Network Working Group L. Hornquist Astrand Internet-Draft Apple, Inc. Intended status: Standards Track S. Hartman Expires: June 11, 2009 Painless Security, LLC December 8, 2008 GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy draft-lha-gssapi-delegate-policy-02 Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on June 11, 2009. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 1] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 Abstract Several GSS-API applications work in a multi-tiered architecture, where the server takes advantage of delegated user credentials to act on behalf of the user and contact additional servers. In effect, the server acts as an agent on behalf of the user. Examples include web applications that need to access e-mail or file servers as well as CIFS file servers. However, delegating the user credentials to a party who is not sufficiently trusted is problematic from a security standpoint. Kerberos provides a flag called OK-AS-DELEGATE that allows the administrator of a Kerberos realm to communicate that a particular service is trusted for delegation. This specification adds support for this flag and similar facilities in other authentication mechanisms to GSS-API (RFC 2743). Table of Contents 1. Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. GSS-API flag, C binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. GSS-API behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Kerberos GSS-API behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Appendix A. Change history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 15 Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 2] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 1. Requirements Notation The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 3] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 2. Introduction Several GSS-API applications work in a multi-tiered architecture, where the server takes advantage of delegated user credentials to act on behalf of the user and contact additional servers. In effect, the server acts as an agent on behalf of the user. Examples include web applications that need to access e-mail or file servers as well as CIFS file servers. However, delegating user credentials to a party who is not sufficiently trusted is problematic from a security standpoint. Today, GSS-API [RFC2743] leaves the determination of whether delegation is desired to the client application. An application requests delegation by setting the deleg_req_flag when calling init_sec_context. This requires client applications to know what services should be trusted for delegation. However blindly delegating to services for applications that do not need delegation is problematic. In some cases a central authority is in a better position than the client application to know what services should receive delegation. Some GSS-API mechanisms have a facility to allow and administrator to communicate that a particular service an appropriate target for delegation. For example, a Kerberos [RFC4121] KDC can set the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag in issued tickets as such an indication. It would is desirable to expose this knowledge to the GSS-API client so the client can request delegation if and only-if central policy recommends delegation to the given service. This specification adds a new input flag to gss_init_sec_context() to request delegation when approved by central policy. In addition, a constant value to be used in the GSS-API C bindings [RFC2744] is defined. Finally, the behavior for the Kerberos mechanism [RFC4121] is specified. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 4] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 3. GSS-API flag, C binding The gss_init_sec_context API is extended to gain a new input flag deleg_policy_req_flag, and a new output flag, deleg_policy_state BOOLEAN. If the deleg_policy_req_flag is set, then delegation should be performed if recommended by central policy. When delegation was recommended by the central policy and when delegation was done, the output flag deleg_policy_state will be set. In addition, the C bindings are extended to define the following constant to represent both deleg_policy_req_flag and deleg_policy_state (just like GSS_C_DELEG_FLAG maps to two flags). #define GSS_C_DELEG_POLICY_FLAG 32768 Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 5] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 4. GSS-API behavior As before, if the deleg_req_flag is set, the GSS-API mechanism will attempt delegation of user credentials. When delegation was successful, deleg_state will return TRUE in both the initiator and acceptor (gss_init_sec_context and gss_accept_sec_context respectively). Similarly, if the deleg_policy_req_flag is set, then the GSS-API mechanism will attempt delegation if the mechanism-specific policy recommends to do so. When delegation was allows and successful, deleg_state will return TRUE in both initiator and acceptor. In addition, deleg_policy_state will be set in the acceptor. If the initiator set both the deleg_req_flag and deleg_policy_req_flag, delegation will attempted unconditionally. When delegation was successful, deleg_state will be returned TRUE in the initiator and acceptor. However, the deleg_policy_state will additionally be returned TRUE for the initiator (only) if the mechanism-specific policy recommended delegation. Note that deleg_policy_req_flag and deleg_policy_state apply the the initiator only. There state is never sent over the wire. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 6] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 5. Kerberos GSS-API behavior If the initiator sets the deleg_policy_req_flag, the Kerberos GSS-API mechanism MUST only delegate if OK-AS-DELEGATE is set [RFC4120] in the service ticket. Other policy checks MAY be applied. [RFC4120] does not adequately describe the behavior of OK-AS-DELEGATE flag in a cross realm environment. This document clarifies that behavior. In addition to the service tickets' OK-AS-DELEGATE flag, the GSS-API Kerberos mechanism MUST examine all cross realm tickets in the traversal from the user's initial ticket-granting-ticket (TGT) to the service ticket. If any of the intermediate cross realm TGTs do not have the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag set, the mechanism MUST not delegate credentials. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 7] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 6. Rationale Strictly speaking, the existing deleg_req_flag could be interpreted as in [RFC2743] as behaving as deleg_policy_req_flag described in this document. However in practice the new flag is required because existing applications and user expectations depend upon GSS-API mechanism implementations without the described behavior, i.e. they do not respect OK-AS-DELEGATE. In hind sight, the deleg_req_flag should not have been implemented to mean unconditional delegation. Such promiscuous delegation reduces overall security by unnecessarily exposing user credentials, including to hosts and services that the user have no reason to trust. Today there are Kerberos implementations that do not support the OK- AS-DELEGATE flag in the Kerberos database. If the implementation of the deleg_req_flag were changed to honor the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag, users who deploy new client software, would never achieve credential delegation because the KDC would never issue a ticket with the OK-AS- DELEGATE flag set. Changing the client software behavior in this way would cause a negative user experience for those users. This is compounded by the fact that users often deploy new software without coordinating with site administrators. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 8] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 7. Security Considerations Introduce a flag that allows the client to get help from the KDC in determining to which servers one should delegate credentials, and the servers to which the client can delegate. The new flag deleg_policy_req_flag is not communicated over the wire, and thus does not present a new opportunity for spoofing or downgrading policy in and of itself. Mechanisms should use a trusted/authenticated means of determining delegation policy, and it must not be spoof-able on the network. Delegating the user's TGT is still to power and dangerous. Ideally one would delegate specific service tickets, but this is out of scope of this draft. Failure to specify deleg_policy_req_flag on the part of the client can at worst result in NOT delegating credentials -- fails closed, a desirable security property. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 9] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 8. IANA Considerations This document extends GSS-API Generic name space and Languange Bindings-specific GSS-API Namespace. If the IANA registration draft is not in WG-LC by May 2009, please drop this section and publish. In that case this flags will be part of initial registration. +--------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | Field | Value | +--------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | Registration type | Instance | | | | | Bindings | Generic and C binding | | | | | Object type | Context-flag | | | | | Symbol names | GSS_C_DELEG_POLICY_FLAG | | | | | Binding of | deleg_policy_req_flag and deleg_policy_state | | | | | Constant value | 32768 | | | | | Description | Delegate policy flag | | | | | Reference | RFC XXX, RFC-EDITOR: replace this with the | | | right RFC number | | | | | Expert Reviewer | Kitten working group | | | | | Expert reviewer | | | comments | | | | | | Status | Registered | +--------------------+----------------------------------------------+ IANA Registration Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 10] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 9. Acknowledgements Thanks to Disco Vince Giffin, Ken Raeburn, Martin Rex, Jacques Vidrine and Tom Yu for reviewing the document and provided suggestions for improvements. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 11] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 10. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2743] Linn, J., "Generic Security Service Application Program Interface Version 2, Update 1", RFC 2743, January 2000. [RFC2744] Wray, J., "Generic Security Service API Version 2 : C-bindings", RFC 2744, January 2000. [RFC4120] Neuman, C., Yu, T., Hartman, S., and K. Raeburn, "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", RFC 4120, July 2005. [RFC4121] Zhu, L., Jaganathan, K., and S. Hartman, "The Kerberos Version 5 Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) Mechanism: Version 2", RFC 4121, July 2005. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 12] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 Appendix A. Change history RFC-EDITOR: please remove this section. o Version 02: Comments from Disco and Jacques. Use deleg_req_flag instead of GSS_C_DELEG_FLAG for all places that discuesses the flag. o Version 01: Document that GSS_C_DELEG_POLICY_FLAG is a local flag from Martin Rex. Provide rationale as requested by Tom Yu. Ran spell checker over document. o Version 00: Inital draft by Love and cleaned up by Sam. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 13] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 Authors' Addresses Love Hornquist Astrand Apple, Inc. Email: lha@apple.com Sam Hartman Painless Security, LLC Email: hartmans-ietf@mit.edu Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 14] Internet-Draft GSS-API: Delegate if approved by policy December 2008 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Hornquist Astrand & Hartman Expires June 11, 2009 [Page 15]