Internet DRAFT - draft-amsuess-core-repeat-request-tag

draft-amsuess-core-repeat-request-tag







CoRE Working Group                                            C. Amsuess
Internet-Draft                               Energy Harvesting Solutions
Updates: RFC7959 (if approved)                               J. Mattsson
Intended status: Standards Track                             G. Selander
Expires: January 2, 2018                                     Ericsson AB
                                                           July 01, 2017


                         Repeat And Request-Tag
                draft-amsuess-core-repeat-request-tag-00

Abstract

   This document defines two optional extensions to the Constrained
   Application Protocol (CoAP): the Repeat option and the Request-Tag
   option.  Each of these options when integrity protected, such as with
   DTLS or OSCOAP, protects against certain attacks on CoAP message
   exchanges.

   The Repeat option enables a CoAP server to verify the freshness of a
   request by requiring the CoAP client to make another request and
   include a server-provided challenge.  The Request-Tag option allows
   the CoAP server to match message fragments belonging to the same
   request message, fragmented using the CoAP Block-Wise Transfer
   mechanism.  This document also specifies additional processing
   requirements on Block1 and Block2 options.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 2, 2018.








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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Request Freshness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Fragmented Message Body Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.3.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  The Repeat Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  Option Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  Repeat Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.3.  Applications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  The Request-Tag Option  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  Option Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  Request-Tag Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.3.  Applications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       3.3.1.  Body Integrity Based on Payload Integrity . . . . . .  10
       3.3.2.  Multiple Concurrent Blockwise Operations  . . . . . .  11
   4.  Block2 / ETag Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Appendix A.  Performance Impact When Using the Repeat Option  . .  14
   Appendix B.  Request-Tag Message Size Impact  . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

1.  Introduction

   The initial CoAP suite of specifications ([RFC7252], [RFC7641],
   [RFC7959]) was designed with the assumption that security could be
   provided on a separate layer, in particular by using DTLS
   ([RFC6347]).  However, for some use cases, additional functionality
   or extra processing is needed to support secure CoAP operations.



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   This document specifies two server-oriented CoAP options, the Repeat
   option and the Request-Tag option, addressing the security features
   request freshness and fragmented message body integrity,
   respectively.  These options in themselves do not replace the need
   for a security protocol; they specify the format and processing of
   data which, when integrity protected in a message, e.g. using DTLS
   ([RFC6347]) or OSCOAP ([I-D.ietf-core-object-security]), provide
   those security features.  The Request-Tag option and also the ETag
   option are mandatory to use with Block1 and Block2, respectively, to
   secure blockwise operations with multiple representations of a
   particular resource as is specified in this document.

1.1.  Request Freshness

   A CoAP server receiving a request may not be able to verify when the
   request was sent by the CoAP client.  This remains true even if the
   request was protected with a security protocol, such as DTLS.  This
   makes CoAP requests vulnerable to certain delay attacks which are
   particularly incriminating in the case of actuators
   ([I-D.mattsson-core-coap-actuators]).  Some attacks are possible to
   mitigate by establishing fresh session keys (e.g. performing the DTLS
   handshake) for each actuation, but in general this is not a solution
   suitable for constrained environments.

   A straightforward mitigation of potential delayed requests is that
   the CoAP server rejects a request the first time it appears and asks
   the CoAP client to prove that it intended to make the request at this
   point in time.  The Repeat option, defined in this document,
   specifies such a mechanism which thereby enables the CoAP server to
   verify the freshness of a request.  This mechanism is not only
   important in the case of actuators, or other use cases where the CoAP
   operations require freshness of requests, but also in general for
   synchronizing state between CoAP client and server.

1.2.  Fragmented Message Body Integrity

   CoAP was designed to work over unreliable transports, such as UDP,
   and include a lightweight reliability feature to handle messages
   which are lost or arrive out of order.  In order for a security
   protocol to support CoAP operations over unreliable transports, it
   must allow out-of-order delivery of messages using e.g. a sliding
   replay window such as described in Section 4.1.2.6 of DTLS
   ([RFC6347]).

   The Block-Wise Transfer mechanism [RFC7959] extends CoAP by defining
   the transfer of a large resource representation (CoAP message body)
   as a sequence of blocks (CoAP message payloads).  The mechanism uses
   a pair of CoAP options, Block1 and Block2, pertaining to the request



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   and response payload, respectively.  The blockwise functionality does
   not support the detection of interchanged blocks between different
   message bodies to the same endpoint having the same block number.
   This remains true even when CoAP is used together with a security
   protocol such as DTLS or OSCOAP, within the replay window
   ([I-D.amsuess-core-request-tag]), which is a vulnerability of CoAP
   when using RFC7959.

   A straightforward mitigation of mixing up blocks from different
   messages is to use unique identifiers for different message bodies,
   which would provide equivalent protection to the case where the
   complete body fits into a single payload.  The ETag option [RFC7252],
   set by the CoAP server, identifies a response body fragmented using
   the Block2 option.  This document defines the Request-Tag option for
   identifying the request body fragmented using the Block1 option,
   similar to ETag, but ephemeral and set by the CoAP client.

1.3.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   Unless otherwise specified, the terms "client" and "server" refers to
   "CoAP client" and "CoAP server", respectively, as defined in
   [RFC7252].

   The terms "payload" and "body" of a message are used as in [RFC7959].
   The complete interchange of a request and a response body is called a
   (REST) "operation", while a request and response message (as matched
   by their tokens) is called an "exchange".  An operation fragmented
   using [RFC7959] is called a "blockwise operation".  A blockwise
   operation which is fragmenting the request body is called a
   "blockwise request operation".  A blockwise operation which is
   fragmenting the response body is called a "blockwise response
   operation".

   Two blockwise operations between the same endpoint pair on the same
   resource are said to be "concurrent" if a block of the second request
   is exchanged even though the client still intends to exchange further
   blocks in the first operation.  (Concurrent blockwise request
   operations are impossible with the options of [RFC7959] because the
   second operation's block overwrites any state of the first
   exchange.).

   The Repeat and Request-Tag options are defined in this document.  The
   concept "Request-Tag value" is defined in Section 3.1.




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2.  The Repeat Option

   The Repeat option is a server-driven challenge-response mechanism for
   CoAP.  The Repeat option value is a challenge from the server to the
   client included in a CoAP response and echoed in a CoAP request.

2.1.  Option Format

   The Repeat Option is elective, safe-to-forward, not part of the
   cache-key, and not repeatable, see Figure 1.  Note that the Repeat
   option has nothing to do with the property of an option being
   repeatable, i.e. be allowed to occur more than once in a message, as
   defined in Section 5.4.5 of [RFC7252].

   +-----+---+---+---+---+-------------+--------+--------+---------+---+
   | No. | C | U | N | R | Name        | Format | Length | Default | E |
   +-----+---+---+---+---+-------------+--------+--------+---------+---+
   | TBD |   |   |   |   | Repeat      | opaque |   8-40 | (none)  | x |
   +-----+---+---+---+---+-------------+--------+--------+---------+---+

           C=Critical, U=Unsafe, N=NoCacheKey, R=Repeatable,
           E=Encrypt and Integrity Protect (when using OSCOAP)


                      Figure 1: Repeat Option Summary

   The value of the Repeat option MUST be a (pseudo-)random bit string
   of a length of at least 64 bits.  A new (pseudo-)random bit string
   MUST be generated by the server for each use of the Repeat option.

2.2.  Repeat Processing

   It is important to identify under what conditions a CoAP request to a
   resource is required to be fresh.  These conditions can for example
   include what resource is requested, the request method and other data
   in the request, and conditions in the environment such as the state
   of the server or the time of the day.

   A server MAY include the Repeat option in a response.  The Repeat
   option MUST NOT be used with empty CoAP requests.  If the server
   receives a request which has freshness requirements, and the request
   does not contain the Repeat option, the server SHOULD send a 4.03
   Forbidden response with a Repeat option.  The server SHOULD cache the
   transmitted Repeat option value and the response transmit time (here
   denoted t0).

   Upon receiving a response with the Repeat option within the
   EXCHANGE_LIFETIME ([RFC7252]) of the original request, the client



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   SHOULD echo the Repeat option with the same value in a new request to
   the server.  Upon receiving a 4.03 Forbidden response with the Repeat
   option in response to a request within the EXCHANGE_LIFETIME of the
   original request, the client SHOULD resend the original request.  The
   client MAY send a different request compared to the original request.

   If the server receives a request which has freshness requirements,
   and the request contains the Repeat option, the server MUST verify
   that the option value equals a cached value; otherwise the request is
   not processed further.  The server MUST calculate the round-trip time
   RTT = (t1 - t0), where t1 is the request receive time.  The server
   MUST only accept requests with a round-trip time below a certain
   threshold T, i.e. RTT < T, otherwise the request is not processed
   further, and an error message MAY be sent.  The threshold T is
   application specific, its value depends e.g. on the freshness
   requirements of the request.  An example message flow is illustrated
   in Figure 2.

   When used to serve freshness requirements, CoAP messages containing
   the Repeat option MUST be integrity protected, e.g. using DTLS or
   OSCOAP ([I-D.ietf-core-object-security]).

   If the server loses time synchronization, e.g. due to reboot, it MUST
   delete all cached Repeat option values and response transmission
   times.


























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                   Client  Server
                      |      |
                      +----->|        Code: 0.03 (PUT)
                      | PUT  |       Token: 0x41
                      |      |    Uri-Path: lock
                      |      |     Payload: 0 (Unlock)
                      |      |
                      |<-----+ t0     Code: 4.03 (Forbidden)
                      | 4.03 |       Token: 0x41
                      |      |      Repeat: 0x6c880d41167ba807
                      |      |
                      +----->| t1     Code: 0.03 (PUT)
                      | PUT  |       Token: 0x42
                      |      |    Uri-Path: lock
                      |      |      Repeat: 0x6c880d41167ba807
                      |      |     Payload: 0 (Unlock)
                      |      |
                      |<-----+        Code: 2.04 (Changed)
                      | 2.04 |       Token: 0x42
                      |      |


                   Figure 2: Repeat option message flow

   Constrained server implementations can use the mechanisms outlined in
   Appendix A to minimize the memory impact of having many unanswered
   Repeat responses.

2.3.  Applications

   1.  Actuation requests often require freshness guarantees to avoid
       accidental or malicious delayed actuator actions.

   2.  To avoid additional roundtrips for applications with multiple
       actuator requests in rapid sequence between the same client and
       server, the server may use the Repeat option (with a new value)
       in response to a request containing the Repeat option.  The
       client then uses the Repeat option with the new value in the next
       actuation request, and the server compares the receive time
       accordingly.

   3.  If a server reboots during operation it may need to synchronize
       state with requesting clients before continuing the interaction.
       For example, with OSCOAP it is possible to reuse a persistently
       stored security context by synchronizing the Partial IV (sequence
       number) using the Repeat option.





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   4.  When a device joins a multicast/broadcast group the device may
       need to synchronize state or time with the sender to ensure that
       the received message is fresh.  By synchronizing time with the
       broadcaster, time can be used for synchronizing subsequent
       broadcast messages.  A server MUST NOT synchronize state or time
       with clients which are not the authority of the property being
       synchronized.  E.g. if access to a server resource is dependent
       on time, then the client MUST NOT set the time of the server.

   5.  A server that sends large responses to unauthenticated peers and
       wants to mitigate the amplification attacks described in
       Section 11.3 of [RFC7252] (where an attacker would put a victim's
       address in the source address of a CoAP request) can ask a client
       to Repeat its request to verify the source address.  This needs
       to be done only once per peer, and limits the range of potential
       victims from the general Internet to endpoints that have been
       previously in contact with the server.  For this application, the
       Repeat option can be used in messages that are not integrity
       protected, for example during discovery.

3.  The Request-Tag Option

   The Request-Tag is intended for use as a short-lived identifier for
   keeping apart distinct blockwise request operations on one resource
   from one client.  It enables the receiving server to reliably
   assemble request payloads (blocks) to their message bodies, and, if
   it chooses to support it, to reliably process simultaneous blockwise
   request operations on a single resource.  The requests must be be
   integrity protected in order to protect against interchange of blocks
   between different message bodies.

3.1.  Option Format

   The Request-Tag option has the same properties as the Block1 option:
   it is critical, unsafe, not part of the cache-key, and not
   repeatable, see Figure 3.

   +-----+---+---+---+---+-------------+--------+--------+---------+---+
   | No. | C | U | N | R | Name        | Format | Length | Default | E |
   +-----+---+---+---+---+-------------+--------+--------+---------+---+
   | TBD | x | x | - |   | Request-Tag | opaque |    0-8 | (none)  | * |
   +-----+---+---+---+---+-------------+--------+--------+---------+---+

               C=Critical, U=Unsafe, N=NoCacheKey, R=Repeatable,
               E=Encrypt and Integrity Protect (when using OSCOAP)


                   Figure 3: Request-Tag Option Summary



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   [Note to RFC editor: If this document is not released together with
   OSCOAP but before it, the following paragraph and the "E" column
   above need to move into OSCOAP.]

   Request-Tag, like the Block1 option, is a special class E option in
   terms of OSCOAP processing (see Section 4.3.1.2 of
   [I-D.ietf-core-object-security]): The Request-Tag MAY be an inner or
   outer option.  The inner option is encrypted and integrity protected
   between client and server, and provides message body identification
   in case of end-to-end fragmentation of requests.  The outer option is
   visible to proxies and labels message bodies in case of hop-by-hop
   fragmentation of requests.

   Every message in which the Block1 option is set is considered to
   carry a "Request-Tag value" that can be compared for equality with
   the value of any other such message.  Absence of the Request-Tag
   option implies a value that is distinct from any value of a message
   with the Request-Tag option set, and equal to that of any other
   message without the Request-Tag option.  Messages with the Request-
   Tag option set have equal Request-Tag values if and only if their
   option lengths and option values are equal.

   The value of the Request-Tag option is generated by the client for
   every blockwise request operation.  Clients are encouraged to
   generate compact Request-Tag values.  It MUST be different from any
   other Request-Tag value used in the same security context on the same
   resource, but MAY be reused when all earlier operations with the same
   value are concluded.  What constitutes a concluded operation depends
   on the application, and is outlined individually in Section 3.3.

3.2.  Request-Tag Processing

   A server MUST NOT act on any two blocks in the same blockwise request
   operation that have different Request-Tag values.  This also means
   that a block cannot overwrite kept context when the Request-Tag does
   not match (cf.  [RFC7959] Section 2.5).  The server is still under no
   obligation to keep state of more than one transaction.  When an
   operation is in progress and a second one cannot be served at the
   same time, the server MUST respond to the second request with a 5.03
   (Service Unavailable) response code and SHOULD indicate the time it
   is willing to wait for additional blocks in the first operation using
   the Max-Age option, as specified in Section 5.9.3.4 of [RFC7252].

   A server receiving a Request-Tag MUST treat it as opaque and make no
   assumptions about its content or structure.

   Two messages arriving at the server with the same Request-Tag value
   do not necessarily belong to the same operation.  They can still be



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   treated as independent messages by the server (e.g. when it sends
   2.01/2.04 responses for every block), or initiate a new operation
   (overwriting kept context) when sending the first block again.

   The Request-Tag option is not used in responses.

   If a request that uses Request-Tag is rejected with 4.02 Bad Option,
   the client MAY retry the operation without it, but then it MUST
   serialize all operations that affect the same resource.  Security
   requirements can forbid dropping the Request-Tag option.

3.3.  Applications

3.3.1.  Body Integrity Based on Payload Integrity

   When a client fragments a request body into multiple message
   payloads, even if the individual messages are integrity protected, it
   is still possible for a man-in-the-middle to maliciously replace
   later operation's blocks with earlier operation's blocks (see
   Section 3.2 of [I-D.amsuess-core-request-tag]).  Therefore, the
   integrity protection of each block does not extend to the operation's
   request body.

   In order to gain that protection, use the Request-Tag mechanism as
   follows:

   o  The message payloads MUST be integrity protected end-to-end
      between client and server.

   o  The client MUST NOT reuse a Request-Tag value within a security
      association unless all previous blockwise request operations on
      the same resource that used the same Request-Tag value have
      concluded.

      Note that the server needs to verify that all blocks within an
      operation come from the same security association, because the
      security association is a part of the endpoint as per [RFC7252].

   o  The client MUST NOT regard a blockwise request operation as
      concluded unless all of the messages the client previously sent in
      the operation have been confirmed by the message integrity
      protection mechanism, or are considered invalid by the server if
      replayed.

      Typically, in OSCOAP, these confirmations can result either from
      the client receiving an OSCOAP response message matching the
      request (an empty ACK is insufficient), or because the message's




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      sequence number is old enough to be outside the server's receive
      window.

      In DTLS, this can only be confirmed if the request message was not
      retransmitted, and was responded to.

   Authors of other documents (e.g.  [I-D.ietf-core-object-security])
   are invited to mandate this behavior for clients that execute
   blockwise interactions over secured transports.  In this way, the
   server can rely on a conforming client to set the Request-Tag option
   when required, and thereby conclude on the integrity of the assembled
   body.

   Note that this mechanism is implicitly implemented when the security
   layer guarantees ordered delivery (e.g.  CoAP over TLS
   [I-D.tschofenig-core-coap-tcp-tls]).  This is because with each
   message, any earlier operation can be regarded as concluded by the
   client, so it never needs to set the Request-Tag option unless it
   wants to perform concurrent operations.

3.3.2.  Multiple Concurrent Blockwise Operations

   CoAP clients, especially CoAP proxies, may initiate a blockwise
   request operation to a resource, to which a previous one is already
   in progress, and which the new request should not cancel.  One
   example is when a CoAP proxy fragments an OSCOAP messages using
   blockwise (so-called "outer" blockwise, see Section 4.3.1. of
   [I-D.ietf-core-object-security])), where the Uri-Path is hidden
   inside the encrypted message, and all the proxy sees is the server's
   "/" path.

   When a client fragments a message as part of a blockwise request
   operation, it can do so without a Request-Tag option set.  For this
   application, an operation can be regarded as concluded when a final
   Block1 option has been sent and acknowledged, or when the client
   chose not to continue with the operation (e.g. by user choice, or in
   the case of a proxy when it decides not to take any further messages
   in the operation due to a timeout).  When another concurrent
   blockwise request operation is made (i.e. before the operation is
   concluded), the client can use a different Request-Tag value (as
   specified in Section 3.1).  The possible outcomes are:

   o  The server responds with a successful code.

      The concurrent blockwise operations can then continue.

   o  The server responds 4.02 Bad Option.




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      This can indicate that the server does not support Request-Tag.
      The client should wait for the first operation to conclude, and
      then try the same request without a Request-Tag option.

   o  The server responds 5.03 Service Unavailable with a Max-Age option
      to indicate when it is likely to be available again.

      This can indicate that the server supports Request-Tag, but still
      is not prepared to handle concurrent requests.  The client should
      wait for as long as the response is valid, and then retry the
      operation, which may not need to carry a Request-Tag option by
      then any more.

   In the cases where a CoAP proxy receives an error code, it can
   indicate the anticipated delay by sending a 5.03 Service Unavailable
   response itself.  Note that this behavior is no different from what a
   CoAP proxy would need to do were it unaware of the Request-Tag
   option.

4.  Block2 / ETag Processing

   The same security properties as in Section 3.3.1 can be obtained for
   blockwise response operations.  The threat model here is not an
   attacker (because the response is made sure to belong to the current
   request by the security layer), but blocks in the client's cache.

   Analogous rules to Section 3.2 are already in place for assembling a
   response body in Section 2.4 of [RFC7959].

   To gain equivalent protection to Section 3.3.1, a server MUST use the
   Block2 option in conjunction with the ETag option ([RFC7252],
   Section 5.10.6), and MUST NOT use the same ETag value for different
   representations of a resource.

5.  IANA Considerations

   [TBD: Fill out the option templates for Repeat and Request-Tag]

6.  Security Considerations

   Servers that store a Repeat challenge per client can be attacked for
   resource exhaustion, and should consider minimizing the state kept
   per client, e.g. using a mechanism as described in Appendix A.








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7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC7959]  Bormann, C. and Z. Shelby, Ed., "Block-Wise Transfers in
              the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7959,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7959, August 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7959>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.amsuess-core-request-tag]
              Amsuess, C., "Request-Tag option", draft-amsuess-core-
              request-tag-00 (work in progress), March 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-core-object-security]
              Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz,
              "Object Security of CoAP (OSCOAP)", draft-ietf-core-
              object-security-03 (work in progress), May 2017.

   [I-D.mattsson-core-coap-actuators]
              Mattsson, J., Fornehed, J., Selander, G., and F.
              Palombini, "Controlling Actuators with CoAP", draft-
              mattsson-core-coap-actuators-02 (work in progress),
              November 2016.

   [I-D.tschofenig-core-coap-tcp-tls]
              Bormann, C., Lemay, S., Technologies, Z., and H.
              Tschofenig, "A TCP and TLS Transport for the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", draft-tschofenig-core-coap-
              tcp-tls-05 (work in progress), November 2015.

   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
              January 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.






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   [RFC7641]  Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7641>.

Appendix A.  Performance Impact When Using the Repeat Option

   The Repeat option requires the server to keep some state in order to
   later verify the repeated request.

   Instead of caching Repeat option values and response transmission
   times, the server MAY use the encryption of the response transmit
   time t0 as Repeat option value.  Such a scheme needs to ensure that
   the server can detect a replay of a previous encrypted response
   transmit time.

   For example, the server MAY encrypt t0 with AES-CCM-128-64-64 using a
   (pseudo-)random secret key k generated and cached by the server.  A
   unique IV MUST be used with each encryption, e.g. using a sequence
   number.  If the server loses time synchronization, e.g. due to
   reboot, then k MUST be deleted and replaced by a new random secret
   key.  When using encrypted response transmit times, the Repeat
   processing is modified in the following way: The verification of
   cached option value in the server processing is replaced by the
   verification of the integrity of the encrypted option value using the
   cached key and IV (e.g. sequence number).

   The two methods - (a) the list of cached values, and (b) the
   encryption of transmit time - have different impact on the
   implementation:

   o  size of cached data (list of cached values vs. key and IV)

   o  size of message (typically larger with encrypted time)

   o  computation (encryption + decryption vs. generation new nonce +
      cache + lookup)

   In general, the encryption of transmission times is most useful if
   the number of concurrent requests is high.

   A hybrid scheme is also possible: the first Repeat option values are
   cached, and if the number of concurrent requests reach a certain
   threshold, then encrypted times are used until there is space for
   storing new values in the list.  In that case, the server may need to
   make both verifications - either that the Repeat value is in the
   list, or that it verifies in decryption - and in either case that the
   transmission time is valid.



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Appendix B.  Request-Tag Message Size Impact

   In absence of concurrent operations, the Request-Tag mechanism for
   body integrity (Section 3.3.1) incurs no overhead if no messages are
   lost (more precisely: in OSCOAP, if no operations are aborted due to
   repeated transmission failure; in DTLS, if no packages are lost), or
   when blockwise request operations happen rarely (in OSCOAP, if only
   one request operation with losses within the replay window).

   In those situations, the Request-Tag value of no Request-Tag option
   present can be reused over and over again.

   When the "no-Request-Tag value" is used-up within a security context,
   the Request-Tag value of a present but empty option can be used (1
   Byte overhead), and when that is used-up, 256 values from one byte
   long options (2 Bytes overhead) can be used.

   In situations where those overheads are unacceptable (e.g. because
   the payloads are known to be at a fragmentation threshold), the
   absent Request-Tag value can be made usable again:

   o  In DTLS, a new session can be established.

   o  In OSCOAP, the sequence number can be artificially increased so
      that all lost messages are outside of the replay window by the
      time the first request of the new operation gets processed, and
      all earlier operations can therefore be regarded as concluded.

Authors' Addresses

   Christian Amsuess
   Energy Harvesting Solutions

   Email: c.amsuess@energyharvesting.at


   John Mattsson
   Ericsson AB

   Email: john.mattsson@ericsson.com


   Goeran Selander
   Ericsson AB

   Email: goran.selander@ericsson.com





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