INTERNET-DRAFT P. Spinosa Intended Status: Informational ITTIG/CNR Expires: May 20, 2014 E. Francesconi ITTIG/CNR C. Lupo (ICT consultant) March 20, 2014 A Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace for Sources of Law (LEX) draft-spinosa-urn-lex-09.txt Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 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Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 1] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 Abstract This document describes a Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace Identification (NID) convention as prescribed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for identifying, naming, assigning, and managing persistent resources in the legal domain. P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 2] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 Table of Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1 The Purpose of Namespace "lex" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Entities Supporting this Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3 The Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 General Characteristics of the System . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 Linking a LEX Name to a Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6 Use of LEX Names in References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.7 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.8 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 Specification Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.1 Namespace ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Registration Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 Syntax Used in this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 Identifier structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 General Syntax of the LEX Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1 Allowed and Not Allowed Characters . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 Reserved Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 Case sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.4 National Characters and Diacritic Signs . . . . . . . . . 14 3.5 Replacement of Spaces, Connectives and Punctuation Marks 15 3.6 Abbreviation Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.7 Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.8 Date Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.9 Ordinal Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4 Creation of the Source of Law LEX Identifier . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1 Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.2 Model of Sources of Law Representation . . . . . . . . . 16 4.3 The Structure of the Local Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.4 Structure of the Document Identifier at Work Level . . . 17 4.5 Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.6 Structure of the Document Identifier at Expression Level 19 4.7 Structure of the Document Identifier at Manifestation Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.8 Sources of Law References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5 The Procedure of Uniform Names Assignment . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.1 Specifying the element of the LEX identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.2 Jurisdictional Registrar for Names Assignment . . . . . . 23 5.3 Identifier Uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.4 Identifier persistence considerations . . . . . . . . . . 24 6 Principles of the Resolution Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6.1 The General Architecture of the System . . . . . . . . . 25 6.2 Catalogues for Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.3 Suggested resolver behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 7 Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 7.1 Conformance with URN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 3] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 7.2 Validation mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 7.3 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 7.4 Namespace Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 7.5 Community Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 7.6 IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 7.7 Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 8.1 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 8.2 Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 9 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 10 Author's Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Attachment A -- Summary of the syntax of the uniform names of the "lex" namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Attachment B -- Specific Syntax of the Identifier at Work Level . 36 B1 The element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 B1.1 Indication of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 B1.2 Multiple Issuers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 B1.3 Indication of the Issuer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 B1.4 Indication of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 B1.5 Indication of the Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 B1.6 Conventions for the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 B2 The element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 B2.1 Criteria for the Indication of the Type of Measure . . . 37 B2.2 Further Specification to the Type of Measure . . . . . . 38 B2.3 Aliases for Sources of Law with Different Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 B2.4 Relations between Measure and Authority in the Aliases . 38 B3 The
element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 B3.1 Indication of the Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 B3.2 Multiple Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 B3.3 Unnumbered Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 B3.4 Multiple Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 B4 The element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 B4.1 Formal Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 B4.2 Annexes of Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Attachment C -- Specific Syntax of the Element of the Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 C1 The element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 C1.1 Different Versions of a Legislative Document . . . . . . 42 C1.2 Identification of the Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Attachment D -- Http-based LEX identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 D1 Http-based URI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 D2 The http-based LEX identifier structure . . . . . . . . . . . 45 D3 The http-based LEX identifier at Work Level . . . . . . . . . 46 D4 The http-based LEX identifier at Expression Level . . . . . . 46 D5 The http-based LEX identifier at Manifestation Level . . . . . 47 P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 4] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 1 Introduction 1.1 The Purpose of Namespace "lex" The purpose of the "lex" namespace is to assign an unequivocal identifier, in standard format, to documents that are sources of law. To the extent of this namespace, "sources of law" include any legal document within the domain of legislation, case law and administrative acts or regulations; moreover potential "sources of law" (acts under the process of law formation, as bills) are included as well. Therefore "legal doctrine" is explicitly not covered. The identifier is conceived so that its construction depends only on the characteristics of the document itself and is, therefore, independent from the document's on-line availability, its physical location, and access mode. This identifier will be used as a way to represent the references (and more generally, any type of relation) among the various sources of law. In an on-line environment with resources distributed among different Web publishers, uniform resource names allow simplified global interconnection of legal documents by means of automated hypertext linking. 1.2 Entities Supporting this Standard The following entities support this proposal: - ITTIG/CNR (Institute of Legal Information Theory and Techniques of the Italian National Research Council) - Italy; - National Centre for ICT in Public Administration - Italy; - PRODASEN - IT Department of the Federal Senate - Brazil; - LII (Legal Information Institute), Cornell Law School - USA 1.3 The Context In the last few years a number of initiatives have arisen in the field of legal document management. Since 2001 the Italian Government, through the National Center for Information Technology in the Public Administration, the Ministry of Justice and ITTIG-CNR (the Institute of Legal Information Theory and Techniques of the Italian National Research Council) promoted the NormeInRete project. It was aimed at introducing standards for sources of law description and identification using XML and URN techniques. Other national initiatives in Europe introduced standards for the P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 5] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 description of legal sources [FRAN]: for example the Metalex project, promoted by the University of Amsterdam and adopted by the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration, the Belgian Public Centers for Welfare and others; LexDania project in Denmark supported by the Danish Ministry of Justice; CHLexML in Switzerland developed by COPIUR, the Coordination Office for the Electronic Publication of Legal Data Federal Office of Justice; eLaw in Austria mainly coordinated by the Austrian Parliament. Such initiatives, based in synergies between government, national research institutes, and universities, have defined national XML standards for legal document management, as well as schemes for legal document identification. Outside Europe, similar initiatives have faced similar problems. For example, the Brazilian Senate carried out a feasibility study to provide unique and transparent identifiers to sources of law on the basis of the IFLA-FRBR model. Similarly, the Akoma Ntoso (Architecture for Knowledge-Oriented Management of African Normative Texts using Open Standards and Ontologies) project provides a set of guidelines for e-Parliament services in a Pan-African context by proposing an XML document schema providing sophisticated description possibilities for several Parliamentary document types (including bills, acts and parliamentary records, etc.). Finally, the Tasmanian Government provided advanced legislative information services through the EnAct project. It gave searchable consolidated Tasmanian legislation by automating much of the legislative drafting and consolidation process, as well as using SGML document representation. Numerous less-visible efforts in the United States and elsewhere have struggled with similar issues. Several of these identifiers are based on a URN schema. The first national standard was defined in Italy within the NormeInRete project; to this the Brazilian Lexml standard followed. Denmark, Hungary, Slovenia and Switzerland expressed their interest in URN identifier for legislation as well. All these standards have a common internal structure, regarding both the hierarchy and the elements content. In today's information society the processes of political, social and economic integration of European Union member states as well as the increasing integration of the world-wide legal and economic processes are causing a growing interest in exchanging legal information knowledge at national and trans-national levels. The growing desire for improved quality and accessibility of legal information amplifies the need for interoperability among legal information systems across national boundaries. A common open P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 6] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 standard used to identify sources of law at international level is an essential prerequisite for interoperability. Interest groups within several countries have already expressed their intention to adopt a shared solution based on a URN technique. The need for a unequivocal identifier of sources of law in different EU Member States, based on open standards and able to provide advanced modalities of document hyper-linking, has been expressed in several conferences by representatives of the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities (OPOCE), with the aim of promoting interoperability among national and European institution information systems. Similar concerns have been raised by international groups concerned with free access to legal information, and the Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conference on Private International Law is considering a resolution that would encourage member states to "adopt neutral methods of citation of their legal materials, including methods that are medium-neutral, provider- neutral and internationally consistent". In a similar direction the CEN Metalex initiative is moving, at European level, towards the definition of a standard interchange format for sources of law, including recommendations for defining naming conventions to them. The need of semantic Web unequivocal identifiers for sources of law is of particular interest also in the domain of case law. Such need is extremely felt within both common law systems, where cases are the main law sources, and civil law systems, for the importance of providing an integrated access to cases and legislation, as well as to track the relationships between them. This domain is characterized by a high degree of fragmentation in case law information systems, which usually lack interoperability. Recently in the European Union, the community institutions have stressed the need for citizens, businesses, lawyers, prosecutors and judges to become more aware not only of (directly applicable) EU law, but also of the various national legal systems. The growing importance of national judiciaries for the application of Community law was recently stressed in the resolution of the European Parliament of 9 July 2008 on the role of the national judge in the European judicial system. Similarly the European e-Justice action plan 2009-2013 of the Council of the European Union underlined the importance of cross-border access to national case law, as well as the need for its standardisation, in view of an integrated access in a decentralized architecture. In this view the Working Party on Legal Data Processing (e-Law) of the Council of the European Union formed a task group to study the possibilities for improving cross-border access to national case law. Taking notice of the report of the Working Party's task group the Council of the EU decided in 2009 to elaborate on a uniform, European system for the identification of case law (ECLI: P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 7] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 European Case-Law Identifier) and uniform Dublin Core-based set of metadata. LEX identifier is conceived to be general enough, so to provide guidance at the core of the standard and sufficient flexibility to cover a wide variety of needs for identifying all the legal documents of different nature, namely legislative, case-law and administrative acts. Moreover it can be effectively used within a federative environment where different publishers (public and private) can provide their own items of an act (that is there is more than one manifestation of the same act). However specifications and syntax rules of LEX identifier can be used also for http-based naming convention (Appendix D) to cope with different requirements in legal information management, for example the need of having an identifier compliant with the Linked Open Data principles. The LEX naming convention has interpreted all these recommendations, proposing an original solution for sources of law identification. 1.4 General Characteristics of the System Registrants wish now to promote interoperability among legal information systems by the definition of a namespace convention and structure that will create and manage identifiers for legal documents. The identifiers will be: - globally unique - transparent - bidirectional - persistent - location-independent, and - language-neutral. These qualities will facilitate legal document management as well as provide a mechanism of stable cross-collections and cross-country references. Transparency means that given an act and its relevant metadata (issuing authority, type of measure, etc.) it is possible to create the related urn identifier. Moreover this identifier is able to unequivocally identify the related act. These two properties makes the identification system bidirectional (from an act to its URN and from a URN to the related act). Language-neutrality is an especially important feature that will promote adoption of the standard by organizations that must adhere to official-language requirements. The proposed standard will provide useful guidance to both public and private groups that create, promulgate, and publish legal documents. Registrants wish to minimize P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 8] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 the potential for creating conflicting proprietary schemes, while preserving sufficient flexibility to allow for diverse document types and to respect the need for local control of collections by an equally diverse assortment of administrative entities. As usual, the problem is to provide the right amount guidance at the core of the standard while providing sufficient flexibility to cover a wide variety of needs. The proposed LEX standard does this by splitting the identifier into parts. The first part uses a predetermined standard ("country/jurisdiction name standard") to specify the country (or more generally the jurisdiction) of origin for the legal document being identified; the remainder ("local name") is intended for local use in identifying documents issued in that country or jurisdiction. This second part depends only on sources of law identification system operating in that nation and it is mainly composed by a formalized information related to the enacting authority, the type of measure, the details and possibly the annex. The identification system based on uniform names MUST include: - a schema for assigning names capable of representing unambiguously any addressed source of law, namely legislation, case law and administrative acts, issued by any authority (intergovernmental, supranational, national, regional and local) at any time (past, present and future); - a resolution mechanism - in a distributed environment - that ties a uniform name to the on-line location of the corresponding resources. This document only considers the first of these requirements. It also contains a few references to the architecture of the resolution service and to the corresponding software. 1.5 Linking a LEX Name to a Document The LEX name is linked to the document through meta-information which may be specified: - internally to the document itself through a specific element within an XML schema or by an HTML META tag; - externally by means of an RDF triple, a specific attribute in a database, etc. One of these modalities is necessary for enabling automated construction and updating of catalogues (distributed and centralized) and the implementation of resolvers that associate the uniform name of a document with its physical location(s). The standard assumes no particular relationship between the originator of the document, its publisher, and the implementer of catalogues or resolution services. They may be the same entity, or not. 1.6 Use of LEX Names in References P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 9] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 LEX names will be used on a large scale in references as a HREF attribute value of the hypertext link to the referred document. This link can be created in two ways: - by manually inserting, in the referring document, the link with the uniform name: this is a burdensome procedure especially for documents that are already on-line; - by automatically constructing (either permanently or temporarily) the link with the uniform name, through reference parsers of a text: this is a more time-saving procedure even if subject to a certain percentage of errors, since references are not always accurate or complete. This solution could nevertheless be acceptable for already published documents. In any case, whatever the method adopted is, new documents produced in XML format compliant with the relative DTD/XMLSchema, SHOULD express references through the uniform name of the document referred to. 1.7 Definitions According to this document, the following terms are used in the following meaning: - Source of Law: is a general concept, and is used to refer to legislation, case law, regulations and administrative acts. In its broadest sense, the source of law is anything that can be conceived of as the originator of 'erga omnes' legal rules. In this document "source of law" refers also to acts during their formation cycle as bills that might or might not become sources of law; - Registrar: is an organization which shares and defines in any country or jurisdiction the assignment of the main components of the resource identifier through which its uniqueness is guaranteed. This task includes the definition of possible jurisdiction unit and the primary elements (issuing authority and type of legal measure) of uniform name, according to the characteristics of its own state or institution organization. 1.8 Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2 Specification Template 2.1 Namespace ID "lex" requested according to [RFC3406]. P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 10] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 2.2 Registration Information Version Number: 1.0 Date: 2014-03-20 Declared registrant of the namespace: Institute of Legal Information Theory and Techniques (ITTIG) Italian National Research Council (CNR) Via de' Barucci, 20 50127 Florence Italy e-mail: lex@ittig.cnr.it 2.3 Syntax Used in this Document This document uses the syntax common to many Internet RFCs, which is based on the ABNF (Augmented Backus-Naur Form) meta-language. In particular: - definition elements are separated by white spaces; - an element is separated from its specification by the character "="; - alternative elements are separated from each other by a slash ("/"); - character strings are enclosed in quotes (" and "); - optional parts are enclosed by square brackets ("[" and "]"); - a group of elements is enclosed by round brackets ("(" and ")"); - a symbol or an expression preceding an element or a group of elements indicates a factor of repetition, and takes the following formats: - *1 : 0 or 1 time; - 1* : 1 or more times; - * : 0 or more times; - n : times; - n*m : from to times. 2.4 Identifier structure The identifier has a hierarchical structure as follows: "urn:lex:" NSS where is the Namespace Specific String composed as follows: NSS = jurisdiction ":" local-name where: P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 11] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 is the part providing the identification of the jurisdiction, generally corresponding to the country, where the source of law is issued. It is also possible to represent international organizations (either states or public administrations or private entities); is the uniform name of the source of law in the country or jurisdiction where it is issued; its internal structure is common to the already adopted schemas. It is able to represent all the aspects of an intellectual production, as it is a legal document, from its initial idea, through its evolution during the time, to its realisation by different means (paper, digital, etc.). The element is composed of two specific fields: jurisdiction = jurisdiction-code *(";" jurisdiction-unit) where: is usually the identification code of the country where the source of law is issued; this code follows the standard [ISO3166] Alpha-2 (it=Italy, fr=France, dk=Denmark, etc.) which usually is identical to the country code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD). In case such codes are not identical (as for United Kingdom, whose ISO 3166 code is .gb while its ccTLD is .uk), one of them is chosen as . In case of multi-national (e.g., European Union) or international (e.g., United Nations, Free Software Foundation) organizations the Top Level Domain Name (e.g., "eu") or the Domain Name (e.g., "un.org", "wto.int") is used instead of ISO 3166 code. In case such multi-national or international organization does not have a registered domain, in order to avoid ambiguities or collisions with actual domains, a domain name (according to the english acronym of the organization name) under the virtual domain "lex" is used. For example, the jurisdiction code of the European Economic Community is "eec.lex". In case of country code re-assignement (as "ai" given to Anguilla), in any URN this country code will be associated to the new jurisdiction, therefore the related documents will be identified by such new jurisdiction country code. Therefore the previous jurisdiction ("ai" as associated to French Afar and Issas), MUST use another country code and, at the same time, MUST change the jurisdiction code element of each legacy URN identifier. A possible choice for jurisdiction renaming in legacy URNs can be one of the following: - keeping the old country code and appending a date interval corresponding to the period of validity of the code for this jurisdiction (ex: "ai-1974-1983")(recommended solution); P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 12] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 - changing the old country code with the new code assigned to the same country/jurisdiction (ex: "ai" into "dj" (Djibouti)); - changing the old 2-letters country code with the 3-letters one (ex: "ai" into "afi"). are the possible administrative hierarchical sub- structures defined by each country or organisation according to its own legal system. This additional information can be used where two or more levels of legislative or judicial production exist (e.g., federal, state and municipality level) and the same bodies may be present in each jurisdiction. Then acts of the same type issued by similar authorities in different areas differ for the jurisdiction- unit specification. An example can be the following: "br:governo:decreto" (decree of federal government), "br;sao.paulo:governo:decreto" (decree of SU+00E3o Paulo state) and "br;sao.paulo;campinas:governo: decreto" (decree of Campinas municipality). Examples of law sources identifiers are: urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2003-09-21;456 (Italian act) urn:lex:fr:etat:loi:2004-12-06;321 (French act) urn:lex:es:estado:ley:2002-07-12;123 (Spanish act) urn:lex:ch;glarus:regiere:erlass:2007-10-15;963 (Glarus Swiss Canton decree) urn:lex:eu:commission:directive:2010-03-09;2010-19-EU (EU Commission Directive) urn:lex:us:federal.supreme.court:decision:1963-03-18;372.us.335 (US FSC decision) urn:lex:be:conseil.etat:decision:2008-07-09;185.273 (Decision of the Belgian Council of State) 3 General Syntax of the LEX Identifier 3.1 Allowed and Not Allowed Characters These characters are defined in accordance with the [RFC2141] "URN Syntax". For various reasons, later explained, in the "lex" only a sub-set of characters is allowed. All other characters are either eliminated or converted. For the full syntax of the uniform names in the "lex" space, please see Attachment A. 3.2 Reserved Characters These characters MUST always and uniquely be used for the assigned purpose. P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 13] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 The first category includes those characters bearing a specific meaning in the general creation of the URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)[RFC3986]: "%" "/" "?" "#" The following characters instead are reserved in the specific "lex" namespace: - "@" separator of the expression, that contains information on version and language; - "$" separator of the manifestation, that contains information on format, editor, etc.; - ":" separator of the main elements of the name at any entity; - ";" separator of level. It identifies the introduction of an element at a hierarchically lower level, or the introduction of a specification; - "+" separator of the repetitions of an entire main element (e.g., multiple authorities); - "," separator of the repetitions of individual components in the main elements, each bearing the same level of specificity (e.g., multiple numbers); - "~" separator of the partition identifier in references (e.g., paragraph of an article); - "*" and "!" are reserved for future expansions. 3.3 Case sensitivity Although the case does not change the logical identification of the source of law and therefore the names belonging to the "lex" namespace should be considered functionally equivalent independently from the case, nevertheless to take advantage of memory caching and simplify the resolution process the specific name MUST be always created in lower case (e.g., "Ministry" will be recorded as "ministry"). 3.4 National Characters and Diacritic Signs In order to exploit DNS as a routing tool towards the proper resolution system, to keep editing and communication more simple and to avoid character percent-encoding, it is strongly recommended that national characters and diacritic signs are turned into base ASCII characters (e.g., the Italian term "sanitU+00E0" converted into "sanita", the French term "ministU+00E8re" converted into "ministere"), in case by transliteration (e.g. "MU+00FCnchen" converted into "muenchen"). If such conversion is not acceptable by a specific jurisdiction and therefore it is used the UTF-8 %-encoding [STD63], it is necessary: P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 14] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 - to convert the non-ASCII characters to IDN encoding, using the [RFC5894] punycode translation (ex: mU+00FCnchen into xn--mnchen- 3ya), or - to create a routing service relying to a software, out of DNS, addressing a proper resolution service. However it is up to the specific jurisdiction to choose the preferred solution. 3.5 Replacement of Spaces, Connectives and Punctuation Marks All the language connectives (e.g., articles, prepositions, etc.), the punctuation marks and all the special characters (as apostrophes, dashes, etc.) are eliminated. The words left are connected each other by a dot (".") which substitutes the "space". (e.g., "Ministry of Finances, Budget and of Economic Planning" becomes "ministry.finances.budget.economic.planning") 3.6 Abbreviation Expansion All abbreviations indicating institutions (e.g., Min.), structures (e.g., Dept.), or legal measures (e.g., reg.), MUST be expanded. (e.g., "Min." must be reported as "ministry") 3.7 Acronyms The use of acronyms might be confusing and encourage ambiguity in uniform names (the same acronym may indicate two different institutions or structures), therefore their expansion is strongly recommended. (e.g., "FAO" is to be expanded as "food.agriculture.organization") 3.8 Date Format Dates are expressed by numbers in the [ISO8601] format: yyyy-mm-dd (e.g., "September 2, 99" will be written as "1999-09-02") 3.9 Ordinal Numbers Any ordinal number included in a component of a document name (e.g., in the description of an institution body) MUST be indicated in Arabic numerals, regardless to the original expression: whether in Roman numerals, or with an adjective, or in Arabic numeral with apex, etc. (IV, third, 1U+00B0, 2^, etc.). (e.g., "Department IV" becomes "department.4") P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 15] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 4 Creation of the Source of Law LEX Identifier 4.1 Basic Principles The uniform name must identify one and only one document (more precisely a "bibliographic entity") and is created in such a way that it is: - self-explanatory ; - identifiable through simple and clear rules; - compatible with the practice commonly used for references; - able to be created by references in the text, automatically (by parser) or manually; - representative of both the formal and the substantive aspects of the document. 4.2 Model of Sources of Law Representation According to FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) model developed by IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions), in a source of law, as in any intellectual production, 4 fundamental entities (or aspects) can be specified. The first 2 entities reflect its contents: - work: identifies a distinct intellectual creation; in our case, it identifies a source of law both in its being (as it has been issued or proposed) and in its becoming (as it is modified over time); - expression: identifies a specific intellectual realisation of a work; in our case it identifies every different (original or up-to- date) version of the source of law over time and/or language in which the text is expressed; while the other 2 entities relate to its form: - manifestation: identifies a concrete realisation of an expression; in our case it identifies realizations in different media (printing, digital, etc.), encoding formats (XML, PDF, etc.), or other publishing characteristics; - item: identifies a specific copy of a manifestation; in our case it identifies individual physical copies as they are found in particular physical locations. In this document the FRBR model has been interpreted for the specific characteristics of the legal domain. In particular, a part from the language which does produce a specific expression, the discriminative criterion between expression and manifestation is based on the difference of the juridical effects that a variation can provide with respect to the involved actors (citizens, parties, institutions). In this scenario the main characteristic of the expression of an act is represented by its validity over the time, during which it provides P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 16] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 the same juridical effects. These effects change for amendments or annulments of other legislative or jurisprudential acts. Therefore notes, summarizations, comments, anonymizations and other editorial activities over the same text do not produce different expressions, but different manifestations. 4.3 The Structure of the Local Name The within the "lex" namespace MUST contain all the necessary pieces of information enabling the unequivocal identification of a legal document. In the legal domain, at the "work" level, they are essentially four: the enacting authority, the type of measure, the details and the annex, if any. It is often necessary to differentiate various expressions, that is: - the original version and all the amended versions of the same document; - the versions of the text expressed in the different official languages of the state or organization. Finally the uniform name allows a distinction among diverse manifestations, which may be produced in multiple locations using different means and formats. In every case, the basic identifier of the source of law (work) remains the same, but information is added regarding the specific version under consideration (expression); similarly a suffix is added to the expression for representing the characteristics of the publication (manifestation). The information which forms a source of law uniform name at each level (work, expression, manifestation) is expressed in the official language of the related jurisdiction; in case of more official languages (as in Switzerland) or more involved jurisdictions (as in international treaties), more language-dependent names (aliases) are created. Therefore, the more general structure of the national name appears as follows: local-name = work ["@" expression] ["$" manifestation] However, consistent with legislative practice, the uniform name of the main original provision (work) becomes the identifier of an entire class of documents which includes: the original main document, the annexes, and all their versions, languages and formats subsequently generated. 4.4 Structure of the Document Identifier at Work Level The structure of the document identifier is made of the four P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 17] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 fundamental elements mentioned above, clearly distinguished one from the other in accordance with an order identifying increasingly narrow domains and competences: work = authority ":" measure ":" details *(":" annex) where: is the issuing or proposing authority of the measure (e.g., State, Ministry, Municipality, Court, etc.); is the type of the measure, both public nature (e.g., constitution, act, treaty, regulation, decree, decision, etc.) as well as private one (e.g., license, agreement, etc);
are the terms associated to the measure, typically the date (usually the signature date) and the number included in the heading of the act; is the identifier of the annex, if any (e.g., Annex 1). In case of annexes, both the main document and its annexes have their own uniform name so that they can individually be referenced; the identifier of the annex adds a suffix to that of the main document. In similar way the identifier of an annex of an annex adds an ending to that of the annex which it is attached to. The main elements of the national name are generally divided into several elementary components, and, for each, specific rules of representation are established (criteria, modalities, syntax and order). For the details regarding each element, please see the Attachment B. Examples of identifiers are: urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2006-05-14;22 urn:lex:uk:ministry.justice:decree:1999-10-07;45 urn:lex:ch;glarus:regiere:erlass:2007-10-15;963 urn:lex:es:tribunal.supremo:decision:2001-09-28;68 urn:lex:fr:assemblee.nationale:proposition.loi:13.legislature;1762 urn:lex:br:estado:constituicao:1988-10-05;lex-1 urn:lex:fsf.org:free.software.foundation:general.public.license:2007- 06-29;lex-1 urn:lex:nl:hoge.raad:besluit:2008-04-01;bc8581 It is worth to note that the type of measure is important to identify case law, as well as legislation, especially within the legal systems where cases, by tradition, are identified only through the year of P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 18] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 release and a number. Since the aim of the "urn:lex" schema is to identify specific materials, the type of measure or the full date are able to provide discrimination between materials belonging to a specific case. Here below is an example where the type of measure or the full date are essential for identify specific materials of a case: - 4/59 Judgment of the EEC Court of Justice 04/04/1960, Mannesmann AG and others / ECSC High Authority urn:lex:eec.lex:court.justice:judgment:1960-04-04;4-59 - 4/59 Order of the EEC Court of Justice 18/05/1960, Mannesmann AG and others / ECSC High Authority urn:lex:eec.lex:court.justice:order:1960-05-18;4-59 4.5 Aliases International treaties involve more jurisdictions (the signing ones) so they are represented through more identifiers, each of them related to an involved jurisdiction. For example, a bilateral France and Germany treaty is identified through two URNs (aliases) belonging to either "fr" or "de" jurisdiction (e.g., "urn:lex:fr:etat:traite:..." and "urn:lex:de:staat:vertrag:...") since it pertains to both the French and the German jurisdiction. In the states or organisations that have more than one official language, a document has more identifiers, each of them expressed in a different official language, basically a set of equivalent aliases. This system permits manual or automated construction of the uniform name of the referred source of law in the same language used in the document itself. (e.g., "urn:lex:eu:council:directive:2004-12-07;31", "urn:lex:eu:consiglio:direttiva:2004-12-07;31", etc.) Moreover, a document can be assigned more than one uniform name in order to facilitate its linking to other documents. This option can be used for documents that, although unique, are commonly referenced from different perspectives. For example, the form of a document's promulgation and its specific content (e.g., a Regulation promulgated through a Decree of the President of the Republic). 4.6 Structure of the Document Identifier at Expression Level There may be several expressions of a legal text, connected to specific versions or languages. Each version is characterized by the period of time during which that text is to be considered as the valid text (in force or effective). The lifetime of a version ends with the issuing of the subsequent P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 19] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 version. New versions of a text may be brought into existence by: - changes in the text (amendments) due to the issuing of other legal acts and to the subsequent production of updated or consolidated texts; - correction of publication errors (rectification or errata corrige); - entry into or departure from a particular time span, depending on the specific date in which different partitions of a text come into force. Each of such versions may be expressed in more than one language, with each language-version having its own specific identifier. The identifier of a source of law expression adds such information to the work identifier, using the following main structure: expression = version [":" language] where: is the identifier of the version of the (original or amended) source of law. In general it is expressed by the promulgation date of the amending act; anyway other specific information can be used for particular documents. If necessary, the original version is specified by the string "original" (for the details regarding this element, please see the Attachment C); is the identification code of the language in which the document is expressed, according to [BCP47] (it=Italian, fr=French, de=German, etc.). The granularity level of the language (for example the specification of the German language as used in Switzerland rather than the standard German) is left to each specific jurisdiction. The information is not necessary when the text is expressed in the unique official language of the country or jurisdiction. Examples of document identifiers for expressions are: urn:lex:ch:etat:loi:2006-05-14;22@originel:fr (original version in French) urn:lex:ch:staat:gesetz:2006-05-14;22@original:de (original version in German) urn:lex:ch:etat:loi:2006-05-14;22@2008-03-12:fr (amended version in French) urn:lex:ch:staat:gesetz:2006-05-14;22@2008-03-12:de (amended version in German) urn:lex:be:conseil.etat:decision:2008-07-09;185.273@originel:fr (original version in French of a Belgian decision) 4.7 Structure of the Document Identifier at Manifestation Level P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 20] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 To identify a specific manifestation, the uniform name of the expression is followed by a suitable suffix describing the: - digital format (e.g., XML, HTML, PDF, etc.) expressed according to the MIME Content-Type standard [RFC2045], where the "/" character is to be substituted by the "-" sign; - editorial staff who produced it, expressed according to its Internet domain name; - possible components of the expressions contained in the manifestation. Such components are expressed by language-dependent labels representing the whole document (in English "all") or the main part of the document (in English "body") or the caption label of the component itself (e.g. Table 1, Figure 2, etc.); - other features of the document (e.g., anonymized decision text). The suffix will thus read: manifestation = format *(";" specification) ":" editor *(";" specification) [":" component *(";" specification)] [":" feature *(";" specification)] To indicate possible features or peculiarities, each main element of the manifestation MAY be followed by further specifications, for example as regards the version, for the archive name and the electronic publisher, etc. (examples: the original version the Italian act 3 April 2000, n. 56 might have the following manifestations with their relative uniform names: - PDF format (vers. 1.7) of the whole act edited by the Italian Parliament: "urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2000-04-03;56$application- pdf;1.7:parlamento.it" - XML format (version 2.2 DTD NIR) of the text of the act and PDF format (version 1.7) of the "Figura 1" (figure 1) contained in the body, edited by the Italian Senate: "urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2000-04-03;56$text-xml;dtd-nir- 2.2:senato.it:testo" "urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2000-04-03;56$application- pdf;1.7:senato.it:figura.1" the Spanish URN of the html format of the whole Judgement of the European Court of Justice n. 33/08 of 11/06/2009, in Spanish version, published in the Jurifast data base in anonymized form: "urn:lex:eu:tibunal.justicia:sentencia:2009-06-11;33- 08@original:es$text-html:juradmin.eu;jurifast:todo:anonimo") Furthermore, it is useful to be able to assign a uniform name to a P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 21] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 manifestation (or to a part of it) in case non-textual objects are involved. These may be multimedia objects that are non-textual in their own right (e.g. geographic maps, photographs, etc.), or texts recorded in non-textual formats, such as image scans of documents. In these ways, a LEX name permits: - exploitation of all the advantages of an unequivocal identifier that is independent of physical location; - a means to provide choice among different existing manifestations (e.g. XML or PDF formats, resolution degree of an image etc.) of the same expression. 4.8 Sources of Law References References to sources of law often refer to specific partitions of the act (article, paragraph, etc.) and not to the entire document. An act partition is a logical subdivision of the text, that, in a structured format (as XML) fitting the document logical structure, is represented by an element with its own ID; this ID aims to identify the element and to locate it. In a mark-up that does not fit the logical structure of the text (as HTML), generally only the starting point of the partition, and not the element, is identified through a label (a tag). Therefore, for allowing browsers to point to a specific partition, it is necessary that such partition is endowed with an unequivocal label or ID within the including document and its value is the same independently from the document format. For enabling the construction of the partition identifier between different collections of documents, specific construction rules for IDs or labels SHOULD be defined and shared, within each country or jurisdiction, for any document type (e.g., for legislation, the paragraph 2 of the article 3 might have as label or ID the value "art3;par2", similarly for case-law, paragraph 22 of the judgment in Case 46/76 Bauhuis v Netherlands, might have as label or ID the value "par22"). Furthermore, it is useful to foresee the compatibility with applications able to manage this information (e.g., returning the proper element); these procedures are particularly useful in the case of rather long acts, such as codes, constitutions, regulations, etc. For this purpose it is necessary that the partition identifier is transmitted to the servers (resolution and application) and therefore it cannot be separated by the typical "#" character of URI fragment, which is not transmitted to the server. According to these requirements, the syntax of a reference is: URN-reference = URN-document ["~" partition-id] P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 22] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 (e.g., to refer to the paragraph 3 of the article 15 of the French Act of 15 may 2004, n. 106, the reference is written "urn:lex:fr:etat:loi:2004-05-15;106~art15;par3"). Using a different separator ("~") from the document name, the partition ID is not withheld by the browser but it is transmitted to the resolution process. This enables the resolver to retrieve (for example, out of a database), if it is possible, only the referred partition, otherwise to return the whole act. Anyway, to make it effective pointing to the indicated partition through a browser, the resolver SHOULD transform the partition ID of each returned URL in a URI fragment; this is obtained appending to URL the "#" character followed by the partition ID (in the example above, the returned URL will be #art15;par3). Anyway it is possible to use the general syntax (with "#"); in this case only the URN document component of the reference is transmitted to the resolver, therefore the whole document will be always retrieved. 5 The Procedure of Uniform Names Assignment 5.1 Specifying the element of the LEX identifier Under the "lex" namespace, each country or international organization is assigned with a jurisdiction code, which characterizes the URNs of the source of law of that country or jurisdiction. This code is assigned according to the ISO 3166 Alpha-2 (as well as TLDN or DN for the organizations) representation and it is the value of the element, which preserves cross-country uniqueness of the identifiers. 5.2 Jurisdictional Registrar for Names Assignment Any country or jurisdiction, who intends to adopt this schema, identifies a Jurisdictional Registrar, an organization which shares and defines the structure of the optional part () of the name, according to the organization of the state or institution. For example, in a federal state a corresponding to the name of each member state (e.g. "br;sao.paolo", "br;minas.gerais", etc.) may be defined. The process of assigning the will be managed by each specific country or jurisdiction under the related element. In any country the Jurisdictional Registrar shares and defines the assignment of the primary elements (issuing authority and type of legal measure) of the local names considering the characteristics of P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 23] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 its own state or institution organization. Such a Registrar MUST establish, according to the guidelines indicated in the current document, a uniform procedure within the country or organization to define elements, to take decisions upon normalizations and finally to solve and avoid possible name collisions as well as to maintain authoritative registries of various kinds (e.g., for authorities, types of measures, etc.). In particular, accurate point-in-time representations of the structure and naming of government entities are important to semantically-aware applications in this domain. Moreover, the Registrar shares and defines the rules to construct partition IDs for each document type. Finally, the Registrar will develop and publish the rules and the guidelines for the construction as well as the predefined values and codes. 5.3 Identifier Uniqueness Identifiers in the "lex" namespace are defined through a element assigned to the sources of law of a specific country or organization, and a assigned by the issuing authority. The main elements (authority and type of measure) of the are defined by the Jurisdictional Registrar, so that it is ensured that the constructed URNs are unique. The Jurisdictional Registrar SHOULD provide clear documentation of rules by which names are to be constructed, and SHOULD update and make accessible its registries. Any issuing authority is responsible to define formal parameters to guarantee local name uniqueness by attributing, if necessary, a conventional internal number, which, combined with the other components (authority, measure and date), builds an unequivocal identifier. Uniqueness is achieved by checking against the catalogue of previously assigned names. 5.4 Identifier persistence considerations The persistence of identifiers depends on the durability of the institutions that assign and administer them. The goal of the LEX schema is to maintain uniqueness and persistence of all resources identified by the assigned URNs. In particular, ITTIG-CNR, as proposer, is responsible of maintaining the uniqueness of the element; given that the is assigned on the basis of the long-held ISO 3166 Alpha-2 representation of the country (or the TLD name of the organization) and that the country or organization associated code is expected to continue indefinitely, the URN also persists P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 24] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 indefinitely. The rules for the construction of the name are conceived to delegate the responsibility of their uniqueness to a set of authorities which is identified within each country or organization. Therefore, each authority is responsible for assigning URNs which have a very long life expectancy and can be expected to remain unique for the foreseeable future. Practical and political considerations, as well as diverse local forms of government organization, will result in different methods of assigning responsibility for different levels of the name. Where this cannot be accomplished by the implementation of an authoritative hierarchy, it can and SHOULD be done by creating consensus around a series of published rules for the creation and administration of names by institutions and bodies that operate by means of collaboration rather than compulsion. Issuing authorities that operate in more localized scopes, ranging from the national down to the very local, MUST equally take responsibility for the persistence of identifiers within their scope. 6 Principles of the Resolution Service 6.1 The General Architecture of the System The task of the resolution service is that of associating a LEX identifier with a specific document address on the network. By contrast with systems that can be constructed around rigorous and enforceable engineering premises, such as DNS, the "lex" namespace resolver will be expected to cope with a wide variety of "dirty" inputs, particularly those created by the automated extraction of references from incomplete or inaccurate texts. In this document, the result is a particular emphasis on a flexible and robust resolver design. The system has a distributed architecture based on two fundamental components: a chain of information in DNS (Domain Name System) and a series of resolution services from URNs to URLs, each competent within a specific domain of the namespace. Through the NAPTR records of the DNS (described in [RFC3403]), the client identifies the characteristics (protocol, port, site) of the service (e.g. according to [RFC2169]) capable of associating the relative URLs with the URN in question, thereby allowing access to the document. A resolution service can delegate the resolution and management of P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 25] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 hierarchically-dependent portions of the name. Delegation of this responsibility will not be unreasonably withheld provided that the processes for their resolution and management are robust and are followed. For the "lex" namespace, ITTIG-CNR will maintain the root zone "lex.urn.arpa" and, in correspondence with the adhesion of a new country (e.g., "br") or organization, will update the DNS information with a new record to delegate the relative resolution. This may be obtained by a regular expression that matches the initial part of the URN (e.g., "urn:lex:br") and redirects towards the proper zone (e.g., "lex.senado.gov.br"). Likewise the institution responsible for the jurisdiction uniform names (e.g., "urn:lex:br") has the task of managing the relative root in the DNS system (e.g., "lex.senado.gov.br" zone) and routing the resolution towards its resolvers on the basis of parts of the uniform names. In similar way it can delegate the resolution of country/organization sub-levels (e.g., "urn:lex:br;sao.paolo") towards the relative zone (e.g., "lex.sao-paolo.gov.br"). Such DNS routing chain does not work for all the URN components containing %-encoded characters. Therefore in these cases a proper software implementing routing service has to be developed. The resolution service is made up of two elements: a knowledge base (consisting in a catalogue or a set of transformation rules) and a software to query the knowledge base itself. 6.2 Catalogues for Resolution Incompleteness and inaccuracy are rather frequent in legal citations, and incomplete or inaccurate uniform names of the referred document are thus likely to be built from textual references (this is even more frequent if they are created automatically through a specific parser). For this reason, the implementation of a catalogue, based on a relational-database, is suggested, as it will lead to a more higher flexibility in the resolution process. In addition the catalogue must manage the aliases, the various versions and languages of the same source of law as well as the related manifestations. It is suggested that each enacting authority implements its own catalogue, assigning a corresponding unambiguous uniform name to each resource. 6.3 Suggested resolver behaviour P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 26] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 First of all the resolver should separate the part corresponding to the partition ID, through the "~" separator, from the document name. So, the resolution process SHOULD implement a normalization of the uniform name to be resolved. This may involve transforming some components to the canonical form (e.g., filling out the acronyms, expanding the abbreviations, unifying the institution names, standardizing the type of measures, etc.). For this function authorities and types of measure registers are useful. The resolver SHOULD then query the catalogue searching for the URN which corresponds exactly to the given one (normalized if necessary). Since the names coming from the references may be inaccurate or incomplete, an iterative, heuristic approach (based on partial matches) is indicated. It is worth remarking that incomplete references (not including all the elements to create the canonical uniform name) are normal and natural; for a human reader, the reference would be "completed" by contextual understanding of the reference in the document in which it occurs. In this phase, the resolver should use the partition ID information to retrieve, if it is possible, only the referred partition, otherwise to return of the entire document. Lacking more specific indications, the resolver SHOULD select the best (most recent) version of the requested source of law, and provide all the manifestations with their related items. A more specific indication in the uniform name to be resolved will, of course, result in a more selective retrieval, based on any suggested expression and/or manifestations components (e.g. date, language, format, etc.). Finally, the resolver SHOULD append to URLs the "#" character followed by partition ID, transforming it in a URI fragment for browser pointing. 7 Considerations 7.1 Conformance with URN Syntax No special considerations. 7.2 Validation mechanism The national Authority (or those it delegates) of each adhering country or organization is responsible of the definition or acceptance of the uniform name's primary elements (issuing authority and type of legal measure). P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 27] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 7.3 Scope Global interest. 7.4 Namespace Considerations In collaboration with the legislative XML community, registrants carried out a preliminary study of the URI alternatives to satisfy the key requirements. The options analysed were: a private URI scheme, URL, PURL and URN. URN was considered the most appropriate URI given the requirements analysis. Advantages we would emphasize are: - greater flexibility in building the identifier; - the capacity to represent name components that are not strictly hierarchical; - the potential for clear division of the identifier into macro parts, main elements and components, using different separators; - ease of managing optional parts of a name. 7.5 Community Considerations The use of the "lex" namespace facilitates the interoperability of information systems used in the Public Administration at the national and international level. Moreover it allows the distribution of the legal information towards a federated architecture. In such an architecture, documents are directly managed by the issuing authorities, with resulting benefits in information authenticity, quality and currency. A shared identification mechanism resources guarantees that a distributed system will be as efficient and effective as a comparable centralized system. Creators of Internet content that references legal materials - including publishers operating well outside the traditional arenas of legal publishing - benefit by the registration of the namespace because facilitates the linking of legal documents, whether by manual or automated means, and reduces the cost of maintaining documents that contain such references. Any citizen or organisation with Internet web browser capability will be entitled to access the namespace and its associated application, registers, and resolution services, to facilitate document access. 7.6 IANA Considerations This document includes a URN NID registration for "lex" for entry in the IANA registry of URN NIDs (see [RFC5226]), as well as the registration of the following NAPTRs record: P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 28] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 in the URN.ARPA domain: lex IN NAPTR 100 10 "" "" "" lex.ittig.cnr.it. in the URN.URI.ARPA domain: lex IN NAPTR 100 10 "" "" "" lex.ittig.cnr.it. 7.7 Security Considerations This document introduces no additional security considerations beyond those associated with the use and resolution of URNs in general. 8 References 8.1 Normative References [BCP47] A. Phillips, M. Davis, "Tags for Identifying Languages", BCP 47, RFC 5646, September 2009 [STD63] F. Yergeau, "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003. [RFC2045] N. Freed, N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. [RFC2119] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2141] R. Moats, K. R. Sollins, "URN Syntax", RFC 2141, May 1997. [RFC2169] R. Daniel, "A Trivial Convention for using HTTP in URN", RFC 2169, June 1997 [RFC3403] M. Mealling, Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS), Part Three: The Domain Name System (DNS) Database, RFC 3403, October 2002. [RFC3406] D Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R., and P. Faltstrom, "Uniform Resource Names (URN) Namespace Definition Mechanisms", BCP 66, RFC 3406, October 2002. [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. [RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 29] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 May 2008 [RFC5894] J. Klensin, "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Background, Explanation, and Rationale", RFC 5894, August 2010 [ISO3166] ISO 3166, "Country name codes", ISO 3166-1:1997. [ISO8601] ISO 8601, "Data elements and interchange formats", ISO 8601:2004 8.2 Informative References [SPIN] P.L. Spinosa, "The Assignment of Uniform Names to Italian Legal Documents", May, 2006 http://www.nir.it/sito_area3- ap_stan_assegnazione_nomi.htm [FRAN] E. Francesconi, "Technologies for European Integration. Standards-based Interoperability of Legal Information Systems", ISBN 978-88-8398-050-3, European Press Academic Publishing, 2007. 9 Acknowledgments The authors of this document wish to thank all the supporters for giving suggestions and comments. They are also grateful to the Legislative XML community for the interesting discussions on this topic and to the Working Group "Identification of the legal resources through URNs" of Italian NormeInRete project for the provided guidance [SPIN]. The authors owe a debt of gratitude to Tom Bruce, director of the Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University Law School, for his contribution in revising this document and sharing fruitful discussions which greatly improved the final draft. The authors wish to specially thank Marc van Opijnen (Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice) for his valuable comments on LEX specifications which contributed to improve the final result, as well as for the common work aimed to harmonize ECLI and LEX standards. Thanks also to Joao Alberto de Oliveira Lima, legislative system analyst of the Brazilian Federal Senate, and to Attila Torcsvari, information management consultant, for their detailed comments on the first drafts of this document, which provided significant hints to the final version of the standard, and to Robert Richards of the Legal Information Institute (Cornell University Law School), promoter and maintainer of the Legal Informatics Research social network, as well as to the members of this network, for their valuable comments on this proposal. P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 30] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 Finally, many thanks go to Loriana Serrotti who significantly contributed to the first drafting of this document. 10 Author's Addresses PierLuigi Spinosa Istituto di Teoria e Tecniche dell'Informazione Giuridica (ITTIG) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via de' Barucci, 20 50127 Firenze Italy Telephone: +39 055 43995 e-mail: pierluigi.spinosa@ittig.cnr.it Enrico Francesconi Istituto di Teoria e Tecniche dell'Informazione Giuridica (ITTIG) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via de' Barucci, 20 50127 Firenze Italy Telephone: +39 055 43995 e-mail: enrico.francesconi@ittig.cnr.it Caterina Lupo (ICT consultant) Via San Fabiano, 25 00165 Roma Telephone: +39 3382632348 e-mail: caterina.lupo@gmail.com P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 31] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 Attachment A -- Summary of the syntax of the uniform names of the "lex" namespace *------------------------------------------------------------------- * General Structure of a Uniform Resource Name (URN) * NID = namespace * NSS = specific name *------------------------------------------------------------------- URN = "urn:" NID ":" NSS *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of a Uniform Resource Name (URN) of the "lex" namespace *------------------------------------------------------------------- NID = "lex" URN = "urn:lex:" NSS-lex *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of a "lex" specific name *------------------------------------------------------------------- NSS-lex = jurisdiction ":" local-name *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- jurisdiction = jurisdiction-code *(";" jurisdiction-unit) jurisdiction-code = 2*4lowercase / (alfanum *normal) jurisdiction-unit = alfanum *normal *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- national-name = work ["@" expression] ["$" manifestation] *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- work = authority ":" measure ":" details *(":" annex) *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- authority = issuer *("+" issuer) issuer = (institution *(";" body) *(";" function)) / office P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 32] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 institution = alfanum *normal body = alfanum *normal function = alfanum *normal office = alfanum *normal *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- measure = measure-type *(";" specification) measure-type = alfanum *normal specification = alfanum *normal *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the
element *------------------------------------------------------------------- details = (dates / period) ";" numbers dates = date *("," date) period = alfanum *normal numbers = (document-id *("," document-id)) / number-lex document-id = alfanum *(normal / other) number-lex = "lex-" 1*DIGIT *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- annex = annex-id *(";" specification) annex-id = alfanum *normal *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- expression = version [":" language] *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- version = (amendment-date / specification) P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 33] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 *(";" (event-date / event)) amendment-date = date event-date = date event = alfanum *normal *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- language = 2*3lowercase *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the element *------------------------------------------------------------------- manifestation = format *(";" specification) ":" editor *(";" specification) [":" component *(";" specification)] [":" feature *(";" specification)] format = alfanum *(normal / "-") editor = alfanum *(normal / "-") component = alfanum *(normal / "-") feature = alfanum *(normal / "-") *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Structure of the date *------------------------------------------------------------------- date = year "-" month "-" day year = 4DIGIT month = 2DIGIT day = 2DIGIT *------------------------------------------------------------------- * Allowed characters *------------------------------------------------------------------- allowed-lex = normal / other / reserved / future normal = alfanum / "." alfanum = lowercase / DIGIT / encoded lowercase = %x61-7A ; lower-case ASCII letters (a-z) P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 34] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 ; DIGIT %x30-39 decimal digits (0-9) encoded = "%" (1*6DIGIT / ("x" 1*6HEXDIG)) ; Hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F) other = "-" / "_" / "'" / "=" / "(" / ")" reserved = ":" / "@" / "$" / "+" / ";" / "," / "~" future = "*" / "!" P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 35] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 Attachment B -- Specific Syntax of the Identifier at Work Level B1 The element B1.1 Indication of the Authority The element of a uniform name may indicate, in the various cases: - the actual authority issuing the legal provision. More specifically, the authority adopting the provision or enacting it; - the institution where the provision is registered, known and referenced to, even if produced by others (e.g., the bills identified through the reference to the Chamber where they are presented); - the institution regulated (and referred to in citations) by the legal provision even when this is issued by another authority (e.g., the statute of a Body); - the entity that proposed the legal material not yet included in the institutional process (e.g. a proposed bill written by a a political party). B1.2 Multiple Issuers Some sources of law are enacted by a number of issuing parties (e.g., inter-ministerial decrees, agreements, etc.). In this case, the element contains all the issuing parties (properly separated), as follows: authority = issuer *("+" issuer) (e.g., "ministry.justice+ministry.finances") B1.3 Indication of the Issuer Each issuing authority is essentially represented by either an institutional office (e.g., Prime Minister) or an institution (e.g., Ministry); in the last case, the authority is indicated in accordance with the institution's hierarchical structure, from the more general to more specific (Council, Department, etc.), ending with the relative office (President, Director, etc.). Therefore, the structure of the issuer is as follows: issuer = (institution *(";" body) *(";" function)) / office (e.g., "ministry.finances;department.revenues;manager") B1.4 Indication of the Body P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 36] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 Depending on the kind of measure, the body within the issuing authority is unambiguously determined (e.g., the Council for Regional Acts) and normally it is not indicated in the references. Just like in practice, the indication of the enacting authority is limited to the minimum in relation to the type of measure. (e.g., "region.tuscany:act" and not "region.tuscany;council:act") B1.5 Indication of the Function Generally, the component is indicated, sometimes instead of the body itself: - in case of political, representative or elective offices (e.g., "university.oxford;rector:decree" instead of "university.oxford;rectorship:decree"); - when it refers to a top officer in the institution (e.g., general manager, general secretary, etc.) which is not always possible to associate a specific internal institutional structure to (e.g., "national.council.research;general.manager"). It is not indicated when it clearly corresponds to the person in charge of an institution (typically, a general director); in this case, only the structure and not the person in charge is indicated (e.g., "ministry.justice;department.penitentiary.administration"). The function MUST be indicated when: - it is not the same of the director or the person in charge of the structure (for example, in case of an undersecretary, a deputy director, etc.); - the type of measure may be both monocratic or collegial: the indication of the office eliminates the ambiguity. B1.6 Conventions for the Authority Acts and measures bearing the same relevance as an act, issued or enacted since the foundation of the State, have conventionally indicated "state" (expressed in each country official language) as authority; the same convention is used for constitutions, codes (civil, criminal, civil procedure, criminal procedure, etc) and international treaties. B2 The element B2.1 Criteria for the Indication of the Type of Measure In uniform names the issuing authority of a document is mandatory. This makes unnecessary to indicate any further qualification of the measure (e.g., ministerial decree, directorial ordinance, etc.), even if it is widely used. P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 37] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 When the authority-measure combination clearly identifies a specific document, the type of measure is not defined through attributes referring to the enacting authority. (e.g., "region.tuscany:act" and not "region.tuscany:regional.act") B2.2 Further Specification to the Type of Measure In the element, it is usually sufficient to indicate the type of a measure. As usual, references to sources of law, rather than through the formal details (date and number), may be made through some of their characteristics such as the subject-matter covered (e.g., accounting regulations), nicknames referring to the promoter (e.g., Bassanini Act) or to the topic of the act (e.g., Bankruptcy Law), etc.. In these cases, the type of measure MAY be followed by further specifications useful in referencing even if the details are lacking: measure = measure-type *(";" specification) (e.g., "regulations;accounting" or "act;bankruptcy") B2.3 Aliases for Sources of Law with Different Normative References There are legislative measures that, although unique, are usually cited in different ways, for example through the legislative act introducing them into the legal order (President's decree, legislative decree, etc.) or through their legislative category (regulations, consolidation, etc.). In order to ensure, in all the cases, the validity of the references, an alias that takes into account the measure category is associated to the uniform name, representing the legislative form. (e.g., "state:decree.legislative:1992-07-24;358" and "state:consolidation;public.contracts:1992-07-24;358"). B2.4 Relations between Measure and Authority in the Aliases The sources of law including different normative references are usually introduced in legislation through the adoption or the issuing of an act, which they are either included or attached to. It is, therefore, necessary to create an alias linking the two aspects of the same document. Specifically, the different measures can be: - adopted/issued by an authority different from the one regulated by the provision (e.g., the statute of a Body); in this case, the correlation is established between two uniform names each featuring a completely different element (e.g., "italian.society.authors.publishers:statute" and "ministry.cultural.activities+ministry.finances.budget.economic. planning:decree"); P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 38] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 - issued by the institution itself either because it has issuing authority or by virtue of a proxy (e.g., a provision that refers to the functioning of the Body itself); in this case, the two aliases share the first part of the authority; (e.g., "municipality.firenze:statute" and "municipality.firenze;council:deliberation"); - issued by the same Body to regulate a particular sector of its own competence; in this case the element is the same (e.g., "ministry.justice:regulation;use.information.tools. telematic.process" and "ministry.justice:decree"). B3 The
element B3.1 Indication of the Details The details of a source of law usually include the date of the enactment and the identification number (inclusion in the body of laws, register, protocol, etc.). Some measures can have multiple dates; there are also cases in which the number of the measure does not exist (unnumbered measures) or a measure has multiple numbers (e.g., unified cases). For these reasons, the set up of both elements (date and number) includes multiple values. Some institutions (e.g., the Parliaments) usually identify documents through their period of reference (e.g., the legislature number) rather than through a date, which would be much less meaningful and never used in references (e.g., Senate bill S.2544 of the XIV legislature). In these cases, the component is used in substitution of the component . Usually details of a measure are not reported according to a specific sequence; in accordance with the global structure of the uniform name, which goes from the general to the specific, the sequence date- number has the following form: details = (dates / period) ";" numbers (e.g., "2000-12-06;126", "14.legislature;s.2544") B3.2 Multiple Dates Some sources of law, even if unique, are identified by more than one date; in this case, in the field all the given dates are to be reported and indicated as follows: dates = date *("," date) P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 39] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 (e.g., the measure of the Data Protection Authority of December 30, 1999- January 13, 2000, No. 1/P/2000 has the following uniform name: "personal.data.protection.authority:measure:1999-12-30,2000-01-13; 1-p-2000"). B3.3 Unnumbered Measures Measures not officially numbered in the publications may have a non- unequivolcal identifier, because several measures of the same type can exist, issued on the same day by the same authority. To ensure that the uniform name is unambiguous, the field MUST, in any case, contain a discriminating element, which can be any identifier used internally, and not published, by the authority (e.g., protocol). If the authority does not have its own identifier, one identifier MUST be created for the name system. In order to easily differentiate it, such number is preceded by the string "lex-": number-lex = "lex-" 1*DIGIT (e.g., "ministry.finances:decree:1999-12-20;lex-3") It is responsibility of the authority issuing a document to assign a discriminating specification to it; in case of multiple authorities, only one of them is responsible for the assignment of the number to the document (e.g., the proponent). The unnumbered measures published on an official publication (e.g., the Official Gazette), instead of by a progressive number are recognized by the univocal identifying label printed on the paper. Such an identifier, even if unofficial but assigned to a document in an official publication, is to be preferred because it has the clear advantage to be public and therefore easier to be found. B3.4 Multiple Numbers Some legal documents (e.g., bills), even if unique, are identified by a set of numbers (e.g., the unification of cases or bills). In this case, in the field, all the identifiers are reported, according to the following structure: numbers = document-id *("," document-id) (e.g., "2000-06-12;c-10-97,c-11-97,c-12-97") The characters which are not allowed (e.g., "/") or reserved (e.g., ":"), including the comma, cannot exist inside the , and therefore MUST be turned into "-". This conversion may imply that the uniform name of the document is no more unique (e.g., removal 123-BIS and return 123/BIS of the bill 123 P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 40] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 both are identified as "123-bis"); in this case, it is necessary to add a specific distinctive ending (e.g., "123-bis-removal" and "123- bis-return"). B4 The element B4.1 Formal Annexes Although annexes are an integral part of the legal document, they may be referred to and undergo amendments separately from the act to which they are annexed. It is, therefore, necessary that both the main document as well as each formal individual annex is univocally identified. Formal annexes may be registered as separate parts or together with a legal provision; they may also be autonomous in nature or not. In any case, they MUST be given a uniform name, which includes the uniform name of the source of law to which they are attached, and a suffix which identifies the annex itself. The suffix of formal annexes includes the official heading of the annex and, possibly, further specifications (e.g., the title) which will facilitate the retrieval of the annex in case the identifier is missing: annex = annex-id *(";" specification) (e.g., "region.sicily;council:deliberation:1998-02-12;14:annex.a; borders.park") The characters which are not allowed (e.g. "/") or which are reserved (e.g. ":") must not be featured in the and therefore MUST be turned into ".". B4.2 Annexes of Annexes When there are annexes to an annex, their corresponding identifiers are created by adding to the identifier of the original annex those of the annexes that are connected with it (that is, attached to it). (e.g., Table 1 attached to Attachment A of the preceding legal act has the following uniform name: "region.sicily;council:deliberation:1998-02-12;14:annex.a; borders.park:table.1;municipality.territories"). P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 41] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 Attachment C -- Specific Syntax of the Element of the Expression C1 The element C1.1 Different Versions of a Legislative Document The creation of an updated text of a document may have one of the following forms: - "multi-version": when specific mark-ups which identify the modified parts of a document (added, substituted or deleted parts) and their related periods of effectiveness are indicated inside one single object (e.g., an xml file). Such a document will be able, in a dynamic way, to appear in different forms according to the requested date of effectiveness; - "single-version": when, on the contrary, a new and distinct object is created for each amendment to the text at a given time. Each object is, therefore, characterized by its own period of validity. In any case all the versions SHOULD be linked one another and immediately navigable. C1.2 Identification of the Version In order to identify the different time versions of the same act, to the uniform name of the original document has to be added a specific suffix. Such a suffix identifies each version of a legal provision and includes, first and foremost, one of the following elements: - the issuing date of the last amending measure taken into account; - the date in which the communication of the rectification or of the errata corrige, is published; - a specification which must identify the reason concerning the amendment (e.g., the specific phase of the legislative process), for the cases in which the date is not usually used (e.g., bills). Anyway it is possible to add further specifications that will distinguish each of the different versions of the text to guarantee identifier unequivocalness. For example with regard to changes of the in-force or effectiveness of any partition or portion of the text itself (e.g., when the amendments introduced by an act are applied at different times) or different events occurring in the same date. version = (amendment-date / specification) *(";" (event-date / event)) where: - contains the issuing date of the last considered P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 42] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 amendment or of the last communication of amendment. In case the original text introduces differentiated periods in which an act is effective and the information system produces one version for each of them, such element contains the string "original"; - any information useful to identify unambiguously and univocally the version; - contains the date in which a version is put into force, is effective or is published; - is a name assigned to the event producing a further version (e.g., amendment, decision, etc.). The issuing date of an amending act was chosen as identifier of a version because it can be obtained from the heading (formal data). (e.g., the name "state:royal.decree:1941-01-30;12@1998-02-19" identifies the updated text of the "Royal Decree of 30/1/1941, No. 12" with the amendments introduced by the "Law Decree of 19/2/1998, No. 51", without any indication of its actual entry into force. The same uniform name with the additional ending ";1999-01-01" indicates the in-force or effective version starting in a different date (from 1/1/99). For a full compatibility, every updating of a text or of the effectiveness of a "multi-version" document implies the creation of a new uniform name, even if the object remains only one, containing the identifier of the virtually generated version, exactly as in the case of a "single-version" document. A specific meta-data will associate every uniform name with the period of time during which such a name together with its corresponding text is to be considered valid. (e.g., the multi-version document containing the "R.D. of 01/30/1941, no. 12", updated by the amendments introduced by the "D.Lgs. of 02/19/1998, no. 51", contains the name of the original "state:royal.decree:1941-01-30;12" as well as the name of the updated version "state:royal.decree:1941-01-30;12@1998-02-19"). Please note that in case of attachments or annexes, the creation of a new version (even in the case of only one component) would imply the creation of a new uniform name for all the connected objects in order to guarantee their alignment (i.e., the main document, the attachments and annexes). P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 43] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 Attachment D -- Http-based LEX identifier D1 Http-based URI Http-based URIs have been recently promoted as stable and location- independent identifiers [RFC3986]. According to this syntax, at all levels, resource IDs belong to the http scheme and are normally resolved using mechanisms widely available in browsers and web servers. Such kind of identifiers have been recently suggested also within the set of principles and technologies, known as "Linked Data" as a basic infrastructure of the semantic web to enable data sharing and reuse on a massive scale. Such principles, introduced by Tim Berners-Lee in his Web architecture note "Linked Data" (http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html), are synthetically: - Use URIs as names for things; - Use HTTP URIs, so that people can look up those names; - When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL); - Include links to other URIs, so that they can discover more things. The second principle is the one more affecting a discussion about the scheme to be used for legal resources identification; in particular to the aim of guaranteeing the access to the resources, http-based identifiers are suggested. This property is addressed as "dereferenceability", meaning a resource retrieval mechanism using any of the Internet protocols, e.g. HTTP, so that HTTP clients, for instance, can look up the URI using the HTTP protocol and retrieve a description of the resource that is identified by the URI. Such property is available for http-based identifiers either with or without a resolver allowing a 1-to-1 association with the "best copy" of the resource; in the legal domain it is related to the unique act manifestation of a specific publisher and format. The same property holds for URN identifiers, as long as a resolver is properly set-up, allowing 1-to-N association with more manifestations of a resource (act). Therefore an http-based identifier, stable and independent from the resource location, can be effectively used when a single publisher provides a specific item of this resource (1-to-1 mapping between an identifier and manifestation of an act). The independence from the resource location is managed by a "303 Redirect" status code (see P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 44] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/#htoc11) which may require a resolver able to access the physical location of the resource (e.g., through submitting a query to a database). A URN identifier, stable and independent form the resource location, can be effectively used within a federative environment where different publishers can provide different items of the same act (1-to-N mapping between an identifier and different manifestations of an act). In order to comply with the Linked Data principles and to build http- based identifiers using the LEX namespace specifications, the LEX schema and metadata set can be serialized according to an http URI syntax. It is worthwhile to mention that URN focuses on identifying an act, while Linked Data principles focus on identifying a resource on the Web. In the following sections the http-based serialization of the urn LEX schema is reported. D2 The http-based LEX identifier structure The http-based hierarchical structure of the LEX identifier is the following: "http://" host-name "/lex/" jurisdiction "/" local-name where: - represents the name of the organization server publishing the resource; - "lex" is the equivalent of the URN namespace ID and provides the reference to the naming convention adopted; - and share meaning and syntax of the corresponding components in the LEX specifications. The element follows the syntax rules of the corresponding element in the URN specification, therefore it has the following structure: jurisdiction = jurisdiction-code *(";" jurisdiction-unit) The character ";" still separates the identification code of the country or jurisdiction where the source of law is issued () from any possible administrative hierarchical sub-structures defined by each country or organisation according to its own legal system. The follows the FRBR model as implemented by the LEX specifications, therefore its http-based structure is the following: P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 45] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 local-name = work "/@/" expression "/$/" manifestation D3 The http-based LEX identifier at Work Level According to the corresponding level of the URN version, the http- based LEX identifier structure at work level is the following: work = authority "/" measure "/" details *("/" annex) The elements , and follow the same syntax rules of the corresponding elements in the URN specification. Examples of http-based identifiers at level, corresponding to the urn-based examples in Section 4.4, are the following: http:///lex/it/stato/legge/2006-05-14;22 http:///lex/uk/ministry.justice/decree/1999-10-07;45 http:///lex/ch;glarus/regiere/erlass/2007-10-15;963 http:///lex/es/tribunal.supremo/decision/2001-09-28;68 http:///lex/fr/assemblee.nationale/proposition.loi/ 13.legislature;1762 http:///lex/br/estado/constituicao/1988-10-05;lex-1 http:///lex/fsf.org/free.software.foundation/ general.public.license/2007-06-29;lex-1 http:///lex/nl/hoge.raad/besluit/2008-04-01;bc8581 D4 The http-based LEX identifier at Expression Level According to the corresponding level of the URN version, the http- based LEX structure at expression level is the following: expression = version ["/" language] The elements and follow the same syntax rules of the corresponding elements in the URN specification. Examples of http-based identifiers at expression level, corresponding to the urn-based examples in Section 4.6, are the following: http:///lex/ch/etat/loi/2006-05-14;22/@/originel/fr (original version in French) http:///lex/ch/staat/gesetz/2006-05-14;22/@/original/de (original version in German) http:///lex/ch/etat/loi/2006-05-14;22/@/2008-03-12/fr (amended version in French) http:///lex/ch/staat/gesetz/2006-05-14;22/@/2008-03-12/de (amended version in German) http:///lex/be/conseil.etat/decision/2008-07-09;185.273 P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 46] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 /@/originel/fr (original version in French of a Belgian decision) D5 The http-based LEX identifier at Manifestation Level Information provided in the URN version at manifestation level is differently accommodated in the corresponding level of the http-based LEX identifier. The element, reported at manifestation level in the urn- based LEX version, is an information already contained in the of the http-based LEX identifier, therefore it is omitted in the elements. Similarly the element is omitted since it loses its meaning which would derived from the comparison between different manifestations. The element is reported as unique extension of the data format in which the manifestation is drafted. The value is compliant with the registered file extensions, thus it can be "pdf" for PDF, "doc" for MS Word, "xml" for XML documents, "tif" for tiff image format, etc. Therefore the http-based LEX structure at manifestation level is the following: manifestation = [ component *(";" specification)] "." format The element follows the same syntax rules of the corresponding element in the URN specification. Examples of http-based identifiers at manifestation level, corresponding to the urn-based examples in Section 4.7 are the following: http://www.senato.it/lex/it/stato/legge/2000-04-03;56/$/testo.xml (body of the Italian law 3 April 2000, n. 56, published by the Italian Senate in xml format) http://www.senato.it/lex/it/stato/legge/2000-04-03;56/$/figura.1.pdf (Figure 1 in PDF format of the Italian law 3 April 2000, n. 56, published by the Italian Senate) http://www.juradmin.eu/jurifast/lex/eu/tibunal.justicia/sentencia/ 2009-06-11;33-08/@/original/es/$/todo.html (the Spanish http-based LEX identifier of the html format of the whole Judgement of the European Court of Justice n. 33/08 of 11/06/2009, in Spanish version, published by the Juriadmin site in the Jurifast data base) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/lex/eu/commission/directive/ P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 47] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2014 2010-03-09;2010-19-EU/$/body.xml (body of the EU Directive n. 2010-19-EU, dated 2010-03-09, in its XML format published by Eur-Lex) P. Spinosa Expires May 20, 2014 [Page 48]