OPSAWG R. Krishnan Internet Draft S. Khanna Intended status: Experimental Brocade Communications Expires: May 2013 B. Khasnabish November 4, 2012 ZTE Corporation A. Ghanwani Dell Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks draft-krishnan-opsawg-large-flow-load-balancing-01.txt Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. This document may not be modified, and derivative works of it may not be created, and it may not be published except as an Internet-Draft. This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. This document may not be modified, and derivative works of it may not be created, except to publish it as an RFC and to translate it into languages other than English. 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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html This Internet-Draft will expire on May 4, 2009. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Abstract The demands on the networking infrastructure are growing exponentially; the drivers are bandwidth hungry rich media applications, inter data center communications etc. In this context, it is important to optimally use the bandwidth in the service provider backbone networks which extensively use LAG/ECMP techniques for bandwidth scaling. This internet draft describes the issues faced in the service provider backbone in the context of LAG/ECMP and formulates best practice recommendations for managing the bandwidth efficiently in the service provider backbone. Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 Table of Contents 1. Introduction...................................................3 1.1. Conventions used..........................................4 2. Sub-optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in the current framework.........................................................5 3. Best practices for optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization.7 3.1. Long-lived Large Flow Identification......................8 3.1.1. sFlow/Netflow........................................8 3.1.2. Automatic hardware identification....................9 3.1.2.1. Suggested Technique for Automatic Hardware Identification..........................................10 3.2. Long-lived Large Flow Re-balancing.......................10 3.2.1. No re-balancing of short-lived small flows..........10 3.2.2. Other Techniques....................................11 3.2.3. Re-balancing of long-lived large flows and short-lived small flows - an example...................................11 4. Acknowledgements..............................................12 5. IANA Considerations...........................................12 6. Security Considerations.......................................13 7. References....................................................13 7.1. Normative References.....................................13 7.2. Informative References...................................13 1. Introduction Service provider backbone networks extensively use LAG/ECMP techniques for bandwidth scaling. Network traffic can be predominantly categorized into two traffic types, long-lived large flows and short-lived small flows. Hashing techniques, which perform an approximate distribution of these flows across the LAG/ECMP component links, typically result in a sub-optimal utilization of LAG/ECMP component links. Round Robin load-balancing techniques address this problem but have the side effect of causing packet re- ordering. This internet draft recommends best practices for optimal LAG/ECMP component link utilization while using hashing techniques. These best practices comprise of the following; first is identification of long-lived large flows in routers and next is assigning the long-lived large flows to specific LAG/ECMP component links. Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 1.1. Conventions used The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 The following acronyms are used: ECMP: Equal Cost Multi-path LAG: Link Aggregation Group QoS: Quality of Service MPLS: Multiprotocol Label Switching DOS: Denial of Service 2. Sub-optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in the current framework Hashing techniques, which perform an approximate distribution of long-lived large flows and short-lived small flows across the LAG/ECMP component links, typically results in a sub-optimal utilization of LAG/ECMP component links. This is depicted in Figure 1 with a detailed description below. . There is a LAG between 2 routers R1 and R2. This LAG has 3 component links (1), (2), (3) . Component link (1) has 2 short-lived small flows and 1 long- lived large flow and the link capacity is optimally utilized . Component link (2) has 3 short-lived small flows and no long- lived large flow and the link capacity is sub-optimally utilized o The absence of any long-lived large flow causes the component link under-utilization . Component link (3) has 2 short-lived small flows and 2 long- lived large flows and the link capacity is over-utilized. o The presence of 2 long-lived large flows causes the component link over-utilization Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 |-----------| |-----------| | | -> -> | | | |=====> | | | (1)|--/---/-|(1) | | | | | | | | | | (R1) |-> -> ->| (R2) | | (2)|--/---/-|(2) | | | | | | | -> -> | | | |=====> | | | |=====> | | | (3)|--/---/-|(3) | | | | | |-----------| |-----------| Figure 1: Long-lived Large Flows - uneven distribution across LAG/ECMP component links Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 3. Best practices for optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization The suggested techniques in this draft for optimal LAG/ECMP component link utilization are meant to put forth a locally_ optimized solution, i.e. local in the sense of both measuring and optimizing for long-lived large flows at individual nodes in the network. This approach would not yield a globally optimal placement of a large, long-lived flow across several nodes in the network which some networks may desire/require. On the other hand, this may be adequate for some operators for the following reasons 1) Different links in the network experience different levels of utilization and, thus, a more "targeted" solution is needed for those few hot-spots in the network 2) Some networks may lack end-to-end visibility. The various steps in achieving optimal LAG/ECMP component link utilization in backbone networks are detailed below Step 1) This involves identifying long-lived large flows in the egress processing elements in routers; besides the flow parameters, this also involves identifying the egress component link the flow is using. The identification of long-lived large flows is explained in detail in section 4.1. Step 2) The egress component links are periodically scanned for link utilization. If the egress component link utilization exceeds a pre- programmed threshold, an operator alert is generated. The long-lived large flows mapping to the congested egress component link are exported to a central management entity. IETF could potentially consider a standards-based activity around, say, a data-model used to move this information from the router to the central management entity. Step 3) On receiving the alert about the congested component link, the operator, through a central management entity finds out the long- lived large flows mapping to the component link and the LAG/ECMP group to which the component link maps to. Step 4) The operator can choose to rebalance the long-lived large flows on lightly loaded component links of the LAG/ECMP group. The operator, through a central management entity 1) Can indicate specific long-lived large flows to rebalance 2) Let the router decide the best long-lived large flows to rebalance. The central management entity conveys the above information to the router. IETF could Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 potentially consider a standards-based activity around, say, a data- model used to move this information from the central management entity to the router. The re-balancing of long-lived large flows is explained in detail in section 4.2. Optionally, if desired, steps 2) to 4) could be automated resulting in automatic rebalancing of long-lived large flows. 3.1. Long-lived Large Flow Identification A flow (long-lived large flow or short-lived small flow) can be defined using one of the following suggested formats as described below . IP 5 tuple: IP Protocol, IP source address, IP destination address, TCP/UDP source port, TCP/UDP destination port . IP 3 tuple: IP Protocol, IP source address, IP destination address . MPLS Labels . VXLAN, NVGRE . IP source address, IP destination address and IPv6 flow label (RFC 6437) . Other formats The best practices described in this document are agnostic to the format of the flow. 3.1.1. sFlow/Netflow Enable sFlow/Netflow sampling on all the egress ports in the routers. Through sFlow processing in a sFlow Collector, an approximate indication of large flows mapping to each of the component links in each LAG/ECMP group is available. The advantages and disadvantages of sFlow/Netflow are detailed below. Advantages of sFlow/Netflow . Supported in most routers . Minimal router resources Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 Disadvantages of sFlow/Netflow . Approximate identification of long-lived large flows . Non real-time identification of long-lived large flows based on historical analysis The time taken to determine a candidate long-lived large flow would be dependent on the amount of sFlow samples being generated and the processing power of the external sFlow collector; this is under further study. 3.1.2. Automatic hardware identification Implementations may choose to implement automatic identification of long-lived large flows in hardware in egress processing elements of routers. The characteristics of such an implementation would be . Inline solution . Minimal system resources . Maintain line-rate performance . Perform accounting of long-lived large flows with a high degree of accuracy Using automatic hardware identification of long-lived large flows, an accurate indication of large flows mapping to each of the component links in a LAG/ECMP group is available. The advantages and disadvantages of automatic hardware identification are detailed below. Advantages of Automatic Hardware Identification . Accurate identification of long-lived large flows . Real-time identification of long-lived large flows Disadvantages of Automatic Hardware Identification . Not supported in many routers The measurement interval for determining a candidate long-lived large flow and the minimum bandwidth of the long-lived large flow would be programmable parameters in the router; this is under further study. Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 The implementation of automatic hardware identification of long-lived large flows is vendor dependent. Below is a suggested technique. 3.1.2.1. Suggested Technique for Automatic Hardware Identification There are multiple hash tables, each with a different hash function. Each hash table entry has an associated counter. On packet arrival, a new flow is looked up in parallel in all the hash tables and the corresponding counter is incremented. If the counter exceeds a programmed threshold in a given time interval in all the hash table entries, a candidate long-lived-flow is learnt and programmed in a hardware table resource like TCAM. There may be some false positives due to multiple short-lived small flows masquerading as a long-lived large flow; the amount of false positives is reduced by parallel hashing. 3.2. Long-lived Large Flow Re-balancing Below are suggested techniques for long-lived large flow re- balancing. Our suggestion is that the router vendors should implement all these techniques and the operator chooses the right technique based on various application needs. Perfect re-balancing of long- lived large flows may not be possible since flows can arrive and depart at different times. 3.2.1. No re-balancing of short-lived small flows In the LAG/ECMP group, choose other member component links with least average port utilization. Move the long-lived large flow(s) from the heavily loaded component link to the new member component links using a Policy based routing (PBR) rule in the ingress processing element(s) in the routers. The benefits of this algorithm are . Short-lived small flows are not subjected to flow re-ordering . Only certain long-lived large flows are subjected to flow re- ordering The disadvantages of this algorithm are . There may be a Quality of Service (QoS) impact on the existing short-lived flows Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 3.2.2. Other Techniques It is possible use other algorithms, for example, removing a member component link from the LAG/ECMP group and using it only for long- lived large flows. 3.2.3. Re-balancing of long-lived large flows and short-lived small flows - an example Optimal LAG/ECMP component utilization for the use case in Figure 1, is depicted below in Figure 2. This is achieved as follows Step 1) Long-lived large flows are identified in the egress processing elements of router R1 using techniques suggested in Section 4.1. Step 2) An operator alert is generated indicating that egress component link (3) in router R1 is congested. The long-lived large flows mapping to the congested egress component link are exported from the router to a central management entity. Step 3) On receiving the alert about the congested component link (3), the operator, through a central management entity finds out the long-lived large flows mapping to the component link and the LAG/ECMP group to which the component link maps to. Step 4) The operator, through a central management entity, can choose to rebalance the long-lived large flows on lightly loaded component links of the LAG/ECMP group using the suggested techniques in Section 4.2. In the router, a long-lived large flow is moved from component link (3) to component link (2) by using a PBR rule in the ingress processing element(s) in the routers. Detailed description for Figure 2 is as follows . There is a LAG between 2 routers R1 and R2. This LAG has 3 component links (1), (2), (3) . Component link (1) has 2 short-lived small flows and 1 long- lived large flow and the link capacity is optimally utilized . Component link (2) has 3 short-lived small flows and 1 long- lived large flow and the link capacity is optimally utilized . Component link (3) has 2 short-lived small flows and 1 long- lived large flow and the link capacity is optimally utilized Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 |-----------| |-----------| | | -> -> | | | |=====> | | | (1)|--/---/-|(1) | | | | | | |=====> | | | (R1) |-> -> ->| (R2) | | (2)|--/---/-|(2) | | | | | | | | | | | -> -> | | | |=====> | | | (3)|--/---/-|(3) | | | | | |-----------| |-----------| Figure 2: Long-lived Large Flows - even distribution across LAG/ECMP component links 4. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Shane Amante for all the support and valuable input. The authors would also like to thank Fred Baker and Wes George for their input. 5. IANA Considerations This memo includes no request to IANA. Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 6. Security Considerations This document does not directly impact the security of the Internet infrastructure or its applications. In fact, it could help if there is a DOS attack pattern which causes a hash imbalance resulting in heavy overloading of large flows to certain LAG/ECMP component links. 7. References 7.1. Normative References [1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [2] Crocker, D. and Overell, P.(Editors), "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, Internet Mail Consortium and Demon Internet Ltd., November 1997. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2234] Crocker, D. and Overell, P.(Editors), "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, Internet Mail Consortium and Demon Internet Ltd., November 1997. 7.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-rtgwg-cl-requirement] C. Villamizar et al., "Requirements for MPLS Over a Composite Link", June 2012 [I-D.ietf-mpls-entropy-label] K. Kompella et al., "The Use of Entropy Labels in MPLS Forwarding", July 2012 [I-D.kj-nvo3-pion-architecture] L. Jin and B. Khasnabish, "Architecture of PSN Independent Overlay Network(PION)," May 2012. Thaler, D. and C. Hopps, "Multipath Issues in Unicast and Multicast", RFC 2991, November 2000. Hopps, C., "Analysis of an Equal-Cost Multi-Path Algorithm", Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 RFC 2992, November 2000. Newman, D. and T. Player, "Hash and Stuffing: Overlooked Factors in Network Device Benchmarking", RFC 4814, March 2007. Authors' Addresses Ram Krishnan Brocade Communications San Jose, 95134, USA Phone: +001-408-406-7890 Email: ramk@brocade.com Sanjay Khanna Brocade Communications San Jose, 95134, USA Phone: +001-408-333-4850 Email: skhanna@brocade.com Anoop Ghanwani Dell San Jose, CA 95134 Phone: (408) 571-3228 Email: anoop@alumni.duke.edu Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Best Practices for Optimal LAG/ECMP Component Link Utilization in Provider Backbone networks November 2012 Bhumip Khasnabish ZTE Corporation New Jersey, 07960, USA Phone: +001-781-752-8003 Email: bhumip.khasnabish@zteusa.com Krishnan Expires May 4, 2013 [Page 15]