICMPv6 GHC (actual value to be
                            allocated by IANA)

3.2.  Compressing extension headers





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   If the compression of specific extension headers is considered
   desirable, this can be added in a similar way, e.g.  as in Figure 4
   (however, probably only EID 0 to 3 need to be assigned).  As there is
   no easy way to extract the length field from the GHC-encoded header
   before decoding, this would make detecting the end of the extension
   header somewhat complex.  The easiest (and most efficient) approach
   is to completely elide the length field (in the same way NHC already
   elides the next header field in certain cases) and reconstruct it
   only on decompression.  To serve as a terminator for the extension
   header, the reserved bytecode 0b10010000 has been assigned as a stop
   marker.  Note that the stop marker is only needed for extension
   headers, not for final payloads, the decompression of which is
   automatically stopped by the end of the packet.

                   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |    EID    |NH |
                 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

           Figure 4: Proposed NHC byte for extension header GHC

3.3.  Indicating GHC capability

   The 6LoWPAN baseline includes just [RFC4944], [RFC6282], [RFC6775]
   (see [I-D.bormann-6lowpan-roadmap]).  To enable the use of GHC,
   6LoWPAN nodes need to know that their neighbors implement it.  While
   this can also simply be administratively required, a transition
   strategy as well as a way to support mixed networks is required.

   One way to know a neighbor does implement GHC is receiving a packet
   from that neighbor with GHC in it ("implicit capability detection").
   However, there needs to be a way to bootstrap this, as nobody ever
   would start sending packets with GHC otherwise.

   To minimize the impact on [RFC6775], we propose adding an ND option
   6LoWPAN Capability Indication (6CIO), as illustrated in Figure 5.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |   Length = 1  |_____________________________|G|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |_______________________________________________________________|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

           Figure 5: 6LoWPAN Capability Indication Option (6CIO)





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   The G bit indicates whether the node sending the option is GHC
   capable.

   Once a node receives either an explicit or an implicit indication of
   GHC capability from another node, it may send GHC-compressed packets
   to that node.  Where that capability has not been recently confirmed,
   similar to the way PLPMTUD [RFC4821] finds out about changes in the
   network, a node SHOULD make use of NUD (neighbor unreachability
   detection) failures to switch back to basic 6LoWPAN header
   compression [RFC6282].

3.4.  Using the 6CIO Option

   The 6CIO option will typically only be ever sent in 6LoWPAN-ND RS
   packets (it then cannot itself be GHC compressed unless the host
   desires to limit itself to talking to GHC capable routers); the
   resulting 6LoWPAN-ND RA can already make use of GHC and thus indicate
   GHC capability implicitly, which in turn allows the nodes to use GHC
   in the 6LoWPAN-ND NS/NA exchange.

   6CIO can also be used for future options that need to be negotiated
   between 6LoWPAN peers; an IANA registry will administrate the flags.
   (Bits marked by underscores in Figure 5 are reserved for future
   allocation, i.e., they MUST be sent as zero and MUST be ignored on
   reception until allocated.  Length values larger than 1 MUST be
   accepted by implementations in order to enable future extensions; the
   additional bits in the option are then reserved in the same way.  For
   the purposes of the IANA registry, the bits are numbered in msb-first
   order from the 16th bit of the option onward, i.e., the G bit is flag
   number 15.)  (Additional bits may also be used by a follow-on version
   of this document if some bit combinations that have been left
   reserved here are then used in an upward compatible manner.)

   Where the use of this option by other specifications is envisioned,
   the following items have to be kept in mind:

   o  The option can be used in any ND packet.

   o  Specific bits are set in the option to indicate that a capability
      is present in the sender.  (There may be other ways to infer this
      information, as is the case in this specification.)  Bit
      combinations may be used as desired.  The absence of the
      capability _indication_ is signaled by setting these bits to zero;
      this does not necessarily mean that the capability is absent.

   o  The intention is not to modify the semantics of the specific ND
      packet carrying the option, but to provide the general capability
      indication described above.



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   o  Specifications have to be designed such that receivers that do not
      receive or do not process such a capability indication can still
      interoperate (presumably without exploiting the indicated
      capability).

   o  The option is meant to be used sparsely, i.e.  once a sender has
      reason to believe the capability indication has been received,
      there no longer is a need to continue sending it.

4.  IANA considerations

   [This section to be removed/replaced by the RFC Editor.]

   In the IANA registry for the "LOWPAN_NHC Header Type" (in the "IPv6
   Low Power Personal Area Network Parameters"), IANA needs to add the
   assignments in Figure 6.

    10110IIN: Extension header GHC                 [RFCthis]
    11010CPP: UDP GHC                              [RFCthis]
    11011111: ICMPv6 GHC                           [RFCthis]

                Figure 6: IANA assignments for the NHC byte

   IANA needs to allocate an ND option number for the 6CIO ND option
   format in the Registry "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Option Formats"
   [RFC4861].

   IANA needs to create a registry for "6LoWPAN capability bits" within
   the "Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6)
   Parameters".  The bits are allocated by giving their numbers as small
   non-negative integers as defined in section Section 3.4, preferably
   in the range 0..47.  The policy is "RFC Required" [RFC5226].  The
   initial content of the registry is as in Figure 7:

    0..14: unassigned
    15: GHC capable bit (G bit)                    [RFCthis]
    16..47: unassigned

                                 Figure 7












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5.  Security considerations

   The security considerations of [RFC4944] and [RFC6282] apply.  As
   usual in protocols with packet parsing/construction, care must be
   taken in implementations to avoid buffer overflows and in particular
   (with respect to the back-referencing) out-of-area references during
   decompression.

   One additional consideration is that an attacker may send a forged
   packet that makes a second node believe a third victim node is GHC-
   capable.  If it is not, this may prevent packets sent by the second
   node from reaching the third node (at least until robustness features
   such as those discussed in Section 3.3 kick in).

   No mitigation is proposed (or known) for this attack, except that a
   victim node that does implement GHC is not vulnerable.  However, with
   unsecured ND, a number of attacks with similar outcomes are already
   possible, so there is little incentive to make use of this additional
   attack.  With secured ND, 6CIO is also secured; nodes relying on
   secured ND therefore should use 6CIO bidirectionally (and limit the
   implicit capability detection to secured ND packets carrying GHC)
   instead of basing their neighbor capability assumptions on receiving
   any kind of unprotected packet.

6.  Acknowledgements

   Colin O'Flynn has repeatedly insisted that some form of compression
   for ICMPv6 and ND packets might be beneficial.  He actually wrote his
   own draft, [I-D.oflynn-6lowpan-icmphc], which compresses better, but
   addresses basic ICMPv6/ND only and needs a much longer spec (around
   17 pages of detailed spec, as compared to the single page of core
   spec here).  This motivated the author to try something simple, yet
   general.  Special thanks go to Colin for indicating that he indeed
   considers his draft superseded by the present one.

   The examples given are based on pcap files that Colin O'Flynn, Owen
   Kirby, Olaf Bergmann and others provided.

   The static dictionary was developed, and the bit allocations
   validated, based on research by Sebastian Dominik.

   Erik Nordmark provided input that helped shaping the 6CIO option.

   Yoshihiro Ohba insisted on clarifying the notation used for the
   definition of the bytecodes and their bitfields.






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7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2460]  Deering, S.E. and R.M. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version
              6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              September 2007.

   [RFC4944]  Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
              "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
              Networks", RFC 4944, September 2007.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC6282]  Hui, J. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6
              Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282,
              September 2011.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C. Bormann,
              "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power
              Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", RFC 6775,
              November 2012.

7.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.bormann-6lowpan-roadmap]
              Bormann, C., "6LoWPAN Roadmap and Implementation Guide",
              draft-bormann-6lowpan-roadmap-03 (work in progress),
              October 2012.

   [I-D.oflynn-6lowpan-icmphc]
              O'Flynn, C., "ICMPv6/ND Compression for 6LoWPAN Networks",
              draft-oflynn-6lowpan-icmphc-00 (work in progress), July
              2010.

   [RFC1951]  Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification
              version 1.3", RFC 1951, May 1996.

   [RFC3095]  Bormann, C., Burmeister, C., Degermark, M., Fukushima, H.,
              Hannu, H., Jonsson, L-E., Hakenberg, R., Koren, T., Le,



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              K., Liu, Z., Martensson, A., Miyazaki, A., Svanbro, K.,
              Wiebke, T., Yoshimura, T., and H. Zheng, "RObust Header
              Compression (ROHC): Framework and four profiles: RTP, UDP,
              ESP, and uncompressed", RFC 3095, July 2001.

   [RFC4821]  Mathis, M. and J. Heffner, "Packetization Layer Path MTU
              Discovery", RFC 4821, March 2007.

   [RFC5795]  Sandlund, K., Pelletier, G., and L-E. Jonsson, "The RObust
              Header Compression (ROHC) Framework", RFC 5795, March
              2010.

Appendix A.  Examples

   This section demonstrates some relatively realistic examples derived
   from actual PCAP dumps taken at previous interops.  (TBD: Add a
   couple DHCP examples.)

   Figure 8 shows an RPL DODAG Information Solicitation, a quite short
   RPL message that obviously cannot be improved much.

   IP header:
    60 00 00 00 00 08 3a ff fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00
    02 1c da ff fe 00 20 24 ff 02 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a
   Payload:
    9b 00 6b de 00 00 00 00
   Dictionary:
    fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 1c da ff fe 00 20 24
    ff 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a
    00 00 00 08 00 00 00 3a 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00
   copy: 04 9b 00 6b de
   4 nulls: 82
   Compressed:
    04 9b 00 6b de 82
   Was 8 bytes; compressed to 6 bytes, compression factor 1.33

                      Figure 8: A simple RPL example

   Figure 9 shows an RPL DODAG Information Object, a longer RPL control
   message that is improved a bit more.  Note that the compressed output
   exposes an inefficiency in the simple-minded compressor used to
   generate it; this does not devalue the example since constrained
   nodes are quite likely to make use of simple-minded compressors.

   IP header:
    60 00 00 00 00 5c 3a ff fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00



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    02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23 ff 02 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a
   Payload:
    9b 01 7a 5f 00 f0 01 00 88 00 00 00 20 02 0d b8
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 fa ce 04 0e 00 14
    09 ff 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 1e 80 20
    ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 00 00 00 00 20 02 0d b8
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 fa ce 03 0e 40 00
    ff ff ff ff 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00
   Dictionary:
    fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23
    ff 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a
    00 00 00 5c 00 00 00 3a 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00
   copy: 06 9b 01 7a 5f 00 f0
   ref(9): 01 00 -> ref 11nnnkkk 0 7: c7
   copy: 01 88
   3 nulls: 81
   copy: 04 20 02 0d b8
   7 nulls: 85
   ref(68): ff fe 00 -> ref 101nssss 0 8/11nnnkkk 1 1: a8 c9
   copy: 08 fa ce 04 0e 00 14 09 ff
   ref(39): 00 00 01 00 00 -> ref 101nssss 0 4/11nnnkkk 3 2: a4 da
   5 nulls: 83
   copy: 06 08 1e 80 20 ff ff
   ref(2): ff ff -> ref 11nnnkkk 0 0: c0
   ref(4): ff ff ff ff -> ref 11nnnkkk 2 0: d0
   4 nulls: 82
   ref(48): 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 fa ce
    -> ref 101nssss 1 4/11nnnkkk 6 0: b4 f0
   copy: 03 03 0e 40
   ref(9): 00 ff -> ref 11nnnkkk 0 7: c7
   ref(28): ff ff ff -> ref 101nssss 0 3/11nnnkkk 1 1: a3 c9
   ref(24): 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00
    -> ref 101nssss 0 2/11nnnkkk 6 0: a2 f0
   Compressed:
    06 9b 01 7a 5f 00 f0 c7 01 88 81 04 20 02 0d b8
    85 a8 c9 08 fa ce 04 0e 00 14 09 ff a4 da 83 06
    08 1e 80 20 ff ff c0 d0 82 b4 f0 03 03 0e 40 c7
    a3 c9 a2 f0
   Was 92 bytes; compressed to 52 bytes, compression factor 1.77

                      Figure 9: A longer RPL example

   Similarly, Figure 10 shows an RPL DAO message.  One of the embedded
   addresses is copied right out of the pseudo-header, the other one is
   effectively converted from global to local by providing the prefix
   FE80 literally, inserting a number of nulls, and copying (some of)



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   the IID part again out of the pseudo-header.  Note that a simple
   implementation would probably emit fewer nulls and copy the entire
   IID; there are multiple ways to encode this 50-byte payload into 27
   bytes.

   IP header:
    60 00 00 00 00 32 3a ff 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 ff fe 00 33 44 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 ff fe 00 11 22
   Payload:
    9b 02 58 7d 01 80 00 f1 05 12 00 80 20 02 0d b8
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 33 44 06 14 00 80
    f1 00 fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00
    11 22
   Dictionary:
    20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 33 44
    20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 11 22
    00 00 00 32 00 00 00 3a 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00
   copy: 0c 9b 02 58 7d 01 80 00 f1 05 12 00 80
   ref(68): 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 33 44
    -> ref 101nssss 1 6/11nnnkkk 6 4: b6 f4
   copy: 08 06 14 00 80 f1 00 fe 80
   9 nulls: 87
   ref(74): ff fe 00 11 22 -> ref 101nssss 0 8/11nnnkkk 3 5: a8 dd
   Compressed:
    0c 9b 02 58 7d 01 80 00 f1 05 12 00 80 b6 f4 08
    06 14 00 80 f1 00 fe 80 87 a8 dd
   Was 50 bytes; compressed to 27 bytes, compression factor 1.85

                       Figure 10: An RPL DAO message

   Figure 11 shows the effect of compressing a simple ND neighbor
   solicitation.

   IP header:
    60 00 00 00 00 30 3a ff 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 ff fe 00 3b d3 fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00
    02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23
   Payload:
    87 00 a7 68 00 00 00 00 fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00
    02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23 01 01 3b d3 00 00 00 00
    1f 02 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 1c da ff fe 00 20 24
   Dictionary:
    20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 3b d3
    fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23
    00 00 00 30 00 00 00 3a 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00



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   copy: 04 87 00 a7 68
   4 nulls: 82
   ref(48): fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23
    -> ref 101nssss 1 4/11nnnkkk 6 0: b4 f0
   copy: 04 01 01 3b d3
   4 nulls: 82
   copy: 02 1f 02
   5 nulls: 83
   copy: 02 06 00
   ref(24): 1c da ff fe 00 -> ref 101nssss 0 2/11nnnkkk 3 3: a2 db
   copy: 02 20 24
   Compressed:
    04 87 00 a7 68 82 b4 f0 04 01 01 3b d3 82 02 1f
    02 83 02 06 00 a2 db 02 20 24
   Was 48 bytes; compressed to 26 bytes, compression factor 1.85

                  Figure 11: An ND neighbor solicitation

   Figure 12 shows the compression of an ND neighbor advertisement.

   IP header:
    60 00 00 00 00 30 3a fe fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00
    02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 ff fe 00 3b d3
   Payload:
    88 00 26 6c c0 00 00 00 fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00
    02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23 02 01 fa ce 00 00 00 00
    1f 02 00 00 00 00 00 06 00 1c da ff fe 00 20 24
   Dictionary:
    fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23
    20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 3b d3
    00 00 00 30 00 00 00 3a 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00
   copy: 05 88 00 26 6c c0
   3 nulls: 81
   ref(64): fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 1c da ff fe 00 30 23
    -> ref 101nssss 1 6/11nnnkkk 6 0: b6 f0
   copy: 04 02 01 fa ce
   4 nulls: 82
   copy: 02 1f 02
   5 nulls: 83
   copy: 02 06 00
   ref(24): 1c da ff fe 00 -> ref 101nssss 0 2/11nnnkkk 3 3: a2 db
   copy: 02 20 24
   Compressed:
    05 88 00 26 6c c0 81 b6 f0 04 02 01 fa ce 82 02
    1f 02 83 02 06 00 a2 db 02 20 24
   Was 48 bytes; compressed to 27 bytes, compression factor 1.78



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                  Figure 12: An ND neighbor advertisement

   Figure 13 shows the compression of an ND router solicitation.  Note
   that the relatively good compression is not caused by the many zero
   bytes in the link-layer address of this particular capture (which are
   unlikely to occur in practice): 7 of these 8 bytes are copied from
   the pseudo-header (the 8th byte cannot be copied as the universal/
   local bit needs to be inverted).

   IP header:
    60 00 00 00 00 18 3a ff fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00
    ae de 48 00 00 00 00 01 ff 02 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02
   Payload:
    85 00 90 65 00 00 00 00 01 02 ac de 48 00 00 00
    00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00
   Dictionary:
    fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 ae de 48 00 00 00 00 01
    ff 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02
    00 00 00 18 00 00 00 3a 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00
   copy: 04 85 00 90 65
   ref(11): 00 00 00 00 01 -> ref 11nnnkkk 3 6: de
   copy: 02 02 ac
   ref(58): de 48 00 00 00 00 01
    -> ref 101nssss 0 6/11nnnkkk 5 3: a6 eb
   6 nulls: 84
   Compressed:
    04 85 00 90 65 de 02 02 ac a6 eb 84
   Was 24 bytes; compressed to 12 bytes, compression factor 2.00

                   Figure 13: An ND router solicitation

   Figure 14 shows the compression of an ND router advertisement.  The
   indefinite lifetime is compressed to four bytes by backreferencing;
   this could be improved (at the cost of minor additional decompressor
   complexity) by including some simple runlength mechanism.

   IP header:
    60 00 00 00 00 60 3a ff fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00
    10 34 00 ff fe 00 11 22 fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00
    ae de 48 00 00 00 00 01
   Payload:
    86 00 55 c9 40 00 0f a0 1c 5a 38 17 00 00 07 d0
    01 01 11 22 00 00 00 00 03 04 40 40 ff ff ff ff
    ff ff ff ff 00 00 00 00 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 02 40 10 00 00 03 e8
    20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00 21 03 00 01 00 00 00 00



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    20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff fe 00 11 22
   Dictionary:
    fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 34 00 ff fe 00 11 22
    fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 ae de 48 00 00 00 00 01
    00 00 00 60 00 00 00 3a 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00
   copy: 0c 86 00 55 c9 40 00 0f a0 1c 5a 38 17
   2 nulls: 80
   copy: 06 07 d0 01 01 11 22
   4 nulls: 82
   copy: 06 03 04 40 40 ff ff
   ref(2): ff ff -> ref 11nnnkkk 0 0: c0
   ref(4): ff ff ff ff -> ref 11nnnkkk 2 0: d0
   4 nulls: 82
   copy: 04 20 02 0d b8
   12 nulls: 8a
   copy: 04 20 02 40 10
   ref(38): 00 00 03 -> ref 101nssss 0 4/11nnnkkk 1 3: a4 cb
   copy: 01 e8
   ref(24): 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00
    -> ref 101nssss 0 2/11nnnkkk 6 0: a2 f0
   copy: 02 21 03
   ref(84): 00 01 00 00 00 00
    -> ref 101nssss 0 9/11nnnkkk 4 6: a9 e6
   ref(40): 20 02 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    -> ref 101nssss 1 3/11nnnkkk 1 5: b3 cd
   ref(136): ff fe 00 11 22
    -> ref 101nssss 0 15/101nssss 0 1/11nnnkkk 3 3: af a1 db
   Compressed:
    0c 86 00 55 c9 40 00 0f a0 1c 5a 38 17 80 06 07
    d0 01 01 11 22 82 06 03 04 40 40 ff ff c0 d0 82
    04 20 02 0d b8 8a 04 20 02 40 10 a4 cb 01 e8 a2
    f0 02 21 03 a9 e6 b3 cd af a1 db
   Was 96 bytes; compressed to 59 bytes, compression factor 1.63

                   Figure 14: An ND router advertisement

   Figure 15 shows the compression of a DTLS application data packet
   with a net payload of 13 bytes of cleartext, and 8 bytes of
   authenticator (note that the IP header is not relevant for this
   example and has been set to 0).  This makes good use of the static
   dictionary, and is quite effective crunching out the redundancy in
   the TLS_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8 header, leading to a net reduction by
   15 bytes.

   IP header:
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00



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    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
   Payload:
    17 fe fd 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 1d 00 01 00
    00 00 00 00 01 09 b2 0e 82 c1 6e b6 96 c5 1f 36
    8d 17 61 e2 b5 d4 22 d4 ed 2b
   Dictionary:
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 2a 00 00 00 00 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00
   ref(13): 17 fe fd 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 01 00
    -> ref 101nssss 1 0/11nnnkkk 2 1: b0 d1
   copy: 01 1d
   ref(10): 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 01 -> ref 11nnnkkk 6 2: f2
   copy: 15 09 b2 0e 82 c1 6e b6 96 c5 1f 36 8d 17 61 e2
   copy: b5 d4 22 d4 ed 2b
   Compressed:
    b0 d1 01 1d f2 15 09 b2 0e 82 c1 6e b6 96 c5 1f
    36 8d 17 61 e2 b5 d4 22 d4 ed 2b
   Was 42 bytes; compressed to 27 bytes, compression factor 1.56

                 Figure 15: A DTLS application data packet

   Figure 16 shows that the compression is slightly worse in a
   subsequent packet (containing 6 bytes of cleartext and 8 bytes of
   authenticator, yielding a net compression of 13 bytes).  The total
   overhead does stay at a quite acceptable 8 bytes.

   IP header:
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
   Payload:
    17 fe fd 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 05 00 16 00 01 00
    00 00 00 00 05 ae a0 15 56 67 92 4d ff 8a 24 e4
    cb 35 b9
   Dictionary:
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 23 00 00 00 00 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00
   ref(13): 17 fe fd 00 01 00 00 00 00 00
    -> ref 101nssss 1 0/11nnnkkk 0 3: b0 c3
   copy: 03 05 00 16
   ref(10): 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 05 -> ref 11nnnkkk 6 2: f2
   copy: 0e ae a0 15 56 67 92 4d ff 8a 24 e4 cb 35 b9
   Compressed:
    b0 c3 03 05 00 16 f2 0e ae a0 15 56 67 92 4d ff



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    8a 24 e4 cb 35 b9
   Was 35 bytes; compressed to 22 bytes, compression factor 1.59

              Figure 16: Another DTLS application data packet

   Figure 17 shows the compression of a DTLS handshake message, here a
   client hello.  There is little that can be compressed about the 32
   bytes of randomness.  Still, the net reduction is by 14 bytes.

   IP header:
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
   Payload:
    16 fe fd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 36 01 00 00
    2a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2a fe fd 51 52 ed 79 a4
    20 c9 62 56 11 47 c9 39 ee 6c c0 a4 fe c6 89 2f
    32 26 9a 16 4e 31 7e 9f 20 92 92 00 00 00 02 c0
    a8 01 00
   Dictionary:
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
    00 00 00 43 00 00 00 00 16 fe fd 17 fe fd 00 01
    00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00
   ref(16): 16 fe fd -> ref 101nssss 0 1/11nnnkkk 1 5: a1 cd
   9 nulls: 87
   copy: 01 36
   ref(16): 01 00 00 -> ref 101nssss 0 1/11nnnkkk 1 5: a1 cd
   copy: 01 2a
   7 nulls: 85
   copy: 23 2a fe fd 51 52 ed 79 a4 20 c9 62 56 11 47 c9
   copy: 39 ee 6c c0 a4 fe c6 89 2f 32 26 9a 16 4e 31 7e
   copy: 9f 20 92 92
   3 nulls: 81
   copy: 05 02 c0 a8 01 00
   Compressed:
    a1 cd 87 01 36 a1 cd 01 2a 85 23 2a fe fd 51 52
    ed 79 a4 20 c9 62 56 11 47 c9 39 ee 6c c0 a4 fe
    c6 89 2f 32 26 9a 16 4e 31 7e 9f 20 92 92 81 05
    02 c0 a8 01 00
   Was 67 bytes; compressed to 53 bytes, compression factor 1.26

             Figure 17: A DTLS handshake packet (client hello)








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Author's Address

   Carsten Bormann
   Universitaet Bremen TZI
   Postfach 330440
   D-28359 Bremen
   Germany

   Phone: +49-421-218-63921
   Email: cabo@tzi.org








































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