Network Working Group Y. Nir Internet-Draft Check Point Intended status: Standards Track June 1, 2014 Expires: December 3, 2014 ChaCha20, Poly1305 and their use in IPsec draft-nir-ipsecme-chacha20-poly1305-04 Abstract This document describes the use of the ChaCha20 stream cipher along with the Poly1305 authenticator, combined into an AEAD algorithm for IPsec. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on December 3, 2014. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Nir Expires December 3, 2014 [Page 1] Internet-Draft ChaCha20 & Poly1305 for IPsec June 2014 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. ESP_ChaCha20-Poly1305 for ESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. AAD Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Use in IKEv2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. UI Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Nir Expires December 3, 2014 [Page 2] Internet-Draft ChaCha20 & Poly1305 for IPsec June 2014 1. Introduction The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES - [FIPS-197]) has become the gold standard in encryption. Its efficient design, wide implementation, and hardware support allow for high performance in many areas, including IPsec VPNs. On most modern platforms, AES is anywhere from 4x to 10x as fast as the previous most-used cipher, 3-key Data Encryption Standard (3DES - [FIPS-46]), which makes it not only the best choice, but the only choice. The problem is that if future advances in cryptanalysis reveal a weakness in AES, VPN users will be in an unenviable position. With the only other widely supported cipher being the much slower 3DES, it is not feasible to re-configure IPsec installations to use 3DES. [standby-cipher] describes this issue and the need for a standby cipher in greater detail. This document proposes the ChaCha20 stream cipher as such a standby cipher in an AEAD construction with the Poly1305 authenticator for use with the Encapsulated Security Protocol (ESP - [RFC4303]). We call this ESP_ChaCha20-Poly1305. These algorithms are described in a separate document ([chacha_poly]). This document only describes the IPsec-specific things. 1.1. Conventions Used in This Document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. ESP_ChaCha20-Poly1305 for ESP ESP_ChaCha20-Poly1305 is a combined mode algorithm, or AEAD. The construction follows the AEAD construction in section 2.7 of [chacha_poly]: o The IV is 64-bit, and is used as part of the nonce. o A 32-bit sender ID is prepended to the 64-bit IV to form the 96- bit nonce. For regular IPsec, this is set to all zeros. IPsec extensions that allow multiple senders, such as GDOI ([RFC6407]) or [RFC6054] may set this to different values. o The encryption key is 256-bit. o The Internet Key Exchange protocol (IKE - [RFC5996]) generates a bitstring called KEYMAT that is generated from a PRF. That KEYMAT is divided into keys for encryption, message authentication and whatever else is needed. For the ChaCha20 algorithm, 256 bits are used for the key. TBD: do we want an extra 32 bits as salt for the nonce like in GCM? Nir Expires December 3, 2014 [Page 3] Internet-Draft ChaCha20 & Poly1305 for IPsec June 2014 o The ChaCha20 encryption algorithm requires the following parameters: a 256-bit key, a 96-bit nonce, and a 32-bit initial block counter. For ESP we set these as follows: * The key is set to the key mentioned above. * The 96-bit nonce is formed from a concatenation of the 32-bit sender ID and the 64-bit IV, as described above. * The Initial Block Counter is set to one (1). The reason that one is used for the initial counter rather than zero is that zero is reserved for generating the one-time Poly1305 key (see below) o As ChaCha20 is not a block cipher, no padding should be necessary. However, in keeping with the specification in RFC 4303, the ESP does have padding, so as to align the buffer to an integral multiple of 4 octets. o The same key and nonce, along with a block counter of zero are passed to the ChaCha20 block function, and the top 256 bits of the result are used as the Poly1305 key. The nonce passed to the block function here is the same nonce that is used in ChaCha20, including the 32-bit Sender ID bits, and the key passed is the same as the encryption key. o Finally, the Poly1305 function is run on the data to be authenticated, which is, as specified in section 2.7 of [chacha_poly] a concatenation of the following in the below order: * The Authenticated Additional Data (AAD) - see Section 2.1. * The AAD length in bytes as a 32-bit network order quantity. * The ciphertext * The length of the ciphertext as a 32-bit network order quantity. o The 128-bit output of Poly1305 is used as the tag. All 16 bytes are included in the packet. The encryption algorithm transform ID for negotiating this algorithm in IKE is TBA by IANA. 2.1. AAD Construction The construction of the Additional Authenticated Data (AAD) is similar to the one in [RFC4106]. For security associations (SAs) with 32-bit sequence numbers the AAD is 8 bytes: 4-byte SPI followed by 4-byte sequence number ordered exactly as it is in the packet. For SAs with ESN the AAD is 12 bytes: 4-byte SPI followed by an 8-byte sequence number as a 64-bit network order integer. 3. Use in IKEv2 AEAD algorithms can be used in IKE, as described in [RFC5282]. More specifically, the Encrypted Payload is as described in section 3 of Nir Expires December 3, 2014 [Page 4] Internet-Draft ChaCha20 & Poly1305 for IPsec June 2014 that document, the IV is 64 bits, as described in Section 2, and the AAD is as described in section 5.1 of RFC 5282, so it's 32 bytes (28 for the IKEv2 header + 4 bytes for the encrypted payload header) assuming no unencrypted payloads. 4. UI Suite This document also defines an RFC 4308-style UI suite for IKE and IPsec (See [RFC4308]. The suite is called "VPN-C". The name was chosen for two reasons: o "VPN-A" and "VPN-B" are already defined in RFC 4308. o "C" stands for "Civilian", because unlike VPN-A, VPN-B, and the additional UI suites defined in [RFC6379], most of the algorithm in this suite come from civilian researchers, not from government agencies. The Algorithms: ESP: Encryption ESP_ChaCha20-Poly1305 Integrity NULL IKEv2: Encryption ESP_ChaCha20-Poly1305 Integrity NULL Pseudo-random function HMAC-SHA-256 [RFC4868] Diffie-Hellman group 256-bit random ECP group [RFC5903] HMAC-SHA-256 is used here because there is no natural way to use either ChaCha20 or Poly1305 as an IKEv2 PRF. See discussion in section 2.7 of [chacha_poly]. TBD: Should we replace the Diffie-Hellman group with ED25519 ??? 5. Security Considerations The ChaCha20 cipher is designed to provide 256-bit security. The Poly1305 authenticator is designed to ensure that forged messages are rejected with a probability of 1-(n/(2^102)) for a 16n-byte message, even after sending 2^64 legitimate messages, so it is SUF- CMA in the terminology of [AE]. The most important security consideration in implementing this draft is the uniqueness of the nonce used in ChaCha20. The nonce should be selected uniquely for a particular key, but unpredictability of the Nir Expires December 3, 2014 [Page 5] Internet-Draft ChaCha20 & Poly1305 for IPsec June 2014 nonce is not required. counters and LFSRs are both acceptable ways of generating unique nonces, as is encrypting a counter using a 64-bit cipher such as DES. Note that it is not acceptable to use a truncation of a counter encrypted with a 128-bit or 256-bit cipher, because such a truncation may repeat after a short time. Another issue with implementing these algorithms is avoiding side channels. This is trivial for ChaCha20, but requires some care for Poly1305. Considerations for implementations of these algorithms are in the [chacha_poly] document. 6. IANA Considerations IANA is requested to assign one value from the IKEv2 "Transform Type 1 - Encryption Algorithm Transform IDs" registry, with name ESP_ChaCha20-Poly1305, and this document as reference. IANA is also requested to assign the identifier "VPN-C" with this document as reference from the "Cryptographic Suites for IKEv1, IKEv2, and IPsec" registry. 7. Acknowledgements All of the algorithms in this document were designed by D. J. Bernstein. The AEAD construction was designed by Adam Langley. The author would also like to thank Adam for helpful comments, as well as Yaron Sheffer for telling me to write the algorithms draft. 8. References 8.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 4303, December 2005. [RFC5282] Black, D. and D. McGrew, "Using Authenticated Encryption Algorithms with the Encrypted Payload of the Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) Protocol", RFC 5282, August 2008. [RFC5996] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)", Nir Expires December 3, 2014 [Page 6] Internet-Draft ChaCha20 & Poly1305 for IPsec June 2014 RFC 5996, September 2010. [RFC6054] McGrew, D. and B. Weis, "Using Counter Modes with Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH) to Protect Group Traffic", RFC 6054, November 2010. [chacha_poly] Langley, A. and Y. Nir, "ChaCha20 and Poly1305 for IETF protocols", draft-nir-cfrg-chacha20-poly1305-01 (work in progress), January 2014. 8.2. Informative References [AE] Bellare, M. and C. Namprempre, "Authenticated Encryption: Relations among notions and analysis of the generic composition paradigm", . [FIPS-197] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)", FIPS PUB 197, November 2001, < http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/ fips-197.pdf>. [FIPS-46] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Data Encryption Standard", FIPS PUB 46-2, December 1993, . [RFC4106] Viega, J. and D. McGrew, "The Use of Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) in IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 4106, June 2005. [RFC4308] Hoffman, P., "Cryptographic Suites for IPsec", RFC 4308, December 2005. [RFC6379] Law, L. and J. Solinas, "Suite B Cryptographic Suites for IPsec", RFC 6379, October 2011. [RFC6407] Weis, B., Rowles, S., and T. Hardjono, "The Group Domain of Interpretation", RFC 6407, October 2011. [standby-cipher] McGrew, D., Grieco, A., and Y. Sheffer, "Selection of Future Cryptographic Standards", draft-mcgrew-standby-cipher (work in progress). Nir Expires December 3, 2014 [Page 7] Internet-Draft ChaCha20 & Poly1305 for IPsec June 2014 Author's Address Yoav Nir Check Point Software Technologies Ltd. 5 Hasolelim st. Tel Aviv 6789735 Israel Email: ynir.ietf@gmail.com Nir Expires December 3, 2014 [Page 8]