RTCWEB M. Perumal Internet-Draft Ericsson Intended status: Standards Track D. Wing Expires: June 7, 2015 R. Ravindranath T. Reddy Cisco Systems M. Thomson Mozilla December 4, 2014 STUN Usage for Consent Freshness draft-ietf-rtcweb-stun-consent-freshness-09 Abstract To prevent sending excessive traffic to an endpoint, periodic consent needs to be obtained from that remote endpoint. This document describes a consent mechanism using a new Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) usage. This same mechanism can also determine connection loss ("liveness") with a remote peer. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on June 7, 2015. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of Perumal, et al. Expires June 7, 2015 [Page 1] Internet-Draft STUN Usage for Consent Freshness December 2014 publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.1. Expiration of Consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.2. Immediate Revocation of Consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Connection Liveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. DiffServ Treatment for Consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. API Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 10. Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. Introduction To prevent attacks on peers, RTP endpoints have to ensure the remote peer is willing to receive traffic. This is performed both when the session is first established to the remote peer using Interactive Connectivity Establishment ICE [RFC5245] connectivity checks, and periodically for the duration of the session using the procedures defined in this document. When a session is first established, ICE implementations obtain an initial consent to send by performing STUN connectivity checks. This document describes a new STUN usage with exchange of request and response messages that verifies the remote peer's ongoing consent to receive traffic. This consent expires after a period of time and needs to be continually renewed, which ensures that consent can be terminated. This document defines what it takes to obtain, maintain, and lose consent to send. Consent to send applies to a single 5-tuple. How applications react to changes in consent is not described in this document. Perumal, et al. Expires June 7, 2015 [Page 2] Internet-Draft STUN Usage for Consent Freshness December 2014 This applies to full ICE implementations. An ICE-lite implementation will not generate consent checks, but will just respond to consent checks it receives. ICE-lite implementation do not require any changes to respond to consent checks. 2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. Consent: The mechanism of obtaining permission to send to a remote transport address. Initial consent is obtained using ICE or a TCP handshake. Consent Freshness: Maintaining and renewing consent over time. Session Liveness: Detecting loss of connectivity to a certain transport address. Transport Address: The remote peer's IP address and UDP or TCP port number. 3. Design Considerations Although ICE requires periodic keepalive traffic to keep NAT bindings alive (Section 10 of [RFC5245], [RFC6263]), those keepalives are sent as STUN Indications which are send-and-forget, and do not evoke a response. A response is necessary both for consent to continue sending traffic, as well as to verify session liveness. Thus, we need a request/response mechanism for consent freshness. ICE can be used for that mechanism because ICE implementations are already required to continue listening for ICE messages, as described in section 10 of [RFC5245]. 4. Solution There are two ways consent to send traffic is revoked: expiration of consent and immediate revocation of consent, which are discussed in the following sections. 4.1. Expiration of Consent A WebRTC implementation [I-D.ietf-rtcweb-overview], which implements full ICE, MUST perform a combined consent freshness and session liveness test using STUN request/response as described below: Perumal, et al. Expires June 7, 2015 [Page 3] Internet-Draft STUN Usage for Consent Freshness December 2014 An endpoint MUST NOT send data other than paced STUN connectivity checks or responses toward any transport address unless the receiving endpoint consents to receive data. That is, no application data (e.g., RTP or DTLS) can be sent until consent is obtained. After a successful ICE connectivity check on a particular transport address, consent MUST be maintained following the procedure described in this document. Explicit consent to send is obtained and maintained by sending an ICE binding request to the remote peer's transport address and receiving a matching, authenticated, non-error ICE binding response from the remote peer's transport address. These ICE binding requests and responses are authenticated using the same short-term credentials as the initial ICE exchange. Note: Although TCP has its own consent mechanism (TCP acknowledgements), consent is necessary over a TCP connection because it could be translated to a UDP connection (e.g., [RFC6062]). Initial consent to send traffic is obtained using ICE. Consent expires after 30 seconds. That is, if a valid STUN binding response corresponding to any STUN request sent in the last 30 seconds has not been received from the remote peer's transport address, the endpoint MUST cease transmission on that 5-tuple. STUN consent responses received after consent expiry do not re-establish consent, and may be discarded or cause an ICMP error. To prevent expiry of consent, a STUN binding request can be sent periodically. To prevent synchronization of consent checks, each interval MUST be randomized from between 0.8 and 1.2 times the basic period. Implementations SHOULD set a default interval of 5 seconds, resulting in a period between checks of 4 to 6 seconds. Each STUN binding request for consent MUST use a new and cryptographically strong [RFC4086] STUN transaction ID. Each STUN binding requests for consent is transmitted once only. Hence, the sender cannot assume that it will receive a response for each consent request, or that responses will be ordered, since there could be unreliable or unordered transports on the path. Each STUN transaction ID is maintained until consent expires or a response is received for either this transaction or a more recent transaction. To meet the security needs of consent, an untrusted application (e.g., JavaScript or signaling servers) MUST NOT be able to obtain or control the STUN transaction ID, because that enables spoofing of STUN responses, falsifying consent. Perumal, et al. Expires June 7, 2015 [Page 4] Internet-Draft STUN Usage for Consent Freshness December 2014 During ICE restart consent checks MUST continue to be sent on previously validated pair, and MUST be responded to on the previously validated pair, until ICE restart completes. While TCP affords some protection from off-path attackers ([RFC5961], [RFC4953]), there is still a risk an attacker could cause a TCP sender to send forever by spoofing ACKs. To prevent such an attack, consent checks MUST be performed over all transport connections, including TCP. In this way, an off-path attacker spoofing TCP segments can not cause a TCP sender to send once the consent timer expires (30 seconds). An endpoint that is not sending any application data does not need to maintain consent. However, failure to send could cause any NAT or firewall mappings for the flow to expire. Furthermore, having one peer unable to send is detrimental to many protocols. After consent is lost for any reason, the same ICE credentials MUST NOT be used on the affected 5-tuple again. That means that a new session, or an ICE restart, is needed to obtain consent to send. 4.2. Immediate Revocation of Consent In some cases it is useful to signal that consent is terminated rather than relying on a timeout. Consent for sending application data is immediately revoked by receipt of an authenticated message that closes the connection (e.g., a TLS fatal alert) or receipt of a valid and authenticated STUN response with error code Forbidden (403). Note however that consent revocation messages can be lost on the network, so an endpoint could resend these messages, or wait for consent to expire. Receipt of an unauthenticated message that closes a connection (e.g., TCP FIN) does not indicate revocation of consent. Thus, an endpoint receiving an unauthenticated end-of-session message SHOULD continue sending media (over connectionless transport) or attempt to re- establish the connection (over connection-oriented transport) until consent expires or it receives an authenticated message revoking consent. Note that an authenticated SRTCP BYE does not terminate consent; it only indicates the associated SRTP source has quit. Perumal, et al. Expires June 7, 2015 [Page 5] Internet-Draft STUN Usage for Consent Freshness December 2014 5. Connection Liveness Regular consent checks have the side effect of indicating liveness for the selected 5-tuple. This allows for the timely detection of network faults. A connection is considered "live" if authenticated messages are received from a remote endpoint within a given period. To support this use case, an application MAY be provided a means to request a notification when there are no authenticated messages received for a certain period. An application MAY also be provided a means to alter the basic consent check period from the default value (the suggested value being 5s) to any value up to 24 seconds. This ensures that connectivity checks are not generated at an excessive rate and that at least one consent check is sent every 30 seconds, allowing for the maximal 1.2 times variation. Note that increasing the consent check period increases the risk of packet loss causing consent expiration. Sending consent checks (heartbeats) at a high rate could allow a malicious application to generate congestion, so applications MUST NOT send consent checks at an average rate of more than 1 per second. 6. DiffServ Treatment for Consent It is RECOMMENDED that STUN consent checks use the same Diffserv Codepoint markings as the ICE connectivity checks described in Section 7.1.2.4 of [RFC5245] for a given 5-tuple. Note: It is possible that different Diffserv Codepoints are used by different media over the same transport address [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos]. Such a case is outside the scope of this document. 7. API Recommendations The W3C specification MAY provide the following API points to provide feedback and control over consent: 1. Generate an event when consent has expired for a given 5-tuple, meaning that transmission of data has ceased. This could indicate what application data is affected, such as media or data channels. 2. Ability to set the consent check interval from its default (recommended: 5 seconds) to any value between 1 second and 24 seconds. Perumal, et al. Expires June 7, 2015 [Page 6] Internet-Draft STUN Usage for Consent Freshness December 2014 8. Security Considerations This document describes a security mechanism. The security considerations discussed in [RFC5245] should also be taken into account. SRTP is encrypted and authenticated with symmetric keys; that is, both sender and receiver know the keys. With two party sessions, receipt of an authenticated packet from the single remote party is a strong assurance the packet came from that party. However, when a session involves more than two parties, all of whom know each others keys, any of those parties could have sent (or spoofed) the packet. Such shared key distributions are possible with some MIKEY [RFC3830] modes, Security Descriptions [RFC4568], and EKT [I-D.ietf-avtcore-srtp-ekt]. Thus, in such shared keying distributions, receipt of an authenticated SRTP packet is not sufficient to verify consent. 9. IANA Considerations This document does not require any action from IANA. 10. Acknowledgement Thanks to Eric Rescorla, Harald Alvestrand, Bernard Aboba, Magnus Westerland, Cullen Jennings, Christer Holmberg, Simon Perreault, Paul Kyzivat, Emil Ivov, and Jonathan Lennox for their valuable inputs and comments. 11. References 11.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC4086] Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005. [RFC5245] Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols", RFC 5245, April 2010. Perumal, et al. Expires June 7, 2015 [Page 7] Internet-Draft STUN Usage for Consent Freshness December 2014 11.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-avtcore-srtp-ekt] Mattsson, J., McGrew, D., and D. Wing, "Encrypted Key Transport for Secure RTP", draft-ietf-avtcore-srtp-ekt-03 (work in progress), October 2014. [I-D.ietf-rtcweb-overview] Alvestrand, H., "Overview: Real Time Protocols for Browser-based Applications", draft-ietf-rtcweb-overview-13 (work in progress), November 2014. [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos] Dhesikan, S., Jennings, C., Druta, D., Jones, P., and J. Polk, "DSCP and other packet markings for RTCWeb QoS", draft-ietf-tsvwg-rtcweb-qos-03 (work in progress), November 2014. [RFC3830] Arkko, J., Carrara, E., Lindholm, F., Naslund, M., and K. Norrman, "MIKEY: Multimedia Internet KEYing", RFC 3830, August 2004. [RFC4568] Andreasen, F., Baugher, M., and D. Wing, "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Security Descriptions for Media Streams", RFC 4568, July 2006. [RFC4953] Touch, J., "Defending TCP Against Spoofing Attacks", RFC 4953, July 2007. [RFC5961] Ramaiah, A., Stewart, R., and M. Dalal, "Improving TCP's Robustness to Blind In-Window Attacks", RFC 5961, August 2010. [RFC6062] Perreault, S. and J. Rosenberg, "Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) Extensions for TCP Allocations", RFC 6062, November 2010. [RFC6263] Marjou, X. and A. Sollaud, "Application Mechanism for Keeping Alive the NAT Mappings Associated with RTP / RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Flows", RFC 6263, June 2011. Authors' Addresses Perumal, et al. Expires June 7, 2015 [Page 8] Internet-Draft STUN Usage for Consent Freshness December 2014 Muthu Arul Mozhi Perumal Ericsson Ferns Icon Doddanekundi, Mahadevapura Bangalore, Karnataka 560037 India Email: muthu.arul@gmail.com Dan Wing Cisco Systems 821 Alder Drive Milpitas, California 95035 USA Email: dwing@cisco.com Ram Mohan Ravindranath Cisco Systems Cessna Business Park Sarjapur-Marathahalli Outer Ring Road Bangalore, Karnataka 560103 India Email: rmohanr@cisco.com Tirumaleswar Reddy Cisco Systems Cessna Business Park, Varthur Hobli Sarjapur Marathalli Outer Ring Road Bangalore, Karnataka 560103 India Email: tireddy@cisco.com Martin Thomson Mozilla Suite 300 650 Castro Street Mountain View, California 94041 US Email: martin.thomson@gmail.com Perumal, et al. Expires June 7, 2015 [Page 9]