cellar M. Niedermayer Internet-Draft January 8, 2017 Intended status: Standards Track Expires: July 12, 2017 FF Video Codec 1 draft-niedermayer-cellar-ffv1-01 Abstract This document defines FFV1, a lossless intra-frame video encoding format. FFV1 is designed to efficiently compress video data in a variety of pixel formats. Compared to uncompressed video, FFV1 offers storage compression, frame fixity, and self-description, which makes FFV1 useful as a preservation or intermediate video format. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on July 12, 2017. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 1] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Notation and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2.1. Arithmetic operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2.2. Assignment operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.3. Comparison operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.4. Mathematical functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.5. Order of operation precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.6. Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.7. NumBytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.8. Bitstream functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1. Border . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2. Median predictor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.3. Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.4. Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.5. Colorspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.5.1. JPEG2000-RCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.6. Coding of the sample difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.6.1. Range coding mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.6.2. Huffman coding mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4. Bitstream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.1. Configuration Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1.1. reserved_for_future_use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.2. configuration_record_crc_parity . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.3. Mapping FFV1 into Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.2. Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.3. Slice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.4. Slice Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.4.1. slice_x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.4.2. slice_y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.4.3. slice_width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.4.4. slice_height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.4.5. quant_table_index_count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.4.6. quant_table_index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.4.7. picture_structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.4.8. sar_num . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.4.9. sar_den . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.4.10. reset_contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.4.11. slice_coding_mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.5. Slice Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.5.1. primary_color_count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.5.2. plane_pixel_height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.5.3. slice_pixel_height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.5.4. slice_pixel_y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 2] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 4.6. Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.6.1. plane_pixel_width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.6.2. slice_pixel_width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.6.3. slice_pixel_x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.7. Slice Footer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.7.1. slice_size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.7.2. error_status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.7.3. slice_crc_parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.8. Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.8.1. version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.8.2. micro_version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.8.3. coder_type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.8.4. state_transition_delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.8.5. colorspace_type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.8.6. chroma_planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.8.7. bits_per_raw_sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.8.8. h_chroma_subsample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.8.9. v_chroma_subsample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.8.10. alpha_plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.8.11. num_h_slices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.8.12. num_v_slices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.8.13. quant_table_count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.8.14. states_coded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.8.15. initial_state_delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.8.16. ec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.8.17. intra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.9. Quantization Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.9.1. quant_tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.9.2. context_count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.9.3. Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6. Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.1. Decoder implementation suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . 32 6.1.1. Multi-threading support and independence of slices . 32 7. Changelog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 8. ToDo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9. Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1. Introduction The FFV1 video codec is a simple and efficient lossless intra-frame only codec. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 3] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 The latest version of this document is available at This document assumes familiarity with mathematical and coding concepts such as Range coding and YCbCr colorspaces. 2. Notation and Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2.1. Definitions "ESC": An ESCape symbol to indicate that the symbol to be stored is too large for normal storage and that an alternate storage method. "MSB": Most Significant Bit, the bit that can cause the largest change in magnitude of the symbol. "RCT": Reversible Color Transform, a near linear, exactly reversible integer transform that converts between RGB and YCbCr representations of a sample. "VLC": Variable Length Code. "RGB": A reference to the method of storing the value of a sample by using three numeric values that represent Red, Green, and Blue. "YCbCr": A reference to the method of storing the value of a sample by using three numeric values that represent the luminance of the sample (Y) and the chrominance of the sample (Cb and Cr). "TBA": To Be Announced. Used in reference to the development of future iterations of the FFV1 specification. 2.2. Conventions Note: the operators and the order of precedence are the same as used in the C programming language [ISO.9899.1990]. 2.2.1. Arithmetic operators "a + b" means a plus b. "a - b" means a minus b. "-a" means negation of a. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 4] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 "a * b" means a multiplied by b. "a / b" means a divided by b. "a & b" means bit-wise "and" of a and b. "a | b" means bit-wise "or" of a and b. "a >> b" means arithmetic right shift of two's complement integer representation of a by b binary digits. "a << b" means arithmetic left shift of two's complement integer representation of a by b binary digits. 2.2.2. Assignment operators "a = b" means a is assigned b. "a++" is equivalent to a is assigned a + 1. "a--" is equivalent to a is assigned a - 1. "a += b" is equivalent to a is assigned a + b. "a -= b" is equivalent to a is assigned a - b. "a *= b" is equivalent to a is assigned a * b. 2.2.3. Comparison operators "a > b" means a is greater than b. "a >= b" means a is greater than or equal to b. "a < b" means a is less than b. "a <= b" means a is less than or equal b. "a == b" means a is equal to b. "a != b" means a is not equal to b. "a && b" means Boolean logical "and" of a and b. "a || b" means Boolean logical "or" of a and b. "!a" means Boolean logical "not". Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 5] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 "a ? b : c" if a is true, then b, otherwise c. 2.2.4. Mathematical functions \lfloor a \rfloor the largest integer less than or equal to a \lceil a \rceil the smallest integer greater than or equal to a abs(a) the absolute value of a, i.e. abs(a) = sign(a)*a log2(a) the base-two logarithm of a min(a,b) the smallest of two values a and b 2.2.5. Order of operation precedence When order of precedence is not indicated explicitly by use of parentheses, operations are evaluated in the following order (from top to bottom, operations of same precedence being evaluated from left to right). This order of operations is based on the order of operations used in Standard C. a++, a-- !a, -a a * b, a / b, a % b a + b, a - b a << b, a >> b a < b, a <= b, a > b, a >= b a == b, a != b a & b a | b a && b a || b a ? b : c a = b, a += b, a -= b, a *= b 2.2.6. Range "a...b" means any value starting from a to b, inclusive. 2.2.7. NumBytes NumBytes is a non-negative integer that expresses the size in 8-bit octets of particular FFV1 components such as the Configuration Record and Frame. FFV1 relies on its container to store the NumBytes values, see Section 4.1.3. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 6] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 2.2.8. Bitstream functions 2.2.8.1. remaining_bits_in_bitstream "remaining_bits_in_bitstream( )" means the count of remaining bits after the current position in that bitstream component. It is computed from the NumBytes value multiplied by 8 minus the count of bits of that component already read by the bitstream parser. 2.2.8.2. byte_aligned "byte_aligned( )" is true if "remaining_bits_in_bitstream( NumBytes )" is a multiple of 8, otherwise false. 3. General Description Each frame is split in 1 to 4 planes (Y, Cb, Cr, Alpha). In the case of the normal YCbCr colorspace the Y plane is coded first followed by the Cb and Cr planes, if an Alpha/transparency plane exists, it is coded last. In the case of the JPEG2000-RCT colorspace the lines are interleaved to improve caching efficiency since it is most likely that the RCT will immediately be converted to RGB during decoding; the interleaved coding order is also Y, Cb, Cr, Alpha. Samples within a plane are coded in raster scan order (left->right, top->bottom). Each sample is predicted by the median predictor from samples in the same plane and the difference is stored see Section 3.6. 3.1. Border For the purpose of the predictor and context, samples above the coded slice are assumed to be 0; samples to the right of the coded slice are identical to the closest left sample; samples to the left of the coded slice are identical to the top right sample (if there is one), otherwise 0. +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | 0 | 0 | | a | b | c | | c | | 0 | a | | d | | e | | e | | 0 | d | | f | g | h | | h | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 7] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 3.2. Median predictor median(left, top, left + top - diag) left, top, diag are the left, top and left-top samples Note, this is also used in [ISO.14495-1.1999] and [HuffYUV]. Exception for the media predictor: if colorspace_type == 0 && bits_per_raw_sample == 16 && ( coder_type == 1 || coder_type == 2 ), the following media predictor MUST be used: median(left16s, top16s, left16s + top16s - diag16s) with: - left16s = left >= 32768 ? ( left - 65536 ) : left - top16s = top >= 32768 ? ( top - 65536 ) : top - diag16s = diag >= 32768 ? ( diag - 65536 ) : diag Background: a two's complement signed 16-bit signed integer was used for storing pixel values in all known implementations of FFV1 bitstream. So in some circumstances, the most significant bit was wrongly interpreted (used as a sign bit instead of the 16th bit of an unsigned integer). Note that when the issue is discovered, the only configuration of all known implementations being impacted is 16-bit YCbCr color space with Range Coder coder, as other potentially impacted configurations (e.g. 15/16-bit JPEG2000-RCT color space with Range Coder coder, or 16-bit any color space with Golomb Rice coder) were implemented nowhere. In the meanwhile, 16-bit JPEG2000-RCT color space with Range Coder coder was implemented without this issue in one implementation and validated by one conformance checker. It is expected (to be confirmed) to remove this exception for the media predictor in the next version of the bitstream. 3.3. Context +---+---+---+---+ | | | T | | +---+---+---+---+ | |tl | t |tr | +---+---+---+---+ | L | l | X | | +---+---+---+---+ The quantized sample differences L-l, l-tl, tl-t, t-T, t-tr are used as context: Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 8] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 context=Q_{0}[l-tl]+\left|Q_{0}\right|(Q_{1}[tl-t]+\left|Q_{1}\right| (Q_{2}[t-tr]+\left|Q_{2}\right|(Q_{3}[L-l]+\left|Q_{3}\right|Q_{4}[T- t]))) If the context is smaller than 0 then -context is used and the difference between the sample and its predicted value is encoded with a flipped sign. 3.4. Quantization There are 5 quantization tables for the 5 sample differences, both the number of quantization steps and their distribution are stored in the bitstream. Each quantization table has exactly 256 entries, and the 8 least significant bits of the sample difference are used as index: Q_{i}[a-b]=Table_{i}[(a-b)\&255] 3.5. Colorspace 3.5.1. JPEG2000-RCT Cb=b-g Cr=r-g Y=g+(Cb+Cr)>>2 g=Y-(Cb+Cr)>>2 r=Cr+g b=Cb+g [ISO.15444-1.2016] 3.6. Coding of the sample difference Instead of coding the n+1 bits of the sample difference with Huffman-, or Range coding (or n+2 bits, in the case of RCT), only the n (or n+1) least significant bits are used, since this is sufficient to recover the original sample. In the equation below, the term "bits" represents bits_per_raw_sample+1 for RCT or bits_per_raw_sample otherwise: coder\_input=\left[\left(sample\_difference+2^{bits- 1}\right)\&\left(2^{bits}-1\right)\right]-2^{bits-1} Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 9] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 3.6.1. Range coding mode Early experimental versions of FFV1 used the CABAC Arithmetic coder from H.264 as defined in [ISO.14496-10.2014] but due to the uncertain patent/royalty situation, as well as its slightly worse performance, CABAC was replaced by a Range coder based on an algorithm defined by _G. Nigel_ and _N. Martin_ in 1979 [range-coding]. 3.6.1.1. Range binary values To encode binary digits efficiently a Range coder is used. $C_{i}$ is the i-th Context. $B_{i}$ is the i-th byte of the bytestream. $b_{i}$ is the i-th Range coded binary value, $S_{0,i}$ is the i-th initial state, which is 128. The length of the bytestream encoding n binary symbols is $j_{n}$ bytes. r_{i}=\left\lfloor \frac{R_{i}S_{i,C_{i}}}{2^{8}}\right\rfloor \begin{array}{ccccccccc} S_{i+1,C_{i}}=zero\_state_{S_{i,C_{i}}} & \wedge & l{}_{i}=L_{i} & \wedge & t_{i}=R_{i}-r_{i} & \Longleftarrow & b_{i}=0 & \Longleftrightarrow & L_{i}=0; i--) | put_rac(c, state+22+min(i,9), (a>>i)&1); //22..31 | | if (is_signed) | put_rac(c, state+11 + min(e, 10), v < 0); //11..21| } | } | 3.6.1.3. Initial values for the context model At keyframes all Range coder state variables are set to their initial state. 3.6.1.4. State transition table one\_state_{i}=default\_state\_transition_{i}+state\_transition\_delt a_{i} zero\_state_{i}=256-one\_state_{256-i} 3.6.1.5. default_state_transition Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 11] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103, 104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,114,115,116,117,118, 119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,133, 134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149, 150,151,152,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164, 165,166,167,168,169,170,171,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179, 180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,190,191,192,194,194, 195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,202,204,205,206,207,208,209,209, 210,211,212,213,215,215,216,217,218,219,220,220,222,223,224,225, 226,227,227,229,229,230,231,232,234,234,235,236,237,238,239,240, 241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,248, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.6.1.6. alternative state transition table The alternative state transition table has been build using iterative minimization of frame sizes and generally performs better than the default. To use it, the coder_type MUST be set to 2 and the difference to the default MUST be stored in the parameters. The reference implementation of FFV1 in FFmpeg uses this table by default at the time of this writing when Range coding is used. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 12] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 16, 16, 16, 28, 16, 16, 29, 42, 49, 20, 49, 59, 25, 26, 26, 27, 31, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 37, 67, 38, 39, 39, 40, 40, 41, 79, 43, 44, 45, 45, 48, 48, 64, 50, 51, 52, 88, 52, 53, 74, 55, 57, 58, 58, 74, 60,101, 61, 62, 84, 66, 66, 68, 69, 87, 82, 71, 97, 73, 73, 82, 75,111, 77, 94, 78, 87, 81, 83, 97, 85, 83, 94, 86, 99, 89, 90, 99,111, 92, 93,134, 95, 98,105, 98, 105,110,102,108,102,118,103,106,106,113,109,112,114,112,116,125, 115,116,117,117,126,119,125,121,121,123,145,124,126,131,127,129, 165,130,132,138,133,135,145,136,137,139,146,141,143,142,144,148, 147,155,151,149,151,150,152,157,153,154,156,168,158,162,161,160, 172,163,169,164,166,184,167,170,177,174,171,173,182,176,180,178, 175,189,179,181,186,183,192,185,200,187,191,188,190,197,193,196, 197,194,195,196,198,202,199,201,210,203,207,204,205,206,208,214, 209,211,221,212,213,215,224,216,217,218,219,220,222,228,223,225, 226,224,227,229,240,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,238,239,237,242, 241,243,242,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,252,253,254,255, 3.6.2. Huffman coding mode This coding mode uses Golomb Rice codes. The VLC code is split into 2 parts, the prefix stores the most significant bits, the suffix stores the k least significant bits or stores the whole number in the ESC case. The end of the bitstream (of the frame) is filled with 0-bits until that the bitstream contains a multiple of 8 bits. 3.6.2.1. Prefix Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 13] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 +----------------+-------+ | bits | value | +----------------+-------+ | 1 | 0 | | 01 | 1 | | ... | ... | | 0000 0000 0001 | 11 | | 0000 0000 0000 | ESC | +----------------+-------+ 3.6.2.2. Suffix +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | non | the k least significant bits MSB first | | ESC | | | ESC | the value - 11, in MSB first order, ESC may only be used | | | if the value cannot be coded as non ESC | +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ 3.6.2.3. Examples +-----+-------------------------+-------+ | k | bits | value | +-----+-------------------------+-------+ | 0 | "1" | 0 | | 0 | "001" | 2 | | 2 | "1 00" | 0 | | 2 | "1 10" | 2 | | 2 | "01 01" | 5 | | any | "000000000000 10000000" | 139 | +-----+-------------------------+-------+ 3.6.2.4. Run mode Run mode is entered when the context is 0 and left as soon as a non-0 difference is found. The level is identical to the predicted one. The run and the first different level is coded. 3.6.2.5. Run length coding The run value is encoded in 2 parts, the prefix part stores the more significant part of the run as well as adjusting the run_index which determines the number of bits in the less significant part of the run. The 2nd part of the value stores the less significant part of the run as it is. The run_index is reset for each plane and slice to 0. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 14] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- log2_run[41]={ | 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, | 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, | 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, | 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15, | 16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23, | 24, | }; | | if (run_count == 0 && run_mode == 1) { | if (get_bits1()) { | run_count = 1 << log2_run[run_index]; | if (x + run_count <= w) | run_index++; | } else { | if (log2_run[run_index]) | run_count = get_bits(log2_run[run_index]); | else | run_count = 0; | if (run_index) | run_index--; | run_mode = 2; | } | } | The log2_run function is also used within [ISO.14495-1.1999]. 3.6.2.6. Level coding Level coding is identical to the normal difference coding with the exception that the 0 value is removed as it cannot occur: if (diff>0) diff--; encode(diff); Note, this is different from JPEG-LS, which doesn't use prediction in run mode and uses a different encoding and context model for the last difference On a small set of test samples the use of prediction slightly improved the compression rate. 4. Bitstream Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 15] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | Symbol | Definition | +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | u(n) | unsigned big endian integer using n bits | | sg | Golomb Rice coded signed scalar symbol coded with the | | | method described in Section 3.6.2 | | br | Range coded Boolean (1-bit) symbol with the method | | | described in Section 3.6.1.1 | | ur | Range coded unsigned scalar symbol coded with the method | | | described in Section 3.6.1.2 | | sr | Range coded signed scalar symbol coded with the method | | | described in Section 3.6.1.2 | +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+ The same context which is initialized to 128 is used for all fields in the header. The following MUST be provided by external means during initialization of the decoder: "frame_pixel_width" is defined as frame width in pixels. "frame_pixel_height" is defined as frame height in pixels. Default values at the decoder initialization phase: "ConfigurationRecordIsPresent" is set to 0. 4.1. Configuration Record In the case of a bitstream with "version >= 3", a Configuration Record is stored in the underlying container, at the track header level. It contains the parameters used for all frames. The size of the Configuration Record, NumBytes, is supplied by the underlying container. function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- ConfigurationRecord( NumBytes ) { | ConfigurationRecordIsPresent = 1 | Parameters( ) | while( remaining_bits_in_bitstream( NumBytes ) > 32 ) | reserved_for_future_use | u(1) configuration_record_crc_parity | u(32) } | Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 16] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 4.1.1. reserved_for_future_use "reserved_for_future_use" has semantics that are reserved for future use. Encoders conforming to this version of this specification SHALL NOT write this value. Decoders conforming to this version of this specification SHALL ignore its value. 4.1.2. configuration_record_crc_parity "configuration_record_crc_parity" 32 bits that are chosen so that the Configuration Record as a whole has a crc remainder of 0. This is equivalent to storing the crc remainder in the 32-bit parity. The CRC generator polynomial used is the standard IEEE CRC polynomial (0x104C11DB7) with initial value 0. 4.1.3. Mapping FFV1 into Containers This Configuration Record can be placed in any file format supporting Configuration Records, fitting as much as possible with how the file format uses to store Configuration Records. The Configuration Record storage place and NumBytes are currently defined and supported by this version of this specification for the following container formats: 4.1.3.1. In AVI File Format The Configuration Record extends the stream format chunk ("AVI ", "hdlr", "strl", "strf") with the ConfigurationRecord bitstream. See [AVI] for more information about chunks. "NumBytes" is defined as the size, in bytes, of the strf chunk indicated in the chunk header minus the size of the stream format structure. 4.1.3.2. In ISO/IEC 14496-12 (MP4 File Format) The Configuration Record extends the sample description box ("moov", "trak", "mdia", "minf", "stbl", "stsd") with a "glbl" box which contains the ConfigurationRecord bitstream. See [ISO.14496-12.2015] for more information about boxes. "NumBytes" is defined as the size, in bytes, of the "glbl" box indicated in the box header minus the size of the box header. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 17] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 4.1.3.3. In NUT File Format The codec_specific_data element (in "stream_header" packet) contains the ConfigurationRecord bitstream. See [NUT] for more information about elements. "NumBytes" is defined as the size, in bytes, of the codec_specific_data element as indicated in the "length" field of codec_specific_data 4.2. Frame A frame consists of the keyframe field, parameters (if version <=1), and a sequence of independent slices. function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- Frame( NumBytes ) { | keyframe | br if (keyframe && !ConfigurationRecordIsPresent | Parameters( ) | while ( remaining_bits_in_bitstream( NumBytes ) ) | Slice( ) | } | 4.3. Slice function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- Slice( ) { | if (version >= 3) | SliceHeader( ) | SliceContent( ) | if (coder_type == 0) | while (!byte_aligned()) | padding | u(1) if (version >= 3) | SliceFooter( ) | } | "padding" specifies a bit without any significance and used only for byte alignment. MUST be 0. 4.4. Slice Header Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 18] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- SliceHeader( ) { | slice_x | ur slice_y | ur slice_width - 1 | ur slice_height - 1 | ur for( i = 0; i < quant_table_index_count; i++ ) | quant_table_index [ i ] | ur picture_structure | ur sar_num | ur sar_den | ur if (version >= 4) { | reset_contexts | br slice_coding_mode | ur } | } | 4.4.1. slice_x "slice_x" indicates the x position on the slice raster formed by num_h_slices. Inferred to be 0 if not present. 4.4.2. slice_y "slice_y" indicates the y position on the slice raster formed by num_v_slices. Inferred to be 0 if not present. 4.4.3. slice_width "slice_width" indicates the width on the slice raster formed by num_h_slices. Inferred to be 1 if not present. 4.4.4. slice_height "slice_height" indicates the height on the slice raster formed by num_v_slices. Inferred to be 1 if not present. 4.4.5. quant_table_index_count "quant_table_index_count" is defined as 1 + ( ( chroma_planes || version <= 3 ) ? 1 : 0 ) + ( alpha_plane ? 1 : 0 ). 4.4.6. quant_table_index "quant_table_index" indicates the index to select the quantization table set and the initial states for the slice. Inferred to be 0 if not present. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 19] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 4.4.7. picture_structure "picture_structure" specifies the picture structure. Inferred to be 0 if not present. +-------+-------------------------+ | value | picture structure used | +-------+-------------------------+ | 0 | unknown | | 1 | top field first | | 2 | bottom field first | | 3 | progressive | | Other | reserved for future use | +-------+-------------------------+ 4.4.8. sar_num "sar_num" specifies the sample aspect ratio numerator. Inferred to be 0 if not present. MUST be 0 if sample aspect ratio is unknown. 4.4.9. sar_den "sar_den" specifies the sample aspect ratio numerator. Inferred to be 0 if not present. MUST be 0 if sample aspect ratio is unknown. 4.4.10. reset_contexts "reset_contexts" indicates if slice contexts must be reset. Inferred to be 0 if not present. 4.4.11. slice_coding_mode "slice_coding_mode" indicates the slice coding mode. Inferred to be 0 if not present. +-------+----------------------------+ | value | slice coding mode | +-------+----------------------------+ | 0 | normal Range Coding or VLC | | 1 | raw PCM | | Other | reserved for future use | +-------+----------------------------+ 4.5. Slice Content Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 20] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- SliceContent( ) { | if (colorspace_type == 0) { | for( p = 0; p < primary_color_count; p++ ) { | for( y = 0; y < plane_pixel_height[ p ]; y++ ) | Line( p, y ) | } else if (colorspace_type == 1) { | for( y = 0; y < slice_pixel_height; y++ ) | for( p = 0; p < primary_color_count; p++ ) { | Line( p, y ) | } | } | 4.5.1. primary_color_count "primary_color_count" is defined as 1 + ( chroma_planes ? 2 : 0 ) + ( alpha_plane ? 1 : 0 ). 4.5.2. plane_pixel_height "plane_pixel_height[ p ]" is the height in pixels of plane p of the slice. plane_pixel_height[ 0 ] and plane_pixel_height[ 1 + ( chroma_planes ? 2 : 0 ) ] value is slice_pixel_height if chroma_planes is set to 1, plane_pixel_height[ 1 ] and plane_pixel_height[ 2 ] value is $\lceil slice_pixel_height / v_chroma_subsample \rceil$ 4.5.3. slice_pixel_height "slice_pixel_height" is the height in pixels of the slice. Its value is $\lfloor ( slice_y + slice_height ) * slice_pixel_height / num_v_slices \rfloor - slice_pixel_y$ 4.5.4. slice_pixel_y "slice_pixel_y" is the slice vertical position in pixels. Its value is $\lfloor slice_y * frame_pixel_height / num_v_slices \rfloor$ 4.6. Line Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 21] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- Line( p, y ) { | if (colorspace_type == 0) { | for( x = 0; x < plane_pixel_width[ p ]; x++ ) | Pixel( p, y, x ) | } else if (colorspace_type == 1) { | for( x = 0; x < slice_pixel_width; x++ ) | Pixel( p, y, x ) | } | } | 4.6.1. plane_pixel_width "plane_pixel_width[ p ]" is the width in pixels of plane p of the slice. plane_pixel_width[ 0 ] and plane_pixel_width[ 1 + ( chroma_planes ? 2 : 0 ) ] value is slice_pixel_width if chroma_planes is set to 1, plane_pixel_width[ 1 ] and plane_pixel_width[ 2 ] value is $\lceil slice_pixel_width / v_chroma_subsample \rceil$ 4.6.2. slice_pixel_width "slice_pixel_width" is the width in pixels of the slice. Its value is $\lfloor ( slice_x + slice_width ) * slice_pixel_width / num_h_slices \rfloor - slice_pixel_x$ 4.6.3. slice_pixel_x "slice_pixel_x" is the slice horizontal position in pixels. Its value is $\lfloor slice_x * frame_pixel_width / num_h_slices \rfloor$ 4.7. Slice Footer Note: slice footer is always byte aligned. function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- SliceFooter( ) { | slice_size | u(24) if (ec) { | error_status | u(8) slice_crc_parity | u(32) } | } | Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 22] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 4.7.1. slice_size "slice_size" indicates the size of the slice in bytes. Note: this allows finding the start of slices before previous slices have been fully decoded. And allows this way parallel decoding as well as error resilience. 4.7.2. error_status "error_status" specifies the error status. +-------+--------------------------------------+ | value | error status | +-------+--------------------------------------+ | 0 | no error | | 1 | slice contains a correctable error | | 2 | slice contains a uncorrectable error | | Other | reserved for future use | +-------+--------------------------------------+ 4.7.3. slice_crc_parity "slice_crc_parity" 32 bits that are chosen so that the slice as a whole has a crc remainder of 0. This is equivalent to storing the crc remainder in the 32-bit parity. The CRC generator polynomial used is the standard IEEE CRC polynomial (0x104C11DB7) with initial value 0. 4.8. Parameters Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 23] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- Parameters( ) { | version | ur if (version >= 3) | micro_version | ur coder_type | ur if (coder_type > 1) | for (i = 1; i < 256; i++) | state_transition_delta[ i ] | sr colorspace_type | ur if (version >= 1) | bits_per_raw_sample | ur chroma_planes | br log2( h_chroma_subsample ) | ur log2( v_chroma_subsample ) | ur alpha_plane | br if (version >= 3) { | num_h_slices - 1 | ur num_v_slices - 1 | ur quant_table_count | ur } | for( i = 0; i < quant_table_count; i++ ) | QuantizationTable( i ) | if (version >= 3) { | for( i = 0; i < quant_table_count; i++ ) { | states_coded | br if (states_coded) | for( j = 0; j < context_count[ i ]; j++ ) | for( k = 0; k < CONTEXT_SIZE; k++ ) | initial_state_delta[ i ][ j ][ k ] | sr } | ec | ur intra | ur } | } | 4.8.1. version "version" specifies the version of the bitstream. Each version is incompatible with others versions: decoders SHOULD reject a file due to unknown version. Decoders SHOULD reject a file with version =< 1 && ConfigurationRecordIsPresent == 1. Decoders SHOULD reject a file with version >= 3 && ConfigurationRecordIsPresent == 0. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 24] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 +-------+-------------------------+ | value | version | +-------+-------------------------+ | 0 | FFV1 version 0 | | 1 | FFV1 version 1 | | 2 | reserved* | | 3 | FFV1 version 3 | | Other | reserved for future use | +-------+-------------------------+ * Version 2 was never enabled in the encoder thus version 2 files SHOULD NOT exist, and this document does not describe them to keep the text simpler. 4.8.2. micro_version "micro_version" specifies the micro-version of the bitstream. After a version is considered stable (a micro-version value is assigned to be the first stable variant of a specific version), each new micro- version after this first stable variant is compatible with the previous micro-version: decoders SHOULD NOT reject a file due to an unknown micro-version equal or above the micro-version considered as stable. Meaning of micro_version for version 3: +-------+-------------------------+ | value | micro_version | +-------+-------------------------+ | 0...3 | reserved* | | 4 | first stable variant | | Other | reserved for future use | +-------+-------------------------+ * were development versions which may be incompatible with the stable variants. Meaning of micro_version for version 4 (note: at the time of writing of this specification, version 4 is not considered stable so the first stable version value is to be announced in the future): +---------+-------------------------+ | value | micro_version | +---------+-------------------------+ | 0...TBA | reserved* | | TBA | first stable variant | | Other | reserved for future use | +---------+-------------------------+ Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 25] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 * were development versions which may be incompatible with the stable variants. 4.8.3. coder_type "coder_type" specifies the coder used +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ | value | coder used | +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ | 0 | Golomb Rice | | 1 | Range Coder with default state transition table | | 2 | Range Coder with custom state transition table | | Other | reserved for future use | +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ 4.8.4. state_transition_delta "state_transition_delta" specifies the Range coder custom state transition table. If state_transition_delta is not present in the bitstream, all Range coder custom state transition table elements are assumed to be 0. 4.8.5. colorspace_type "colorspace_type" specifies the color space. +-------+-------------------------+ | value | color space used | +-------+-------------------------+ | 0 | YCbCr | | 1 | JPEG2000-RCT | | Other | reserved for future use | +-------+-------------------------+ 4.8.6. chroma_planes "chroma_planes" indicates if chroma (color) planes are present. +-------+-------------------------------+ | value | color space used | +-------+-------------------------------+ | 0 | chroma planes are not present | | 1 | chroma planes are present | +-------+-------------------------------+ Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 26] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 4.8.7. bits_per_raw_sample "bits_per_raw_sample" indicates the number of bits for each luma and chroma sample. Inferred to be 8 if not present. +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ | value | bits for each luma and chroma sample | +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ | 0 | reserved* | | Other | the actual bits for each luma and chroma sample | +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ * Encoders MUST NOT store bits_per_raw_sample = 0 Decoders SHOULD accept and interpret bits_per_raw_sample = 0 as 8. 4.8.8. h_chroma_subsample "h_chroma_subsample" indicates the subsample factor between luma and chroma width ($chroma_width=2^{-log2_h_chroma_subsample}luma_width$) 4.8.9. v_chroma_subsample "v_chroma_subsample" indicates the subsample factor between luma and chroma height ($chroma_height=2^{-log2_v_chroma_subsample}luma_height$) 4.8.10. alpha_plane alpha_plane indicates if a transparency plane is present. +-------+-----------------------------------+ | value | color space used | +-------+-----------------------------------+ | 0 | transparency plane is not present | | 1 | transparency plane is present | +-------+-----------------------------------+ 4.8.11. num_h_slices "num_h_slices" indicates the number of horizontal elements of the slice raster. Inferred to be 1 if not present. 4.8.12. num_v_slices "num_v_slices" indicates the number of vertical elements of the slice raster. Inferred to be 1 if not present. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 27] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 4.8.13. quant_table_count "quant_table_count" indicates the number of quantization table sets. Inferred to be 1 if not present. 4.8.14. states_coded "states_coded" indicates if the respective quantization table set has the initial states coded. Inferred to be 0 if not present. +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | value | initial states | +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | 0 | initial states are not present and are assumed to be all | | | 128 | | 1 | initial states are present | +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ 4.8.15. initial_state_delta "initial_state_delta" [ i ][ j ][ k ] indicates the initial Range coder state, it is encoded using k as context index and pred = j ? initial_states[ i ][j - 1][ k ] : 128 initial_state[ i ][ j ][ k ] = ( pred + initial_state_delta[ i ][ j ][ k ] ) & 255 4.8.16. ec "ec" indicates the error detection/correction type. +-------+--------------------------------------------+ | value | error detection/correction type | +-------+--------------------------------------------+ | 0 | 32-bit CRC on the global header | | 1 | 32-bit CRC per slice and the global header | | Other | reserved for future use | +-------+--------------------------------------------+ 4.8.17. intra "intra" indicates the relationship between frames. Inferred to be 0 if not present. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 28] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | value | relationship | +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | 0 | frames are independent or dependent (keyframes and non | | | keyframes) | | 1 | frames are independent (keyframes only) | | Other | reserved for future use | +-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ 4.9. Quantization Tables The quantization tables are stored by storing the number of equal entries -1 of the first half of the table using the method described in Section 3.6.1.2. The second half doesn't need to be stored as it is identical to the first with flipped sign. example: Table: 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2-2-2-2-1-1-1-1 0 Stored values: 1, 3, 1 function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- QuantizationTable( i ) { | scale = 1 | for( j = 0; j < MAX_CONTEXT_INPUTS; j++ ) { | QuantizationTablePerContext( i, j, scale ) | scale *= 2 * len_count[ i ][ j ] - 1 | } | context_count[ i ] = ( scale + 1 ) / 2 | } | MAX_CONTEXT_INPUTS is 5. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 29] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 function | type --------------------------------------------------------------|----- QuantizationTablePerContext(i, j, scale) { | v = 0 | for( k = 0; k < 128; ) { | len - 1 | sr for( a = 0; a < len; a++ ) { | quant_tables[ i ][ j ][ k ] = scale* v | k++ | } | v++ | } | for( k = 1; k < 128; k++ ) { | quant_tables[ i ][ j ][ 256 - k ] = \ | -quant_tables[ i ][ j ][ k ] | } | quant_tables[ i ][ j ][ 128 ] = \ | -quant_tables[ i ][ j ][ 127 ] | len_count[ i ][ j ] = v | } | 4.9.1. quant_tables "quant_tables" indicates the quantification table values. 4.9.2. context_count "context_count" indicates the count of contexts. 4.9.3. Restrictions To ensure that fast multithreaded decoding is possible, starting version 3 and if frame_pixel_width * frame_pixel_height is more than 101376, slice_width * slice_height MUST be less or equal to num_h_slices * num_v_slices / 4. Note: 101376 is the frame size in pixels of a 352x288 frame also known as CIF ("Common Intermediate Format") frame size format. For each frame, each position in the slice raster MUST be filled by one and only one slice of the frame (no missing slice position, no slice overlapping). For each Frame with keyframe value of 0, each slice MUST have the same value of slice_x, slice_y, slice_width, slice_height as a slice in the previous frame, except if reset_contexts is 1. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 30] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 5. Security Considerations Like any other codec, (such as [RFC6716]), FFV1 should not be used with insecure ciphers or cipher-modes that are vulnerable to known plaintext attacks. Some of the header bits as well as the padding are easily predictable. Implementations of the FFV1 codec need to take appropriate security considerations into account, as outlined in [RFC4732]. It is extremely important for the decoder to be robust against malicious payloads. Malicious payloads must not cause the decoder to overrun its allocated memory or to take an excessive amount of resources to decode. Although problems in encoders are typically rarer, the same applies to the encoder. Malicious video streams must not cause the encoder to misbehave because this would allow an attacker to attack transcoding gateways. A frequent security problem in image and video codecs is also to not check for integer overflows in pixel count computations, that is to allocate width * height without considering that the multiplication result may have overflowed the arithmetic types range. The reference implementation [REFIMPL] contains no known buffer overflow or cases where a specially crafted packet or video segment could cause a significant increase in CPU load. The reference implementation [REFIMPL] was validated in the following conditions: o Sending the decoder valid packets generated by the reference encoder and verifying that the decoder's output matches the encoders input. o Sending the decoder packets generated by the reference encoder and then subjected to random corruption. o Sending the decoder random packets that are not FFV1. In all of the conditions above, the decoder and encoder was run inside the [VALGRIND] memory debugger as well as clangs address sanitizer [Address-Sanitizer], which track reads and writes to invalid memory regions as well as the use of uninitialized memory. There were no errors reported on any of the tested conditions. 6. Appendixes Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 31] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 6.1. Decoder implementation suggestions 6.1.1. Multi-threading support and independence of slices The bitstream is parsable in two ways: in sequential order as described in this document or with the pre-analysis of the footer of each slice. Each slice footer contains a slice_size field so the boundary of each slice is computable without having to parse the slice content. That allows multi-threading as well as independence of slice content (a bitstream error in a slice header or slice content has no impact on the decoding of the other slices). After having checked keyframe field, a decoder SHOULD parse slice_size fields, from slice_size of the last slice at the end of the frame up to slice_size of the first slice at the beginning of the frame, before parsing slices, in order to have slices boundaries. A decoder MAY fallback on sequential order e.g. in case of corrupted frame (frame size unknown, slice_size of slices not coherent...) or if there is no possibility of seek into the stream. Architecture overview of slices in a frame: +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | first slice header | | first slice content | | first slice footer | | --------------------------------------------------------------- | | second slice header | | second slice content | | second slice footer | | --------------------------------------------------------------- | | ... | | --------------------------------------------------------------- | | last slice header | | last slice content | | last slice footer | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ 7. Changelog See 8. ToDo o mean,k estimation for the Golomb Rice codes Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 32] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 9. Copyright Copyright 2003-2013 Michael Niedermayer This text can be used under the GNU Free Documentation License or GNU General Public License. See . 10. References 10.1. Normative References [ISO.15444-1.2016] International Organization for Standardization, "Information technology -- JPEG 2000 image coding system: Core coding system", October 2016. [ISO.9899.1990] International Organization for Standardization, "Programming languages - C", ISO Standard 9899, 1990. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . 10.2. Informative References [Address-Sanitizer] The Clang Team, "ASAN AddressSanitizer website", undated, . [AVI] Microsoft, "AVI RIFF File Reference", undated, . [HuffYUV] Rudiak-Gould, B., "HuffYUV", December 2003, . [ISO.14495-1.1999] International Organization for Standardization, "Information technology -- Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: Baseline", December 1999. [ISO.14496-10.2014] International Organization for Standardization, "Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 10: Advanced Video Coding", September 2014. Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 33] Internet-Draft FFV1 January 2017 [ISO.14496-12.2015] International Organization for Standardization, "Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 12: ISO base media file format", December 2015. [NUT] Niedermayer, M., "NUT Open Container Format", December 2013, . [range-coding] Nigel, G. and N. Martin, "Range encoding: an algorithm for removing redundancy from a digitised message.", Proc. Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers International Conference on Video and Data Recording , July 1979. [REFIMPL] Niedermayer, M., "The reference FFV1 implementation / the FFV1 codec in FFmpeg", undated, . [RFC4732] Handley, M., Ed., Rescorla, E., Ed., and IAB, "Internet Denial-of-Service Considerations", RFC 4732, DOI 10.17487/RFC4732, December 2006, . [RFC6716] Valin, JM., Vos, K., and T. Terriberry, "Definition of the Opus Audio Codec", RFC 6716, DOI 10.17487/RFC6716, September 2012, . [VALGRIND] Valgrind Developers, "Valgrind website", undated, . Author's Address Michael Niedermayer Niedermayer Expires July 12, 2017 [Page 34]