Internet DRAFT - draft-acee-netmod-rfc8022bis

draft-acee-netmod-rfc8022bis







NETMOD Working Group                                           L. Lhotka
Internet-Draft                                                    CZ.NIC
Intended status: Standards Track                               A. Lindem
Expires: May 3, 2018                                       Cisco Systems
                                                                   Y. Qu
                                            Futurewei Technologies, Inc.
                                                        October 30, 2017


        A YANG Data Model for Routing Management (NDMA Version)
                    draft-acee-netmod-rfc8022bis-06

Abstract

   This document contains a specification of three YANG modules and one
   submodule.  Together they form the core routing data model that
   serves as a framework for configuring and managing a routing
   subsystem.  It is expected that these modules will be augmented by
   additional YANG modules defining data models for control-plane
   protocols, route filters, and other functions.  The core routing data
   model provides common building blocks for such extensions -- routes,
   Routing Information Bases (RIBs), and control-plane protocols.

   This version of these YANG modules uses new names for these YANG
   models.  The main difference from the first version is that this
   version fully conforms to the Network Management Datastore
   Architecture (NMDA).  Consequently, this document obsoletes RFC 8022.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 3, 2018.







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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Terminology and Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  Glossary of New Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.2.  Tree Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.3.  Prefixes in Data Node Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Objectives  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  The Design of the Core Routing Data Model . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.1.  System-Controlled and User-Controlled List Entries  . . .   7
   5.  Basic Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.1.  Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.2.  Routing Information Base (RIB)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     5.3.  Control-Plane Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       5.3.1.  Routing Pseudo-Protocols  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       5.3.2.  Defining New Control-Plane Protocols  . . . . . . . .  10
     5.4.  Parameters of IPv6 Router Advertisements  . . . . . . . .  11
   6.  Interactions with Other YANG Modules  . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     6.1.  Module "ietf-interfaces"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     6.2.  Module "ietf-ip"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   7.  Routing Management YANG Module  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   8.  IPv4 Unicast Routing Management YANG Module . . . . . . . . .  28
   9.  IPv6 Unicast Routing Management YANG Module . . . . . . . . .  36
     9.1.  IPv6 Router Advertisements Submodule  . . . . . . . . . .  44
   10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
   11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
   Appendix A.  The Complete Data Trees  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
   Appendix B.  Minimum Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
   Appendix C.  Example: Adding a New Control-Plane Protocol . . . .  61
   Appendix D.  Data Tree Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64



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   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72

1.  Introduction

   This document contains a specification of the following YANG modules:

   o  The "ietf-routing" module provides generic components of a routing
      data model.

   o  The "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing" module augments the "ietf-routing"
      module with additional data specific to IPv4 unicast.

   o  The "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing" module augments the "ietf-routing"
      module with additional data specific to IPv6 unicast.  Its
      submodule "ietf-ipv6-router-advertisements" also augments the
      "ietf-interfaces" [RFC7223] and "ietf-ip" [RFC7277] modules with
      IPv6 router configuration variables required by [RFC4861].

   These modules together define the so-called core routing data model,
   which is intended as a basis for future data model development
   covering more-sophisticated routing systems.  While these three
   modules can be directly used for simple IP devices with static
   routing (see Appendix B), their main purpose is to provide essential
   building blocks for more-complicated data models involving multiple
   control-plane protocols, multicast routing, additional address
   families, and advanced functions such as route filtering or policy
   routing.  To this end, it is expected that the core routing data
   model will be augmented by numerous modules developed by various IETF
   working groups.

   This version of these YANG modules uses new names for these YANG
   models.  The main difference from the first version is that this
   version fully conforms to the Network Management Datastore
   Architecture (NMDA) [I-D.ietf-netmod-revised-datastores].
   Consequently, this document obsoletes RFC 8022 [RFC8022].

2.  Terminology and Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   The following terms are defined in [RFC6241]:

   o  client

   o  message



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   o  protocol operation

   o  server

   The following terms are defined in [RFC7950]:

   o  action

   o  augment

   o  configuration data

   o  container

   o  container with presence

   o  data model

   o  data node

   o  feature

   o  leaf

   o  list

   o  mandatory node

   o  module

   o  schema tree

   o  state data

   o  RPC (Remote Procedure Call) operation

2.1.  Glossary of New Terms

   core routing data model:  YANG data model comprising "ietf-routing",
      "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing", and "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing"
      modules.

   direct route:  a route to a directly connected network.

   Routing Information Base (RIB):  An object containing a list of
      routes together with other information.  See Section 5.2 for
      details.




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   system-controlled entry:  An entry of a list in operational state
      ("config false") that is created by the systemindependently of
      what has been explicitly configured.  See Section 4.1 for details.

   user-controlled entry:  An entry of a list in operational state data
      ("config false") that is created and deleted as a direct
      consequence of certain configuration changes.  See Section 4.1 for
      details.

2.2.  Tree Diagrams

   A simplified graphical representation of the complete data tree is
   presented in Appendix A, and similar diagrams of its various subtrees
   appear in the main text.

   o  Brackets "[" and "]" enclose list keys.

   o  Curly braces "{" and "}" contain names of optional features that
      make the corresponding node conditional.

   o  Abbreviations before data node names: "rw" means configuration
      (read-write), "ro" state data (read-only), "-x" RPC operations or
      actions, and "-n" notifications.

   o  Symbols after data node names: "?" means an optional node, "!" a
      container with presence, and "*" denotes a "list" or "leaf-list".

   o  Parentheses enclose choice and case nodes, and case nodes are also
      marked with a colon (":").

   o  Ellipsis ("...") stands for contents of subtrees that are not
      shown.

2.3.  Prefixes in Data Node Names

   In this document, names of data nodes, actions, and other data model
   objects are often used without a prefix, as long as it is clear from
   the context in which YANG module each name is defined.  Otherwise,
   names are prefixed using the standard prefix associated with the
   corresponding YANG module, as shown in Table 1.











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            +--------+---------------------------+-----------+
            | Prefix | YANG module               | Reference |
            +--------+---------------------------+-----------+
            | if     | ietf-interfaces           | [RFC7223] |
            | ip     | ietf-ip                   | [RFC7277] |
            | rt     | ietf-routing              | Section 7 |
            | v4ur   | ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing | Section 8 |
            | v6ur   | ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing | Section 9 |
            | yang   | ietf-yang-types           | [RFC6991] |
            | inet   | ietf-inet-types           | [RFC6991] |
            +--------+---------------------------+-----------+

             Table 1: Prefixes and Corresponding YANG Modules

3.  Objectives

   The initial design of the core routing data model was driven by the
   following objectives:

   o  The data model should be suitable for the common address families
      -- in particular, IPv4 and IPv6 -- and for unicast and multicast
      routing, as well as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS).

   o  A simple IP routing system, such as one that uses only static
      routing, should be configurable in a simple way, ideally without
      any need to develop additional YANG modules.

   o  On the other hand, the core routing framework must allow for
      complicated implementations involving multiple Routing Information
      Bases (RIBs) and multiple control-plane protocols, as well as
      controlled redistributions of routing information.

   o  Because device vendors will want to map the data models built on
      this generic framework to their proprietary data models and
      configuration interfaces, the framework should be flexible enough
      to facilitate that and accommodate data models with different
      logic.

4.  The Design of the Core Routing Data Model

   The core routing data model consists of three YANG modules and one
   submodule.  The first module, "ietf-routing", defines the generic
   components of a routing system.  The other two modules, "ietf-ipv4-
   unicast-routing" and "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing", augment the "ietf-
   routing" module with additional data nodes that are needed for IPv4
   and IPv6 unicast routing, respectively.  The "ietf-ipv6-unicast-
   routing" module has a submodule, "ietf-ipv6-router-advertisements",
   that augments the "ietf-interfaces" [RFC7223] and "ietf-ip" [RFC7277]



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   modules with configuration variables for IPv6 router advertisements
   as required by [RFC4861].

   Figures 1   shows abridged views of the hierarchies.  See Appendix A
   for the complete data trees.

   +--rw routing
      +--rw router-id?                 yang:dotted-quad
      +--ro interfaces
      |  +--ro interface*   if:interface-ref
      +--rw control-plane-protocols
      |  +--rw control-plane-protocol* [type name]
      |     +--rw type             identityref
      |     +--rw name             string
      |     +--rw description?     string
      |     +--rw static-routes
      |        +--rw v4ur:ipv4
      |        |     ...
      |        +--rw v6ur:ipv6
      |              ...
      +--rw ribs
         +--rw rib* [name]
            +--rw name              string
            +--rw address-family?   identityref
            +--ro default-rib?      boolean {multiple-ribs}?
            +--ro routes
            |  +--ro route*
            |        ...
            +---x active-route
            |  +---w input
            |  |  +---w v4ur:destination-address?   inet:ipv4-address
            |  |  +---w v6ur:destination-address?   inet:ipv6-address
            |  +--ro output
            |        ...
            +--rw description?      string

                         Figure 1: Data Hierarchy

   As can be seen from Figures 1, the core routing data model introduces
   several generic components of a routing framework: routes, RIBs
   containing lists of routes, and control-plane protocols.  Section 5
   describes these components in more detail.

4.1.  System-Controlled and User-Controlled List Entries

   The core routing data model defines several lists in the schema tree,
   such as "rib", that have to be populated with at least one entry in




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   any properly functioning device, and additional entries may be
   configured by a client.

   In such a list, the server creates the required item as a so-called
   system-controlled entry in state data in the operational datastore
   [I-D.ietf-netmod-revised-datastores], i.e., inside read-only lists in
   the "routing" container.

   An example can be seen in Appendix D: the "/routing/ribs/rib" list
   has two system-controlled entries named "ipv4-master" and
   "ipv6-master".

   Additional entries may be created in the configuration by a client,
   e.g., via the NETCONF protocol.  These are so-called user-controlled
   entries.  If the server accepts a configured user-controlled entry,
   then this entry also appears in the state data version of the list.

   Corresponding entries in both versions of the list (in operational
   datastore and intended datastore [I-D.ietf-netmod-revised-datastores]
   have the same value of the list key.

   A client may also provide supplemental configuration of system-
   controlled entries.  To do so, the client creates a new entry in the
   configuration with the desired contents.  In order to bind this entry
   to the corresponding entry in the state data list in the operational
   datastore, the key of the configuration entry has to be set to the
   same value as the key of the state entry.

   Deleting a user-controlled entry from the configuration list results
   in the removal of the corresponding entry in the state data list.  In
   contrast, if client delets a system-controlled entry from the
   configuration list in the intended datastore, only the extra
   configuration specified in that entry is removed but the
   corresponding state data entry remains in the list in the operational
   datastore.

5.  Basic Building Blocks

   This section describes the essential components of the core routing
   data model.

5.1.  Route

   Routes are basic elements of information in a routing system.  The
   core routing data model defines only the following minimal set of
   route attributes:





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   o  "destination-prefix": address prefix specifying the set of
      destination addresses for which the route may be used.  This
      attribute is mandatory.

   o  "route-preference": an integer value (also known as administrative
      distance) that is used for selecting a preferred route among
      routes with the same destination prefix.  A lower value means a
      more preferred route.

   o  "next-hop": determines the outgoing interface and/or next-hop
      address(es), or a special operation to be performed with a packet.

   Routes are primarily state data that appear as entries of RIBs
   (Section 5.2) but they may also be found in configuration data, for
   example, as manually configured static routes.  In the latter case,
   configurable route attributes are generally a subset of attributes
   defined for RIB routes.

5.2.  Routing Information Base (RIB)

   Every implementation of the core routing data model manages one or
   more Routing Information Bases (RIBs).  A RIB is a list of routes
   complemented with administrative data.  Each RIB contains only routes
   of one address family.  An address family is represented by an
   identity derived from the "rt:address-family" base identity.

   In the core routing data model, RIBs are state data represented as
   entries of the list "/routing/ribs/rib" in the operational datastore
   [I-D.ietf-netmod-revised-datastores].  The contents of RIBs are
   controlled and manipulated by control-plane protocol operations that
   may result in route additions, removals, and modifications.  This
   also includes manipulations via the "static" and/or "direct" pseudo-
   protocols; see Section 5.3.1.

   For every supported address family, exactly one RIB MUST be marked as
   the so-called default RIB to which control-plane protocols place
   their routes by default.

   Simple router implementations that do not advertise the feature
   "multiple-ribs" will typically create one system-controlled RIB per
   supported address family and mark it as the default RIB.

   More-complex router implementations advertising the "multiple-ribs"
   feature support multiple RIBs per address family that can be used for
   policy routing and other purposes.

   The following action (see Section 7.15 of [RFC7950]) is defined for
   the "rib" list:



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   o  active-route -- return the active RIB route for the destination
      address that is specified as the action's input parameter.

5.3.  Control-Plane Protocol

   The core routing data model provides an open-ended framework for
   defining multiple control-plane protocol instances, e.g., for Layer 3
   routing protocols.  Each control-plane protocol instance MUST be
   assigned a type, which is an identity derived from the
   "rt:control-plane-protocol" base identity.  The core routing data
   model defines two identities for the direct and static pseudo-
   protocols (Section 5.3.1).

   Multiple control-plane protocol instances of the same type MAY be
   configured.

5.3.1.  Routing Pseudo-Protocols

   The core routing data model defines two special routing protocol
   types -- "direct" and "static".  Both are in fact pseudo-protocols,
   which means that they are confined to the local device and do not
   exchange any routing information with adjacent routers.

   Every implementation of the core routing data model MUST provide
   exactly one instance of the "direct" pseudo-protocol type.  It is the
   source of direct routes for all configured address families.  Direct
   routes are normally supplied by the operating system kernel, based on
   the configuration of network interface addresses; see Section 6.2.

   A pseudo-protocol of the type "static" allows for specifying routes
   manually.  It MAY be configured in zero or multiple instances,
   although a typical configuration will have exactly one instance.

5.3.2.  Defining New Control-Plane Protocols

   It is expected that future YANG modules will create data models for
   additional control-plane protocol types.  Such a new module has to
   define the protocol-specific configuration and state data, and it has
   to integrate it into the core routing framework in the following way:

   o  A new identity MUST be defined for the control-plane protocol, and
      its base identity MUST be set to "rt:control-plane-protocol" or to
      an identity derived from "rt:control-plane-protocol".

   o  Additional route attributes MAY be defined, preferably in one
      place by means of defining a YANG grouping.  The new attributes
      have to be inserted by augmenting the definitions of the node




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       /rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route

      and possibly other places in the configuration, state data,
      notifications, and input/output parameters of actions or RPC
      operations.

   o  Configuration parameters and/or state data for the new protocol
      can be defined by augmenting the "control-plane-protocol" data
      node under "/routing".

   By using a "when" statement, the augmented configuration parameters
   and state data specific to the new protocol SHOULD be made
   conditional and valid only if the value of "rt:type" or
   "rt:source-protocol" is equal to (or derived from) the new protocol's
   identity.

   It is also RECOMMENDED that protocol-specific data nodes be
   encapsulated in an appropriately named container with presence.  Such
   a container may contain mandatory data nodes that are otherwise
   forbidden at the top level of an augment.

   The above steps are implemented by the example YANG module for the
   Routing Information Protocol (RIP) in Appendix C.

5.4.  Parameters of IPv6 Router Advertisements

   YANG module "ietf-ipv6-router-advertisements" (Section 9.1), which is
   a submodule of the "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing" module, augments the
   configuration and state data of IPv6 interfaces with definitions of
   the following variables as required by Section 6.2.1 of [RFC4861]:

   o  send-advertisements

   o  max-rtr-adv-interval

   o  min-rtr-adv-interval

   o  managed-flag

   o  other-config-flag

   o  link-mtu

   o  reachable-time

   o  retrans-timer

   o  cur-hop-limit



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   o  default-lifetime

   o  prefix-list: a list of prefixes to be advertised.

      The following parameters are associated with each prefix in the
      list:

      *  valid-lifetime

      *  on-link-flag

      *  preferred-lifetime

      *  autonomous-flag

   NOTES:

   1.  The "IsRouter" flag, which is also required by [RFC4861], is
       implemented in the "ietf-ip" module [RFC7277] (leaf
       "ip:forwarding").

   2.  The original specification [RFC4861] allows the implementations
       to decide whether the "valid-lifetime" and "preferred-lifetime"
       parameters remain the same in consecutive advertisements or
       decrement in real time.  However, the latter behavior seems
       problematic because the values might be reset again to the
       (higher) configured values after a configuration is reloaded.
       Moreover, no implementation is known to use the decrementing
       behavior.  The "ietf-ipv6-router-advertisements" submodule
       therefore stipulates the former behavior with constant values.

6.  Interactions with Other YANG Modules

   The semantics of the core routing data model also depends on several
   configuration parameters that are defined in other YANG modules.

6.1.  Module "ietf-interfaces"

   The following boolean switch is defined in the "ietf-interfaces" YANG
   module [RFC7223]:

   /if:interfaces/if:interface/if:enabled

      If this switch is set to "false" for a network-layer interface,
      then all routing and forwarding functions MUST be disabled on this
      interface.





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6.2.  Module "ietf-ip"

   The following boolean switches are defined in the "ietf-ip" YANG
   module [RFC7277]:

   /if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv4/ip:enabled

      If this switch is set to "false" for a network-layer interface,
      then all IPv4 routing and forwarding functions MUST be disabled on
      this interface.

   /if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv4/ip:forwarding

      If this switch is set to "false" for a network-layer interface,
      then the forwarding of IPv4 datagrams through this interface MUST
      be disabled.  However, the interface MAY participate in other IPv4
      routing functions, such as routing protocols.

   /if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv6/ip:enabled

      If this switch is set to "false" for a network-layer interface,
      then all IPv6 routing and forwarding functions MUST be disabled on
      this interface.

   /if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv6/ip:forwarding

      If this switch is set to "false" for a network-layer interface,
      then the forwarding of IPv6 datagrams through this interface MUST
      be disabled.  However, the interface MAY participate in other IPv6
      routing functions, such as routing protocols.

   In addition, the "ietf-ip" module allows for configuring IPv4 and
   IPv6 addresses and network prefixes or masks on network-layer
   interfaces.  Configuration of these parameters on an enabled
   interface MUST result in an immediate creation of the corresponding
   direct route.  The destination prefix of this route is set according
   to the configured IP address and network prefix/mask, and the
   interface is set as the outgoing interface for that route.

7.  Routing Management YANG Module

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-routing@2017-10-30.yang"
   module ietf-routing {
     yang-version "1.1";
     namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-routing";
     prefix "rt";

     import ietf-yang-types {



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       prefix "yang";
     }

     import ietf-interfaces {
       prefix "if";
     }

     organization
       "IETF NETMOD - Networking Modeling Working Group";
     contact
       "WG Web:   <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/netmod/>
        WG List:  <mailto:rtgwg@ietf.org>

        Editor:   Ladislav Lhotka
                  <mailto:lhotka@nic.cz>
                  Acee Lindem
                  <mailto:acee@cisco.com>
                  Yingzhen Qu
                  <mailto:yingzhen.qu@huawei.com>";

     description
       "This YANG module defines essential components for the management
        of a routing subsystem.

        Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons
        identified as authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
        to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
        the RFC itself for full legal notices.";
     reference "RFC XXXX";

     revision 2017-10-30 {
       description
         "Network Managment Datastore Architecture (NDMA) Revision";
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: A YANG Data Model for Routing Management
          (NDMA Version)";
     }

     revision 2016-11-04 {
          description



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            "Initial revision.";
          reference
            "RFC 8022: A YANG Data Model for Routing Management";
     }

     /* Features */
     feature multiple-ribs {
       description
         "This feature indicates that the server supports user-defined
          RIBs.

          Servers that do not advertise this feature SHOULD provide
          exactly one system-controlled RIB per supported address family
          and make it also the default RIB.  This RIB then appears as an
          entry of the list /routing/ribs/rib.";
     }

     feature router-id {
       description
         "This feature indicates that the server supports configuration
          of an explicit 32-bit router ID that is used by some routing
          protocols.

          Servers that do not advertise this feature set a router ID
          algorithmically, usually to one of the configured IPv4
          addresses.  However, this algorithm is implementation
          specific.";
     }

     /* Identities */

     identity address-family {
       description
         "Base identity from which identities describing address
          families are derived.";
     }

     identity ipv4 {
       base address-family;
       description
         "This identity represents IPv4 address family.";
     }

     identity ipv6 {
       base address-family;
       description
         "This identity represents IPv6 address family.";
     }



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     identity control-plane-protocol {
       description
         "Base identity from which control-plane protocol identities are
          derived.";
     }

     identity routing-protocol {
       base control-plane-protocol;
       description
         "Identity from which Layer 3 routing protocol identities are
          derived.";
     }

     identity direct {
       base routing-protocol;
       description
         "Routing pseudo-protocol that provides routes to directly
          connected networks.";
     }

     identity static {
       base routing-protocol;
       description
         "Static routing pseudo-protocol.";
     }

     /* Type Definitions */

     typedef route-preference {
       type uint32;
       description
         "This type is used for route preferences.";
     }

     /* Groupings */

     grouping address-family {
       description
         "This grouping provides a leaf identifying an address
          family.";
       leaf address-family {
         type identityref {
           base address-family;
         }
         mandatory "true";
         description
           "Address family.";
       }



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     }

     grouping router-id {
       description
         "This grouping provides router ID.";
       leaf router-id {
         type yang:dotted-quad;
         description
           "A 32-bit number in the form of a dotted quad that is used by
            some routing protocols identifying a router.";
         reference
           "RFC 2328: OSPF Version 2.";
       }
     }

     grouping special-next-hop {
       description
         "This grouping provides a leaf with an enumeration of special
          next hops.";
       leaf special-next-hop {
         type enumeration {
           enum blackhole {
             description
               "Silently discard the packet.";
           }
           enum unreachable {
             description
               "Discard the packet and notify the sender with an error
                message indicating that the destination host is
                unreachable.";
           }
           enum prohibit {
             description
               "Discard the packet and notify the sender with an error
                message indicating that the communication is
                administratively prohibited.";
           }
           enum receive {
             description
               "The packet will be received by the local system.";
           }
         }
         description
           "Options for special next hops.";
       }
     }

     grouping next-hop-content {



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       description
         "Generic parameters of next hops in static routes.";
       choice next-hop-options {
         mandatory "true";
         description
           "Options for next hops in static routes.

            It is expected that further cases will be added through
            augments from other modules.";
         case simple-next-hop {
           description
             "This case represents a simple next hop consisting of the
              next-hop address and/or outgoing interface.

              Modules for address families MUST augment this case with a
              leaf containing a next-hop address of that address
              family.";
           leaf outgoing-interface {
             type if:interface-ref;
             description
               "Name of the outgoing interface.";
           }
         }
         case special-next-hop {
           uses special-next-hop;
         }
         case next-hop-list {
           container next-hop-list {
             description
               "Container for multiple next-hops.";
             list next-hop {
               key "index";
               description
                 "An entry of a next-hop list.

                  Modules for address families MUST augment this list
                  with a leaf containing a next-hop address of that
                  address family.";
               leaf index {
                 type string;
                 description
                   "A user-specified identifier utilized to uniquely
                    reference the next-hop entry in the next-hop list.
                    The value of this index has no semantic meaning
                    other than for referencing the entry.";
               }
               leaf outgoing-interface {
                 type if:interface-ref;



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                 description
                   "Name of the outgoing interface.";
               }
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }

     grouping next-hop-state-content {
       description
         "Generic parameters of next hops in state data.";
       choice next-hop-options {
         mandatory "true";
         description
           "Options for next hops in state data.

            It is expected that further cases will be added through
            augments from other modules, e.g., for recursive
            next hops.";
         case simple-next-hop {
           description
             "This case represents a simple next hop consisting of the
              next-hop address and/or outgoing interface.

              Modules for address families MUST augment this case with a
              leaf containing a next-hop address of that address
              family.";
           leaf outgoing-interface {
             type if:interface-ref;
             description
               "Name of the outgoing interface.";
           }
         }
         case special-next-hop {
           uses special-next-hop;
         }
         case next-hop-list {
           container next-hop-list {
             description
               "Container for multiple next hops.";
             list next-hop {
               description
                 "An entry of a next-hop list.

                  Modules for address families MUST augment this list
                  with a leaf containing a next-hop address of that
                  address family.";



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               leaf outgoing-interface {
                 type if:interface-ref;
                 description
                   "Name of the outgoing interface.";
               }
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }

     grouping route-metadata {
       description
         "Common route metadata.";
       leaf source-protocol {
         type identityref {
           base routing-protocol;
         }
         mandatory "true";
         description
           "Type of the routing protocol from which the route
            originated.";
       }
       leaf active {
         type empty;
         description
           "Presence of this leaf indicates that the route is preferred
            among all routes in the same RIB that have the same
            destination prefix.";
       }
       leaf last-updated {
         type yang:date-and-time;
         description
           "Time stamp of the last modification of the route.  If the
            route was never modified, it is the time when the route was
            inserted into the RIB.";
       }
     }

     /* Configuration Data */

     container routing {
       description
         "Configuration parameters for the routing subsystem.";
       uses router-id {
         if-feature "router-id";
         description
           "Configuration of the global router ID.  Routing protocols



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            that use router ID can use this parameter or override it
            with another value.";
       }
       container interfaces {
         config "false";
         description
           "Network-layer interfaces used for routing.";
         leaf-list interface {
           type if:interface-ref;
           description
             "Each entry is a reference to the name of a configured
              network-layer interface.";
         }
       }
       container control-plane-protocols {
         description
           "Configuration of control-plane protocol instances.";
         list control-plane-protocol {
           key "type name";
           description
             "Each entry contains configuration of a control-plane
              protocol instance.";
           leaf type {
             type identityref {
               base control-plane-protocol;
             }
             description
               "Type of the control-plane protocol - an identity derived
                from the 'control-plane-protocol' base identity.";
           }
           leaf name {
             type string;
             description
               "An arbitrary name of the control-plane protocol
                instance.";
           }
           leaf description {
             type string;
             description
               "Textual description of the control-plane protocol
                instance.";
           }
           container static-routes {
             when "derived-from-or-self(../type, 'rt:static')" {
               description
                 "This container is only valid for the 'static' routing
                  protocol.";
             }



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             description
               "Configuration of the 'static' pseudo-protocol.

                Address-family-specific modules augment this node with
                their lists of routes.";
           }
         }
       }
       container ribs {
         description
           "Configuration of RIBs.";
         list rib {
           key "name";
           description
             "Each entry contains configuration for a RIB identified by
              the 'name' key.

              Entries having the same key as a system-controlled entry
              of the list /routing/ribs/rib are used for
              configuring parameters of that entry.  Other entries
              define additional user-controlled RIBs.";
           leaf name {
             type string;
             description
               "The name of the RIB.

                For system-controlled entries, the value of this leaf
                must be the same as the name of the corresponding entry
                in state data.

                For user-controlled entries, an arbitrary name can be
                used.";
           }
           uses address-family {
             description
               "Address family of the RIB.

                It is mandatory for user-controlled RIBs.  For
                system-controlled RIBs it can be omitted; otherwise, it
                must match the address family of the corresponding state
                entry.";
             refine "address-family" {
               mandatory "false";
             }
           }

           leaf default-rib {
             if-feature "multiple-ribs";



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             type boolean;
             default "true";
             config "false";
             description
               "This flag has the value of 'true' if and only if the RIB
                is the default RIB for the given address family.

                By default, control-plane protocols place their routes
                in the default RIBs.";
           }
           container routes {
             config "false";
             description
               "Current content of the RIB.";
             list route {
               description
                 "A RIB route entry.  This data node MUST be augmented
                  with information specific for routes of each address
                  family.";
               leaf route-preference {
                 type route-preference;
                 description
                   "This route attribute, also known as administrative
                    distance, allows for selecting the preferred route
                    among routes with the same destination prefix.  A
                    smaller value means a more preferred route.";
               }
               container next-hop {
                 description
                   "Route's next-hop attribute.";
                 uses next-hop-state-content;
               }
               uses route-metadata;
             }
           }
           action active-route {
             description
               "Return the active RIB route that is used for the
                destination address.

                Address-family-specific modules MUST augment input
                parameters with a leaf named 'destination-address'.";
             output {
               container route {
                 description
                   "The active RIB route for the specified destination.

                    If no route exists in the RIB for the destination



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                    address, no output is returned.

                    Address-family-specific modules MUST augment this
                    container with appropriate route contents.";
                 container next-hop {
                   description
                     "Route's next-hop attribute.";
                   uses next-hop-state-content;
                 }
                 uses route-metadata;
               }
             }
           }
           leaf description {
             type string;
             description
               "Textual description of the RIB.";
           }
         }
       }
     }

     /* Obsolete State Data */

     container routing-state {
       config false;
       status obsolete;
       description
         "State data of the routing subsystem.";
       uses router-id {
         status obsolete;
         description
           "Global router ID.

            It may be either configured or assigned algorithmically by
            the implementation.";
       }
       container interfaces {
         status obsolete;
         description
           "Network-layer interfaces used for routing.";
         leaf-list interface {
           type if:interface-state-ref;
           status obsolete;
           description
             "Each entry is a reference to the name of a configured
              network-layer interface.";
         }



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       }
       container control-plane-protocols {
         status obsolete;
         description
           "Container for the list of routing protocol instances.";
         list control-plane-protocol {
           key "type name";
           status obsolete;
           description
             "State data of a control-plane protocol instance.

              An implementation MUST provide exactly one
              system-controlled instance of the 'direct'
              pseudo-protocol.  Instances of other control-plane
              protocols MAY be created by configuration.";
           leaf type {
             type identityref {
               base control-plane-protocol;
             }
             status obsolete;
             description
               "Type of the control-plane protocol.";
           }
           leaf name {
             type string;
             status obsolete;
             description
               "The name of the control-plane protocol instance.

                For system-controlled instances this name is
                persistent, i.e., it SHOULD NOT change across
                reboots.";
           }
         }
       }
       container ribs {
         status obsolete;
         description
           "Container for RIBs.";
         list rib {
           key "name";
           min-elements 1;
           status obsolete;
           description
             "Each entry represents a RIB identified by the 'name'
              key. All routes in a RIB MUST belong to the same address
              family.




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              An implementation SHOULD provide one system-controlled
              default RIB for each supported address family.";
           leaf name {
             type string;
             status obsolete;
             description
               "The name of the RIB.";
           }
           uses address-family {
             status obsolete;
             description
               "The address family of the RIB.";
           }
           leaf default-rib {
             if-feature "multiple-ribs";
             type boolean;
             default "true";
             status obsolete;
             description
               "This flag has the value of 'true' if and only if the
                RIB is the default RIB for the given address family.

                By default, control-plane protocols place their routes
                in the default RIBs.";
           }
           container routes {
             status obsolete;
             description
               "Current content of the RIB.";
             list route {
               status obsolete;
               description
                 "A RIB route entry.  This data node MUST be augmented
                  with information specific for routes of each address
                  family.";
               leaf route-preference {
                 type route-preference;
                 status obsolete;
                 description
                   "This route attribute, also known as administrative
                    distance, allows for selecting the preferred route
                    among routes with the same destination prefix.  A
                    smaller value means a more preferred route.";
               }
               container next-hop {
                 status obsolete;
                 description
                   "Route's next-hop attribute.";



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                 uses next-hop-state-content {
                   status obsolete;
                   description
                     "Route's next-hop attribute operational state.";
                 }
               }
               uses route-metadata {
                 status obsolete;
                 description
                   "Route metadata.";
               }
             }
           }
           action active-route {
             status obsolete;
             description
               "Return the active RIB route that is used for the
                destination address.

                Address-family-specific modules MUST augment input
                parameters with a leaf named 'destination-address'.";
             output {
               container route {
                 status obsolete;
                 description
                   "The active RIB route for the specified
                    destination.

                    If no route exists in the RIB for the destination
                    address, no output is returned.

                    Address-family-specific modules MUST augment this
                    container with appropriate route contents.";
                 container next-hop {
                   status obsolete;
                   description
                     "Route's next-hop attribute.";
                   uses next-hop-state-content {
                     status obsolete;
                     description
                       "Active route state data.";
                   }
                 }
                 uses route-metadata {
                   status obsolete;
                   description
                   "Active route metadata.";
                 }



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               }
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

8.  IPv4 Unicast Routing Management YANG Module

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing@2017-10-14.yang"
   module ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing {
     yang-version "1.1";
     namespace
        "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing";
     prefix "v4ur";

     import ietf-routing {
       prefix "rt";
     }

     import ietf-inet-types {
       prefix "inet";
     }
     organization
       "IETF NETMOD - Networking Modeling Working Group";
     contact
       "WG Web:   <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/netmod/>
        WG List:  <mailto:rtgwg@ietf.org>

        Editor:   Ladislav Lhotka
                  <mailto:lhotka@nic.cz>
                  Acee Lindem
                  <mailto:acee@cisco.com>
                  Yingzhen Qu
                  <mailto:yingzhen.qu@huawei.com>";

     description
       "This YANG module augments the 'ietf-routing' module with basic
        configuration and state data for IPv4 unicast routing.

        Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons
        identified as authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
        to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License



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        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
        the RFC itself for full legal notices.";
     reference "RFC XXXX";

     revision 2017-10-14 {
       description
         "Network Managment Datastore Architecture (NDMA) Revision";
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: A YANG Data Model for Routing Management
          (NDMA Version)";
     }

     revision 2016-11-04 {
          description
            "Initial revision.";
          reference
            "RFC 8022: A YANG Data Model for Routing Management";
     }

     /* Identities */

     identity ipv4-unicast {
       base rt:ipv4;
       description
         "This identity represents the IPv4 unicast address family.";
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "This leaf augments an IPv4 unicast route.";
       leaf destination-prefix {
         type inet:ipv4-prefix;
         description
           "IPv4 destination prefix.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route/"
           + "rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/rt:simple-next-hop" {



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       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in IPv4 unicast routes.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;
         description
           "IPv4 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route/"
           + "rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/rt:next-hop-list/"
           + "rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "This leaf augments the 'next-hop-list' case of IPv4 unicast
          routes.";
       leaf address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;
         description
           "IPv4 address of the next-hop.";
       }
     }

     augment
       "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/rt:input" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast RIBs.";
       }
       description
         "This augment adds the input parameter of the 'active-route'
          action.";
       leaf destination-address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;
         description
           "IPv4 destination address.";
       }
     }



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     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
           + "rt:output/rt:route" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "This augment adds the destination prefix to the reply of the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf destination-prefix {
         type inet:ipv4-prefix;
         description
           "IPv4 destination prefix.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
           + "rt:output/rt:route/rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/"
           + "rt:simple-next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in the reply to the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;
         description
           "IPv4 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
           + "rt:output/rt:route/rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/"
           + "rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "Augment 'next-hop-list' case in the reply to the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;



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         description
           "IPv4 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:control-plane-protocols/"
           + "rt:control-plane-protocol/rt:static-routes" {
       description
         "This augment defines the configuration of the 'static'
          pseudo-protocol with data specific to IPv4 unicast.";
       container ipv4 {
         description
           "Configuration of a 'static' pseudo-protocol instance
            consists of a list of routes.";
         list route {
           key "destination-prefix";
           description
             "A list of static routes.";
           leaf destination-prefix {
             type inet:ipv4-prefix;
             mandatory "true";
             description
               "IPv4 destination prefix.";
           }
           leaf description {
             type string;
             description
               "Textual description of the route.";
           }
           container next-hop {
             description
               "Configuration of next-hop.";
             uses rt:next-hop-content {
               augment "next-hop-options/simple-next-hop" {
                 description
                   "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in IPv4 static
                    routes.";
                 leaf next-hop-address {
                   type inet:ipv4-address;
                   description
                     "IPv4 address of the next hop.";
                 }
               }
               augment "next-hop-options/next-hop-list/next-hop-list/"
                     + "next-hop" {
                 description
                   "Augment 'next-hop-list' case in IPv4 static
                    routes.";



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                 leaf next-hop-address {
                   type inet:ipv4-address;
                   description
                     "IPv4 address of the next hop.";
                 }
               }
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }

     /* Obsolete State Data */

     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../rt:address-family, "
            + "'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "This leaf augments an IPv4 unicast route.";
       leaf destination-prefix {
         type inet:ipv4-prefix;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv4 destination prefix.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route/"
             + "rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/rt:simple-next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(
               ../../../rt:address-family, 'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in IPv4 unicast routes.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv4 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route/"



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             + "rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/rt:next-hop-list/"
             + "rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../../../rt:address-family,
               'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "This leaf augments the 'next-hop-list' case of IPv4 unicast
          routes.";
       leaf address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv4 address of the next-hop.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
             + "rt:input" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../rt:address-family,
             'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast RIBs.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "This augment adds the input parameter of the 'active-route'
          action.";
       leaf destination-address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv4 destination address.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
             + "rt:output/rt:route" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../rt:address-family,
               'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "This augment adds the destination prefix to the reply of the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf destination-prefix {



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         type inet:ipv4-prefix;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv4 destination prefix.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
             + "rt:output/rt:route/rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/"
             + "rt:simple-next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../rt:address-family,
               'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in the reply to the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv4 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
             + "rt:output/rt:route/rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/"
             + "rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../../../rt:address-family,
               'v4ur:ipv4-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv4 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "Augment 'next-hop-list' case in the reply to the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv4-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv4 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>





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9.  IPv6 Unicast Routing Management YANG Module

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing@2017-10-14.yang"
   module ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing {
     yang-version "1.1";
     namespace
       "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing";
     prefix "v6ur";

     import ietf-routing {
       prefix "rt";
     }

     import ietf-inet-types {
       prefix "inet";
     }

     include ietf-ipv6-router-advertisements {
       revision-date 2017-10-14;
     }

     organization
       "IETF NETMOD - Networking Modeling Working Group";
     contact
       "WG Web:   <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/netmod/>
        WG List:  <mailto:rtgwg@ietf.org>

        Editor:   Ladislav Lhotka
                  <mailto:lhotka@nic.cz>
                  Acee Lindem
                  <mailto:acee@cisco.com>
                  Yingzhen Qu
                  <mailto:yingzhen.qu@huawei.com>";

     description
       "This YANG module augments the 'ietf-routing' module with basic
        configuration and state data for IPv6 unicast routing.

        Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons
        identified as authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
        to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).




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        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
        the RFC itself for full legal notices.";
     reference "RFC XXXX";

     revision 2017-10-14 {
       description
         "Network Managment Datastore Architecture (NDMA) revision";
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: A YANG Data Model for Routing Management
          (NDMA Version)";
     }

     /* Identities */

     revision 2016-11-04 {
          description
            "Initial revision.";
          reference
            "RFC 8022: A YANG Data Model for Routing Management";
     }

     identity ipv6-unicast {
       base rt:ipv6;
       description
         "This identity represents the IPv6 unicast address family.";
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "This leaf augments an IPv6 unicast route.";
       leaf destination-prefix {
         type inet:ipv6-prefix;
         description
           "IPv6 destination prefix.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route/"
           + "rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/rt:simple-next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";



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       }
       description
         "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in IPv6 unicast routes.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         description
           "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route/"
           + "rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/rt:next-hop-list/"
           + "rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "This leaf augments the 'next-hop-list' case of IPv6 unicast
          routes.";
       leaf address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         description
           "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }

     augment
       "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/rt:input" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast RIBs.";
       }
       description
         "This augment adds the input parameter of the 'active-route'
          action.";
       leaf destination-address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         description
           "IPv6 destination address.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
           + "rt:output/rt:route" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../rt:address-family, "



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          + "'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "This augment adds the destination prefix to the reply of the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf destination-prefix {
         type inet:ipv6-prefix;
         description
           "IPv6 destination prefix.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
           + "rt:output/rt:route/rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/"
           + "rt:simple-next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in the reply to the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         description
           "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
           + "rt:output/rt:route/rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/"
           + "rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../../../rt:address-family, "
          + "'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       description
         "Augment 'next-hop-list' case in the reply to the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         description
           "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
       }



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     }

     /* Configuration data */

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:control-plane-protocols/"
           + "rt:control-plane-protocol/rt:static-routes" {
       description
         "This augment defines the configuration of the 'static'
          pseudo-protocol with data specific to IPv6 unicast.";
       container ipv6 {
         description
           "Configuration of a 'static' pseudo-protocol instance
            consists of a list of routes.";
         list route {
           key "destination-prefix";
           description
             "A list of static routes.";
           leaf destination-prefix {
             type inet:ipv6-prefix;
             mandatory "true";
             description
               "IPv6 destination prefix.";
           }
           leaf description {
             type string;
             description
               "Textual description of the route.";
           }
           container next-hop {
             description
               "Configuration of next-hop.";
             uses rt:next-hop-content {
               augment "next-hop-options/simple-next-hop" {
                 description
                   "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in IPv6 static
                    routes.";
                 leaf next-hop-address {
                   type inet:ipv6-address;
                   description
                     "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
                 }
               }
               augment "next-hop-options/next-hop-list/next-hop-list/"
                     + "next-hop" {
                 description
                   "Augment 'next-hop-list' case in IPv6 static
                    routes.";
                 leaf next-hop-address {



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                   type inet:ipv6-address;
                   description
                     "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
                 }
               }
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }

     /* Obsolete State Data */

     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../rt:address-family,
               'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "This leaf augments an IPv6 unicast route.";
       leaf destination-prefix {
         type inet:ipv6-prefix;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv6 destination prefix.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route/"
             + "rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/rt:simple-next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../rt:address-family,
               'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in IPv6 unicast routes.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route/"
             + "rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/rt:next-hop-list/"



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             + "rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../../../rt:address-family,
               'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "This leaf augments the 'next-hop-list' case of IPv6 unicast
          routes.";
       leaf address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/"
             + "rt:active-route/rt:input" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../rt:address-family,
               'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast RIBs.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "This augment adds the input parameter of the 'active-route'
          action.";
       leaf destination-address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv6 destination address.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
             + "rt:output/rt:route" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../rt:address-family,
             'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "This augment adds the destination prefix to the reply of the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf destination-prefix {
         type inet:ipv6-prefix;



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         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv6 destination prefix.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
             + "rt:output/rt:route/rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/"
             + "rt:simple-next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../rt:address-family,
               'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "Augment 'simple-next-hop' case in the reply to the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }
     augment "/rt:routing-state/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
             + "rt:output/rt:route/rt:next-hop/rt:next-hop-options/"
             + "rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop-list/rt:next-hop" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(../../../../../rt:address-family,
               'v6ur:ipv6-unicast')" {
         description
           "This augment is valid only for IPv6 unicast.";
       }
       status obsolete;
       description
         "Augment 'next-hop-list' case in the reply to the
          'active-route' action.";
       leaf next-hop-address {
         type inet:ipv6-address;
         status obsolete;
         description
           "IPv6 address of the next hop.";
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>






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9.1.  IPv6 Router Advertisements Submodule

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-ipv6-router-advertisements@2017-10-14.yang"
   submodule ietf-ipv6-router-advertisements {
     yang-version "1.1";

     belongs-to ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing {
       prefix "v6ur";
     }

     import ietf-inet-types {
       prefix "inet";
     }

     import ietf-interfaces {
       prefix "if";
     }

     import ietf-ip {
       prefix "ip";
     }

     organization
       "IETF NETMOD (NETCONF Data Modeling Language) Working Group";
     contact
       "WG Web:   <https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netmod/>
        WG List:  <mailto:netmod@ietf.org>

        WG Chair: Lou Berger
                  <mailto:lberger@labn.net>

        WG Chair: Kent Watsen
                  <mailto:kwatsen@juniper.net>

        Editor:   Ladislav Lhotka
                  <mailto:lhotka@nic.cz>

        Editor:   Acee Lindem
                  <mailto:acee@cisco.com>

        Editor:   Yingzhen Qu
                  <mailto:yingzhen.qu@huawei.com>";

     description
       "This YANG module augments the 'ietf-ip' module with
        configuration and state data of IPv6 router advertisements.

        Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as



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        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
        to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL', 'SHALL
        NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and
        'OPTIONAL' in the module text are to be interpreted as
        described in RFC 2119.

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 8022;
        see the RFC itself for full legal notices.";

     reference
       "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6).";

     revision 2017-10-14 {
       description
         "Network Managment Datastore Architecture (NDMA) Revision";
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: A YANG Data Model for Routing Management
          (NDMA Version)";
     }

     revision 2016-11-04 {
          description
            "Initial revision.";
          reference
            "RFC 8022: A YANG Data Model for Routing Management";
     }

     augment "/if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv6" {
       description
         "Augment interface configuration with parameters of IPv6
          router advertisements.";
       container ipv6-router-advertisements {
         description
           "Configuration of IPv6 Router Advertisements.";
         leaf send-advertisements {
           type boolean;
           default "false";
           description
             "A flag indicating whether or not the router sends
              periodic Router Advertisements and responds to



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              Router Solicitations.";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              AdvSendAdvertisements.";
         }
         leaf max-rtr-adv-interval {
           type uint16 {
             range "4..1800";
           }
           units "seconds";
           default "600";
           description
             "The maximum time allowed between sending unsolicited
              multicast Router Advertisements from the interface.";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              MaxRtrAdvInterval.";
         }
         leaf min-rtr-adv-interval {
           type uint16 {
             range "3..1350";
           }
           units "seconds";
           must ". <= 0.75 * ../max-rtr-adv-interval" {
             description
               "The value MUST NOT be greater than 75% of
                'max-rtr-adv-interval'.";
           }
           description
             "The minimum time allowed between sending unsolicited
              multicast Router Advertisements from the interface.

              The default value to be used operationally if this
              leaf is not configured is determined as follows:

              - if max-rtr-adv-interval >= 9 seconds, the default
                value is 0.33 * max-rtr-adv-interval;

              - otherwise, it is 0.75 * max-rtr-adv-interval.";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              MinRtrAdvInterval.";
         }
         leaf managed-flag {
           type boolean;
           default "false";
           description
             "The value to be placed in the 'Managed address



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              configuration' flag field in the Router
              Advertisement.";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              AdvManagedFlag.";
         }
         leaf other-config-flag {
           type boolean;
           default "false";
           description
             "The value to be placed in the 'Other configuration'
              flag field in the Router Advertisement.";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              AdvOtherConfigFlag.";
         }
         leaf link-mtu {
           type uint32;
           default "0";
           description
             "The value to be placed in MTU options sent by the
              router. A value of zero indicates that no MTU options
              are sent.";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              AdvLinkMTU.";
         }
         leaf reachable-time {
           type uint32 {
             range "0..3600000";
           }
           units "milliseconds";
           default "0";
           description
             "The value to be placed in the Reachable Time field in
              the Router Advertisement messages sent by the router.
              A value of zero means unspecified (by this router).";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              AdvReachableTime.";
         }
         leaf retrans-timer {
           type uint32;
           units "milliseconds";
           default "0";
           description
             "The value to be placed in the Retrans Timer field in
              the Router Advertisement messages sent by the router.



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              A value of zero means unspecified (by this router).";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              AdvRetransTimer.";
         }
         leaf cur-hop-limit {
           type uint8;
           description
             "The value to be placed in the Cur Hop Limit field in
              the Router Advertisement messages sent by the router.
              A value of zero means unspecified (by this router).

              If this parameter is not configured, the device SHOULD
              use the value specified in IANA Assigned Numbers that
              was in effect at the time of implementation.";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              AdvCurHopLimit.

              IANA: IP Parameters,
              http://www.iana.org/assignments/ip-parameters";
         }
         leaf default-lifetime {
           type uint16 {
             range "0..9000";
           }
           units "seconds";
           description
             "The value to be placed in the Router Lifetime field of
              Router Advertisements sent from the interface, in
              seconds. It MUST be either zero or between
              max-rtr-adv-interval and 9000 seconds.  A value of zero
              default indicates that the router is not to be used as
              a router.  These limits may be overridden by specific
              documents that describe how IPv6 operates over
              different link layers.

              If this parameter is not configured, the device SHOULD
              use a value of 3 * max-rtr-adv-interval.";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              AdvDefaultLifeTime.";
         }
         container prefix-list {
           description
             "Configuration of prefixes to be placed in Prefix
              Information options in Router Advertisement messages
              sent from the interface.



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              Prefixes that are advertised by default but do not
              have their entries in the child 'prefix' list are
              advertised with the default values of all parameters.

              The link-local prefix SHOULD NOT be included in the
              list of advertised prefixes.";
           reference
             "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6) -
              AdvPrefixList.";
           list prefix {
             key "prefix-spec";
             description
               "Configuration of an advertised prefix entry.";
             leaf prefix-spec {
               type inet:ipv6-prefix;
               description
                 "IPv6 address prefix.";
             }
             choice control-adv-prefixes {
               default "advertise";
               description
                 "Either the prefix is explicitly removed from the
                  set of advertised prefixes, or the parameters with
                  which it is advertised are specified (default
                  case).";
               leaf no-advertise {
                 type empty;
                 description
                   "The prefix will not be advertised.

                    This can be used for removing the prefix from
                    the default set of advertised prefixes.";
               }
               case advertise {
                 leaf valid-lifetime {
                   type uint32;
                   units "seconds";
                   default "2592000";
                   description
                     "The value to be placed in the Valid Lifetime
                      in the Prefix Information option.  The
                      designated value of all 1's (0xffffffff)
                       represents infinity.";
                   reference
                     "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6
                      (IPv6) - AdvValidLifetime.";
                 }
                 leaf on-link-flag {



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                   type boolean;
                   default "true";
                   description
                     "The value to be placed in the on-link flag
                      ('L-bit') field in the Prefix Information
                      option.";
                   reference
                     "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6
                      (IPv6) - AdvOnLinkFlag.";
                 }
                 leaf preferred-lifetime {
                   type uint32;
                   units "seconds";
                   must ". <= ../valid-lifetime" {
                     description
                       "This value MUST NOT be greater than
                        valid-lifetime.";
                   }
                   default "604800";
                   description
                     "The value to be placed in the Preferred
                      Lifetime in the Prefix Information option.
                      The designated value of all 1's (0xffffffff)
                      represents infinity.";
                   reference
                     "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6
                      (IPv6) - AdvPreferredLifetime.";
                 }
                 leaf autonomous-flag {
                   type boolean;
                   default "true";
                   description
                     "The value to be placed in the Autonomous Flag
                      field in the Prefix Information option.";
                   reference
                     "RFC 4861: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6
                      (IPv6) - AdvAutonomousFlag.";
                 }
               }
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }

     /* Obsolete State Data */

     augment "/if:interfaces-state/if:interface/ip:ipv6" {



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       status obsolete;
       description
         "Augment interface state data with parameters of IPv6 router
          advertisements.";
       container ipv6-router-advertisements {
         status obsolete;
         description
           "Parameters of IPv6 Router Advertisements.";
         leaf send-advertisements {
           type boolean;
           status obsolete;
           description
             "A flag indicating whether or not the router sends periodic
              Router Advertisements and responds to Router
              Solicitations.";
         }
         leaf max-rtr-adv-interval {
           type uint16 {
             range "4..1800";
           }
           units "seconds";
           status obsolete;
           description
             "The maximum time allowed between sending unsolicited
              multicast Router Advertisements from the interface.";
         }
         leaf min-rtr-adv-interval {
           type uint16 {
             range "3..1350";
           }
           units "seconds";
           status obsolete;
           description
             "The minimum time allowed between sending unsolicited
              multicast Router Advertisements from the interface.";
         }
         leaf managed-flag {
           type boolean;
           status obsolete;
           description
             "The value that is placed in the 'Managed address
              configuration' flag field in the Router Advertisement.";
         }
         leaf other-config-flag {
           type boolean;
           status obsolete;
           description
             "The value that is placed in the 'Other configuration' flag



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              field in the Router Advertisement.";
         }
         leaf link-mtu {
           type uint32;
           status obsolete;
           description
             "The value that is placed in MTU options sent by the
              router.  A value of zero indicates that no MTU options are
              sent.";
         }
         leaf reachable-time {
           type uint32 {
             range "0..3600000";
           }
           units "milliseconds";
           status obsolete;
           description
             "The value that is placed in the Reachable Time field in
              the Router Advertisement messages sent by the router.  A
              value of zero means unspecified (by this router).";
         }
         leaf retrans-timer {
           type uint32;
           units "milliseconds";
           status obsolete;
           description
             "The value that is placed in the Retrans Timer field in the
              Router Advertisement messages sent by the router.  A value
              of zero means unspecified (by this router).";
         }
         leaf cur-hop-limit {
           type uint8;
           status obsolete;
           description
             "The value that is placed in the Cur Hop Limit field in the
              Router Advertisement messages sent by the router.  A value
              of zero means unspecified (by this router).";
         }
         leaf default-lifetime {
           type uint16 {
             range "0..9000";
           }
           units "seconds";
           status obsolete;
           description
             "The value that is placed in the Router Lifetime field of
              Router Advertisements sent from the interface, in seconds.
              A value of zero indicates that the router is not to be



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              used as a default router.";
         }
         container prefix-list {
           status obsolete;
           description
             "A list of prefixes that are placed in Prefix Information
              options in Router Advertisement messages sent from the
              interface.

              By default, these are all prefixes that the router
              advertises via routing protocols as being on-link for the
              interface from which the advertisement is sent.";
           list prefix {
             key "prefix-spec";
             status obsolete;
             description
               "Advertised prefix entry and its parameters.";
             leaf prefix-spec {
               type inet:ipv6-prefix;
               status obsolete;
               description
                 "IPv6 address prefix.";
             }
             leaf valid-lifetime {
               type uint32;
               units "seconds";
               status obsolete;
               description
                 "The value that is placed in the Valid Lifetime in the
                  Prefix Information option.  The designated value of
                  all 1's (0xffffffff) represents infinity.

                  An implementation SHOULD keep this value constant in
                  consecutive advertisements except when it is
                  explicitly changed in configuration.";
             }
             leaf on-link-flag {
               type boolean;
               status obsolete;
               description
                 "The value that is placed in the on-link flag ('L-bit')
                  field in the Prefix Information option.";
             }
             leaf preferred-lifetime {
               type uint32;
               units "seconds";
               status obsolete;
               description



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                 "The value that is placed in the Preferred Lifetime in
                  the Prefix Information option, in seconds.  The
                  designated value of all 1's (0xffffffff) represents
                  infinity.

                  An implementation SHOULD keep this value constant in
                  consecutive advertisements except when it is
                  explicitly changed in configuration.";
             }
             leaf autonomous-flag {
               type boolean;
               status obsolete;
               description
                 "The value that is placed in the Autonomous Flag field
                  in the Prefix Information option.";
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

10.  IANA Considerations

   [RFC8022] registered the following namespace URIs in the "IETF XML
   Registry" [RFC3688]:

   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-routing
   Registrant Contact: The IESG.
   XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing
   Registrant Contact: The IESG.
   XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

   URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing
   Registrant Contact: The IESG.
   XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

   [RFC8022] registered the following YANG modules in the "YANG Module
   Names" registry [RFC6020]:

   Name:         ietf-routing
   Namespace:    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-routing
   Prefix:       rt
   Reference:    RFC 8022




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   Name:         ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing
   Namespace:    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing
   Prefix:       v4ur
   Reference:    RFC 8022

   Name:         ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing
   Namespace:    urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing
   Prefix:       v6ur
   Reference:    RFC 8022

   This document registers the following YANG submodule in the "YANG
   Module Names" registry [RFC6020]:

   Name:         ietf-ipv6-router-advertisements
   Module:       ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing
   Reference:    RFC 8022

11.  Security Considerations

   The YANG module defined in this memo is designed to be accessed via
   the NETCONF protocol [RFC6241].  The lowest NETCONF layer is the
   secure transport layer and the mandatory-to-implement secure
   transport is SSH [RFC6242].

   There are a number of data nodes defined in this YANG module which
   are writable/creatable/deletable (i.e., config true, which is the
   default).  These data nodes may be considered sensitive or vulnerable
   in some network environments.  Write operations (e.g., edit-config)
   to these data nodes without proper protection can have a negative
   effect on network operations.  These are the subtrees and data nodes
   and their sensitivity/vulnerability:

   /routing/control-plane-protocols/control-plane-protocol:  This list
      specifies the control-plane protocols configured on a device.

   /routing/ribs/rib:  This list specifies the RIBs configured for the
      device.

   Some of the readable data nodes in this YANG module may be considered
   sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments.  It is thus
   important to control read access (e.g., via get, get-config, or
   notification) to these data nodes.  These are the subtrees and data
   nodes and their sensitivity/vulnerability:

   /routing/control-plane-protocols/control-plane-protocol:  This list
      specifies the control-plane protocols configured on a device.
      Refer to the control plane models for a list of sensitive
      information.



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   /routing/ribs/rib:  This list specifies the RIB and their contents
      for the device.  Access to this information may disclose the
      network topology and or other information.

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc3688>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc6020>.

   [RFC6242]  Wasserman, M., "Using the NETCONF Protocol over Secure
              Shell (SSH)", RFC 6242, DOI 10.17487/RFC6242, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6242>.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.

   [RFC6991]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
              RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.

   [RFC7223]  Bjorklund, M., "A YANG Data Model for Interface
              Management", RFC 7223, DOI 10.17487/RFC7223, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7223>.

   [RFC7277]  Bjorklund, M., "A YANG Data Model for IP Management",
              RFC 7277, DOI 10.17487/RFC7277, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7277>.




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   [RFC7950]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
              RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.

   [RFC8022]  Lhotka, L. and A. Lindem, "A YANG Data Model for Routing
              Management", RFC 8022, DOI 10.17487/RFC8022, November
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8022>.

12.2.  Informative References

   [RFC6087]  Bierman, A., "Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of YANG
              Data Model Documents", RFC 6087, DOI 10.17487/RFC6087,
              January 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6087>.

   [RFC7895]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "YANG Module
              Library", RFC 7895, DOI 10.17487/RFC7895, June 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7895>.

   [RFC7951]  Lhotka, L., "JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
              RFC 7951, DOI 10.17487/RFC7951, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7951>.

   [I-D.ietf-netmod-revised-datastores]
              Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K.,
              and R. Wilton, "Network Management Datastore
              Architecture", draft-ietf-netmod-revised-datastores-05
              (work in progress), October 2017.
























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Appendix A.  The Complete Data Trees

   This appendix presents the complete tree of the core routing data
   model.  See Section 2.2 for an explanation of the symbols used.  The
   data type of every leaf node is shown near the right end of the
   corresponding line.

   module: ietf-routing
   +--rw routing
      +--rw router-id?                 yang:dotted-quad
      +--ro interfaces
      |  +--ro interface*   if:interface-ref
      +--rw control-plane-protocols
      |  +--rw control-plane-protocol* [type name]
      |     +--rw type             identityref
      |     +--rw name             string
      |     +--rw description?     string
      |     +--rw static-routes
      |        +--rw v4ur:ipv4
      |        |  +--rw v4ur:route* [destination-prefix]
      |        |     +--rw v4ur:destination-prefix    inet:ipv4-prefix
      |        |     +--rw v4ur:description?          string
      |        |     +--rw v4ur:next-hop
      |        |        +--rw (v4ur:next-hop-options)
      |        |           +--:(v4ur:simple-next-hop)
      |        |           |  +--rw v4ur:outgoing-interface?
      |        |           |             if:interface-ref
      |        |           |  +--rw v4ur:next-hop-address?
      |        |           |             inet:ipv4-address
      |        |           +--:(v4ur:special-next-hop)
      |        |           |  +--rw v4ur:special-next-hop?  enumeration
      |        |           +--:(v4ur:next-hop-list)
      |        |              +--rw v4ur:next-hop-list
      |        |                 +--rw v4ur:next-hop* [index]
      |        |                    +--rw v4ur:index             string
      |        |                    +--rw v4ur:outgoing-interface?
      |        |                               if:interface-ref
      |        |                    +--rw v4ur:next-hop-address?
      |        |                               inet:ipv4-address
      |        +--rw v6ur:ipv6
      |           +--rw v6ur:route* [destination-prefix]
      |              +--rw v6ur:destination-prefix    inet:ipv6-prefix
      |              +--rw v6ur:description?          string
      |              +--rw v6ur:next-hop
      |                 +--rw (v6ur:next-hop-options)
      |                    +--:(v6ur:simple-next-hop)
      |                    |  +--rw v6ur:outgoing-interface?
      |                    |             if:interface-ref



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      |                    |  +--rw v6ur:next-hop-address?
      |                    |             inet:ipv6-address
      |                    +--:(v6ur:special-next-hop)
      |                    |  +--rw v6ur:special-next-hop?  enumeration
      |                    +--:(v6ur:next-hop-list)
      |                       +--rw v6ur:next-hop-list
      |                          +--rw v6ur:next-hop* [index]
      |                             +--rw v6ur:index             string
      |                             +--rw v6ur:outgoing-interface?
      |                                        if:interface-ref
      |                             +--rw v6ur:next-hop-address?
      |                                        inet:ipv6-address
      +--rw ribs
         +--rw rib* [name]
            +--rw name              string
            +--rw address-family?   identityref
            +--ro default-rib?      boolean {multiple-ribs}?
            +--ro routes
            |  +--ro route*
            |     +--ro route-preference?          route-preference
            |     +--ro next-hop
            |     |  +--ro (next-hop-options)
            |     |     +--:(simple-next-hop)
            |     |     |  +--ro outgoing-interface?
            |     |     |  |       if:interface-ref
            |     |     |  +--ro v4ur:next-hop-address?
            |     |     |  |       inet:ipv4-address
            |     |     |  +--ro v6ur:next-hop-address?
            |     |     |             inet:ipv6-address
            |     |     +--:(special-next-hop)
            |     |     |  +--ro special-next-hop?        enumeration
            |     |     +--:(next-hop-list)
            |     |        +--ro next-hop-list
            |     |           +--ro next-hop*
            |     |              +--ro outgoing-interface?
            |     |              |       if:interface-ref
            |     |              +--ro v4ur:address?
            |     |              |       inet:ipv4-address
            |     |              +--ro v6ur:address?
            |     |                       inet:ipv6-address
            |     +--ro source-protocol            identityref
            |     +--ro active?                    empty
            |     +--ro last-updated?              yang:date-and-time
            |     +--ro v4ur:destination-prefix?   inet:ipv4-prefix
            |     +--ro v6ur:destination-prefix?   inet:ipv6-prefix
            +---x active-route
            |  +---w input
            |  |  +---w v4ur:destination-address?   inet:ipv4-address



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            |  |  +---w v6ur:destination-address?   inet:ipv6-address
            |  +--ro output
            |     +--ro route
            |        +--ro next-hop
            |        |  +--ro (next-hop-options)
            |        |     +--:(simple-next-hop)
            |        |     |  +--ro outgoing-interface?
            |        |     |  |       if:interface-ref
            |        |     |  +--ro v4ur:next-hop-address?
            |        |     |  |          inet:ipv4-address
            |        |     |  +--ro v6ur:next-hop-address?
            |        |     |             inet:ipv6-address
            |        |     +--:(special-next-hop)
            |        |     |  +--ro special-next-hop?      enumeration
            |        |     +--:(next-hop-list)
            |        |        +--ro next-hop-list
            |        |           +--ro next-hop*
            |        |              +--ro outgoing-interface?
            |        |              |       if:interface-ref
            |        |              +--ro v4ur:next-hop-address?
            |        |              |       inet:ipv4-address
            |        |              +--ro v6ur:next-hop-address?
            |        |                      inet:ipv6-address
            |        +--ro source-protocol          identityref
            |        +--ro active?                  empty
            |        +--ro last-updated?            yang:date-and-time
            |        +--ro v4ur:destination-prefix? inet:ipv4-prefix
            |        +--ro v6ur:destination-prefix? inet:ipv6-prefix
            +--rw description?      string
   module: ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing
     augment /if:interfaces/if:interface/ip:ipv6:
   +--rw ipv6-router-advertisements
      +--rw send-advertisements?    boolean
      +--rw max-rtr-adv-interval?   uint16
      +--rw min-rtr-adv-interval?   uint16
      +--rw managed-flag?           boolean
      +--rw other-config-flag?      boolean
      +--rw link-mtu?               uint32
      +--rw reachable-time?         uint32
      +--rw retrans-timer?          uint32
      +--rw cur-hop-limit?          uint8
      +--rw default-lifetime?       uint16
      +--rw prefix-list
         +--rw prefix* [prefix-spec]
            +--rw prefix-spec           inet:ipv6-prefix
            +--rw (control-adv-prefixes)?
               +--:(no-advertise)
               |  +--rw no-advertise?         empty



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               +--:(advertise)
                  +--rw valid-lifetime?       uint32
                  +--rw on-link-flag?         boolean
                  +--rw preferred-lifetime?   uint32
                  +--rw autonomous-flag?      boolean

Appendix B.  Minimum Implementation

   Some parts and options of the core routing model, such as user-
   defined RIBs, are intended only for advanced routers.  This appendix
   gives basic non-normative guidelines for implementing a bare minimum
   of available functions.  Such an implementation may be used for hosts
   or very simple routers.

   A minimum implementation does not support the feature
   "multiple-ribs".  This means that a single system-controlled RIB is
   available for each supported address family -- IPv4, IPv6, or both.
   These RIBs are also the default RIBs.  No user-controlled RIBs are
   allowed.

   In addition to the mandatory instance of the "direct" pseudo-
   protocol, a minimum implementation should support configuring
   instance(s) of the "static" pseudo-protocol.

   For hosts that are never intended to act as routers, the ability to
   turn on sending IPv6 router advertisements (Section 5.4) should be
   removed.

   Platforms with severely constrained resources may use deviations for
   restricting the data model, e.g., limiting the number of "static"
   control-plane protocol instances.

Appendix C.  Example: Adding a New Control-Plane Protocol

   This appendix demonstrates how the core routing data model can be
   extended to support a new control-plane protocol.  The YANG module
   "example-rip" shown below is intended as an illustration rather than
   a real definition of a data model for the Routing Information
   Protocol (RIP).  For the sake of brevity, this module does not obey
   all the guidelines specified in [RFC6087].  See also Section 5.3.2.

   module example-rip {

     yang-version "1.1";

     namespace "http://example.com/rip";

     prefix "rip";



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     import ietf-interfaces {
       prefix "if";
     }

     import ietf-routing {
       prefix "rt";
     }

     identity rip {
       base rt:routing-protocol;
       description
         "Identity for the Routing Information Protocol (RIP).";
     }

     typedef rip-metric {
       type uint8 {
         range "0..16";
       }
     }

     grouping route-content {
       description
         "This grouping defines RIP-specific route attributes.";
       leaf metric {
         type rip-metric;
       }
       leaf tag {
         type uint16;
         default "0";
         description
           "This leaf may be used to carry additional info, e.g.,
            autonomous system (AS) number.";
       }
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:routes/rt:route" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(rt:source-protocol, 'rip:rip')" {
         description
           "This augment is only valid for a route whose source
            protocol is RIP.";
       }
       description
         "RIP-specific route attributes.";
       uses route-content;
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:ribs/rt:rib/rt:active-route/"
           + "rt:output/rt:route" {



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       description
         "RIP-specific route attributes in the output of 'active-route'
          RPC.";
       uses route-content;
     }

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:control-plane-protocols/"
           + "rt:control-plane-protocol" {
       when "derived-from-or-self(rt:type,'rip:rip')" {
         description
           "This augment is only valid for a routing protocol instance
            of type 'rip'.";
       }
       container rip {
         presence "RIP configuration";
         description
           "RIP instance configuration.";
         container interfaces {
           description
             "Per-interface RIP configuration.";
           list interface {
             key "name";
             description
               "RIP is enabled on interfaces that have an entry in this
                list, unless 'enabled' is set to 'false' for that
                entry.";
             leaf name {
               type if:interface-ref;
             }
             leaf enabled {
               type boolean;
               default "true";
             }
             leaf metric {
               type rip-metric;
               default "1";
             }
           }
         }
         leaf update-interval {
           type uint8 {
             range "10..60";
           }
           units "seconds";
           default "30";
           description
             "Time interval between periodic updates.";
         }



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       }
     }
   }

Appendix D.  Data Tree Example

   This section contains an example of an instance data tree in the JSON
   encoding [RFC7951], containing both configuration and state data.
   The data conforms to a data model that is defined by the following
   YANG library specification [RFC7895]:

   {
     "ietf-yang-library:modules-state": {
       "module-set-id": "c2e1f54169aa7f36e1a6e8d0865d441d3600f9c4",
       "module": [
         {
           "name": "ietf-routing",
           "revision": "2017-09-13",
           "feature": [
             "multiple-ribs",
             "router-id"
           ],
           "namespace": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-routing",
           "conformance-type": "implement"
         },
         {
           "name": "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing",
           "revision": "2017-09-13",
           "namespace":
             "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing",
           "conformance-type": "implement"
         },
         {
           "name": "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing",
           "revision": "2017-09-13",
           "namespace":
             "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing-3",
           "conformance-type": "implement"
         },
         {
           "name": "ietf-interfaces",
           "revision": "2014-05-08",
           "namespace": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-interfaces",
           "conformance-type": "implement"
         },
         {
           "name": "ietf-inet-types",
           "namespace": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-inet-types",



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           "revision": "2013-07-15",
           "conformance-type": "import"
         },
         {
           "name": "ietf-yang-types",
           "namespace": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-types",
           "revision": "2013-07-15",
           "conformance-type": "import"
         },
         {
           "name": "iana-if-type",
           "namespace": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:iana-if-type",
           "revision": "",
           "conformance-type": "implement"
         },
         {
           "name": "ietf-ip",
           "revision": "2014-06-16",
           "namespace": "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ip",
           "conformance-type": "implement"
         }
       ]
     }
   }

   A simple network setup as shown in Figure 2 is assumed: router "A"
   uses static default routes with the "ISP" router as the next hop.
   IPv6 router advertisements are configured only on the "eth1"
   interface and disabled on the upstream "eth0" interface.






















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                   +-----------------+
                   |                 |
                   |    Router ISP   |
                   |                 |
                   +--------+--------+
                            |2001:db8:0:1::2
                            |192.0.2.2
                            |
                            |
                            |2001:db8:0:1::1
                        eth0|192.0.2.1
                   +--------+--------+
                   |                 |
                   |     Router A    |
                   |                 |
                   +--------+--------+
                        eth1|198.51.100.1
                            |2001:db8:0:2::1
                            |

                Figure 2: Example of Network Configuration

   The instance data tree could then be as follows:

   {
     "ietf-interfaces:interfaces": {
       "interface": [
         {
           "name": "eth0",
           "type": "iana-if-type:ethernetCsmacd",
           "description": "Uplink to ISP.",
           "ietf-ip:ipv4": {
             "address": [
               {
                 "ip": "192.0.2.1",
                 "prefix-length": 24
               }
             ],
             "forwarding": true
           },
           "ietf-ip:ipv6": {
             "address": [
               {
                 "ip": "2001:0db8:0:1::1",
                 "prefix-length": 64
               }
             ],
             "forwarding": true,



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             "autoconf": {
               "create-global-addresses": false
             }
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "eth1",
           "type": "iana-if-type:ethernetCsmacd",
           "description": "Interface to the internal network.",
           "ietf-ip:ipv4": {
             "address": [
               {
                 "ip": "198.51.100.1",
                 "prefix-length": 24
               }
             ],
             "forwarding": true
           },
           "ietf-ip:ipv6": {
             "address": [
               {
                 "ip": "2001:0db8:0:2::1",
                 "prefix-length": 64
               }
             ],
             "forwarding": true,
             "autoconf": {
               "create-global-addresses": false
             },
             "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing:
                 ipv6-router-advertisements": {
               "send-advertisements": true
             }
           }
         }
       ]
     },
     "ietf-interfaces:interfaces-state": {
       "interface": [
         {
           "name": "eth0",
           "type": "iana-if-type:ethernetCsmacd",
           "phys-address": "00:0C:42:E5:B1:E9",
           "oper-status": "up",
           "statistics": {
             "discontinuity-time": "2015-10-24T17:11:27+02:00"
           },
           "ietf-ip:ipv4": {



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             "forwarding": true,
             "mtu": 1500,
             "address": [
               {
                 "ip": "192.0.2.1",
                 "prefix-length": 24
               }
             ]
           },
           "ietf-ip:ipv6": {
             "forwarding": true,
             "mtu": 1500,
             "address": [
               {
                 "ip": "2001:0db8:0:1::1",
                 "prefix-length": 64
               }
             ],
             "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing:
                ipv6-router-advertisements": {
               "send-advertisements": false
             }
           }
         },
         {
           "name": "eth1",
           "type": "iana-if-type:ethernetCsmacd",
           "phys-address": "00:0C:42:E5:B1:EA",
           "oper-status": "up",
           "statistics": {
             "discontinuity-time": "2015-10-24T17:11:29+02:00"
           },
           "ietf-ip:ipv4": {
             "forwarding": true,
             "mtu": 1500,
             "address": [
               {
                 "ip": "198.51.100.1",
                 "prefix-length": 24
               }
             ]
           },
           "ietf-ip:ipv6": {
             "forwarding": true,
             "mtu": 1500,
             "address": [
               {
                 "ip": "2001:0db8:0:2::1",



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                 "prefix-length": 64
               }
             ],
             "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing:
                ipv6-router-advertisements": {
               "send-advertisements": true,
               "prefix-list": {
                 "prefix": [
                   {
                     "prefix-spec": "2001:db8:0:2::/64"
                   }
                 ]
               }
             }
           }
         }
       ]
     },
     "ietf-routing:routing": {
       "router-id": "192.0.2.1",
       "control-plane-protocols": {
         "control-plane-protocol": [
           {
             "type": "ietf-routing:static",
             "name": "st0",
             "description":
               "Static routing is used for the internal network.",
             "static-routes": {
               "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing:ipv4": {
                 "route": [
                   {
                     "destination-prefix": "0.0.0.0/0",
                     "next-hop": {
                       "next-hop-address": "192.0.2.2"
                     }
                   }
                 ]
               },
               "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing:ipv6": {
                 "route": [
                   {
                     "destination-prefix": "::/0",
                     "next-hop": {
                       "next-hop-address": "2001:db8:0:1::2"
                     }
                   }
                 ]
               }



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             }
           }
         ]
       }
           "ribs": {
         "rib": [
           {
             "name": "ipv4-master",
             "address-family":
               "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing:ipv4-unicast",
             "default-rib": true,
             "routes": {
               "route": [
                 {
                   "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing:destination-prefix":
                     "192.0.2.1/24",
                   "next-hop": {
                     "outgoing-interface": "eth0"
                   },
                   "route-preference": 0,
                   "source-protocol": "ietf-routing:direct",
                   "last-updated": "2015-10-24T17:11:27+02:00"
                 },
                 {
                   "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing:destination-prefix":
                     "198.51.100.0/24",
                   "next-hop": {
                     "outgoing-interface": "eth1"
                   },
                   "source-protocol": "ietf-routing:direct",
                   "route-preference": 0,
                   "last-updated": "2015-10-24T17:11:27+02:00"
                 },
                 {
                   "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing:destination-prefix":
                     "0.0.0.0/0",
                   "source-protocol": "ietf-routing:static",
                   "route-preference": 5,
                   "next-hop": {
                     "ietf-ipv4-unicast-routing:next-hop-address":
                       "192.0.2.2"
                   },
                   "last-updated": "2015-10-24T18:02:45+02:00"
                 }
               ]
             }
           },
           {



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             "name": "ipv6-master",
             "address-family":
               "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing:ipv6-unicast",
             "default-rib": true,
             "routes": {
               "route": [
                 {
                   "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing:destination-prefix":
                     "2001:db8:0:1::/64",
                   "next-hop": {
                     "outgoing-interface": "eth0"
                   },
                   "source-protocol": "ietf-routing:direct",
                   "route-preference": 0,
                   "last-updated": "2015-10-24T17:11:27+02:00"
                 },
                 {
                   "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing:destination-prefix":
                     "2001:db8:0:2::/64",
                   "next-hop": {
                     "outgoing-interface": "eth1"
                   },
                   "source-protocol": "ietf-routing:direct",
                   "route-preference": 0,
                   "last-updated": "2015-10-24T17:11:27+02:00"
                 },
                 {
                   "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing:destination-prefix":
                     "::/0",
                   "next-hop": {
                     "ietf-ipv6-unicast-routing:next-hop-address":
                       "2001:db8:0:1::2"
                   },
                   "source-protocol": "ietf-routing:static",
                   "route-preference": 5,
                   "last-updated": "2015-10-24T18:02:45+02:00"
                 }
               ]
             }
           }
         ]
       }
     },
   }







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Acknowledgments

   The authors wish to thank Nitin Bahadur, Martin Bjorklund, Dean
   Bogdanovic, Jeff Haas, Joel Halpern, Wes Hardaker, Sriganesh Kini,
   David Lamparter, Andrew McGregor, Jan Medved, Xiang Li, Stephane
   Litkowski, Thomas Morin, Tom Petch, Yingzhen Qu, Bruno Rijsman,
   Juergen Schoenwaelder, Phil Shafer, Dave Thaler, Yi Yang,
   Derek Man-Kit Yeung, and Jeffrey Zhang for their helpful comments and
   suggestions.

Authors' Addresses

   Ladislav Lhotka
   CZ.NIC

   EMail: lhotka@nic.cz


   Acee Lindem
   Cisco Systems

   EMail: acee@cisco.com


   Yingzhen Qu
   Futurewei Technologies, Inc.
   2330 Central Expressway
   Santa Clara  CA 95050
   USA

   EMail: yingzhen.qu@huawei.com




















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