Internet-Draft Long Zhang Intended status: Experimental Xinxin Zhang Expires: October 18, 2014 Wenjing Cao Hebei University of Engineering Wei Huang China Electric Power Research Institute Yan Ding Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications April 18, 2014 Hypernetwork Model and Architecture for Deep Space Information Networks draft-zhang-hebeu-hma-dsin-00 Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 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Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4. e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Abstract The increasing world-wide demands in deep space scientific missions, such as Lunar, Mars and other Planetary Exploration, along with the rapidly growing advances in space communication technologies have triggered the vision of so called future Deep Space Information Networks (DSINs). The coined DSIN paradigm is envisioned to be an integrated high speed self-organizing hypernetwork consisting of the terrestrial ground-based information networks and the outer space- based entities to provide maximum network capacity. In this document, the problem of network infrastructure and architecture for DSINs is investigated. Taking into account the major challenges or characteristics affecting link, networking, transport, and security design of DSINs, this document employs hypergraph theory to construct network infrastructure and node architecture of space optical switching, and further presents a five-layered hypernetwork model of DSINs to enhance network connectivity. Combining with the benefits in interconnection and interoperability of heterogeneous challenged networks, brought by the well-known Delay-and Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) architecture, this document proposes a novel architecture of DSINs from two levels including Layered Protocol Stack and Management Plane. The proposed architecture preliminarily achieves the basic concepts and the relevant mechanisms of wisdom network, and the performance and quality of service (QoS) of DSINs are thereby improved. Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1. Network Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2. Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. Hypernetwork Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1. Preliminaries of Hypergraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2. Hypernetwork Model of DSINs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1. Layered Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.2. Management Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. Conclusions and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 1. Introduction With the rapid growth of world-wide demands in deep space scientific missions such as Lunar, Mars and other Planetary Exploration, and the recent technological advances in space communications, in-site communications and navigation, spacecraft radio systems, crew transport vehicles, and so on, there has been increasing amount of scientific data to be generated from deep space exploration missions to be transmitted back to the Earth [1]. In addition, these missions require high data rates on interplanetary links, e.g., 10 Gb/s of NASA's Kepler mission beyond 2020 [2], seamless end-to-end information flow across the solar system and beyond, real time data delivery, and integrated communications, navigation, and operations services, and so on [3]. The growing demand for outer space exploration and scientific missions of the future has given rise to the vision of next-generation space network infrastructure. One prominent next-generation space network infrastructure is the InterPlaNetary (IPN) Internet [1], outlined by NASA, an extension of the terrestrial Internet into outer space, focusing on providing communication and navigation services for the future deep space missions. In light of the above ever-growing requirements, the vision of so called future Deep Space Information Networks (DSINs) will be gradually formed through the terrestrial communication infrastructures, and such large number of nodes in outer space, i.e., satellites, robotic spacecrafts, crewed vehicles, rovers, landers, sensors, etc. The coined DSIN paradigm is an integrated high speed self-organizing hypernetwork consisting of the terrestrial ground-based information networks, e.g., Internet, mobile communication networks, and sensor networks, etc, and the space-and deep space-based entities, e.g., satellites, robotic spacecrafts, crewed vehicles, rovers, landers, sensors, etc, within outer space, to provide maximum network capacity. The DSINs are envisioned to offer reliable communications for scientific data deliveries between Earth and other planets, and also navigation service for outer space-based entities of future deep space exploration. The main challenges affect link, networking, transport, and security design of DSINs can be summarized as follows [1]-[7]: Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 Interconnection of layered heterogeneous networks: There are several different architectures used in DSINs due to the coexistence of several layered distinct network components, e.g., terrestrial Internet, sensor networks, and satellite networks in outer space. Therefore, the DSINs can be considered as "network of networks" and need to cope with the interconnection of heterogeneous networks. Intermittent connectivity and frequent partitioning: Link outage may occur for the reasons such as moving planetary bodies, harsh natural environment and interference. Moreover, in light of economical reasons, radio transceivers for space communications are shared, and link connectivity is scheduled to be episodic. The network topology may be frequently partitioned due to intermittent connectivity of links. Long and variable propagation delay: The deep space links may have extremely long propagation delays caused by long transmission distances. The movement of deep space nodes adds to the variability of delay, and the movement of nodes during propagation must be considered while computing the routes or scheduling the packet, e.g., one-way propagation delays of the Cassini mission to Saturn are in the range of 68 minutes and 84 minutes [6]. Link bandwidth asymmetry: The asymmetry in the bandwidth capacities of the uplink and downlink channels is typically on the order of 1:1000 in scientific missions. High link error rates: The bit error rate for deep space links is very high (usually in the order of 10-1 [8]) because of harsh natural environment and long propagation distances. Security: The spacecraft is operated completely isolated in space and only connected to several ground stations or other spacecrafts via deep space links. Hence, this property nullifies the advantages of asymmetric key management systems for key exchange [4]. Moreover, spacecraft on-board computers and processors generally have limited computational power and capabilities. Therefore, complex cryptographic operations such as asymmetric cryptography should be avoided [4]. Based on the above, most of these characteristics are unique to DSINs in contrast to those in terrestrial networks, and especially, there are no guaranteed continuous end-to-end paths between sources and destinations in DSINs due to the intermittently or partially connected dynamic topologies. Thus, the existing TCP/IP protocol suite over the Internet can not be efficiently used in DSINs. In recent years, the architecture of a class of challenged networks, Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 known as the Delay-and Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) architecture [9]-[11] has emerged as a promising solution to provide an overlay network for highly challenged networks that experience high latency, high error rates, intermittent connectivity, frequent partitions, asymmetric data rates, and different heterogeneous network architectures. It can be naturally observed that the DSIN is a typical scenario of DTN. This document studies the issue of network infrastructure and architecture of DSINs. Considering the major challenges or characteristics affecting link, networking, transport, and security design of DSINs, this document uses hypergraph theory to model the network infrastructure, in which node architecture of space optical switching is applied, and also presents a novel hypernetwork model of DSINs in order to enhance network connectivity. Furthermore, this document discusses the methods of constructing the hyperchannels in hypernetwork model. Based on the benefits of DTN architecture and service requirements of future networks, this document proposes a novel architecture of DSINs at two levels, i.e., Layered Protocol Stack and Management Plane. 2. Related Work In this section, the document gives a brief review of related work in network infrastructure and architecture of space associated networks to propose the ideas of this document for hypernetwork model and architecture of DSINs 2.1. Network Infrastructure The general network infrastructure of NASAs space Internet contains four architectural elements [1], [12], i.e., backbone network, access network, inter-spacecraft network, and proximity network. The authors in [1] presented the infrastructure of IPN Internet, which includes Interplanetary Backbone Network, Interplanetary External Networks, and Planetary Networks. The Interplanetary Backbone Network [1] provides a common infrastructure for communications among the Earth, outer-space planets, and relay spacecrafts placed at gravitationally stable Lagrangian points of planets, etc. The Interplanetary External Networks [1] focus inherently on the communications among nodes of outer space between planets. The Planetary Networks [1] can be further divided into Planetary Satellite Network and Planetary Surface Network, aiming to offer communications among satellites and surface nodes of single planet. However, the network infrastructure of IPN Internet is still a normal partitioning and structure. Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 The IP-based communication infrastructure of Global Information Grid (GIG) generally includes terrestrial, space based, airborne, and wireless or radio segments [13]. With the enabling underlying infrastructure for "network-centric" military communications, the authors in [14] defined four layers that constitute the infrastructure of the GIG, for the purpose of support seamless global communications. These four layers can be specifically classified into surface layer, aerospace layer, near-space layer, and satellite layer in light of bottom-up approach. However, although the satellite layer was considered to enhance the overall performance of GIG, the benefits brought by deep space networking was not taken into account. 2.2. Architecture Due to the primary challenges introduced by DSINs, conventional TCP/IP protocol suite-based network architectures are not applicable to the DSIN scenario. Generalized from design work for IPN Internet [15], the DTN architecture is a novel store-and-forward architecture and protocol suite intended for challenged networks that may suffer from frequent partitions and high delays. A store-and-forward message switching is implemented within DTN architecture through defining an end-to-end message-oriented overlay known as the "bundle layer" [16], [17] on top of lower layers of heterogeneous networks. In particular, the bundle layer lies between transport layer and application layer and forms an overlay that employs persistent storage to deal with network interruption [16]. In addition, the bundle layer includes a hop-by-hop transfer of reliable delivery responsibility and optional end-to-end acknowledgement [16]. For interoperability of heterogeneous networks, the bundle layer applies a flexible Uniform Resource Identifiers-based naming scheme capable of encapsulating distinct naming and addressing schemes in the same overall naming syntax [16]. In order to meet the requirements of future networks, the authors in [18] describe the concept of wisdom networks to provide the wisdom-based ultimate services for network users. However, for that matter, the DTN architecture does not properly define management planes to suit service requirements of future networks. Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 3. Hypernetwork Model 3.1. Preliminaries of Hypergraph According to Berge's pioneer work [19], a hypergraph H is an ordered pair H =(V,E)consisting of a non-empty finite set of vertices V ={v1,v2,...,vp}and a set family E ={E1,E2,...,Ep}of distinct finite subsets of the sets of vertices V . Each Ej for j = 1,2,...,q is called edge of a hypergraph or hyperedge and the union of all Ej is V .The size of a hypergraph is the sum of the cardinalities of its hyperedges. 3.2. Hypernetwork Model of DSINs In order to enhance network connectivity and resolve existing issues in network infrastructures, this document models a DSIN as a hypernetwork H =(V,E), in which the non-empty finite set of vertices V denotes the nodes of DSIN, and the set family E denotes the non-empty finite set of hyperchannels of DSIN. The construction of hyperchannels is an open problem, and yet there have been several schemes or strategies to build up hyperchannels in the literature, such as TDM-based schedule [20], forbidden subsets [21], frequency assignment [22], and bundle transport model [23], protein-protein interaction network [24] and so on. In this section, from network connectivity's point of view, this document preliminarily creates the hyperchannels that can provide full connectivity or communications among all the nodes within the corresponding hyperchannels. Based on the above ideas, within a time interval [t0,T], a typical structural sample scenario of hypernetwork model of DSIN is illustrated in Figure 1. From top to bottom in an orderly way, the hypernetwork model can be divided into five layers: a) Planetary Exploration Sensor Layer, consisting of planetary exploration nodes; b) Deep Space Planetary Layer, consisting of deep space planetary spacecraft nodes; c) Deep Space Backbone Layer, consisting of deep space backbone spacecraft nodes; d) Space-Based Layer, consisting of space-based nodes; and e) Ground-Based Layer, consisting of ground-based nodes. Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 +----------------------+ / /| / / | / /--|----Planetary Exploration / / /| Sensor Node / / / | / / /--|---- Deep Space Planetary / / / /| Spacecraft Node / / / / | / / / /--|----Deep Space Backbone / / / / /| Spacecraft Node / / / / / | / / / / /--|-----Space-Based Node / / / / / /| / / / / / / | / / / / / / + / / / / / / / / / / / / /--/-----Ground-Based Networks +----------------------+ / / / / / |Planetary Exploration | / / / / / | Sensor Layer |/ / / / / +----------------------+ / / / / | Deep Space | / / / / | Planetary Layer |/ / / / +----------------------+ / / / | Deep Space | / / / | Backbone Layer |/ / / +----------------------+ / / | Space-Based | / / | Layer |/ / +----------------------+ / | Ground-Based | / | Layer |/ +----------------------+ Figure 1. Within time interval [t0,T], the hypernetwork model of DSIN. Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 To better realize high-speed transmission and maximum network capacity of DSINs, this document assumes that the state of the art space optical switching techniques are employed in both deep space backbone spacecraft nodes and deep space planetary spacecraft nodes. The node architecture of space optical switching is designed via novel hypergraph model for the sake of high-speed data transfer and on-board switching. Note that the ground-based layer embraces terrestrial heterogeneous networks, e.g., Internet, sensor networks, and mobile communication networks, etc, and the space-based layer covers various satellite networks. 4. Architecture In this section, the document proposes a novel architecture for DSINs As shown in Figure 2, the architecture of DSINs is composed of Layered Protocol Stack and Management Plane. Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 +---------------------+ / / | / / | / / | / / | / / | / /| | / / | | / / | | / / | | / / | | / / |Ser- | / /| |vice | / / | | | / / | |Plane| / / | | | / / |Wis- | | / / |dom | | / /| | | +---- / / | |Plane| / / / / | | | / / / / | | | / / / / |Know-| | / / ---- +--------------------+ |ledge| |/ / | | Application Layer | | | / / | | | |Plane| / / | +--------------------+ | | / / | | Bundle Layer | | | / / | | | | | / / | +--------------------+Map- | /Management Layered | Transport Layer |ping | / Plane Protocol| | | / / Suite +--------------------+Plane| / / | | Hypernetwork Layer | | / / | | | | / / | +--------------------+ / / | |Data Hyperlink Layer| / / | | | / / | +--------------------+ / / | | Physical Layer | / / | | | / / ---- +--------------------+ ---- Figure 2. The architecture of DSINs Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 4.1. Layered Protocol Stack The Layered Protocol Stack is made up of six layers, i.e., Physical Layer, Data Hyperlink Layer, Hypernetwork Layer, Transport Layer, Bundle Layer, and Application Layer. The Physical Layer, Transport Layer, Bundle Layer, and Application Layer are usually considered no distinction to those in conventional DTN architecture. In the proposed Layered Protocol Stack, this document emphasizes primarily on the Hypernetwork Layer and Data Hyperlink Layer, which perform the following functions: Hypernetwork Layer: The messages in Hypernetwork Layer are termed as hyperdatagrams. In addition, the hyperchannel is bulidt up in terms of specific rules or algorithms and the source-to- destination hyperpaths or hyperroutes are discovered, repaired, and established. Data Hyperlink Layer: The messages in Data Hyperlink Layer are termed as hyperframes. The Data Hyperlink Layer provides the functional means to detect hyperframe and possibly correct errors that may occur in the Physical Layer. Moreover, the hyperlink-to- hyperlink fragmentation of hyperframes into hyperframe pieces and reassembly into complete hyperframes are also carried out. 4.2. Management Plane The Management Plane comprises four functional planes, i.e., Mapping Plane, Knowledge Plane, Wisdom Plane, and Service Plane. The Mapping Plane offers the capability to shield the heterogeneity of various underlying networks for the purpose of logical coexistence and resource sharing among diverse heterogeneous networks. In addition, the Service Plane performs schedule and quality of service (QoS) management of services based on the process of abstracting. In this section, the document introduces the following definitions to explain the coined Knowledge Plane and Wisdom Plane. The Knowledge Cycle of DSINs - It is defined as a feasible closed flow based on DSIN infrastructure to acquire, store, share, and process knowledge. As depicted in Figure 3, the Knowledge Cycle contains four logical steps, namely, Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Storage, Knowledge Sharing, and Knowledge Processing. Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | +----------+ +---------+ +---------+ +-----------+ | | | Knowledge|<<<<|Knowledge|<<<<|Knowledge|<<<<| Knowledge | | | |Processing| | Sharing | | Storage | |Acquisition| | | +------v---+ +---------+ +---------+ +--^--------+ | | v ^ | +---------v-----------------------------------------^ ---------+ v ^ v ^ +-v---------->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>----------------^--+ | | | DSIN Infrastructure  | | | +----------------------------------------------+ Figure 3. The Knowledge Cycle of DSINs The Knowledge Plane - It is a logical function entity to implement Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Storage, Knowledge Sharing, and Knowledge Processing in each layer within the Layered Protocol Stack by the Knowledge Cycle of DSINs. The Wisdom Chain of DSINs - It is defined as a feasible open flow to transform Data, Information, and Knowledge to Wisdom by the means of Analysis, Imagination and Game. As illustrated in Figure 4, the Wisdom is generated through competition or interactive decision making of each layer within the Layered Protocol Stack in the Wisdom Chain of DSINs. Note that the competition inherently indicates a multi-player dynamic game. Thus, this document models the transformation from Knowledge to Wisdom using stochastic differential game [25]. +----+ +-----------+ +---------+ +------+ | |Analysis | |Imagination | |Game | | |Data|-------->|Information|----------->|Knowledge|---->|Wisdom| | | | | | | | | +----+ +-----------+ +---------+ +------+ Figure 4. The Wisdom Chain of DSINs Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 5. Conclusions and Future Work In this document, we have investigated the issue of network infrastructure and architecture of DSINs. Considering the major challenges or characteristics affecting link, networking and transport design of DSINs, we apply the so called hypergraph theory to study the network infrastructure and node architecture of space optical switching, and present a hypernetwork model of DSINs for the purpose of enhancing network connectivity. In addition, this document explores the schemes to build up the hyperchannels of hypernetwork model. According to the benefits of store-and-forward DTN architecture and service requirements of future networks, this document proposes a novel architecture of DSINs at two levels, i.e., Layered Protocol Stack and Management Plane, to provide the wisdom-based ultimate services for network nodes. Therefore, the vision of wisdom network has been preliminarily realized. This document provides the fundamental framework for network infrastructure and architecture of DSINs. As a part of future work, we will aim to research on the specific schemes of constructing the efficient hyperchannels through different strategies. As another future work, we will build up the hyperrouting model and node architecture in DSINs. Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 6. Security Considerations Security is an integral concern for the design of the Architecture of Deep Space Information Networks (DSINs), but its use is optional. Sections 1 of this document present some factors to consider for securing the design of DSINs, but separate documents [4] and [7] provide the security schemes in much more detail. 7. IANA Considerations This document has no IANA considerations. 8. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China under Grant No. F2013402039 and No. F2012402046, the Scientific Research Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Hebei Province of China under Grant No. QN20131048, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grants No. 61309033 and No. 61304131 Work on this document was performed at the Handan Key Laboratory of Optical Communications and Broadband Access Technologies. The authors would also like to acknowledge and thank the members of the Handan Key Laboratory of Optical Communications and Broadband Access Technologies, who have provided invaluable insight. 9. References [1] I. F. Akyildiz, O. B. Akan, C. Chen, J. Fang, and W. Su, "InterPlaNetary Internet: state-of-the-art and research challenges" Computer Networks, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 75-112, Oct. 2003. [2] B. Geldzahler, "Future DSN capabilities", [Online]. 2009. Available: http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images-/ stories/PSDS%20Sat%202%20Geldzahler-DSN.pdf. [3] W. J. Weber, R. J. Cesarone, R. B. Miller, and P. E. Doms, "A view of the future of NASA's deep space network and associated systems", in Proc. SpaceOps 2002, Houston, Texas, USA, Oct. 2002. [4] The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), "Space Missions Key Management Concept", DRAFT INFORMATIONAL REPORT, CCSDS xxx.x-G-x, Apr. 2009. Zhang et al. 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Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 Author's Address: Long Zhang School of Information and Electrical Engineering Hebei University of Engineering Guangming South Street No.199 Handan 056038, P.R.China Phone: +86 (310) 8579325 Email: zhanglong@hebeu.edu.cn Xinxin Zhang School of Information and Electrical Engineering Hebei University of Engineering Guangming South Street, No.199 Handan 056038, P.R.China Phone: +86 (310) 8579329 Email: luqieranya@163.com Wenjing Cao School of Information and Electrical Engineering Hebei University of Engineering Guangming South Street, No.199 Handan 056038, P.R.China Phone: +86 (310) 8579329 Email: cwjhome@126.com Wei Huang Institute of Power and Energy Efficiency China Electric Power Research Institute West Chang'an Street, No.86 Beijing 100192, P.R.China Phone: +86 (10) 82812761-8014 Email: huangwei2@epri.sgcc.com.cn Yan Ding School of Computer Science & Technology School of Software Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Wenyuan Road, No.9 Nanjing 210046, P.R.China Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Hypernetwork Model and Architecture April 2014 Phone: +86 (10) 15210567179 Email: dingyan020213@163.com Zhang et al. Expires October 18, 2014 [Page 19]