Network Working Group R. Stewart Internet-Draft Cisco Systems, Inc. Expires: August 11, 2006 Q. Xie Motorola, Inc. M. Stillman Nokia M. Tuexen Muenster Univ. of Applied Sciences February 7, 2006 Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) draft-ietf-rserpool-asap-13.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on August 11, 2006. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). Abstract Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) in conjunction with the Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP) [7] provides a high availability data transfer mechanism over IP networks. ASAP uses a Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 handle-based addressing model which isolates a logical communication endpoint from its IP address(es), thus effectively eliminating the binding between the communication endpoint and its physical IP address(es) which normally constitutes a single point of failure. In addition, ASAP defines each logical communication destination as a pool, providing full transparent support for server-pooling and load sharing. It also allows dynamic system scalability - members of a server pool can be added or removed at any time without interrupting the service. ASAP is designed to take full advantage of the network level redundancy provided by the Stream Transmission Control Protocol (SCTP) RFC2960 [4]. Each transport protocol to be used by Pool Elements (PE) and Pool Users (PU) MUST have an accompanying transports mapping document. Note that ASAP messages passed between PE's and ENRP servers MUST use SCTP. The high availability server pooling is gained by combining two protocols, namely ASAP and ENRP, in which ASAP provides the user interface for pool handle to address translation, load sharing management, and fault management while ENRP defines the high availability pool handle translation service. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2. Organization of this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3. Scope of ASAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3.1. Extent of the Handlespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. Message Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1. ASAP Parameter Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2. ASAP Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1. ASAP_REGISTRATION message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.2. ASAP_DEREGISTRATION message . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.3. ASAP_REGISTRATION_RESPONSE message . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.4. ASAP_DEREGISTRATION_RESPONSE message . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.5. ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION message . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.6. ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION_RESPONSE message . . . . . . . 11 2.2.7. ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE message . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.8. ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE_ACK message . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.9. ASAP_ENDPOINT_UNREACHABLE message . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.10. ASAP_SERVER_ANNOUNCE message . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.11. COOKIE message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.12. ASAP_COOKIE_ECHO message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.13. BUSINESS_CARD message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.14. ASAP_ERROR message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.1. Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2. Deregistration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3. Handle resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.4. Endpoint keep alive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.5. Reporting unreachable endpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.6. ENRP server hunt procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.7. Handle ASAP to ENRP Communication Failures . . . . . . . . 22 3.7.1. SCTP Send Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.7.2. T1-ENRPrequest Timer Expiration . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.8. Cookie handling procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.9. Business Card handling procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4. The ASAP Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.1. Registration.Request Primitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.2. Deregistration.Request Primitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.3. Cache.Populate.Request Primitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.4. Cache.Purge.Request Primitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.5. Data.Send.Request Primitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.5.1. Sending to a Pool Handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.5.2. Pool Element Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.5.3. Sending to a Pool Element Handle . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.5.4. Send by Transport Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.5.5. Message Delivery Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 4.6. Data.Received Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.7. Error.Report Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.8. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.8.1. Send to a New Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.8.2. Send to a Cached Pool Handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.9. PE send failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.9.1. Translation.Request Primitive . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.9.2. Transport.Failure Primitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5. Timers, Variables, and Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.1. Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.2. Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.3. Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.1. Implementing Security Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 8.2. Informational References (non-normative) . . . . . . . . . 41 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 43 Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 1. Introduction Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) in conjunction with ENRP [7] provides a high availability data transfer mechanism over IP networks. ASAP uses a handle-based addressing model which isolates a logical communication endpoint from its IP address(es), thus effectively eliminating the binding between the communication endpoint and its physical IP address(es) which normally constitutes a single point of failure. When multiple receiver instances exist under the same handle, a.k.a, a server pool, ASAP will select one Pool Element (PE), based on the current load sharing policy indicated by the server pool, and deliver the message to the selected PE. While delivering the message, ASAP monitors the reachability of the selected PE. If it is found unreachable, before notifying the sender of the failure, ASAP can automatically select another PE (if one exists) under that pool and attempt to deliver the message to that PE. In other words, ASAP is capable of transparent fail-over amongst instances of a server pool. ASAP uses the Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP) to provide a high availability pool handle space. ASAP is responsible for the abstraction of the underlying transport technologies, load distribution management, fault management, as well as the presentation to the upper layer (i.e., the ASAP user) a unified primitive interface. When SCTP RFC2960 [4] is used as the transport layer protocol, ASAP can seamlessly incorporate the link-layer redundancy provided by the SCTP. This document defines the ASAP portion of the high availability server pool. ASAP depends on the services of a high availability pool handle database a.k.a. ENRP [7]. 1.1. Definitions This document uses the following terms: ASAP User: Either a PE or PU that uses ASAP. Operational scope: See [6]; Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 Operational scope: See [6]; Pool (or server pool): See [6]; Pool handle: See [6]; Pool element (PE): See [6]; Pool user (PU): See [6]; Pool element handle: See [6]; ENRP handlespace (or handlespace): See [6]; pool registrar: A server program running on a host that manages the handle space collectively with its peer ENRP servers and replies to the service requests from any Pool User or Pool Element. Home ENRP server: The ENRP server to which a PE or PU currently belongs. A PE MUST only have one home ENRP server at any given time and both the PE and its home ENRP server MUST keep track of this master/slave relationship between them. A PU SHOULD select one of the available ENRP servers as its home ENRP server, but the ENRP server does not need to know, nor does it need to keep track of this relationship. ENRP client channel: The communication channel through which an ASAP User (either a PE or PU) requests ENRP handlespace service. The client channel is usually defined by the transport address of the home server and a well known port number. The channel MAY make use of multi-cast or a named list of ENRP servers. Network Byte Order: Most significant byte first, a.k.a Big Endian. Transport address: A Transport Address is traditionally defined by Network Layer address, Transport Layer protocol and Transport Layer port number. In the case of SCTP running over IP, a transport address is defined by the combination of an IP address and an SCTP port number (where SCTP is the Transport protocol). 1.2. Organization of this document Section 2 details ASAP message formats. In Section 3 we give the detailed ASAP procedures for the ASAP implementer. And in Section 4 we give the details of the ASAP interface, focusing on the communication primitives between the applications above ASAP and ASAP itself, and the communications primitives between ASAP and SCTP (or other transport layer). Also included in this discussion is relevant Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 timers and configurable parameters as appropriate. Section 5 provides threshold and protocol variables. 1.3. Scope of ASAP The requirements for high availability and scalability do not imply requirements on shared state and data. ASAP does not provide transaction failover. If a host or application fails during processing of a transaction this transaction may be lost. Some services may provide a way to handle the failure, but this is not guaranteed. ASAP MAY provide hooks to assist an application in building a mechanism to share state but ASAP in itself will NOT share any state. 1.3.1. Extent of the Handlespace The scope of the ASAP/ENRP is NOT Internet wide. The handlespace is neither hierarchical nor arbitrarily large like DNS. We propose a flat peer-to-peer model. Pools of servers will exist in different administrative domains. For example, suppose we want to use ASAP/ ENRP. First, the PU may use DNS to contact an ENRP server. Suppose a PU in North America wishes to contact the server pool in Japan instead of North America. The PU would use DNS to get the list of IP addresses of the Japanese server pool domain, that is, the ENRP client channel in Japan. From there the PU would query the ENRP server and then directly contact the PE(s) of interest. 1.4. Conventions The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, NOT RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this document, are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [2]. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 2. Message Definitions All messages as well as their fields described below shall be in Network Byte Order during transmission. For fields with a length bigger than 4 octets, a number in a pair of parentheses may follow the field name to indicate the length of the field in number of octets. 2.1. ASAP Parameter Formats The basic message format and all parameter formats can be found in ENRP-ASAP [5]. Note also that ALL ASAP messages exchanged between an ENRP server and a PE MUST use SCTP as transport, while ASAP messages exchanged between an ENRP server and a PU MUST use either SCTP or TCP as transport. PE to PU data traffic MAY use any transport protocol specified by the PE during registration. 2.2. ASAP Messages This section details the individual messages used by ASAP. These messages are composed of a standard message format found in Section 4 of ENRP-ASAP [5]. The parameter descriptions may also be found in Section 3 of ENRP-ASAP [5]. The following ASAP message types are defined in this section: Type Message Name ----- ------------------------- 0x00 - (reserved by IETF) 0x01 - ASAP_REGISTRATION 0x02 - ASAP_DEREGISTRATION 0x03 - ASAP_REGISTRATION_RESPONSE 0x04 - ASAP_DEREGISTRATION_RESPONSE 0x05 - ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION 0x06 - ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION_RESPONSE 0x07 - ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE 0x08 - ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE_ACK 0x09 - ASAP_ENDPOINT_UNREACHABLE 0x0a - ASAP_SERVER_ANNOUNCE 0x0b - ASAP_COOKIE 0x0c - ASAP_COOKIE_ECHO 0x0d - ASAP_BUSINESS_CARD 0x0e - ASAP_ERROR Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 2.2.1. ASAP_REGISTRATION message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x01 |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Element Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The pool handle parameter field specifies the handle to be registered. The PE Parameter field MUST be filled in by the registrant endpoint to declare its transport address, server pooling policy and value, and other operational preferences. Note that the ASAP_REGISTRATION message MUST use SCTP and the IP address(es) of the PE registered within the Pool Element Parameter MUST be a subset of the addresses of the SCTP association in respective of the transport protocol registered by the PE. 2.2.2. ASAP_DEREGISTRATION message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x02 |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : PE Identifier Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+++ The PE sending the ASAP_DEREGISTRATION shall fill in the pool handle and the PE identifier parameter in order to allow the ENRP server to verify the identity of the endpoint. Note that deregistration is NOT allowed by proxy, in other words a PE may only deregister itself. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 2.2.3. ASAP_REGISTRATION_RESPONSE message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x03 |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|R| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : PE Identifier Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Operational Error (optional) : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ R (Reject) flag When set to '1', indicate that the ENRP server that sent this message has rejected the registration. Otherwise, the registration is granted. Operational Error This optional TLV parameter may be included if the registration was rejected. This TLV, if present, indicates the cause of the rejection. If the registration was successful this parameter is not included. 2.2.4. ASAP_DEREGISTRATION_RESPONSE message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x04 |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : PE Identifier Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Operational Error (optional) : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Operational Error This optional TLV parameter is included if an error occurred during the deregistration process. If the deregistration was successful this parameter is not included. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 2.2.5. ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x05 |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ This message is sent to a ENRP server to request translation of the Pool Handle to a list of Pool Elements. If sent from a PE the SCTP association used for registration SHOULD be used. 2.2.6. ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION_RESPONSE message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x06 |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Overall PE Selection Policy (optional) : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Element Parameter 1 (optional) : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : ... : : : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Element Parameter N (optional) : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Operational Error (optional) : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Overall PE Selection Policy: This TLV is a PE selection policy parameter and can be present when the response is positive. It indicates the overall selection policy of the pool. If not present, round-robin is assumed. This TLV is not present when the response is negative (i.e., a rejection). Note, any load policy parameter inside the Pool Element Parameter (if present) MUST be ignored, and MUST NOT be used to determine the overall pool policy. Pool Element Parameters Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 When the response is positive, an array of PE TLVs are included, indicating the current PEs and their information in the named pool. In a positive response, at least one PE TLV MUST be present. When the response is negative, no PE TLVs are included. Operational Error The presence of this TLV indicates that the response is negative (i.e., the handle resolution request was rejected by the ENRP server). The cause code in this TLV (if present) will indicate the reason the handle resolution request was rejected (e.g., the requested pool handle was not found). 2.2.7. ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x07 |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|H| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Server Identifier | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ H (Home ENRP server) flag When set to '1', indicate that the ENRP server that sends this message want to be the home ENRP server of the receiver of this message. Server Identifier field indicates the sender ENRP server of the message. This message is sent to a PE by the ENRP server as a "health" check. If the transport level Heart Beat mechanism is insufficient, this adds heartbeat messages with the goal of determining health status at ASAP level in a possibly more timely fashion. (The transport level Heart Beat may sometimes be considered insufficient due to that time outs are set for too long or heartbeats are not frequent enough, or, that the transport level Heart Beat mechanism's coverage is limited only to the transport level at the two ends.) Using ASAP keepalive also has additional value to the reliability of fault detection when SCTP stack is in the kernel. In such a case, while SCTP level heartbeat monitors the end-to-end connectivity between the two SCTP stacks, ASAP keepalive monitors the end-to-end liveliness of the ASAP layer above it. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 2.2.8. ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE_ACK message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x08 |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : PE Identifier Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ This message is sent by the PE to the ENRP server as an acknowledgment to the ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE message. 2.2.9. ASAP_ENDPOINT_UNREACHABLE message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x09 |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : PE Identifier Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ A PE or PU will send this message to an ENRP server to report the unreachability of the specified PE. 2.2.10. ASAP_SERVER_ANNOUNCE message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x0a |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Server Identifier | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Transport param #1 : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Transport param #2 : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : : : ..... : : : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Transport param #n : Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ This message is sent by an ENRP server such that PUs and PEs know the transport layer information necessary to connect to the ENRP server. The transport parameters are optional and only TCP and SCTP transport parameters are allowed. Server Identifier field indicates the sender ENRP server of the message. 2.2.11. COOKIE message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x0b |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Cookie Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ This message is sent by a PE to a PU. It may only be sent when a control channel exists between the PE and PU. 2.2.12. ASAP_COOKIE_ECHO message 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x0c |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Cookie Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ This message is sent by a PU to a PE in case of a failover. The Cookie Parameter is one received latest from the failed PE. 2.2.13. BUSINESS_CARD message This message is sent by a PU to a PE or from a PE to a PU. This parameter MUST NOT be sent if a control channel does NOT exists between the PE and PU. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x0d |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Handle Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Element Parameter-1 : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : .. : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Pool Element Parameter-N : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The sender of this message lists both the Pool that the sender belongs to and a preferred list of failover candidates. 2.2.14. ASAP_ERROR message This message is used to report an operational error. Currently the use of this message is undefined, it is reserved for future use [Editors Note: we need to come up with concrete uses or get rid of the message]. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x0e |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0| Message Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : Operational Error Parameter : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 3. Procedures This section will focus on the methods and procedures used by an internal ASAP endpoint. Appropriate timers and recovery actions for failure detection and management are also discussed. 3.1. Registration When a PE wishes to join its server pool it MUST use the procedures outlined in this section to register. Often the registration will be triggered by a user request primitive (discussed in Section 4.1). The ASAP endpoint MUST register using an SCTP association between the ASAP endpoint and the ENRP server. If the ASAP endpoint has not established its Home ENRP server it MUST follow the procedures specified in Section 3.6 to establish its Home ENRP server. Once the ASAP endpoint has established its Home ENRP server the following procedures MUST be followed to register: R1) The SCTP endpoint used to communicate with the ENRP server MUST be bound to all IP addresses that will be used by the PE (irregardless of what protocol will be used to service user requests to the PE). R2) The ASAP endpoint MUST formulate an ASAP_REGISTRATION message as defined in Section 2.2.1 In formulating the message the ASAP endpoint MUST: R2.1) Fill in the Pool Handle to specify which server pool the ASAP endpoint wishes to join. R2.2) Fill in a PE identifier using a good quality randomly generated number (RFC1750 [10] provides some information on randomness guidelines). R2.3) Fill in the registration life time parameter with the number of seconds that this registration is good for. Note a PE that wishes to continue service MUST re-register after the registration expires. R2.4) Fill in a User Transport Parameter for the type of transport and the data/control channel usage the PE is willing to support. Note, to join an existing server pool, the PE MUST follow the overall transport type and overall data/control channel usage of the pool. Otherwise, the registration may be rejected by the ENRP server. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 R2.5) Fill in the preferred Member selection policy. R2.6) PE does not need to fill in the ASAP transport parameter. The ASAP transport TLV will be filled in and used by the home ENRP server. R3) Send the Registration request to the Home ENRP server using SCTP. R4) Start a T2-registration timer. If the T2-registration timer expires before receiving an ASAP_REGISTRATION_RESPONSE message, or a SEND.FAILURE notification is received from the SCTP layer, the ASAP endpoint shall start the Server Hunt procedure (see Section 3.6) in an attempt to get service from a different ENRP server. After establishing a new Home ENRP server the ASAP endpoint SHOULD restart the registration procedure. At the reception of the registration response, the ASAP endpoint MUST stop the T2-Registration timer. If the response indicated success, then the PE is now registered and will be considered an available member of the server pool. If the registration response indicates a failure, the ASAP endpoint must either re-attempt registration after correcting the error or return a failure indication to the ASAP endpoints upper layer. The ASAP endpoint MUST NOT re-attempt registration without correcting the error condition. At any time a registered PE MAY wish to re-register to either update its member selection policy value or registration expiration time. When re-registering the PE MUST use the same PE identifier. After successful registration the PE MUST start a T4-reregistration timer. At its expiration a re-registration SHOULD be made starting at step R1 including (at completion) restarting the T4-reregistration timer. Note that an implementation SHOULD keep a record of the number of registration attempts it makes in a local variable. If repeated registration time-outs or failures occurs and the local count exceeds the Threshold 'MAX-REG-ATTEMPT' the implementation SHOULD report the error to its upper layer and stop attempting registration. 3.2. Deregistration In the event the PE wishes to deregister from its server pool (normally via an upper layer requests see Section 4.2) it SHOULD use the following procedures. Note that an alternate method of deregistration is to NOT re-register and to allow the registration lift time to expire. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 When deregistering the PE SHOULD use the same SCTP association with its Home ENRP server that was used for registration. To deregister the ASAP endpoint MUST take the following actions: D1) Fill in the Pool Handle parameter of the ASAP_DEREGISTRATION message ( Section 2.2.2) using the same Pool Handle parameter sent during registration. D2) Fill in the PE Identifier. The identifier MUST be the same one used during registration. D3) Send the ASAP_DEREGISTRATION message to the Home ENRP server using the SCTP association. D4) Start a T3-Deregistration timer. If the T3-Deregistration timer expires before receiving an ASAP_REGISTRATION_RESPONSE message, or a SEND.FAILURE notification is received from the SCTP layer, the ASAP endpoint shall start the Server Hunt procedure (see Section 3.6) in an attempt to get service from a different ENRP server. After establishing a new Home ENRP server the ASAP endpoint SHOULD restart the deregistration procedure. At the reception of the deregistration response, the ASAP endpoint MUST stop the T3-deregistration timer. Note that after a successful deregistration the PE MAY still receive requests for some period of time. The PE MAY wish to still remain active and service these requests or may wish to ignore these requests and exit. 3.3. Handle resolution At any time a PE or PU may wish to resolve a handle. This usually will occur when a Endpoint sends to a Pool handle ( Section 4.5.1) or requests a cache population (Section 4.3) but may occur for other reasons (e.g. the internal ASAP PE wishes to know its peers for sending a message to all of them). When an Endpoint (PE or PU) wishes to resolve a pool handle it MUST take the following actions: NR1) Fill in an ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION message ( Section 2.2.5) with the Pool Handle to be resolved. NR2) If the endpoint does not have a Home ENRP server start the ENRP Server Hunt procedures specified in Section 3.6 to obtain one. Otherwise proceed to step NR3. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 NR3) Send the ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION message to the Home ENRP server using SCTP. NR4) Start a T1-ENRPrequest timer. If the T1-ENRPrequest timer expires before receiving a response message, the ASAP endpoint SHOULD take the steps described in Section 3.7.2. If a SEND.FAILURE notification is received from the SCTP layer, the ASAP endpoint SHOULD start the Server Hunt procedure (see Section 3.6) in an attempt to get service from a different ENRP server. After establishing a new Home ENRP server the ASAP endpoint SHOULD restart the handle resolution procedure. At the reception of the response message (i.e., an ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION_RESPONSE) the endpoint MUST stop its T1- ENRPrequest timer. After stopping the T1 timer the endpoint SHOULD process the pool handle response as appropriate (e.g. populate a local cache, give the response to the ASAP user, and/or use the response to send the ASAP users message). Note that some ASAP endpoints MAY use a cache to minimize the number of handle resolutions made. If such a cache is used it SHOULD: C1) Be consulted before requesting a handle resolution. C2) Have a stale timeout time associated with the cache so that even in the event of a cache-hit, if the cache is "stale" it will cause a new handle resolution to be issued to update the cache. C3) In the case of a "stale" cache the implementation may in parallel request an update and answer the request or block the user and wait for an updated cache before proceeding with the users request. C4) If the cache is NOT stale, the endpoint SHOULD NOT make a handle resolution request but instead use the entry from the cache. 3.4. Endpoint keep alive Periodically an ENRP server may choose to "audit" a PE. It does this by sending an ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE message ( Section 2.2.7). Upon reception of an ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE message the following actions MUST be taken: Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 19] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 KA1) The PE must verify that the Pool Handle is correct and matches the Pool Handle sent in its earlier ASAP_REGISTRATION. If the Pool Handle does not match silently discard the message. KA2) Send an ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE_ACK (Section 2.2.8) by: KA2.1) Filling in the Pool Handle Parameter with the PE's Pool Handle. KA2.2) Fill in the PE Identifier that was used with this PE for registration. KA2.3) Send off the ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE_ACK message via the appropriate SCTP association for that ENRP server. KA2.4) If the 'H' flag in the received ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE message is set, adopt the sender of the ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE message as the new home ENRP server. 3.5. Reporting unreachable endpoints Occasionally an ASAP endpoint may realize that a PE is unreachable. This may occur by a specific SCTP error realized by the ASAP endpoint or via an ASAP user report via the Transport.Failure Primitive (Section 4.9.2). In either case the ASAP endpoint SHOULD report the unavailability of the PE by sending an ASAP_ENDPOINT_UNREACHABLE message to its home ENRP server. The Endpoint should fill in the Pool Handle and PE identifier of the unreachable endpoint. If the sender is a PE the message MUST be sent via SCTP to the Endpoints Home ENRP server. Note: an ASAP endpoint MUST report No more than once each time it encounters such an event. Note: when processing a Transport.Failure Primitive (Section 4.9.2) the ASAP endpoint MUST NOT send a unreachable report unless the ASAP endpoint has sent at least one message to the PE specified by the primitive. 3.6. ENRP server hunt procedures Each PU and PE manages a list of transport addresses of ENRP servers. If the multicast capabilities are used an ENRP server MUST send periodically every T6-Serverannounce an ASAP_SERVER_ANNOUNCE message (Section 2.2.10) including all the transport addresses available for ASAP communication to the multicast channel. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 20] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 If an ASAP_SERVER_ANNOUNCE message is received by a PU or PE it SHOULD insert all new included transport address in its list of ENRP server addresses and start a T7-ENRPoutdate timer for each address. For all already known addresses the T7-ENRPoutdate timers MUST be restarted. If no transport parameters are included in the ASAP_SERVER_ANNOUNCE message the source IP address and the IANA registered ASAP port number are used instead. It is also assumed that the transport protocol used is SCTP. If a T7-ENRP timer for a transport address expires the corresponding address is deleted from the list of transport addresses. If no multicast capabilities are used each PU and PE MUST have a configured list of transport addresses of ENRP servers. At its startup, or when it fails to send to (i.e., timed-out on a service request) with its current home ENRP server, a PE or PU shall establish its Home ENRP server, i.e. setup a TCP connection or SCTP association with an ENRP server. To establish a new association or connection the following rules MUST be followed: SH1) The PE or PU SHOULD try to establish an association or connection with no more than three ENRP server addresses. An endpoint MUST NOT try to establish more than three association or connections at any single time. SH2) The endpoint shall start a T5-Serverhunt timer. SH3) If the endpoint establishes an association or connection it MUST stop its T5-Serverhunt timer. The Endpoint SHOULD also reset the T5-Serverhunt value to its initial value and then proceed to step SH6. SH4) If an association or connection establishment fails the endpoint SHOULD try to establish an association or connection by using a different transport address. SH5) If the T5-Serverhunt timer expires the following should be performed: SH5.1) The endpoint MUST double the value of the T5-Serverhunt timer. SH5.2) The endpoint SHOULD stop the establishment of associations and connections. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 21] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 SH5.2) The endpoint SHOULD repeat trying to establish an association or connection by proceeding to step SH1. It SHOULD attempt to select a different set of transport addresses to connect to. SH6) The PE or PU shall pick one of the ENRP servers that it was able to establish an association or connection with, and send all its subsequent the handlespace service requests to this new home ENRP server. 3.7. Handle ASAP to ENRP Communication Failures Three types of failure may occur when the ASAP endpoint at an endpoint tries to communicate with the ENRP server: A) SCTP send failure B) T1-ENRPrequest timer expiration C) Registration failure Registration failure is discussed in Section 3.1 3.7.1. SCTP Send Failure This indicates that the SCTP layer failed to deliver a message sent to the ENRP server. In other words, the ENRP server is currently unreachable. In such a case, the ASAP endpoint should not re-send the failed message. Instead, it should discard the failed message and start the ENRP server hunt procedure as described in Section 3.6 3.7.2. T1-ENRPrequest Timer Expiration When a T1-ENRPrequest timer expires, the ASAP should re-send the original request to the ENRP server and re-start the T1-ENRPrequest timer. In parallel, the server hunt procedure should be started as outlined in Section 3.6. This should be repeated up to 'MAX-REQUEST-RETRANSMIT' times. After that, an Error.Report notification should be generated to inform the ASAP user and the ENRP request message associated with the timer should be discarded. Note that if an alternate ENRP server responds the ASAP endpoint SHOULD adopt the responding ENRP server as its new "home" server and resend the request to the new "home" server. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 22] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 3.8. Cookie handling procedures Whenever a PE wants and a control channel exists it can send an ASAP_COOKIE Message to the PU via the control channel. The ASAP layer at the PU stores the Cookie parameter and discards an older one if it is present. If the ASAP layer detects a failure and initiates a failover to a different PE, the ASAP layer sends the last received Cookie parameter in an ASAP_COOKIE_ECHO message to the new PE. The upper layer may be involved in the failover procedure. This cookie mechanism can be used as a simple method for state sharing. Therefore a cookie should be signed by the sending PE and this should be verified by the receiving PE. The details of this are out of scope of this document. It is only important that the PU stores always the last received Cookie Parameter and sends that back unmodified in case of a PE failure. 3.9. Business Card handling procedures When communication begins between a PU and a PE (i.e. the first message is sent from the PU to the PE) the ASAP layer in the PU SHOULD send an ASAP_BUSINESS_CARD IF the sender is also registered as a PE. A PE may also send back to a PU a business card as well. An ASAP_BUSINESS_CARD MUST NOT be sent if a control channel does NOT exist between the PU and PE. After communication as been established between a PE and PU at any time either entity may update its failover distribution by sending a new ASAP_BUSINESS_CARD. The business card serves two purposes (for both endpoints PU and PE). First it lists the endpoints pool handle. For a PU contacting a PE this is essential so that the PE may also gain the full benefits of ASAP if the PU is also a PE. Secondly the business card tells the receiver a failover order that is recommended to follow. This may facilitate rendezvous between PE's as well as some control of load redistribution upon the failure of any given PE. Upon receipt of an ASAP_BUSINESS_CARD Message (see Section 2.2.13) the receiver SHOULD: BC1) Unpack the ASAP_BUSINESS_CARD, and if no entry exists in the translation cache and one exists, populate the new Pool Handle into the cache and request a handle resolution of the pool handle. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 23] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 BC2) Create a list for this PE of preferred failover order so that in the event of a failure the preferred list will be used to guide the ASAP endpoint in the selection of an alternate PE. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 24] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 4. The ASAP Interfaces This chapter will focus primarily on the primitives and notifications that form the interface between the ASAP-user and ASAP and that between ASAP and its lower layer transport protocol (e.g., SCTP). Note, the following primitive and notification descriptions are shown for illustrative purposes. We believe that including these descriptions in this document is important to the understanding of the operation of many aspects of ASAP. But an ASAP implementation is not required to use the exact syntax described in this section. An ASAP User passes primitives to the ASAP sub-layer to request certain actions. Upon the completion of those actions or upon the detection of certain events, the ASAP will notify the ASAP user. 4.1. Registration.Request Primitive Format: registration.request(poolHandle, User Transport parameter(s)) The poolHandle parameter contains a NULL terminated ASCII string of fixed length. The optional User Transport parameter(s) indicate specific transport parameters and types to register with. If this optional parameter is left off, then the SCTP endpoint used to communicate with the ENRP server is used as the default User Transport parameter. Note that any IP address contained within a User Transport parameter MUST be a bound IP address in the SCTP endpoint used to communicate with the ENRP server. The ASAP user invokes this primitive to add itself to the handlespace, thus becoming a Pool Element of a pool. The ASAP user must register itself with the ENRP server by using this primitive before other ASAP users using the handlespace can send message(s) to this ASAP user by Pool Handle or by PE handle (see Section 4.5.1 and Section 4.5.3). In response to the registration primitive, the ASAP endpoint will send an ASAP_REGISTRATION message to the home ENRP server (See Section 2.2.1 and Section 3.1), and start a T2-registration timer. 4.2. Deregistration.Request Primitive Format: deregistration.request(poolHandle) The ASAP PE invokes this primitive to remove itself from the Server Pool. This should be used as a part of the graceful shutdown process by the application. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 25] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 A ASAP_DEREGISTRATION message will be sent by ASAP endpoint to the home ENRP server (see Section 2.2.2 and Section 3.2). 4.3. Cache.Populate.Request Primitive Format: cache.populate.request([Pool-Handle | Pool-Element-Handle]) If the address type is a Pool handle and a local handle translation cache exists, the ASAP endpoint should initiate a mapping information query by sending an ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION message on the Pool handle and update it local cache when the response comes back from the ENRP server. If a Pool-Element-Handle is passed then the Pool Handle is unpacked from the Pool-Element-Handle and the ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION message is sent to the ENRP server for resolution. When the response message returns from the ENRP server the local cache is updated. Note that if the ASAP service does NOT support a local cache this primitive performs NO action. 4.4. Cache.Purge.Request Primitive Format: cache.purge.request([Pool-Handle | Pool-Element-Handle]) If the user passes a Pool handle and local handle translation cache exists, the ASAP endpoint should remove the mapping information on the Pool handle from its local cache. If the user passes a Pool- Element-Handle then the Pool handle within is used for the cache.purge.request. Note that if the ASAP service does NOT support a local cache this primitive performs NO action. 4.5. Data.Send.Request Primitive Format: data.send.request(destinationAddress, typeOfAddress, message, sizeOfMessage, Options); This primitive requests ASAP to send a message to some specified Pool or Pool Element within the current Operational scope. Depending on the address type used for the send request, the senders ASAP endpoint may perform address translation and Pool Element selection before sending the message out. This also MAY dictate the creation of a local transport endpoint in order to meet the required transport type. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 26] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 The data.send.request primitive can take different forms of address types as described in the following sections. 4.5.1. Sending to a Pool Handle In this case the destinationAddress and typeOfAddress together indicates a pool handle. This is the simplest form of send.data.request primitive. By default, this directs ASAP to send the message to one of the Pool Elements in the specified pool. Before sending the message out to the pool, the senders ASAP endpoint MUST first perform a pool handle to address translation. It may also need to perform Pool Element selection if multiple Pool Elements exist in the pool. If the senders ASAP implementation does not support a local cache of the mapping information or if it does not have the mapping information on the pool in its local cache, it will transmit a ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION message (see Section 2.2.5 and Section 3.3) to the current home ENRP server, and MUST hold the outbound message in queue while awaiting the response from the ENRP server (any further send request to this pool before the ENRP server responds SHOULD also be queued). Once the necessary mapping information arrives from the ENRP server, the senders ASAP will: A) map the pool handle into a list of transport addresses of the destination PE(s), B) if multiple PEs exist in the pool, ASAP will choose one of them and transmit the message to it. In that case, the choice of the PE is made by ASAP endpoint of the sender based on the server pooling policy as discussed in Section 4.5.2 C) Optionally create any transport endpoint that may be needed to communicate with the PE selected. D) if no transport association or connection exists towards the destination PE, ASAP will establish any needed transport state, E) send out the queued message(s) to the appropriate transport connection using the appropriate send mechanism (e.g. for SCTP the SEND primitive in RFC2960 [4] would be used), and, Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 27] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 F) if the local cache is implemented, append/update the local cache with the mapping information received in the ENRP server's response. Also, record the local transport information (e.g. the SCTP association id) if any new transport state was created. For more on the ENRP server request procedures see ENRP [7]. Optionally, the ASAP endpoint of the sender may return a Pool Element handle of the selected PE to the application after sending the message. This PE handle can then be used for future transmissions to that same PE (see Section 4.5.3). Section 3.7 defines the fail-over procedures for cases where the selected PE is found unreachable. 4.5.2. Pool Element Selection Each time an ASAP user sends a message to a pool that contains more than one PE, the senders ASAP endpoint must select one of the PEs in the pool as the receiver of the current message. The selection is done according to the current server pooling policy of the pool to which the message is sent. Note, no selection is needed if the ASAP_SEND_TOALL option is set (see Section 4.5.5). Together with the server pooling policy, each PE can also specify a Policy Value for itself at the registration time. The meaning of the policy value depends on the current server pooling policy of the group. A PE can also change its policy value whenever it desires, by re-registering itself with the handlespace with a new policy value. Re-registration shall be done by simply sending another ASAP_REGISTRATION to its home ENRP server (See Section 2.2.1). Four basic server pooling policies are defined in ASAP, namely the Round Robin, Least Used, Least Used Degrading and Weighted Round Robin. The following sections describes each of these policies. 4.5.2.1. Round Robin Policy When an ASAP endpoint sends messages by Pool Handle and Round-Robin is the current policy of that Pool, the ASAP endpoint of the sender will select the receiver for each outbound message by round-Robining through all the registered PEs in that Pool, in an attempt to achieve an even distribution of outbound messages. Note that in a large server pool, the ENRP server MAY NOT send back all PEs to the ASAP client. In this case the client or PU will be performing a round robin policy on a subset of the entire Pool. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 28] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 4.5.2.2. Least Used Policy When the destination Pool is under the Least Used server pooling policy, the ASAP endpoint of the message sender will select the PE that has the lowest policy value in the group as the receiver of the current message. If more than one PE from the group share the same lowest policy value, the selection will be done round Robin amongst those PEs. It is important to note that this policy means that the same PE will be always selected as the message receiver by the sender until the load control information of the pool is updated and changed in the local cache of the sender (via a cache update see Section 3.3). 4.5.2.3. Least Used with Degradation Policy This policy is the same as the Least Used policy with the exception that, each time the PE with the lowest policy value is selected from the Pool as the receiver of the current message, its policy value is incremented, and thus it may no longer be the lowest value in the Pool. This provides a degradation of the policy towards round Robin policy over time. As with the Least Used policy, every local cache update at the sender will bring the policy back to Least Used with Degradation. 4.5.2.4. Weighted Round Robin Policy [TBD] 4.5.3. Sending to a Pool Element Handle In this case the destinationAddress and typeOfAddress together indicate an ASAP Pool Element handle. This requests the ASAP endpoint to deliver the message to the PE identified by the Pool Element handle. The Pool Element handle should contain the Pool Handle and a destination transport address of the destination PE or the Pool Handle and the transport type. Other implementation dependant elements may also be cached in a Pool Element handle. The ASAP endpoint shall use the transport address and transport type to identify the endpoint to communicate with. If no communication state exists with the peer endpoint (and is required by the transport protocol) the ASAP endpoint MAY setup the needed state and then Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 29] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 invoke the SEND primitive for the particular transport protocol to send the message to the PE. In addition, if a local translation cache is supported the endpoint will: A) send out the message to the transport address (or association id) designated by the PE handle. B) determine if the Pool Handle is in the local cache. If it is NOT, the endpoint will: i) ask the home ENRP server for handle resolution on pool handle by sending an ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION message (see Section 2.2.5), and ii) use the response to update the local cache. If the pool handle is in the cache, the endpoint will only update the pool handle if the cache is stale. A stale cache is indicated by it being older than the protocol parameter 'stale.cache.value' (see Section 5.2). Section 3.5 and Section 4.9 defines the fail-over procedures for cases where the PE pointed to by the Pool Element handle is found unreachable. Optionally, the ASAP endpoint may return the actual Pool Element handle to which the message was sent (this may be different from the Pool Element handle specified when the primitive is invoked, due to the possibility of automatic fail-over). 4.5.4. Send by Transport Address In this case the destinationAddress and typeOfAddress together indicate a transport address and transport type. This directs the senders ASAP endpoint to send the message out to the specified transport address. No endpoint fail-over is support when this form of send request is used. This form of send request effectively by-passes the ASAP endpoint. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 30] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 4.5.5. Message Delivery Options The Options parameter passed in the various forms of the above data.send.request primitive gives directions to the senders ASAP endpoint on special handling of the message delivery. The value of the Options parameter is generated by bit-wise "OR"ing of the following pre-defined constants: ASAP_USE_DEFAULT: 0x0000 Use default setting. ASAP_SEND_FAILOVER: 0x0001 Enables PE fail-over on this message. In case where the first selected PE or the PE pointed to by the PE handle is found unreachable, the sender's ASAP endpoint SHOULD re- select an alternate PE from the same pool if one exists, and silently re-send the message to this newly selected endpoint. Note that this is a best-effort service. Applications should be aware that messages can be lost during the failover process, even if the underlying transport supports retrieval of unacknowledged data (e.g. SCTP) (Example: messages acknowledged by the SCTP layer at a PE, but not yet read by the PE when a PE failure occurs.) In the case where the underlying transport does not support such retrieval (e.g. TCP), any data already submitted by ASAP to the transport layer MAY be lost upon failover. ASAP_SEND_NO_FAILOVER: 0x0002 This option prohibits the senders ASAP endpoint from re-sending the message to any alternate PE in case that the first selected PE or the PE pointed to by the PE handle is found unreachable. Instead, the senders ASAP endpoint shall notify its upper layer about the unreachability with an Error.Report and return any unsent data. ASAP_SEND_TO_LAST: 0x0004 This option requests the senders ASAP endpoint to send the message to the same PE in the pool that the previous message destined to this pool was sent to. ASAP_SEND_TO_ALL: 0x0008 When sending by Pool Handle, this option directs the senders ASAP endpoint to send a copy of the message to all the PEs, except for the sender itself if the sender is a PE, in that pool. ASAP_SEND_TO_SELF: 0x0010 This option only applies in combination with ASAP_SEND_TO_ALL option. It permits the senders ASAP endpoint also deliver a copy of the message to itself if the sender is a PE of the pool (i.e., loop-back). Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 31] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 ASAP_SCTP_UNORDER: 0x1000 This option requests the transport layer to send the current message using un-ordered delivery (note the underlying transport must support un-ordered delivery for this option to be effective). 4.6. Data.Received Notification Format: data.received(messageReceived, sizeOfMessage, senderAddress, typeOfAddress) When a new user message is received, the ASAP endpoint of the receiver uses this notification to pass the message to its upper layer. Along with the message being passed, the ASAP endpoint of the receiver should also indicate to its upper layer the message senders address. The senders address can be in the form of either an SCTP association id, TCP transport address, UDP transport address, or an ASAP Pool Element handle. A) If the handle translation local cache is implemented at the receiver's ASAP endpoint, a reverse mapping from the senders IP address to the pool handle should be performed and if the mapping is successful, the senders ASAP Pool Element handle should be constructed and passed in the senderAddress field. B) If there is no local cache or the reverse mapping is not successful, the SCTP association id or other transport specific identification (if SCTP is not being used) should be passed in the senderAddress field. 4.7. Error.Report Notification Format: error.report(destinationAddress, typeOfAddress, failedMessage, sizeOfMessage) An error.report should be generated to notify the ASAP user about failed message delivery as well as other abnormalities. The destinationAddress and typeOfAddress together indicates to whom the message was originally sent. The address type can be either a ASAP Pool Element handle, association id, or a transport address. The original message (or the first portion of it if the message is too big) and its size should be passed in the failedMessage and sizeOfMessage fields, respectively. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 32] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 4.8. Examples These examples assume an underlying SCTP transport between the PE and PU. Other transports are possible but SCTP is utilized in the examples for illustrative purposes. Note that all communication between PU and ENRP server and PE and ENRP servers would be using SCTP. 4.8.1. Send to a New Pool This example shows the event sequence when a Pool User sends the message "hello" to a pool which is not in the local translation cache (assuming local caching is supported). ENRP Server PU new-handle:PEx | | | | +---+ | | | 1 | | |2. ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION +---+ | |<-------------------------------| | | +---+ | | | 3 | | |4. ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION_RSP +---+ | |------------------------------->| | | +---+ | | | 5 | | | +---+ 6. "hello1" | | |---------------->| | | | 1) The user at PU invokes: data.send.request("new-handle", handle-type, "hello1", 6, 0); The ASAP endpoint, in response, looks up the pool "new-handle" in its local cache but fails to find it. 2) The ASAP endpoint of PU queues the message, and sends an ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION request to the ENRP server asking for all information about pool "new-handle". 3) A T1-ENRPrequest timer is started while the ASAP endpoint is waiting for the response from the ENRP server. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 33] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 4) The ENRP Server responds to the query with an ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION_REPONSE message that contains all the information about pool "new-handle". 5) ASAP at PU cancels the T1-ENRPrequest timer and populate its local cache with information on pool "new-handle". 6) Based on the server pooling policy of pool "new-handle", ASAP at PU selects the destination PE (PEx), sets up, if necessary, an SCTP association towards PEx (explicitly or implicitly), and send out the queued "hello1" user message. 4.8.2. Send to a Cached Pool Handle This shows the event sequence when the ASAP user PU sends another message to the pool "new-handle" after what happened in Section 4.8.1. ENRP Server PU new-handle:PEx | | | | +---+ | | | 1 | | | +---+ 2. "hello2" | | |---------------->| | | | 1) The user at PU invokes: pdata.send.request("new-handle", handle-type, "hello2", 6, 0); The ASAP endpoint, in response, looks up the pool "new-handle" in its local cache and find the mapping information. 2) Based on the server pooling policy of "new-handle", ASAP at PU selects the PE (assume EPx is selected again), and sends out "hello2" message (assume the SCTP association is already set up). 4.9. PE send failure When the ASAP endpoint in a PE or PU attempts to send a message to a PE and fails the failed sender will report the event as described in Section 3.5 . Additional primitive are also defined in this section to support those user applications that do not wish to use ASAP as the actual Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 34] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 transport. 4.9.1. Translation.Request Primitive Format: translation.request(Pool-Handle) If the address type is a Pool handle and a local handle translation cache exists, the ASAP endpoint should look within its translation cache and return the current known transport types, ports and addresses to the caller. If the Pool handle does not exist in the local handle cache or no handle cache exists, the ASAP endpoint will send an ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION request using the Pool handle. Upon completion of the handle resolution, the ASAP endpoint should populate the local handle cache (if a local handle cache is supported) and return the transport types, ports and addresses to the caller. 4.9.2. Transport.Failure Primitive Format: transport.failure(Pool-Handle, Transport-address) If an external user encounters a failure in sending to a PE and is NOT using ASAP it can use this primitive to report the failure to the ASAP endpoint. ASAP will send an ASAP_ENDPOINT_UNREACHABLE to the "home" ENRP server in response to this primitive. Note ASAP SHOULD NOT send a ASAP_ENDPOINT_UNREACHABLE UNLESS the user has actually made a previous request to send data to the PE. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 35] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 5. Timers, Variables, and Thresholds The following is a summary of the timers, variables, and pre-set protocol constants used in ASAP. 5.1. Timers T1-ENRPrequest - A timer started when a request is sent by ASAP to the ENRP server (providing application information is queued). Normally set to 15 seconds. T2-registration - A timer started when sending an ASAP_REGISTRATION request to the home ENRP server, normally set to 30 seconds. T3-deregistration - A timer started when sending a deregistration request to the home ENRP server, normally set to 30 seconds. T4-reregistration - This timer is started after successful registration into the ASAP handle space and is used to cause a re- registration at a periodic interval. This timer is normally set to 10 minutes or 20 seconds less than the Life Timer parameter used in the registration request (whichever is less). T5-Serverhunt - This timer is used during the ENRP server hunt procedure and is normally set to 120 seconds. T6-Serverannounce - This timer gives the time between the sending of consecutive ASAP_SERVER_ANNOUNCE messages. It is normally set to 1 second. T7-ENRPoutdate - This timer gives the time a server announcement is valid. It is normally set to 5 seconds. 5.2. Variables stale.cache.value - A threshold variable that indicates how long a cache entry is valid for. 5.3. Thresholds MAX-REG-ATTEMPT - The maximum number of registration attempts to be made before a server hunt is issued. MAX-REQUEST-RETRANSMIT - The maximum number of attempts to be made when requesting information from the local ENRP server before a server hunt is issued. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 36] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 6. Security Considerations Threats Introduced by Rserpool and Requirements for Security in Response to Threats [8] describes the threats to the Rserpool architecture in detail and lists the security requirements in response to each threat. From the threats described in this document, the security services required for the Rserpool protocol are enumerated below. Threat 1) PE registration/deregistration flooding or spoofing ----------- Security mechanism in response: ENRP server authenticates the PE Threat 2) PE registers with a malicious ENRP server ----------- Security mechanism in response: PE authenticates the ENRP server Threat 1 and 2 taken together results in mutual authentication of the ENRP server and the PE. Threat 3) Malicious ENRP server joins the ENRP server pool ----------- Security mechanism in response: ENRP servers mutually authenticate Threat 4) A PU communicates with a malicious ENRP server for handle resolution ----------- Security mechanism in response: The PU authenticates the ENRP server Threat 5) Replay attack ----------- Security mechanism in response: Security protocol which has protection from replay attacks Threat 6) Corrupted data which causes a PU to have misinformation concerning a pool handle resolution ----------- Security mechanism in response: Security protocol which supports integrity protection Threat 7) Eavesdropper snooping on handlespace information ----------- Security mechanism in response: Security protocol which supports data confidentiality Threat 8) Flood of ASAP Endpoint_Unreachable messages from the PU to ENRP server ----------- Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 37] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 Security mechanism in response: ASAP must control the number of ASAP endpoint unreachable messages transmitted from the PU to the ENRP server. Threat 9) Flood of ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE messages to the PE from the ENRP server ----------- Security mechanism in response: ENRP server must control the number of ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_AlIVE messages to the PE To summarize the threats 1-7 require security mechanisms which support authentication, integrity, data confidentiality, protection from replay attacks. For Rserpool we need to authenticate the following: PU <---- ENRP Server (PU authenticates the ENRP server) PE <----> ENRP Server (mutual authentication) ENRP server <-----> ENRP Server (mutual authentication) We do not define any new security mechanisms specifically for responding to threats 1-7. Rather we use existing IETF security protocols to provide the security services required. TLS supports all these requirements and MUST be implemented. The TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ciphersuite MUST be supported at a minimum by implementers of TLS for Rserpool. For purposes of backwards compatibility, ENRP SHOULD support TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA. Implementers MAY also support any other ciphersuite. Threat 8 requires the ASAP protocol to limit the number of ASAP Endpoint_Unreachable messages (see Section 3.5) to the ENRP server. Threat 9 requires the ENRP protocol to limit the number of ASAP_ENDPOINT_KEEP_ALIVE messages to the PE (see section x.y??? in [7]). 6.1. Implementing Security Mechanisms ENRP servers, PEs, PUs MUST implement TLS. ENRP servers and PEs must support mutual authentication. ENRP servers must support mutual authentication among themselves. PUs MUST authenticate ENRP servers. ENRP servers and PEs SHOULD possess a site certificate whose subject corresponds to their canonical hostname. PUs MAY have certificates of their own for mutual authentication with TLS, but no provisions are set forth in this document for their use. All Rserpool elements that support TLS MUST have a mechanism for validating certificates Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 38] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 received during TLS negotiation; this entails possession of one or more root certificates issued by certificate authorities (preferably well-known distributors of site certificates comparable to those that issue root certificates for web browsers). Implementations MUST support TLS with SCTP as described in RFC3436 [9] or TLS over TCP as described in RFC2246 [3]. When using TLS/SCTP we must ensure that RSerPool does not use any features of SCTP that are not available to an TLS/SCTP user. This is not a difficult technical problem, but simply a requirement. When describing an API of the RSerPool lower layer we have also to take into account the differences between TLS and SCTP. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 39] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 7. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank John Loughney, Lyndon Ong, Walter Johnson, Thomas Dreibholz, and many others for their invaluable comments and feedback. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 40] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 8. References 8.1. Normative References [1] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996. [2] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [3] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 2246, January 1999. [4] Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Morneault, K., Sharp, C., Schwarzbauer, H., Taylor, T., Rytina, I., Kalla, M., Zhang, L., and V. Paxson, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 2960, October 2000. [5] Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Stillman, M., and M. Tuexen, "Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) and Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP) Parameters", draft-ietf-rserpool-common-param-09 (work in progress), July 2005. [6] Tuexen, M., Xie, Q., Stewart, R., Shore, M., Loughney, J., and A. Silverton, "Architecture for Reliable Server Pooling", draft-ietf-rserpool-arch-10 (work in progress), July 2005. [7] Xie, Q., Stewart, R., Stillman, M., Tuexen, M., and A. Silverton, "Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP)", draft-ietf-rserpool-enrp-12 (work in progress), July 2005. [8] Stillman, M., Gopal, R., Sengodan, S., Guttman, E., and M. Holdrege, "Threats Introduced by Rserpool and Requirements for Security in Response to Threats", draft-ietf-rserpool-threats-05 (work in progress), July 2005. [9] Jungmaier, A., Rescorla, E., and M. Tuexen, "TLS over SCTP", RFC 3436, December 2002. 8.2. Informational References (non-normative) [10] Eastlake, D., Crocker, S., and J. Schiller, "Randomness Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750, December 1994. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 41] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 Authors' Addresses Randall R. Stewart Cisco Systems, Inc. 4875 Forest Drive Suite 200 Columbia, SC 29206 USA Phone: Email: rrs@cisco.com Qiaobing Xie Motorola, Inc. 1501 W. Shure Drive, #2309 Arlington Heights, IL 60004 USA Phone: Email: qxie1@email.mot.com Maureen Stillman Nokia 127 W. State Street Ithaca, NY 14850 USA Phone: Email: maureen.stillman@nokia.com Michael Tuexen Muenster Univ. of Applied Sciences Stegerwaldstr. 39 48565 Steinfurt Germany Email: tuexen@fh-muenster.de Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 42] Internet-Draft Aggregate Server Access Protocol February 2006 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. 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Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Stewart, et al. Expires August 11, 2006 [Page 43]