Network Working Group C. Jennings
Internet-Draft Cisco Systems
Expires: August 30, 2006 K. Ono
NTT Corporation
February 26, 2006
Example call flows using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) security
mechanisms
draft-ietf-sipping-sec-flows-00
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
Abstract
This document shows example call flows demonstrating the use of
Transport Layer Security (TLS), and Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (S/MIME) in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). It also
provides information that helps implementers build interoperable SIP
software. To help facilitate interoperability testing, it includes
certificates used in the example call flows and processes to create
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certificates for testing.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Known Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.1. CA Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.2. Host Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.3. User Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Callflow with Message Over TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1. TLS with Server Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2. MESSAGE Message Over TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Callflow with S/MIME-secured Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.1. MESSAGE Message with Signed Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.2. MESSAGE Message with Encrypted Body . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.3. MESSAGE Message with Encrypted and Signed Body . . . . . . 20
8. Test Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix A. Making Test Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A.1. makeCA script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A.2. makeCert script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Appendix B. Certificates for Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Appendix C. Message Dumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 45
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1. Introduction
Several different groups are starting to implement the S/MIME[7]
portion of SIP[2], and SIP with TLS[4], implementations are becoming
very common. At several interoperability events, it has become clear
that it is difficult to write these systems without any test vectors
or examples of "known good" messages to test against. Furthermore,
testing at the events is often hampered by trying to get certificates
signed by some common test root into the appropriate format for
various clients. This document addresses both of these issues by
providing messages that give detailed examples that implementers can
use for comparison and that can also be used for testing. In
addition, this document provides a common certificate that can be
used for a Certificate Authority (CA) to reduce the time it takes to
set up a test at an interoperability event. The document also
provides some hints and clarifications for implementers.
A simple SIP call flow using SIPS URIs and TLS is shown in Section 6.
The certificates for the hosts used are shown in Section 5.2, and the
CA certificates used to sign these are shown in Section 5.1.
The text from Section 7.1 through Section 7.3 shows some simple SIP
call flows using S/MIME to sign and encrypt the body of the message.
The user certificates used in these examples are shown in
Section 5.3. These host certificates are signed with the same CA
certificate.
Section 8 presents a partial list of things implementers should
consider in order to implement systems that will interoperate.
A way to make certificates that can be used for interoperability
testing is presented in Appendix A, along with methods for converting
these to various formats.
Binary copies of various messages in this draft that can be used for
testing appear in Appendix C.
2. Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [1].
3. Security Considerations
Implementers must never use any of the certificates provided in this
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document in anything but a test environment. Installing the CA root
certificates used in this document as a trusted root in operational
software would completely destroy the security of the system while
giving the user the impression that the system was operating
securely.
This document recommends some things that implementers might test or
verify to improve the security of their implementations. It is
impossible to make a comprehensive list of these, and this document
only suggests some of the most common mistakes that have been seen at
the SIPit interoperability events. Just because an implementation
does everything this document recommends does not make it secure.
This document does not show the messages to check Certificate
Revocation Lists (see [3]) as that is not part of the SIP call flow.
4. Known Problems
The binary dumps of the messages in Section 6.2 need to be updated to
match the text of the draft.
The messages are missing the accept headers. They should have the
following header:
Accept: multipart/signed
Accept: text/plain
Accept: application/pkcs7-mime
Accept: application/sdp
Accept: multipart/alternative
5. Certificates
5.1. CA Certificates
The certificate used by the CA to sign the other certificates is
shown below. This is a X509v3 certificate. Note that the basic
constraints allow it to be used as a CA.
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Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 0 (0x0)
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
Validity
Not Before: Jul 18 12:21:52 2003 GMT
Not After : Jul 15 12:21:52 2013 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
Modulus (1024 bit):
00:c3:22:1e:83:91:c5:03:2c:3c:8a:f4:11:14:c6:
4b:9d:fa:72:78:c6:b0:95:18:a7:e0:8c:79:ba:5d:
a4:ae:1e:21:2d:9d:f1:0b:1c:cf:bd:5b:29:b3:90:
13:73:66:92:6e:df:4c:b3:b3:1c:1f:2a:82:0a:ba:
07:4d:52:b0:f8:37:7b:e2:0a:27:30:70:dd:f9:2e:
03:ff:2a:76:cd:df:87:1a:bd:71:eb:e1:99:6a:c4:
7f:8e:74:a0:77:85:04:e9:41:ad:fc:03:b6:17:75:
aa:33:ea:0a:16:d9:fb:79:32:2e:f8:cf:4d:c6:34:
a3:ff:1b:d0:68:28:e1:9d:e5
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
6B:46:17:14:EA:94:76:25:80:54:6E:13:54:DA:A1:E3:54:14:A1:B6
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
6B:46:17:14:EA:94:76:25:80:54:6E:13:54:DA:A1:E3:54:14:A1:B6
DirName:/C=US/ST=California/L=San Jose/O=sipit/
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
serial:00
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:TRUE
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
96:6d:1b:ef:d5:91:93:45:7c:5b:1f:cf:c4:aa:47:52:0b:34:
a8:50:fa:ec:fa:b4:2a:47:4c:5d:41:a7:3d:c0:d6:3f:9e:56:
5b:91:1d:ce:a8:07:b3:1b:a4:9f:9a:49:6f:7f:e0:ce:83:94:
71:42:af:fe:63:a2:34:dc:b4:5e:a5:ce:ca:79:50:e9:6a:99:
4c:14:69:e9:7c:ab:22:6c:44:cc:8a:9c:33:6b:23:50:42:05:
1f:e1:c2:81:88:5f:ba:e5:47:bb:85:9b:83:25:ad:84:32:ff:
2a:5b:8b:70:12:11:83:61:c9:69:15:4f:58:a3:3c:92:d4:e8:
6f:52
The ASN.1 parse of the CA certificate is shown below.
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0:l= 804 cons: SEQUENCE
4:l= 653 cons: SEQUENCE
8:l= 3 cons: cont [ 0 ]
10:l= 1 prim: INTEGER :02
13:l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00
16:l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
18:l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha1WithRSAEncryption
29:l= 0 prim: NULL
31:l= 112 cons: SEQUENCE
33:l= 11 cons: SET
35:l= 9 cons: SEQUENCE
37:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :countryName
42:l= 2 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :US
46:l= 19 cons: SET
48:l= 17 cons: SEQUENCE
50:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :stateOrProvinceName
55:l= 10 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :California
67:l= 17 cons: SET
69:l= 15 cons: SEQUENCE
71:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :localityName
76:l= 8 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :San Jose
86:l= 14 cons: SET
88:l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE
90:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :organizationName
95:l= 5 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :sipit
102:l= 41 cons: SET
104:l= 39 cons: SEQUENCE
106:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :organizationalUnitName
111:l= 32 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :
Sipit Test Certificate Authority
145:l= 30 cons: SEQUENCE
147:l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :030718122152Z
162:l= 13 prim: UTCTIME :130715122152Z
177:l= 112 cons: SEQUENCE
179:l= 11 cons: SET
181:l= 9 cons: SEQUENCE
183:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :countryName
188:l= 2 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :US
192:l= 19 cons: SET
194:l= 17 cons: SEQUENCE
196:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :stateOrProvinceName
201:l= 10 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :California
213:l= 17 cons: SET
215:l= 15 cons: SEQUENCE
217:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :localityName
222:l= 8 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :San Jose
232:l= 14 cons: SET
234:l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE
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236:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :organizationName
241:l= 5 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :sipit
248:l= 41 cons: SET
250:l= 39 cons: SEQUENCE
252:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :organizationalUnitName
257:l= 32 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :
Sipit Test Certificate Authority
291:l= 159 cons: SEQUENCE
294:l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
296:l= 9 prim: OBJECT :rsaEncryption
307:l= 0 prim: NULL
309:l= 141 prim: BIT STRING
00 30 81 89 02 81 81 00-c3 22 1e 83 91 c5 03 2c .0.......".....,
3c 8a f4 11 14 c6 4b 9d-fa 72 78 c6 b0 95 18 a7 <.....K..rx.....
e0 8c 79 ba 5d a4 ae 1e-21 2d 9d f1 0b 1c cf bd ..y.]...!-......
5b 29 b3 90 13 73 66 92-6e df 4c b3 b3 1c 1f 2a [)...sf.n.L....*
82 0a ba 07 4d 52 b0 f8-37 7b e2 0a 27 30 70 dd ....MR..7{..'0p.
f9 2e 03 ff 2a 76 cd df-87 1a bd 71 eb e1 99 6a ....*v.....q...j
c4 7f 8e 74 a0 77 85 04-e9 41 ad fc 03 b6 17 75 ...t.w...A.....u
aa 33 ea 0a 16 d9 fb 79-32 2e f8 cf 4d c6 34 a3 .3.....y2...M.4.
ff 1b d0 68 28 e1 9d e5-02 03 01 00 01 ...h(........
453:l= 205 cons: cont [ 3 ]
456:l= 202 cons: SEQUENCE
459:l= 29 cons: SEQUENCE
461:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Subject Key Identifier
466:l= 22 prim: OCTET STRING
04 14 6b 46 17 14 ea 94-76 25 80 54 6e 13 54 da ..kF....v%.Tn.T.
a1 e3 54 14 a1 b6 ..T...
490:l= 154 cons: SEQUENCE
493:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Authority Key Identifier
498:l= 146 prim: OCTET STRING
30 81 8f 80 14 6b 46 17-14 ea 94 76 25 80 54 6e 0....kF....v%.Tn
13 54 da a1 e3 54 14 a1-b6 a1 74 a4 72 30 70 31 .T...T....t.r0p1
0b 30 09 06 03 55 04 06-13 02 55 53 31 13 30 11 .0...U....US1.0.
06 03 55 04 08 13 0a 43-61 6c 69 66 6f 72 6e 69 ..U....Californi
61 31 11 30 0f 06 03 55-04 07 13 08 53 61 6e 20 a1.0...U....San
4a 6f 73 65 31 0e 30 0c-06 03 55 04 0a 13 05 73 Jose1.0...U....s
69 70 69 74 31 29 30 27-06 03 55 04 0b 13 20 53 ipit1)0'..U... S
69 70 69 74 20 54 65 73-74 20 43 65 72 74 69 66 ipit Test Certif
69 63 61 74 65 20 41 75-74 68 6f 72 69 74 79 82 icate Authority.
01 .
0092 - <SPACES/NULS>
647:l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE
649:l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Basic Constraints
654:l= 5 prim: OCTET STRING
30 03 01 01 ff 0....
661:l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
663:l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha1WithRSAEncryption
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674:l= 0 prim: NULL
676:l= 129 prim: BIT STRING
00 96 6d 1b ef d5 91 93-45 7c 5b 1f cf c4 aa 47 ..m.....E|[....G
52 0b 34 a8 50 fa ec fa-b4 2a 47 4c 5d 41 a7 3d R.4.P....*GL]A.=
c0 d6 3f 9e 56 5b 91 1d-ce a8 07 b3 1b a4 9f 9a ..?.V[..........
49 6f 7f e0 ce 83 94 71-42 af fe 63 a2 34 dc b4 Io.....qB..c.4..
5e a5 ce ca 79 50 e9 6a-99 4c 14 69 e9 7c ab 22 ^...yP.j.L.i.|."
6c 44 cc 8a 9c 33 6b 23-50 42 05 1f e1 c2 81 88 lD...3k#PB......
5f ba e5 47 bb 85 9b 83-25 ad 84 32 ff 2a 5b 8b _..G....%..2.*[.
70 12 11 83 61 c9 69 15-4f 58 a3 3c 92 d4 e8 6f p...a.i.OX.<...o
52 R
5.2. Host Certificates
The certificate for the host example.com is shown below. Note that
the Subject Alternative Name is set to example.com and is a DNS type.
The certificates for the other hosts are shown in Appendix B.
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Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
01:95:00:71:02:33:00:55
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
Validity
Not Before: Feb 3 18:49:08 2005 GMT
Not After : Feb 3 18:49:08 2008 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
CN=example.com
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
Modulus (1024 bit):
00:e6:31:76:b5:27:cc:8d:32:85:56:70:f7:c2:33:
33:32:26:42:5e:3c:68:71:7b:1f:79:50:d0:72:27:
3b:4a:af:f2:ce:d1:0c:bc:c0:5f:31:6a:43:e7:7c:
ad:64:bd:c7:e6:25:9f:aa:cd:2d:90:aa:68:84:62:
7b:05:be:43:a5:af:bb:ea:9d:a9:5b:a4:53:9d:22:
8b:da:96:2e:1f:3f:92:46:b8:cc:c8:24:3c:46:cd:
5d:2d:64:85:b1:a4:ca:01:f1:8e:c5:7e:0f:ff:00:
91:a3:ea:cb:3e:12:02:75:a4:bb:08:c8:d0:2a:ef:
b3:bb:72:7a:98:e5:ff:9f:81
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
DNS:example.com
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
22:EA:CB:38:66:1D:F1:96:0C:9A:47:B6:BB:1C:52:
44:B0:77:65:8D
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
ae:eb:49:ed:1e:f1:8d:26:a9:6d:03:82:92:d5:df:44:c4:1e:
1f:07:75:88:37:e4:76:97:35:12:59:98:79:78:16:6e:3b:b1:
c0:2b:db:85:02:6b:74:c9:5b:19:92:da:7e:f5:41:0b:bc:d2:
dd:45:aa:6f:be:24:dc:48:57:66:d9:2e:82:df:9e:8d:70:03:
73:75:ef:8f:7a:56:4c:cc:42:bd:31:45:b0:5e:ff:d1:3b:c4:
82:ee:fd:a7:c1:10:34:eb:81:49:1a:6b:86:7e:c7:61:1d:b3:
b9:0a:02:bd:84:f8:47:af:cf:f1:a8:73:a8:31:1d:20:7a:06:
7f:ac
5.3. User Certificates
The user certificate for fluffy@example.com is shown below. Note
that the Subject Alternative Name has a list of names with different
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URL types such as a sip, im, or pres URL. This is necessary for
interoperating with CPIM gateway. In this example, example.com is
the domain for fluffy. The message could be coming from a host
called atlanta.example.com, and the AOR in the user certificate would
still be the same. The others are shown in Appendix B.
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Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
01:95:00:71:02:33:00:58
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
OU=Sipit Test Certificate Authority
Validity
Not Before: Feb 3 18:49:34 2005 GMT
Not After : Feb 3 18:49:34 2008 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Jose, O=sipit,
CN=fluffy@example.com
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
Modulus (1024 bit):
00:ca:ab:9b:9b:4e:3c:d5:45:3c:ce:00:a6:36:a8:
b9:ec:d2:76:e2:b9:9b:e8:28:aa:ba:86:22:c5:cf:
33:3e:4f:6d:56:21:ae:bd:54:84:7c:14:14:f9:7d:
99:85:00:4e:93:d6:fd:6b:d4:d1:d4:55:8e:c9:89:
b1:af:2b:5f:23:99:4a:95:e5:68:65:64:1d:12:a7:
db:d3:d5:97:18:47:35:9c:e6:88:27:9d:a8:6c:ca:
2a:84:e6:62:d8:f1:e9:a2:1a:39:7e:0e:0f:90:a5:
a6:79:21:bc:2a:67:b4:dd:69:90:82:9a:ae:1f:02:
52:8a:58:d3:f5:d0:d4:66:67
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
URI:sip:fluffy@example.com, URI:im:fluffy@example.com,
URI:pres:fluffy@example.com
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
EC:DA:98:5E:E9:F7:F7:D7:EC:2B:29:4B:DA:25:EE:C7:C7:
7E:95:70
Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
4c:46:49:6e:01:48:e2:d4:6e:d7:48:a1:f3:7b:c8:a5:98:37:
a5:44:46:58:9f:4a:37:7d:90:fb:5f:ff:36:bd:67:31:f0:29:
de:0a:e2:ea:b9:f0:5c:9f:ad:a0:de:e5:4e:42:8f:11:d8:41:
ea:68:be:db:c2:1e:fa:e5:8a:2d:7f:66:13:29:e9:da:8f:fb:
80:bf:7e:5e:b6:04:ad:08:5e:58:95:b7:c5:38:85:d5:65:31:
ad:80:cb:28:a7:4c:ad:11:fd:41:3b:37:77:5a:de:85:96:3d:
66:eb:5f:9a:f8:60:5f:8e:b1:fc:4a:43:53:b6:11:4d:2e:f4:
3d:ff
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6. Callflow with Message Over TLS
6.1. TLS with Server Authentication
The flow below shows the edited SSLDump output of the host
example.com forming a TLS[4] connection to example.net. In this
example mutual authentication is not used. Note that the client
proposed three protocol suites including TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
defined in [6]. The certificate returned by the server contains a
Subject Alternative Name that is set to example.net. A detailed
discussion of TLS can be found in [13].
This example does not use the Server Extended Hello[5].
New TCP connection #1: 127.0.0.1(55768) <-> 127.0.0.1(5061)
1 1 0.0060 (0.0060) C>SV3.1(49) Handshake
ClientHello
Version 3.1
random[32]=
42 16 8c c7 82 cd c5 87 42 ba f5 1c 91 04 fb 7d
4d 6c 56 f1 db 1d ce 8a b1 25 71 5a 68 01 a2 14
cipher suites
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
compression methods
NULL
1 2 0.0138 (0.0077) S>CV3.1(74) Handshake
ServerHello
Version 3.1
random[32]=
42 16 8c c7 c9 2c 43 42 bb 69 a5 ba f1 2d 69 75
c3 8d 3a 85 78 19 f2 e4 d9 2b 72 b4 cc dd e4 72
session_id[32]=
06 37 e9 22 56 29 e6 b4 3a 6e 53 fe 56 27 ed 1f
2a 75 34 65 f0 91 fc 79 cf 90 da ac f4 6f 64 b5
cipherSuite TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
compressionMethod NULL
1 3 0.0138 (0.0000) S>CV3.1(1477) Handshake
Certificate
1 4 0.0138 (0.0000) S>CV3.1(4) Handshake
ServerHelloDone
1 5 0.0183 (0.0045) C>SV3.1(134) Handshake
ClientKeyExchange
EncryptedPreMasterSecret[128]=
a6 bd d9 4b 76 4b 9d 6f 7b 12 8a e4 52 75 9d 74
4f 06 e4 b0 bc 69 96 d7 42 ba 77 01 b6 9e 64 b0
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ea c5 aa de 59 41 e4 f3 9e 1c 1c a9 48 f5 0a 3f
5e c3 50 23 15 d7 46 1d 69 79 76 ba 5e c8 ac 39
23 71 d0 0c 18 a6 a9 77 0f 7d 49 61 ef 6f 8d 32
54 f5 a4 1d 19 33 0a 64 ee 56 91 9b f4 f7 50 b1
11 4b 81 46 4c 36 df 70 98 04 dc 5c 8a 16 a9 2e
58 67 ae 5e 7a a9 44 2b 0b 7c 9c 2f 16 25 1a e9
1 6 0.0183 (0.0000) C>SV3.1(1) ChangeCipherSpec
1 7 0.0183 (0.0000) C>SV3.1(48) Handshake
1 8 0.0630 (0.0447) S>CV3.1(1) ChangeCipherSpec
1 9 0.0630 (0.0000) S>CV3.1(48) Handshake
1 10 0.3274 (0.2643) C>SV3.1(32) application_data
1 11 0.3274 (0.0000) C>SV3.1(720) application_data
1 12 0.3324 (0.0050) S>CV3.1(32) application_data
1 13 0.3324 (0.0000) S>CV3.1(384) application_data
1 9.2491 (8.9166) C>S TCP FIN
1 9.4023 (0.1531) S>C TCP FIN
6.2. MESSAGE Message Over TLS
Once the TLS session is set up, the following MESSAGE message (as
defined in [12] is sent from fluffy@example.com to
kumiko@example.net. Note that the URI has a SIPS URL and that the
VIA indicates that TLS was used. In order to format this document,
it was necessary to break up some of the lines across continuation
lines but the original messages have no continuation lines and no
breaks in the Identity header field value.
MESSAGE sips:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
To: <sips:kumiko@example.net>
From: <sips:fluffy@example.com>;tag=03de46e1
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS 127.0.0.1:5071;
branch=z9hG4bK-d87543-58c826887160f95f-1--d87543-;rport
Call-ID: 0dc68373623af98a@Y2ouY2lzY28uc2lwaXQubmV0
CSeq: 1 MESSAGE
Contact: <sips:fluffy@127.0.0.1:5071>
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Content-Type: text/plain
Date: Sat, 19 Feb 2005 00:48:07 GMT
User-Agent: SIPimp.org/0.2.5 (curses)
Content-Length: 6
Hello!
The response is sent from example.net to example.com over the same
TLS connection. It is shown below.
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SIP/2.0 200 OK
To: <sips:kumiko@example.net>;tag=4c53f1b8
From: <sips:fluffy@example.com>;tag=03de46e1
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS 127.0.0.1:5071;
branch=z9hG4bK-d87543-58c826887160f95f-1--d87543-;
rport=55768;received=127.0.0.1
Call-ID: 0dc68373623af98a@Y2ouY2lzY28uc2lwaXQubmV0
CSeq: 1 MESSAGE
Contact: <sips:kumiko@127.0.0.1:5061>
Content-Length: 0
7. Callflow with S/MIME-secured Message
7.1. MESSAGE Message with Signed Body
Example Signed Message. The value on the Content-Type line has been
broken across lines to fit on the page but it should not be broken
across lines in actual implementations.
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MESSAGE sip:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
To: <sip:kumiko@example.net>
From: <sip:fluffy@example.com>;tag=0c523b42
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 68.122.119.3:5060;
branch=z9hG4bK-d87543-16a1192b7960f635-1--d87543-;rport
Call-ID: 27bb7608596d8914@Y2ouY2lzY28uc2lwaXQubmV0
CSeq: 1 MESSAGE
Contact: <sip:fluffy@68.122.119.3:5060>
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Content-Type: multipart/signed;boundary=151aa2144df0f6bd;\
micalg=sha1;protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"
Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2005 23:34:50 GMT
User-Agent: SIPimp.org/0.2.5 (curses)
Content-Length: 639
--151aa2144df0f6bd
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
hello
--151aa2144df0f6bd
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime;name=smime.p7s
Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;filename=smime.p7s
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
*******************
* BINARY BLOB 1 *
*******************
--151aa2144df0f6bd--
It is important to note that the signature is computed across
includes the header and excludes the boundary. The value on the
Message-body line ends with CRLF. The CRLF is included in the
boundary and should not be part of the signature computation. In the
example below, the signature is computed over data starting with the
C in the Content-Type and ending with the o in the hello.
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
hello
ASN.1 parse of binary Blob 1. Note that at address 30, the hash for
the signature is specified as SHA1. Also note that the sender's
certificate is not attached as it is optional in [8].
0:SEQUENCE {
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4: OBJECT IDENTIFIER signedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 2)
15: [0] {
19: SEQUENCE {
23: INTEGER 1
26: SET {
28: SEQUENCE {
30: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
: }
: }
37: SEQUENCE {
39: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
: }
50: SET {
54: SEQUENCE {
58: INTEGER 1
61: SEQUENCE {
63: SEQUENCE {
65: SET {
67: SEQUENCE {
69: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
74: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
78: SET {
80: SEQUENCE {
82: OBJECT IDENTIFIER stateOrProvinceName(2 5 4 8)
87: PrintableString 'California'
: }
: }
99: SET {
101: SEQUENCE {
103: OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
108: PrintableString 'San Jose'
: }
: }
118: SET {
120: SEQUENCE {
122: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
127: PrintableString 'sipit'
: }
: }
134: SET {
136: SEQUENCE {
138: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
143: PrintableString
'Sipit Test Certificate Authority'
: }
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: }
: }
177: INTEGER 01 95 00 71 02 33 00 58
: }
187: SEQUENCE {
189: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
: }
196: SEQUENCE {
198: OBJECT IDENTIFIER rsaEncryption
(1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
209: NULL
: }
211: OCTET STRING
: C4 0E 40 A5 7F 88 5B 06 90 E7 B2 40 39 DF 33 E3
: 18 39 C2 9E EC 51 5E 06 E2 D5 DA F0 F6 87 77 1E
: F7 F9 C1 26 04 20 F8 30 B8 C0 37 92 F6 5C 64 DD
: 87 41 43 F8 2D E5 28 20 35 7D 84 72 2B 5E 5F CF
: 2E 73 93 03 4B DB 35 4C CA 44 CD F8 91 58 A2 4C
: 65 A1 A6 EA DC E6 1B 1E DD DA BD BE 1A EA 9F 62
: 12 7A D1 1A E7 27 B5 96 88 B9 E6 EF 79 C0 E5 40
: A0 5F 9F 93 09 4C 65 55 DA A8 FE CD 02 10 A9 67
: }
: }
: }
: }
: }
7.2. MESSAGE Message with Encrypted Body
Example encrypted text/plain message that says "hello":
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MESSAGE sip:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
To: <sip:kumiko@example.net>
From: <sip:fluffy@example.com>;tag=6d2a39e4
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 68.122.119.3:5060;
branch=z9hG4bK-d87543-44ddc0a217a51788-1--d87543-;rport
Call-ID: 031be67669ea9799@Y2ouY2lzY28uc2lwaXQubmV0
CSeq: 1 MESSAGE
Contact: <sip:fluffy@68.122.119.3:5060>
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;filename=smime.p7
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime;\
smime-type=enveloped-data;name=smime.p7m
Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2005 23:33:18 GMT
User-Agent: SIPimp.org/0.2.5 (curses)
Content-Length: 435
*****************
* BINARY BLOB 2 *
*****************
ASN.1 parse of binary Blob 2. Note that at address 324, the
encryption is set to aes128-CBC.
0:SEQUENCE {
4: OBJECT IDENTIFIER envelopedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 3)
15: [0] {
19: SEQUENCE {
23: INTEGER 0
26: SET {
30: SEQUENCE {
34: INTEGER 0
37: SEQUENCE {
39: SEQUENCE {
41: SET {
43: SEQUENCE {
45: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
50: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
54: SET {
56: SEQUENCE {
58: OBJECT IDENTIFIER stateOrProvinceName(2 5 4 8)
63: PrintableString 'California'
: }
: }
75: SET {
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77: SEQUENCE {
79: OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
84: PrintableString 'San Jose'
: }
: }
94: SET {
96: SEQUENCE {
98: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
103: PrintableString 'sipit'
: }
: }
110: SET {
112: SEQUENCE {
114: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
119: PrintableString
'Sipit Test Certificate Authority'
: }
: }
: }
153: INTEGER 01 95 00 71 02 33 00 57
: }
163: SEQUENCE {
165: OBJECT IDENTIFIER rsaEncryption(1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
176: NULL
: }
178: OCTET STRING
: 7C F3 8A 02 E8 44 2C A6 9B 3E 64 46 06 D3 95 2D
: DF 19 8F 5D 0C 24 6B F7 93 03 E7 3C 98 F1 57 74
: 67 70 0E 40 F8 05 96 34 06 36 97 61 5C 0B 2D 61
: AD CB F0 82 56 23 E5 09 C0 C7 BC A5 F4 A3 B7 59
: 5D 8B 44 6E 3F 7C DE 50 54 2C 95 73 CC 9A 74 8B
: A9 26 68 FD F8 82 01 43 1D 30 3C 0C 40 B2 19 A2
: 5A 90 06 0F AC 95 CB DF 21 13 F2 26 C8 10 45 A3
: F4 AB 54 74 72 FD 91 6C 73 27 BF 62 47 7B EC 58
: }
: }
309: SEQUENCE {
311: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
322: SEQUENCE {
324: OBJECT IDENTIFIER aes128-CBC (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 1 2)
335: OCTET STRING
: 50 9E 44 AA A5 54 C3 5C 0D 9A DF 65 F7 47 36 99
: }
353: [0]
: 55 C5 C7 EA 5D 5A 7C 06 95 3C 24 25 D5 53 08 BB
: 04 19 B4 BF 84 15 F5 6C 4C 80 05 14 06 3E F3 D1
: B7 04 A1 46 4E E3 1E FF 16 35 79 2A 06 DD A8 83
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: 61 24 E1 62 B0 DA 03 53 78 F8 B7 CD B2 11 68 57
: BE 5F 13 49 B9 5E AB 6F 6E 26 2D 8A A5 9E E5 10
: }
: }
: }
: }
7.3. MESSAGE Message with Encrypted and Signed Body
In the example below, one of the headers is contained in a box and is
split across two lines. This was only done to make it fit in the RFC
format. This header should not have the box around it and should be
on one line with no whitespace between the "mime;" and the "smime-
type". Note that Content-Type is split across lines for formatting
but is not split in the real message.
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MESSAGE sip:kumiko@example.net SIP/2.0
To: <sip:kumiko@example.net>
From: <sip:fluffy@example.com>;tag=361300da
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 68.122.119.3:5060;
branch=z9hG4bK-d87543-0710dbfb18ebb8e6-1--d87543-;rport
Call-ID: 5eda27a67de6283d@Y2ouY2lzY28uc2lwaXQubmV0
CSeq: 1 MESSAGE
Contact: <sip:fluffy@68.122.119.3:5060>
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Content-Type: multipart/signed;boundary=1af019eb7754ddf7;\
micalg=sha1;protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"
Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2005 23:35:40 GMT
User-Agent: SIPimp.org/0.2.5 (curses)
Content-Length: 1191
--1af019eb7754ddf7
|--See note about stuff in this box --------------------|
|Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime; |
| smime-type=enveloped-data;name=smime.p7m |
|-------------------------------------------------------|
Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;filename=smime.p7
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
*****************
* BINARY BLOB 3 *
*****************
--1af019eb7754ddf7
Content-Type: application/pkcs7-mime;name=smime.p7s
Content-Disposition: attachment;handling=required;filename=smime.p7s
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
*****************
* BINARY BLOB 4 *
*****************
--1af019eb7754ddf7--
Binary blob 3
0:SEQUENCE {
4: OBJECT IDENTIFIER envelopedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 3)
15: [0] {
19: SEQUENCE {
23: INTEGER 0
26: SET {
30: SEQUENCE {
34: INTEGER 0
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37: SEQUENCE {
39: SEQUENCE {
41: SET {
43: SEQUENCE {
45: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
50: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
54: SET {
56: SEQUENCE {
58: OBJECT IDENTIFIER stateOrProvinceName(2 5 4 8)
63: PrintableString 'California'
: }
: }
75: SET {
77: SEQUENCE {
79: OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
84: PrintableString 'San Jose'
: }
: }
94: SET {
96: SEQUENCE {
98: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
103: PrintableString 'sipit'
: }
: }
110: SET {
112: SEQUENCE {
114: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
119: PrintableString
'Sipit Test Certificate Authority'
: }
: }
: }
153: INTEGER 01 95 00 71 02 33 00 57
: }
163: SEQUENCE {
165: OBJECT IDENTIFIER rsaEncryption(1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
176: NULL
: }
178: OCTET STRING
: 69 B3 A3 61 F4 F8 63 4F 46 0A 1A AB 0F 1B 16 09
: DB 3A A9 12 3B 23 F0 C9 4E 68 04 15 AB 42 4F 66
: FA EF 8D C4 86 88 41 BA 53 A3 88 49 54 E3 0E EB
: E3 69 63 5A DF 77 2A 8A 1E 42 7E E4 A7 DB CF 90
: 7E 90 47 FD 20 C9 B2 3B 2F A5 42 2A 68 66 9A 25
: 53 D8 FC D9 70 9F 02 0F F2 D2 CB F7 15 7F 6F 4F
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: AB 19 0F 55 51 A2 76 24 DA A3 78 F4 1E 31 AA 6A
: DF 7C E2 42 3B C5 33 11 E0 EE EE 2E 02 9D 8C 1A
: }
: }
309: SEQUENCE {
311: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
322: SEQUENCE {
324: OBJECT IDENTIFIER aes128-CBC (2 16 840 1 101 3 4 1 2)
335: OCTET STRING
: 72 71 AE FE 55 12 BA 99 92 EA D3 C5 9C B6 60 69
: }
353: [0]
: 9A 9F DD 9E 58 B6 BE 59 BC CA 6C 3E 3E F5 81 A3
: 30 A0 38 A3 1C 25 92 E3 AA 07 7A 85 7C 36 F0 12
: 9F 80 DF 98 BD 1E 22 EC BF 8B 03 EB 33 AE 81 75
: D3 91 0A 82 1E 13 8C 60 F0 2B 55 DD 03 52 84 52
: B1 51 5F E2 F0 CE 8A 94 4B F5 46 CE BF 77 80 8F
: }
: }
: }
: }
Binary Blob 4
0:SEQUENCE {
4: OBJECT IDENTIFIER signedData (1 2 840 113549 1 7 2)
15: [0] {
19: SEQUENCE {
23: INTEGER 1
26: SET {
28: SEQUENCE {
30: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
: }
: }
37: SEQUENCE {
39: OBJECT IDENTIFIER data (1 2 840 113549 1 7 1)
: }
50: SET {
54: SEQUENCE {
58: INTEGER 1
61: SEQUENCE {
63: SEQUENCE {
65: SET {
67: SEQUENCE {
69: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
74: PrintableString 'US'
: }
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: }
78: SET {
80: SEQUENCE {
82: OBJECT IDENTIFIER stateOrProvinceName(2 5 4 8)
87: PrintableString 'California'
: }
: }
99: SET {
101: SEQUENCE {
103: OBJECT IDENTIFIER localityName (2 5 4 7)
108: PrintableString 'San Jose'
: }
: }
118: SET {
120: SEQUENCE {
122: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
127: PrintableString 'sipit'
: }
: }
134: SET {
136: SEQUENCE {
138: OBJECT IDENTIFIER
: organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11)
143: PrintableString
'Sipit Test Certificate Authority'
: }
: }
: }
177: INTEGER 01 95 00 71 02 33 00 58
: }
187: SEQUENCE {
189: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha1 (1 3 14 3 2 26)
: }
196: SEQUENCE {
198: OBJECT IDENTIFIER rsaEncryption(1 2 840 113549 1 1 1)
209: NULL
: }
211: OCTET STRING
: 16 85 D7 B8 08 C6 32 D5 85 7D 26 0F F8 89 DA D0
: B8 FE 96 FB 40 C9 0E 52 C7 FE A5 87 55 F7 1A 86
: 29 80 CC B0 75 A3 72 DD 76 80 6B 2C 8B C0 14 EA
: 49 FE 18 8F A6 27 BC 5B 60 C1 FE 15 4D 2A 42 DD
: 33 F8 0D D0 77 11 73 82 31 4D 31 66 B1 CF 95 F0
: 9D EE DF 81 E3 54 DF 8C 7B 63 70 D4 93 B5 AE E0
: D4 90 DB BE D8 0B 3B C2 99 6A FE 5A F0 E9 F0 DF
: 85 F2 A6 8C 28 33 0D 77 04 59 78 06 E5 0E 48 78
: }
: }
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: }
: }
: }
8. Test Consideration
This section describes some common interoperability problems.
Implementers should verify that their clients do the correct things
and perhaps make their clients forgiving in what they receive, or at
least have them produce reasonable error messages when interacting
with software that has these problems.
A common problem is that some SIP clients incorrectly only do SSLv3
and do not support TLS.
Many SIP clients were found to accept expired certificates with no
warning or error.
TLS and S/MIME can provide the identity of the peer that a client is
communicating with in the Subject Alternative Name in the
certificate. The software must check that this name corresponds to
the identity the server is trying to contact. If a client is trying
to set up a TLS connection to good.example.com and it gets a TLS
connection set up with a server that presents a valid certificate but
with the name evil.example.com, it must generate an error or warning
of some type. Similarly with S/MIME, if a user is trying to
communicate with sip:fluffy@example.com, one of the items in the
Subject Alternate Name set in the certificate must match.
Some implementations used binary MIME encodings while others used
base64. The preferred form is binary.
In several places in this draft, the messages contain the encoding
for the SHA-1 digest algorithm identifier. The preferred form for
encoding as set out in Section 2 of RFC 3370 [10] is the form in
which the optional AlgorithmIdentifier parameter field is omitted.
However, RFC 3370 also says the receives need to be able to receive
the form in which the AlgorithmIdentifier parameter field is present
and set to NULL. Examples of the form using NULL can be found in
Section 4.2 of RFC 4134 [11]. Receivers really do need to be able to
receive the form that includes the NULL because the NULL form, while
not preferred, is what was observed as being generated by most
implementations. Implementers should also note that if the algorithm
is MD5 instead of SHA1, then the form that omits the
AlgorithmIdentifier parameters field is not allowed and the sender
has to use the form where the NULL is included.
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The preferred encryption algorithm for S/MIME in SIP is AES as
defined in RFC 3853 [9].
Interoperability was generally better when UAs did not attach the
senders' certificates. Attaching the certificates significantly
increases the size of the messages, and since it can not be relied
on, it does not turn out to be useful in most situations.
9. IANA Considerations
No IANA actions are required.
10. Acknowledgments
Many thanks to the developers of all the open source software used to
create these call flows. This includes the underling crypto and TLS
software used from openssl.org, the SIP stack from
www.resiprocate.org, and the SIMPLE IMPP agent from www.sipimp.org.
The TLS flow dumps were done with SSLDump from
http://www.rtfm.com/ssldump. The book "SSL and TLS" [13] was a huge
help in developing the code for these flows. It's sad there is no
second edition.
Thanks to Jim Schaad, Russ Housley, Eric Rescorla, Dan Wing, Tat
Chan, and Lyndsay Campbell who all helped find and correct mistakes
in this document.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[2] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
[3] Housley, R., Polk, W., Ford, W., and D. Solo, "Internet X.509
Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate
Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3280, April 2002.
[4] Dierks, T., Allen, C., Treese, W., Karlton, P., Freier, A., and
P. Kocher, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 2246,
January 1999.
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[5] Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J., and
T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions",
RFC 3546, June 2003.
[6] Chown, P., "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Ciphersuites for
Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 3268, June 2002.
[7] Ramsdell, B., "Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(S/MIME) Version 3.1 Message Specification", RFC 3851,
July 2004.
[8] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 3369,
August 2002.
[9] Peterson, J., "S/MIME Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Requirement for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
RFC 3853, July 2004.
[10] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) Algorithms",
RFC 3370, August 2002.
11.2. Informative References
[11] Hoffman, P., "Examples of S/MIME Messages", RFC 4134,
July 2005.
[12] Campbell, B., Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Huitema, C., and
D. Gurle, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for
Instant Messaging", RFC 3428, December 2002.
[13] Rescorla, E., "SSL and TLS - Designing and Building Secure
Systems", 2001.
Appendix A. Making Test Certificates
These scripts allow you to make certificates for test purposes. The
certificates will all share a common CA root so that everyone running
these scripts can have interoperable certificates. WARNING - these
certificates are totally insecure and are for test purposes only.
All the CA created by this script share the same private key to
facilitate interoperability testing, but this totally breaks the
security since the private key of the CA is well known.
The instructions assume a Unix-like environment with openssl
installed, but openssl does work in Windows too. Make sure you have
openssl installed by trying to run "openssl". Run the makeCA script
found in Appendix A.1; this creates a subdirectory called demoCA. If
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the makeCA script cannot find where your openssl is installed you
will have to set an environment variable called OPENSSLDIR to
whatever directory contains the file openssl.cnf. You can find this
with a "locate openssl.cnf". You are now ready to make certificates.
To create certs for use with TLS, run the makeCert script found in
Appendix A.2 with the fully qualified domain name of the proxy you
are making the certificate for. For example, "makeCert
host.example.net". This will generate a private key and a
certificate. The private key will be left in a file named
domain_key_example.net.pem in pem format. The certificate will be in
domain_cert_example.net.pem. Some programs expect both the
certificate and private key combined together in a PKCS12 format
file. This is created by the script and left in a file named
example.net.p12. Some programs expect this file to have a .pfx
extension instead of .p12 - just rename the file if needed. A filed
with a certificate signing request, called example.net.csr, is also
created and can be used to get the certificate signed by another CA.
A second argument indicating the number of days for which the
certificate should be valid can be passed to the makeCert script. It
is possible to make an expired certificate using the command
"makeCert host.example.net 0".
Anywhere that a password is used to protect a certificate, the
password is set to the string "password".
The root certificate for the CA is in the file
root_cert_fluffyCA.pem.
For things that need DER format certificates, a certificate can be
converted from PEM to DER with "openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM
-out cert.der -outform DER".
Some programs expect certificates in PKCS#7 format (with a file
extension of .p7c). You can convert these from PEM format to PKCS#7
with "openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile cert.pem -certfile demoCA/
cacert.pem -outform DER -out cert.p7c"
IE, Outlook, and Netscape can import and export .p12 files and .p7c
files. You can convert a pkcs7 certificate to PEM format with
"openssl pkcs7 -in cert.p7c -inform DER -outform PEM -out cert.pem".
The private key can be converted to pkcs8 format with "openssl pkcs8
-in a_key.pem -topk8 -outform DER -out a_key.p8c"
In general, a TLS client will just need the root certificate of the
CA. A TLS server will need its private key and its certificate.
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These could be in two PEM files or one .p12 file. An S/MIME program
will need its private key and certificate, the root certificate of
the CA, and the certificate for every other user it communicates
with.
A.1. makeCA script
#!/bin/sh
#set -x
rm -rf demoCA
mkdir demoCA
mkdir demoCA/certs
mkdir demoCA/crl
mkdir demoCA/newcerts
mkdir demoCA/private
echo "01" > demoCA/serial
hexdump -n 4 -e '4/1 "%04u"' /dev/random > demoCA/serial
touch demoCA/index.txt
# You may need to modify this for where your default file is
# you can find where yours in by typing "openssl ca"
for D in /etc/ssl /usr/local/ssl /sw/etc/ssl /sw/share/ssl; do
CONF=${OPENSSLDIR:=$D}/openssl.cnf
[ -f ${CONF} ] && break
done
if [ ! -f $CONF ]; then
echo "Can not find file $CONF - set your OPENSSLDIR variable"
exit
fi
cp $CONF openssl.cnf
cat >> openssl.cnf <<EOF
[ cj_cert ]
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
#authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer:always
[ cj_req ]
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectAltName=\${ENV::ALTNAME}
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
#authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer:always
#keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
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EOF
cat > demoCA/private/cakey.pem <<EOF
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,4B47A0A73ADE342E
aHmlPa+ZrOV6v+Jk0SClxzpxoG3j0ZuyoVkF9rzq2bZkzVBKLU6xhWwjMDqwA8dH
3fCRLhMGIUVnmymXYhTW9svI1gpFxMBQHJcKpV/SmgFn/fbYk98Smo2izHOniIiu
NOu2zr+bMiaBphOAZ/OCtVUxUOoBDKN9lR39UCDOgkEQzp9Vbw7l736yu5H9GMHP
JtGLJyx3RhS3TvLfLAJZhjm/wZ/9QM8GjyJEiDhMQRJVeIZGvv4Yr1u6yYHiHfjX
tX2eds8Luc83HbSvjAyjnkLtJsAZ/8cFzrd7pjFzbogLdWuil+kpkkf5h1uzh7oa
um0M1EXBE4tcDHsfg1iqEsDMIei/U+/rWfk1PrzYlklwZp8S03vulkDm1fT76W7d
mRBg4+CrHA6qYn6EPWB37OBtfEqAfINnIcI1dWzso9A0bTPD4EJO0JA0PcZ/2JgT
PaKySgooHQ8AHNQebelch6M5LFExpaOADJKrqauKcc2HeUxXaYIpac5/7drIl3io
UloqUnMlGa3eLP7BZIMsZKCfHZ8oqwU4g6mmmJath2gODRDx3mfhH6yaimDL7v4i
SAIIkrEHXfSyovrTJymfSfQtYxUraVZDqax6oj/eGllRxliGfMLYG9ceU+yU/8FN
LE7P+Cs19H5tHHzx1LlieaK43u/XvbXHlB5mqL/fZdkUIBJsjbBVx0HR8eQl2CH9
YJDMOPLADecwHoyKA0AY59oN9d41oF7yZtN9KwNdslROYH7mNJlqMMenhXCLN+Nz
vVU5/7/ugZFhZqfS46c1WdmSvuqpDp7TBtMeaH/PXjysBr0iZffOxQ==
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
EOF
cat > demoCA/cacert.pem <<EOF
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
EOF
# uncomment the following lines to generate your own key pair
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#openssl req -newkey rsa:1024 -passin pass:password \
# -passout pass:password \
# -sha1 -x509 -keyout demoCA/private/cakey.pem \
# -out demoCA/cacert.pem -days 3650 <<EOF
#US
#California
#San Jose
#sipit
#Sipit Test Certificate Authority
#
#
#EOF
openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile demoCA/cacert.pem \
-outform DER -out demoCA/cacert.p7c
cp demoCA/cacert.pem root_cert_fluffyCA.pem
A.2. makeCert script
#!/bin/sh
#set -x
if [ $# == 1 ]; then
DAYS=1095
elif [ $# == 2 ]; then
DAYS=$2
else
echo "Usage: makeCert test.example.org [days]"
echo " makeCert alice@example.org [days]"
echo "days is how long the certificate is valid"
echo "days set to 0 generates an invalid certificate"
exit 0
fi
ADDR=$1
echo "making cert for ${ADDR}"
rm -f ${ADDR}_*.pem
rm -f ${ADDR}.p12
case ${ADDR} in
*:*) ALTNAME="URI:${ADDR}" ;;
*@*) ALTNAME="URI:sip:${ADDR},URI:im:${ADDR},URI:pres:${ADDR}" ;;
*) ALTNAME="DNS:${ADDR}" ;;
esac
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rm -f demoCA/index.txt
touch demoCA/index.txt
rm -f demoCA/newcerts/*
export ALTNAME
openssl genrsa -out ${ADDR}_key.pem 1024
openssl req -new -config openssl.cnf -reqexts cj_req \
-sha1 -key ${ADDR}_key.pem \
-out ${ADDR}.csr -days ${DAYS} <<EOF
US
California
San Jose
sipit
${ADDR}
EOF
if [ $DAYS == 0 ]; then
openssl ca -extensions cj_cert -config openssl.cnf \
-passin pass:password -policy policy_anything \
-md sha1 -batch -notext -out ${ADDR}_cert.pem \
-startdate 990101000000Z \
-enddate 000101000000Z \
-infiles ${ADDR}.csr
else
openssl ca -extensions cj_cert -config openssl.cnf \
-passin pass:password -policy policy_anything \
-md sha1 -days ${DAYS} -batch -notext -out ${ADDR}_cert.pem \
-infiles ${ADDR}.csr
fi
openssl pkcs12 -passin pass:password \
-passout pass:password -export \
-out ${ADDR}.p12 -in ${ADDR}_cert.pem \
-inkey ${ADDR}_key.pem -name ${ADDR} -certfile demoCA/cacert.pem
openssl x509 -in ${ADDR}_cert.pem -noout -text
case ${ADDR} in
*@*) mv ${ADDR}_key.pem user_key_${ADDR}.pem; \
mv ${ADDR}_cert.pem user_cert_${ADDR}.pem ;;
*) mv ${ADDR}_key.pem domain_key_${ADDR}.pem; \
mv ${ADDR}_cert.pem domain_cert_${ADDR}.pem ;;
esac
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Appendix B. Certificates for Testing
This section contains various certificates used for testing in PEM
format.
Fluffy's certificate.
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIICzjCCAjegAwIBAgIIAZUAcQIzAFgwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwcDELMAkGA1UE
BhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAgTCkNhbGlmb3JuaWExETAPBgNVBAcTCFNhbiBKb3NlMQ4w
DAYDVQQKEwVzaXBpdDEpMCcGA1UECxMgU2lwaXQgVGVzdCBDZXJ0aWZpY2F0ZSBB
dXRob3JpdHkwHhcNMDUwMjAzMTg0OTM0WhcNMDgwMjAzMTg0OTM0WjBiMQswCQYD
VQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECBMKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTERMA8GA1UEBxMIU2FuIEpvc2Ux
DjAMBgNVBAoTBXNpcGl0MRswGQYDVQQDFBJmbHVmZnlAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20wgZ8w
DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAMqrm5tOPNVFPM4ApjaouezSduK5m+go
qrqGIsXPMz5PbVYhrr1UhHwUFPl9mYUATpPW/WvU0dRVjsmJsa8rXyOZSpXlaGVk
HRKn29PVlxhHNZzmiCedqGzKKoTmYtjx6aIaOX4OD5ClpnkhvCpntN1pkIKarh8C
UopY0/XQ1GZnAgMBAAGjfzB9MFEGA1UdEQRKMEiGFnNpcDpmbHVmZnlAZXhhbXBs
ZS5jb22GFWltOmZsdWZmeUBleGFtcGxlLmNvbYYXcHJlczpmbHVmZnlAZXhhbXBs
ZS5jb20wCQYDVR0TBAIwADAdBgNVHQ4EFgQU7NqYXun399fsKylL2iXux8d+lXAw
DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADgYEATEZJbgFI4tRu10ih83vIpZg3pURGWJ9KN32Q+1//
Nr1nMfAp3gri6rnwXJ+toN7lTkKPEdhB6mi+28Ie+uWKLX9mEynp2o/7gL9+XrYE
rQheWJW3xTiF1WUxrYDLKKdMrRH9QTs3d1rehZY9ZutfmvhgX46x/EpDU7YRTS70
Pf8=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Fluffy's private key
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Kumiko's certificate
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-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Kumiko's private key
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIICXQIBAAKBgQDV+nYToVLn/tiN5cps3rkg8By2ajKp7tyEoiI4v1ZRKFVARSB2
I7cW5oSIuNJhJeHKk/rVSOoGOj3u1ay/N+WK9wKCy3lAe+Jl2u09edvowMQOPpwl
ZyAJDKz8Uw3gRRH5/qsgkT1skO1hIB91XfQLn5wu2nmnw6afnXADhWdqQQIDAQAB
AoGBANJktWrxyanxC47iLdpEWHVJgoHeA7jQ8yS6orl3cPDVnpVWIufmkCTFPfWM
/Namv89HF3BVhD3hUHogwP03gcsIdxpccnu1wnmTW7IhSQXjBts0mEDbOw8S+WtS
9NjRI4m1+86OflE+TVa3DtwCE/pEOKhFvcZHvXiosYMnucABAkEA6xqKEwR1zI/V
u2B28Lcv0iafkJQDfPB3ooahQ+9qy5qUWgGZzXj6tM8YUusVqR/NCg8auqRC5uWD
yonN98phQQJBAOj/Pp9yyO2NCVs4Mp5QSXDOlRAOuruMz6vlmURQO/8uBmHvETfC
nkvqxxHjHW7mmusEY+ZIvRxmFV4RZcYByQECQHiT5/TQ+Mmti2TKmLXkffY+MOAp
yZAulG0at2LsS82YvjVbVNJ5Fbvd6w+72iQfVz2teXv3+wgI9orOGoDXnwECQGrE
I58PCzGHkkUBkHhpE+4kS7wK89hjYvpDAKOEHKoHHhecZAhoHv9suwHgT6l09IJD
BcANjtLHmHz9feRpBwECQQCuIn02CMxFy5yhjj4nlmCRQ6w6KBWjY68xnN4Qj/g3
SV+1HtmCclS0bK7e/IV6gOKn+MV3C+14JGdSRM+9HqcZ
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Certificate for example.com
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-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Private key for example.com
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIICXgIBAAKBgQDmMXa1J8yNMoVWcPfCMzMyJkJePGhxex95UNByJztKr/LO0Qy8
wF8xakPnfK1kvcfmJZ+qzS2QqmiEYnsFvkOlr7vqnalbpFOdIovali4fP5JGuMzI
JDxGzV0tZIWxpMoB8Y7Ffg//AJGj6ss+EgJ1pLsIyNAq77O7cnqY5f+fgQIDAQAB
AoGBANtRm2FkRv7seJ/wSA6OS6PnUeqJMZWVklo6xi9M86/oTbYA9VrNCqWBMqtW
XboTG2dKx4KrtFMWGTiwv7esHLPsUB1jYF7/KEsRh4WoRxfeWoQlAY6VYXycg6b5
X0uORdFMWL+WRxPmo8IhDKEwNyRyCyGQjfKpMj0724WjEqWxAkEA9MFDUQD+fL3N
ImRQl9ns3nHIIbcrtfxGCFaj+EJEwsyc5gq7QxRc3niNVt5pogPP7+CxskLaPPKU
TJmhtwixLQJBAPDE7hcDCPtsn9DIOXf/ZxXjfZAlAfwVsT+ggWQi5r63lGwjIbCT
qO6TijtbSqqD0QqULTabVwpIdYyknQqQlCUCQGnkG322UmQhsdiJUh0Amex7ibyc
hPrNVHdTFMnZ0en9oHwedHpHGw7dVTkaLNV9lL8RlY+sQMNRqDuj1EVeK1kCQQCH
945FLI+b/OHbs9bQb0k10TyNdHjEdTOdrPSlKhiIx39n+gcCgsC5ylQb5RgrZzlb
8gX+eocS5YyMmkGdP7yJAkEAsmGKAgt4nTfZY5L8PytPK8lCJjBLcyIllI3QEiMY
K/81YWYQcqsg5/cLBZC26KgNvxkyLwxS220Djlm19HJKGQ==
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Certificate for example.net
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-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----<
Private key for example.net
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
Appendix C. Message Dumps
This section contains a base64 encoded gzipped, compressed tar file
of various CMS messages used in this document. Saving the data in a
file foo.tgz.b64 then running a command like "openssl base64 -d -in
foo.tgz.b64 | tar txfz -" would recover the CMS messages and allow
them to be used as test vectors.
H4sIAO0RgEMAA+xaybajyLWtMV+Rc5YtBEJIA6/16DvR90y8aETfiR6+3tx7n+3M
rCpX46r083p1BkI6ARHEjoh9IvbRkHd/Gp7Rn+JgDE7f/T4GHYah6Mf1en2/Hvb3
6/v3M4ScoTN6RiHsO+iMYAjy3Sf0d3qfL2waxqD/9Om7pJqSZPvx+5bs+az+RT1f
deo3f8/fyYbPxz969uPw28+Cnzn+CIYhF+jtvrdZcP5j/L+F/cD4x20d5M1f3378
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9bkGdVc9/xy19Z+7Z/3r2njD43q5/Nj4n6/Xr9Y/DCMI+t2nbwLi//Px/9ObETTL
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lz7615qEK3cRW0GSri10+t41il7G6skyY8Su1aOW59AkiWbHZSItX1mZs8B9gYg3
dHFcIYoD4dQrydSjcbRg4NFIpMIUGbuhkKWQdin3SbdY28gdkqdNaVEeYYDxOm37
SEuzRCSS01Eoso3+A+HQ3EleAzSWYtdmrIARIUp1AYhdO7hzrrrZGOID7rwJ4HbQ
0PtC2kjtpg/n+OEYR+dNEU9YZXUv6mkh9RbsH2rGk3FgYKRUaOIE7hMiXGvFPQHN
hSbxhcbxQKYlml+Yt77rkE7gt4Xy+IfvZlnoEoNvoEUIQ+/IH+UmgfMLTuEx8AYg
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yfV6jS7qYFsaswTbfsNI4MVo8UrF3CZtev4qYjTWztEi4IkwuDIbKVlelTayEtsd
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HUOEH2z1yqLUaxl56pL1XgAoTXJfe3vP7hJ8dzsQ56LFuHgQaKW53McoUYX+AOIP
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lu/KEE/LVdTonV9XhefqFU8z55jNjoYqCHia+JNZoEXacUQy01Uq+FU2heDwrR8+
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Jennings & Ono Expires August 30, 2006 [Page 38]
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W+EcFQBlKxAo9CHEHZhRtcmoeIYFavVmoti2lHCKTJf4foS1hhkfPDRdzx4aDN2+
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Jennings & Ono Expires August 30, 2006 [Page 39]
Internet-Draft SIP Secure Call Flows February 2006
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Jennings & Ono Expires August 30, 2006 [Page 40]
Internet-Draft SIP Secure Call Flows February 2006
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Jennings & Ono Expires August 30, 2006 [Page 41]
Internet-Draft SIP Secure Call Flows February 2006
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Authors' Addresses
Cullen Jennings
Cisco Systems
170 West Tasman Drive
Mailstop SJC-21/2
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 408 421 9990
Email: fluffy@cisco.com
Kumiko Ono
NTT Corporation
Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585
Japan
Phone: +81 422 59 4508
Email: ono.kumiko@lab.ntt.co.jp
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