Internet DRAFT - draft-art-tigress
draft-art-tigress
TIGRESS D. Vinokurov
Internet-Draft M. Byington
Intended status: Standards Track M. Lerch
Expires: 13 May 2023 A. Pelletier
Apple Inc
N. Sha
Alphabet Inc
9 November 2022
Transfer Digital Credentials Securely
draft-art-tigress-01
Abstract
This document describes a mechanism to transfer digital credentials
securely between two devices. Secure credentials may represent a
digital key to a hotel room, a digital key to a door lock in a house
or a digital key to a car. Devices that share credentials may belong
to the same or two different platforms (e.g. iOS and Android).
Secure transfer may include one or more write and read operations.
Credential transfer needs to be performed securely due to the
sensitive nature of the information.
Discussion Venues
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
https://github.com/dimmyvi/tigress.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 13 May 2023.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
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provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Credential transfer workflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Stateless workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Stateful workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. Provisioning Information Structure . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.1. Provisioning Information Format . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.2. Provisioning Information Encryption . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4. Share URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.1. Credential Vertical in Share URL . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. API connection details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. HTTP Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1. Mailbox-Request-ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2. Mailbox-Device-Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.3. Mailbox-Device-Attestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. HTTP access methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1. CreateMailbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1.1. Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1.2. Request Parameters: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1.3. Consumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1.4. Produces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1.5. Request body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.1.6. Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2. UpdateMailbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2.1. Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2.2. Request Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2.3. Consumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2.4. Produces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2.5. Request body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2.6. Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3. DeleteMailbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.3.1. Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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6.3.2. Request Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.3.3. Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.4. ReadDisplayInformationFromMailbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.4.1. Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.4.2. Request Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.4.3. Produces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.4.4. Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.5. ReadSecureContentFromMailbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.5.1. Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.5.2. Request Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.5.3. Produces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.5.4. Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.6. RelinquishMailbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.6.1. Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.6.2. Request Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.6.3. Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1. Sender/Receiver privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2. Credential's confidentiality and integrity . . . . . . . 27
7.3. Second factor authentication for Receiver credential
provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix A. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix B. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1. Introduction
Today, there is no standard way of transferring digital credentials
securely between two devices belonging to the same platform or two
different platforms. This document proposes a solution to this
problem by introducing a Relay server which allows two devices to
exchange encrypted Provisioning Information securely. The Relay
server solves this problem by creating and managing temporary mailbox
storage.
Each mailbox can be referenced by devices using a unique mailbox
identifier in a URL. The URL pointing to encrypted Provisioning
Information is to be passed between devices directly over various
channels (e.g. SMS, email, messaging applications). The Security
Considerations section provides recommendations on passing the URL
and the Secret securely.
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This document describes a Hypertext (HTTP) Application Programming
Interface (API) that allows Sender and Receiver devices to interact
with a Relay server in order to perform secure credential transfer.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
General terms:
* Relay Server - Web application exposing Tigress API to devices.
It serves to securely transfer Provisioning Information between
two devices (Sender and Receiver).
* Sender device - a device initiating a transfer of Provisioning
Information to a Receiver device so that Receiver can register or
provision this credential.
* Receiver device - a device that receives Provisioning Information
from Sender device and uses it to register or provision Credential
Information.
* Provisioning Partner - an entity which facilitates Credential
Information lifecycle on a device. Lifecycle may include
provisioning of credential, credential termination, credential
update. API to Provisioning Partner is out of scope for this
document.
* Provisioning Information - a set of data fields, allowing a device
to generate Credential Information or receive it from Provisioning
Partner and install it locally. The entire content of
Provisioning Information is encrypted by Sender or Receiver
device. Therefore, it is not visible to the Relay Server. The
structure of Provisioning Information is specific to Provisioning
Partner or type of Credential and out of the scope of this
document.
* Credential Information - a set of data fields used to facilitate
registration or provisioning of Credential Information on the
Receiver's device.
* Secret - a symmetric encryption key shared by a pair of Sender and
Receiver devices, used to encrypt Provisioning Information stored
on the Relay server. Secret stays the same for the entire
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credential transfer flow (one Secret per complete transfer).
Provisioning Information stored on Relay server is always
encrypted using the Secret. In Stateful flow all information
exchanged by Sender and Receiver devices through Relay server is
encrypted with the same Secret. Thus, effectively, Secret has a
one-to-one relation with the mailbox.
* Credential Vertical - The broad industry vertical that the
credential belongs to. For example, the credential could belong
to the car or home vertical.
API parameters:
* Device Claim - a unique token allowing the caller to read from /
write data to the mailbox. Exactly one Sender device and one
Receiver device SHOULD be able to read from / write secure payload
to the mailbox. Sender device provides a Device Claim in order to
create a mailbox. When the Relay server, having received a
request from the Sender device, creates a mailbox, it binds this
Sender's Device Claim to the mailbox. When the Receiver device
first reads data from the mailbox it presents its Device Claim to
the Relay Server, which binds the mailbox to the given Receiver
device. Thus, both Sender and Receiver devices are bound to the
mailbox (allowed to read from / write to it). Only Sender and
Receiver devices that present valid Device Claims are allowed to
send subsequent read/update/delete calls to the mailbox. The
value SHALL be a unique UUID [RFC4122]. Sender and Receiver MUST
use different values for Device Claim. Implementation SHOULD
assign unique values for new mailboxes (avoid re-using values).
* Notification Token - a short or long-lived unique token stored by
the Sender or Receiver device in a mailbox on the Relay server,
which allows Relay server to send a push notification to the
Sender or Receiver device, informing them of updates in the
mailbox.
* MailboxIdentifier - a unique identifier for the given mailbox,
generated by the Relay server at the time of mailbox creation.
The value is a UUID [RFC4122].
3. Credential transfer workflows
We define two flows for credential transfer: 1. Stateless (Relay
server facilitates a single credential data transfer: Sender -> Relay
-> Receiver) and 2. Stateful (Relay server facilitates additional
data transfers - there are multiple data transfers in this flow to
prepare credential data for registering or provisioning by Receiver).
Relay server does not limit the number of such data tranfsfers
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between Sender and Receiver devices. The details are provided below.
Both stateless and stateful share the following common steps. The
processes start with a Sender device composing a set of Provisioning
Information, encrypting it with a Secret and storing encrypted
Provisioning Information on a Relay server in a mailbox. A unique
Mailbox Identifier is generated by the Relay server as a part of
CreateMailbox call, created using a good source of entropy
(preferably hardware-based entropy). Sender device generates a
unique token - a Sender Device Claim - and stores it to the mailbox.
Device Claim allows the Sender device presenting it to read and write
data to / from the mailbox, thus binding it to the mailbox.
Sender device calls CreateMailbox API endpoint on a Relay server in
order to create a mailbox. Once a mailbox is created, it has limited
livetime. When expired, the mailbox SHALL be deleted - refer to
DeleteMailbox endpoint. Mailbox configuration has a required
"expiration" parameter in the request for the CreateMailbox call
(refer to mailboxConfiguration request parameter). Relay server is
responsible to periodically check for mailboxes that are past the
expiration time and delete them.
Relay server builds a unique URL link to a mailbox (for example,
"https://relayserver.example.com/v1/m/1234567890") and returns it to
the Sender device, which sends the link directly to the Receiver
device over communication channel (e.g. SMS, email, iMessage).
Please refer to section "Security Considerations" for more details.
Receiver device, having obtained both the URL link and the Secret,
generates a unique token - a Receiver Device Claim - and passes it to
the Relay server in order to read the encrypted Provisioning
Information from the mailbox.
Relay server has finally a given pair of Sender and Receiver devices
bound to the mailbox by provided Sender (at the time of mailbox
creation) and Receiver (at the time of reading secure content from
the mailbox) Device Claims. Only bound devices are allowed to read
or write data to the mailbox or to delete the mailbox.
3.1. Stateless workflow
The stateless workflow completes the common steps described in
"Credential transfer workflows" section, then finishes the transfer
completing the following steps. Receiver device, having read the
encrypted Provisioning Information from the Relay mailbox, decrypts
it with the Secret received from the Sender and starts credential
registering or provisioning process on the device. Once the Receiver
device has successfully provisioned credentials, it deletes the
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mailbox by sending a DeleteMailbox call to the Relay server.
Sender Relay Receiver
| | |
Create mailbox with | CreateMailbox | |
Provisioning Info |——---------------->| |
encrypted with |<<-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-| |
Secret |URL link to mailbox| |
| | |
Send URL link to | | URL link and Secret |
mailbox and Secret |-------------------------------------------------->|
| | |
| | ReadSecureContentFromMailbox |
| |<------------------------------|
| |-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->>| Decrypt with Secret to get Prov Info
| | encrypted info |
| | |
| | DeleteMailbox |
| |<------------------------------| Provision or Register credentials
| |-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->>|
| | OK |
Figure 1: Sample stateless workflow
3.2. Stateful workflow
The stateful workflow completes the common steps described in
"Credential transfer workflows" section, then finishes the transfer
completing the following steps.
Then the Receiver device, having downloaded the encrypted
Provisioning Information from the mailbox by URL and decrypted it
with the Secret, generates a new structure of Provisioning
Information, e.g. a digital key, and encrypts it with the same
Secret, received from the Sender device. It then stores the payload
in the same mailbox on the Relay server. In addition to the
encrypted payload, Receiver stores a Receiver Notification Token in
the given mailbox.
Having received the encrypted Provisioning Information, the Relay
server sends a Notification to the Sender device using the Sender
Notification Token.
Sender device, having received the notification from the Relay
server, reads secure content from the mailbox and decrypts all using
the same Secret. Sender device generates new Provisioning
Information, encrypts all fields using the Secret and stores all data
in the same mailbox on the Relay server.
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Relay server, having stored the data above, sends a notification to
the Receiver device using Receiver Notification Token. Receiver
device, having received the notification, reads the encrypted
Provisioning Information, decrypts the data using the same Secret and
uses this data to finalize credential registration or provisioning on
device.
Once the Receiver device has successfully registered or provisioned
credentials, it deletes the mailbox by sending a DeleteMailbox call
to the Relay server. Sender device may terminate the secure
credential transfer by deleting the mailbox it created at any time.
Deletion of the mailbox on the Relay server stops any on-going
credential transfer process.
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Sender Relay Receiver
| | |
Create and encrypt | CreateMailbox | |
Provisioning Info 1|---------------------------->| |
encrypted with |<<-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-| |
Secret | URL link to mailbox | |
| | |
| | URL link and Secret |
Send URL link to |---------------------------------------------------------->|
mailbox and Secret | | |
| |ReadSecureContentFromMailbox |
| |<----------------------------|
| |-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->>| Decrypt with Secret for ProvInfo1
| | encrypted info |
| | |
| |UpdateMailbox(encrypted info)| Update with ProvInfo2
| |<----------------------------| encrypted with Secret
| Push Notification |-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->>| ProvInfo2 = new Provisioning Info
|<............................| OK |
| | |
|ReadSecureContentFromMailbox | |
|---------------------------->| |
Decrypt with Secret |<<-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-| |
to get ProvInfo2 | encrypted info | |
| | |
|UpdateMailbox(encrypted info)| |
Update with |—-----------—--------------->| |
ProvInfo3 encrypted |<<-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-| Push Notification |
with Secret. | OK |............................>|
ProvInfo3 = new | | |
Provisioning Info | |ReadSecureContentFromMailbox |
| |<----------------------------|
| |-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->>| Decrypt with Secret for ProvInfo3
| | encrypted info |
| | |
| | DeleteMailbox |
| |<----------------------------| Provision or Register credentials
| |-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->>|
| | OK |
Figure 2: Sample stateful workflow
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3.3. Provisioning Information Structure
The Provisioning Information is the data transfered via the Relay
Server between the Sender device and Receiver device. Each use case
defines its own specalized Provisioning Information format, but all
formats must at least adhear to the following structure. Formats are
free to define new top level keys, so clients shouldn't be surprised
if a message of an unexpected format has specialized top level keys.
+=========+============+==========+=============================+
| Key | Type | Required | Description |
+=========+============+==========+=============================+
| format | String | Yes | The Provisioning |
| | | | Information format that the |
| | | | message follows. This is |
| | | | used by the Sender device |
| | | | and Receiver device to know |
| | | | how to parse the message. |
+---------+------------+----------+-----------------------------+
| content | Dictionary | Yes | A dictionary of content to |
| | | | be used for the credential |
| | | | transfer. See each |
| | | | format's specification for |
| | | | exact fields. |
+---------+------------+----------+-----------------------------+
Table 1
3.3.1. Provisioning Information Format
Each Provisioning Information format must have the message structure
defined in an external specification.
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+========================================+====================+==============+
|Format Type |Spec Link |Description |
+========================================+====================+==============+
|digitalwallet.carkey.ccc |[CCC-Digital-Key-30]|A digital |
| | |wallet |
| | |Provisioning |
| | |Information |
| | |for sharing a |
| | |car key that |
| | |follows the |
| | |Car |
| | |Connectivity |
| | |Consortium |
| | |specification.|
+----------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------+
|digitalwallet.generic.authorizationToken|[ISO-18013-5] |A digital |
| | |wallet |
| | |Provisioning |
| | |Information |
| | |for sharing a |
| | |generic pass |
| | |that relies |
| | |solely on an |
| | |authorization |
| | |token. |
+----------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------+
Table 2
{
"format" : "digitalwallet.carkey.ccc",
"content": {
// Format specific fields
}
}
Figure 3: Provisioning Information format
3.3.2. Provisioning Information Encryption
Provisioning Information will be stored on the Relay Server
encrypted. The Secret used to encrypt the Provisioning Information
should be given to the Receiver Device via a "Share URL" (a URL link
to a mailbox). The encrypted payload should be a data structure
having the following key-value pairs:
* "type" (String, Required) - the encryption algorithm and mode
used.
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* "data" (String, Required) - Base64 encoded binary value of the
encrypted Provisioning Information, aka the ciphertext.
Please refer to [RFC5116] for the details of the encryption
algorithm.
The following algorithms and modes are mandatory to implement:
* "AEAD_AES_128_GCM": AES symmetric encryption algorithm with key
length 128 bits, in GCM mode with no padding. Initialization
Vector (IV) has the length of 96 bits randomly generated and tag
length of 128 bits.
* "AEAD_AES_256_GCM": AES symmetric encryption algorithm with key
length 256 bits, in GCM mode with no padding. Initialization
Vector (IV) has the length of 96 bits randomly generated and tag
length of 128 bits.
{
"type" : "AEAD_AES_128_GCM",
"data" : "IV ciphertext tag"
}
Figure 4: Secure Payload Format example
3.4. Share URL
A "Share URL" is the url a Sender device sends to the Receiver device
allowing it to retrieve the Provisioning Information stored on the
Relay Server. A Share URL is made up of the following fields:
https://{RelayServerHost}/v{ApiVersion}/m/{MailboxIdentifier}?v={CredentialVertical}#{Secret}
Figure 5: Share URL example
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+====================+====================+==========+
| Field | Location | Required |
+====================+====================+==========+
| RelayServerHost | URL Host | Yes |
+--------------------+--------------------+----------+
| ApiVersion | URI Path Parameter | Yes |
+--------------------+--------------------+----------+
| MailboxIdentifier | URI Path Parameter | Yes |
+--------------------+--------------------+----------+
| CredentialVertical | Query Parameter | No |
+--------------------+--------------------+----------+
| Secret | Fragment | No |
+--------------------+--------------------+----------+
Table 3
3.4.1. Credential Vertical in Share URL
When a user interacts with a share URL on a Receiver device it can be
helpful to know what Credential Vertical this share is for. This is
particularly important if the Receiver device has multiple
applications that can handle a share URL. For example, a Receiver
device might want to handle a general access share in their wallet
app, but handle car key shares in a specific car application.
To properly route a share URL, the sender can include the Credential
Vertical in the share URL as a query parameter. The Credential
Vertical can't be included in the encrypted payload because the
Receiver device might need to open the right application before
retrieving the secure payload. The Credential Vertical query
parameter uses the "v" key and supports the below types. If no
Credential Vertical is provided it will be assumed that this is a
general access share URL.
+================+=============+
| Vertical | Value |
+================+=============+
| General Access | a or _None_ |
+----------------+-------------+
| Home Key | h |
+----------------+-------------+
| Car Key | c |
+----------------+-------------+
Table 4
https://relayserver.example.com/v1/m/2bba630e-519b-11ec-bf63-0242ac130002?v=c#hXlr6aRC7KgJpOLTNZaLsw==
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Figure 6: Car Key Share URL example
The Credential Vertical query parameter can be added to the share URL
by the Sender device when constructing the full share URL that is
going to be sent to the Receiver device.
4. API connection details
The Relay server API endpoint MUST be accessed over HTTP using an
https URI [RFC2818] and SHOULD use the default https port. Request
and response bodies SHALL be formatted as either JSON or HTML (based
on the API endpoint). The communication protocol used for all
interfaces SHALL be HTTPs. All Strings SHOULD be UTF-8 encoded
(Unicode Normalization Form C (NFC)). An API version SHOULD be
included in the URI for all interfaces. The version at the time of
this document's latest update is v1. The version SHALL be
incremented by 1 for major API changes or backward incompatible
iterations on existing APIs.
5. HTTP Headers
5.1. Mailbox-Request-ID
All requests to and from Relay server will have an HTTP header
"Mailbox-Request-ID". The corresponding response to the API will
have the same HTTP header, which SHALL echo the value in the request
header. This is used to identify the request associated to the
response for a particular API request and response pair. The value
SHOULD be a UUID [RFC4122]. The request originator SHALL match the
value of this header in the response with the one sent in the
request. If response is not received, caller may retry sending the
request with the same value of "Mailbox-Request-ID". Relay server
SHOULD store the value of the last successfully processed "Mailbox-
Request-ID" for each device based on the caller's Device Claim. A
key-value pair of "Device Claim" to "Mailbox-Request-ID" is suggested
to store the last successfully processed request for each device. In
case of receiving a request with duplicated "Mailbox-Request-ID",
Relay SHOULD respond to the caller with status code 201, ignoring the
duplicate request body content.
5.2. Mailbox-Device-Claim
All requests to CreateMailbox, ReadSecureContentFromMailbox and
UpdateMailbox endpoints MUST contain this header. The value
represents "Device Claim" (refer to Terminology)
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5.3. Mailbox-Device-Attestation
Request to CreateMailbox MAY contain this header. The value
represents a Device Attestation (String, Optional) - optional remote
OEM device proprietary attestation data
6. HTTP access methods
6.1. CreateMailbox
An application running on a remote device can invoke this API on
Relay Server to create a mailbox and store secure data content to it
(encrypted data specific to a provisioning partner).
MailboxIdentifier is created by the Relay server as an UUID
[RFC4122], using cryptographic entropy. A URL to the created mailbox
to be returned to the caller in the response.
6.1.1. Endpoint
POST /{version}/m
6.1.2. Request Parameters:
Path parameters
* version (String, Required) - the version of the API. At the time
of writing this document, "v1".
Header parameters
* Mailbox-Device-Attestation (String, Optional) - optional remote
OEM device proprietary attestation data.
* Mailbox-Device-Claim (String, UUID, Required) - Device Claim
(refer to Terminology).
6.1.3. Consumes
This API call consumes the following media types via the Content-Type
request header: application/json
6.1.4. Produces
This API call produces the following media types via the Content-Type
response header: application/json
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6.1.5. Request body
Request body is a complex structure, including the following fields:
* payload (Object, Required) - for the purposes of Tigress API, this
is a data structure, describing Provisioning Information specific
to Credential Provider. It consists of the following 2 key-value
pairs:
1. "type": "AEAD_AES_128_GCM" (refer to Encryption Format
section).
2. "data": BASE64-encoded binary value of ciphertext.
* displayInformation (Object, Required) - for the purposes of the
Tigress API, this is a data structure. It allows an application
running on a receiving device to build a visual representation of
the credential to show to user. The data structure contains the
following fields:
1. title (String, Required) - the title of the credential (e.g.
"Car Key")
2. description (String, Required) - a brief description of the
credential (e.g. "a key to my personal car")
3. imageURL (String, Required) - a link to a picture representing
the credential visually.
* notificationToken (Object, Optional) - optional notification token
used to notify an appropriate remote device that the mailbox data
has been updated. Data structure includes the following (if
notificationToken is provided it should include both fields):
1. type (String, Required) - notification token name. Used to
define which Push Notification System to be used to notify
appropriate remote device of a mailbox data update. (E.g.
"com.apple.apns" for APNS)
2. tokenData (String, Required) - notification token data (data
encoded based on specific device OEM notification service
rules - e.g. HEX-encoded or Base64-encoded) - application-
specific - refer to appropriate Push Notification System
specification.
* mailboxConfiguration (Object, Optional) - optional mailbox
configuration, defines access rights to the mailbox, mailbox
expiration time. Required at the time of the mailbox creation.
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OEM device may provide this data in the request, Relay server
shall define a default configuration, if it is not provided in the
incoming request. Data structure includes the following:
1. accessRights (String, Optional) - optional access rights to
the mailbox for Sender and Receiver devices. Default access
to the mailbox is Read and Delete. Value is defined as a
combination of the following values: "R" - for read access,
"W" - for write access, "D" - for delete access. Example"
"RD" - allows to read from the mailbox and delete it.
2. expiration (String, Required) - Mailbox expiration time in
"YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ" format (UTC time zone) [RFC3339].
Mailbox has limited livetime. Once expired, it SHALL be
deleted - refer to DeleteMailbox endpoint. Relay server
SHOULD periodically check for expired mailboxes and delete
them.
{
"notificationToken": {
"type":"com.apple.apns",
"tokenData":"APNS1234...QW"
}
}
Figure 7: Apple Push Token Example
{
"displayInformation" : {
"title" : "Hotel Pass",
"description" : "Some Hotel Pass",
"imageURL" : "https://example.com/sharingImage"
},
"payload" : {
"type": "AEAD_AES_128_GCM",
"data": "FDEC...987654321"
},
"notificationToken" : {
"type" : "com.apple.apns",
"tokenData" : “APNS...1234"
},
"mailboxConfiguration" : {
"accessRights" : "RWD",
"expiration" : "2022-02-08T14:57:22Z"
}
}
Figure 8: Create Mailbox Request Example
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6.1.6. Responses
200 Status: "200" (OK)
ResponseBody:
* urlLink (String, Required) - a full URL link to the mailbox
including fully qualified domain name and mailbox Identifier.
Refer to "Share URL" section for details.
* isPushNotificationSupported (boolean, Required) - indicates
whether push notification is supported or not. The device uses
this field to decide whether it should listen on the push topic or
do long-polling.
{
"urlLink":"https://relayserver.example.com/m/12345678-9...A-BCD",
"isPushNotificationSupported":true
}
Figure 9: Create Mailbox Response Example
201 Status: "201" (Created) - response to a duplicated request
(duplicated "Mailbox-Request-ID"). Relay server SHALL respond to
duplicated requests with 201 without creating a new mailbox.
"Mailbox-Request-ID" passed in the first CreateMailbox request's
header SHOULD be stored by the Relay server and compared to the same
value in the subsequent requests to identify duplicated requests. If
duplicate is found, Relay SHALL not create a new mailbox, but respond
with 201 instead. The value of "Mailbox-Request-ID" of the last
successfully completed request SHOULD be stored based on the Device
Claim passed by the caller.
400 Bad Request - invalid request has been passed (can not parse or
required fields missing).
401 Unauthorized - calling device is not authorized to create a
mailbox. E.g. a device presented an invalid device claim or device
attestation.
6.2. UpdateMailbox
An application running on a remote device can invoke this API on
Relay Server to update secure data content in an existing mailbox
(encrypted data specific to a Provisioning Partner). The update
effectively overwrites the secure payload previously stored in the
mailbox.
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6.2.1. Endpoint
PUT /{version}/m/{mailboxIdentifier}
6.2.2. Request Parameters
Path parameters:
* version (String, Required) - the version of the API. At the time
of writing this document, "v1".
* mailboxIdentifier(String, Required) - MailboxIdentifier (refer to
Terminology).
Header parameters:
* Mailbox-Device-Attestation (String, Optional) - optional remote
OEM device proprietary attestation data.
* Mailbox-Device-Claim (String, UUID, Required) - Device Claim
(refer to Terminology).
6.2.3. Consumes
This API call consumes the following media types via the Content-Type
request header: application/json
6.2.4. Produces
This API call produces following media types via the Content-Type
request header: application/json
6.2.5. Request body
Request body is a complex structure, including the following fields:
* payload (Object, Required) - for the purposes of Tigress API, this
is a data structure, describing Provisioning Information specific
to Credential Provider. It consists of the following 2 key-value
pairs:
1. "type": "AEAD_AES_128_GCM" (refer to Encryption Format
section).
2. "data": BASE64-encoded binary value of ciphertext.
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* notificationToken (Object, Optional) - optional notification token
used to notify an appropriate remote device that the mailbox data
has been updated. Data structure includes the following (if
notificationToken is provided it should include both fields):
1. type (String, Required) - notification token name. Used to
define which Push Notification System to be used to notify
appropriate remote device of a mailbox data update. (E.g.
"com.apple.apns" for APNS)
2. tokenData (String, Required) - notification token data (data
encoded based on specific device OEM notification service
rules - e.g. HEX-encoded or Base64-encoded) - application-
specific - refer to appropriate Push Notification System
specification.
{
"payload" : {
"type": "AEAD_AES_128_GCM",
"data": "FDEC...987654321"
},
"notificationToken":{
"type" : "com.apple.apns",
"tokenData" : “APNS...1234"
}
}
Figure 10: Update Mailbox Request Example
6.2.6. Responses
ResponseBody:
* isPushNotificationSupported (boolean, Required) - indicates
whether push notification is supported or not. The device uses
this field to decide whether it should listen on the push topic or
do long-polling.
{
"isPushNotificationSupported":true
}
Figure 11: Create Mailbox Response Example
200 Status: "200" (OK)
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201 Status: "201" (Created) - response to a duplicate request
(duplicate "Mailbox-Request-ID"). Relay server SHALL respond to
duplicate requests with 201 without performing mailbox update.
"Mailbox-Request-ID" passed in the first UpdateMailbox request's
header SHALL be stored by the Relay server and compared to the same
value in the subsequent requests to identify duplicate requests. If
duplicate is found, Relay SHALL not perform mailbox update, but
respond with 201 instead. The value of "Mailbox-Request-ID" of the
last successfully completed request SHALL be stored based on the
Device Claim passed by the caller.
400 Bad Request - invalid request has been passed (can not parse or
required fields missing).
401 Unauthorized - calling device is not authorized to update the
mailbox. E.g. a device presented the incorrect Device Claim.
404 Not Found - mailbox with provided mailboxIdentifier not found.
6.3. DeleteMailbox
An application running on a remote device can invoke this API on
Relay Server to close the existing mailbox after it served its
purpose. Receiver or Sender device needs to present a Device Claim
in order to close the mailbox.
6.3.1. Endpoint
DELETE /{version}/m/{mailboxIdentifier}
6.3.2. Request Parameters
Path parameters:
* version (String, Required) - the version of the API. At the time
of writing this document, "v1".
* mailboxIdentifier(String, Required) - MailboxIdentifier (refer to
Terminology).
Header parameters:
* Mailbox-Device-Attestation (String, Optional) - optional remote
OEM device proprietary attestation data.
* Mailbox-Device-Claim (String, UUID, Required) - Device Claim
(refer to Terminology).
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6.3.3. Responses
200 Status: "200" (OK)
401 Unauthorized - calling device is not authorized to delete a
mailbox. E.g. a device presented the incorrect Device Claim.
404 Not Found - mailbox with provided mailboxIdentifier not found.
Relay server may respond with 404 if the Mailbox Identifier passed by
the caller is invalid or mailbox has already been deleted (as a
result of duplicate DeleteMailbox request).
6.4. ReadDisplayInformationFromMailbox
An application running on a remote device can invoke this API on
Relay Server to retrieve public display information content from a
mailbox. Display Information shall be returned in OpenGraph format
(please refer to https://ogp.me for details). OpenGraph-formatted
display information is required to display a preview of credential in
a messaging application, e.g. iMessage or WhatsApp.
6.4.1. Endpoint
GET /{version}/m/{mailboxIdentifier}
6.4.2. Request Parameters
Path parameters:
* version (String, Required)- the version of the API. At the time
of writing this document, "v1".
* mailboxIdentifier(String, Required) - MailboxIdentifier (refer to
Terminology).
6.4.3. Produces
This API call produces the following media types via the Content-Type
response header: text/html
6.4.4. Responses
200 Status: "200" (OK)
ResponseBody :
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* displayInformation (Object, Required) - visual representation of
digital credential in OpenGraph format (please refer to
https://ogp.me for details).
"<html prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
<head>
<title>Hotel Pass</title>
<meta property="og:title" content="Hotel Pass" />
<meta property="og:type" content="image/jpeg" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Some Hotel Pass" />
<meta property="og:url" content="share://" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://example.com/photos/photo.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="612" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="408" /></head>
</html>"
Figure 12: Read Display Information Response Example
404 Not Found - mailbox with provided mailboxIdentifier not found.
6.5. ReadSecureContentFromMailbox
An application running on a remote device can invoke this API on
Relay Server to retrieve secure payload content from a mailbox
(encrypted data specific to a Provisioning Information Provider).
6.5.1. Endpoint
POST /{version}/m/{mailboxIdentifier}
6.5.2. Request Parameters
Path parameters:
* version (String, Required) - the version of the API. At the time
of writing this document, "v1".
* mailboxIdentifier(String, Required) - MailboxIdentifier (refer to
Terminology).
Header parameters:
* Mailbox-Device-Attestation (String, Optional) - optional remote
OEM device proprietary attestation data.
* MAilbox-Device-Claim (String, UUID, Required) - Device Claim
(refer to Terminology).
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6.5.3. Produces
This API call produces the following media types via the Content-Type
response header: application/json
6.5.4. Responses
200 Status: "200" (OK)
ResponseBody :
* payload (String, Required) - for the purposes of Tigress API, this
is a JSON metadata blob, describing Provisioning Information
specific to Credential Provider.
* displayInformation (Object, Required) - for the purposes of the
Tigress API, this is a JSON data blob. It allows an application
running on a receiving device to build a visual representation of
the credential to show to user. Specific to Credential Provider.
* expiration (String, Required) - the date that the mailbox will
expire. The mailbox expiration time is set during mailbox
creation. Expiration time should be a complete [RFC3339] date
string in "YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ" format (UTC time zone), and can
be used to allow receiving clients to show when a share will
expire.
{
“displayInformation" : {
"title" : "Hotel Pass",
"description" : "Some Hotel Pass",
"imageURL" : "https://example.com/sharingImage"
},
"payload" : {
"type": "AEAD_AES_128_GCM",
"data": "FDEC...987654321"
},
"expiration": "2021-11-03T20:32:34Z"
}
Figure 13: Read Secure Content Response Example
401 Unauthorized - calling device is not authorized to read the
secure content of the mailbox. E.g. a device presented the incorrect
Device Claim.
404 Not Found - mailbox with provided mailboxIdentifier not found.
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6.6. RelinquishMailbox
An application running on a remote device can invoke this API on
Relay Server to relinquish their ownership of the mailbox. Receiver
device needs to present the currently established Receiver Device
Claim in order to relinquish their ownership of the mailbox. Once
relinquished, the mailbox can be bound to a different Receiver device
that presents its Device Claim in a ReadSecureContentFromMailbox
call.
6.6.1. Endpoint
PATCH /{version}/m/{mailboxIdentifier}
6.6.2. Request Parameters
Path parameters:
* version (String, Required) - the version of the API. At the time
of writing this document, "v1".
* mailboxIdentifier(String, Required) - MailboxIdentifier (refer to
Terminology).
Header parameters:
* Mailbox-Device-Attestation (String, Optional) - optional remote
OEM device proprietary attestation data.
* Mailbox-Device-Claim (String, UUID, Required) - Device Claim
(refer to Terminology).
6.6.3. Responses
200 Status: "200" (OK)
201 Status: "201" (Created) - response to a duplicate request
(duplicate "Mailbox-Request-ID"). Relay server SHALL respond to
duplicate requests with 201 without performing mailbox relinquish.
"Mailbox-Request-ID" passed in the first RelinquishMailbox request's
header SHALL be stored by the Relay server and compared to the same
value in the subsequent requests to identify duplicate requests. If
duplicate is found, Relay SHALL not perform mailbox relinquish, but
respond with 201 instead. The value of "Mailbox-Request-ID" of the
last successfully completed request SHALL be stored based on the
Device Claim passed by the caller.
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401 Unauthorized - calling device is not authorized to relinquish a
mailbox. E.g. a device presented the incorrect Device Claim, or the
device is not bound to the mailbox.
404 Not Found - mailbox with provided mailboxIdentifier not found.
Relay server may respond with 404 if the Mailbox Identifier passed by
the caller is invalid.
7. Security Considerations
The following threats and mitigations have been considered:
* Sender shares with the wrong receiver
- Sender SHOULD be encouraged to share Secret over a channel
allowing authentication of the receiver (e.g. voice).
- Provisioning Partners SHALL allow senders to cancel existing
shares.
* Malicious receiver forwards the share to 3rd party without
redeeming it or the Receiver's device is compromised.
- No mitigation, the Sender SHOULD only share with receivers they
trust.
* Malicious receiver attempts re-use share
- Provisioning Partners SHALL ensure that the Provisioning
Information of a share can only be redeemed once.
* Share URL accidental disclosure. (e.g. share URL sent as a message
which gets displayed on a locked screen)
- Knowledge of Secret is required to access Provisioning
Information and it SHOULD have been sent in a separate channel.
- Device Claim is required (if sender and receiver have already
both contacted the Relay server)
* Network attacks
- Machine-in-the-middle: Relay server SHALL only allow TLS
connections. URLs displayed to user SHOULD include the https
scheme.
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- MailboxIdentifier guessing: the MailboxIdentifier is a version
4 UUID [RFC4122] which SHOULD contain 122-bits of cryptographic
entropy, making brute-force attacks impractical.
* Risk of hosting malicious or untrusted scripts by relay server
preview page (ReadDisplayInformationFromMailbox)
- Relay server should either not allow hosting a third party
JavaScripts on a preview page or implement a policy and utilize
tools to maintain the trust of such scripts (e.g. force client
to verify the script against a good known hash of it).
7.1. Sender/Receiver privacy
* At no time Relay server SHALL store or track the identities of
both Sender and Receiver devices.
* The value of the Notification Token shall not contain information
allowing the identification of the device providing it. It SHOULD
also be different for every new share to prevent the Relay server
from correlating different sharing.
* Notification token SHOULD only inform the corresponding device
that there has been a data update on the mailbox associated to it
(by Device Claim). Each device SHOULD keep track of all mailboxes
associated with it and make read calls to appropriate mailboxes.
* Both Sender and Receiver devices SHOULD store the URL of the Relay
server they use for an active act of credential transfer.
* The value of Mailbox-Device-Attestation header parameter SHALL not
contain information allowing the identification of the device
providing it. It SHOULD also be different for every new share to
prevent the Relay server from correlating different sharing.
* Display Information is not encrypted, therefore, it SHOULD not
contain any information allowing to identify Sender or Receiver
devices.
7.2. Credential's confidentiality and integrity
* Content of the mailbox SHALL be only visible to devices having
Secret.
* It is recommended to send URL to the mailbox and the Secret over
different channels (out-of-band) from Sender device to Receiver
device (e.g. send URL over SMS and Secret over iMessage).
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* Relay server MUST not receive the Secret with the
MailboxIdentifier at any time.
* Content of the mailbox MUST guaranty its integrity with
cryptographic checksum (e.g. MAC, AES-GCM tag).
* Relay server SHALL periodically check and delete expired mailboxes
( refer to expiration parameter in the CreateMailbox request).
* If the Sender device sends both URL and the Secret over the same
channel as a single URL, the Sender MUST append the Secret as URI
fragment [RFC3986], so that the resulting URL shall look as in the
example below. Receiver device, upon receipt of such URL, MUST
remove the Fragment (Secret) before calling the Relay server API.
“https://relayserver.example.com/v1/m/{mailboxIdentifier}#{Secret}”
Figure 14: Example of URL with Secret as URI Fragment
7.3. Second factor authentication for Receiver credential provisioning
* Provisioning Partner shall require an additional security
confirmation (PIN code) from Receiver Device at the time of
credential provisioning.
* PIN code shall be generated by the Sender Device at the time when
it creates a new Mailbox with Provisioning Information on a Relay
Server.
* PIN code shall be sent from Sender device to Receiver device in a
secure way (preferrably over encrypted channel) out-of-band with
the Mailbox URL and Secret
* If Sender device can not send the PIN code over secure channel, it
may include it into encrypted Payload stored on the relay server
so that Receiver device can decrypt it and use to get Provisioning
Information from Provisioning Partner.
* Provisioning Partner shall limit the number of PIN code entry
attempts at the time when Receiver device calls it in order to
receive Provisioning Information.
* The way PIN code is transferred between Sender device and Receiver
device is defined by specific implementation and out of scope of
this document.
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8. IANA Considerations
This document registers new headers, "Mailbox-Request-ID", "Mailbox-
Device-Claim" and "Mailbox-Device-Attestation" in the "Permanent
Message Header Field Names" <https://www.iana.org/assignments/
message-headers>.
+----------------------------+----------+--------+---------------+
| Header Field Name | Protocol | Status | Reference |
+----------------------------+----------+--------+---------------+
| Mailbox-Request-ID | http | std | This document |
| Mailbox-Device-Claim | http | std | This document |
| Mailbox-Device-Attestation | http | std | This document |
+----------------------------+----------+--------+---------------+
Figure 15: Registered HTTP Header
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[CCC-Digital-Key-30]
Car Connectivity Consortium, "Digital Key Release 3", July
2022, <https://carconnectivity.org/download-digital-key-
3-specification/>.
[ISO-18013-5]
Cards and security devices for personal identification,
"Personal identification — ISO-compliant driving licence —
Part 5: Mobile driving licence (mDL) application",
September 2021, <https://www.iso.org/standard/69084.html>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC3339] Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3339>.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986>.
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[RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4122, July 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4122>.
[RFC5116] McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, January 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5116>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
9.2. Informative References
[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2818>.
Appendix A. Contributors
The following people provided substantive contributions to this
document:
* Ben Chester
* Casey Astiz
* Jean-Luc Giraud
* Yogesh Karandikar
* Alexey Bulgakov
* Tommy Pauly
* Crystal Qin
* Adam Bar-Niv
* Manuel Gerster
* Igor Gariev
Appendix B. Acknowledgments
TODO acknowledge.
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Authors' Addresses
Dmitry Vinokurov
Apple Inc
Email: dvinokurov@apple.com
Matt Byington
Apple Inc
Email: mbyington@apple.com
Matthias Lerch
Apple Inc
Email: mlerch@apple.com
Alex Pelletier
Apple Inc
Email: a_pelletier@apple.com
Nick Sha
Alphabet Inc
Email: nicksha@google.com
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