Robust Header Compression C. Bormann Internet-Draft Universitaet Bremen TZI Expires: May 30, 2007 Z. Liu Nokia Research Center R. Price Cogent Defence and Security Networks G. Camarillo Ericsson November 26, 2006 Applying Signaling Compression (SigComp) to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) draft-ietf-rohc-sigcomp-sip-04.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on May 30, 2007. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). Abstract This document describes some specifics that apply when Signaling Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 Compression (SigComp) is applied to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), such as default minimum values of SigComp parameters, compartment and state management, and a few issues on SigComp over TCP. Any implementation of SigComp for use with SIP must conform to this document, in addition to SigComp and support of the SIP and Session Description Protocol (SDP) static dictionary. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Minimum Values of SigComp Parameters for SIP/SigComp . . . . . 3 3.1. decompression_memory_size (DMS) for SIP/SigComp . . . . . 4 3.2. state_memory_size (SMS) for SIP/SigComp . . . . . . . . . 4 3.3. cycles_per_bit (CPB) for SIP/SigComp . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.4. SigComp_version (SV) for SIP/SigComp . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.5. locally available state (LAS) for SIP/SigComp . . . . . . 5 4. Delimiting SIP Messages and SigComp Messages on the Same Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Continuous Mode over TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Too Large SIP Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. SIP Retransmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8. Compartment and State Management for SIP/SigComp . . . . . . . 7 8.1. Remote Application Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8.2. Identifier Comparison Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.3. Compartment Opening and Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.4. Compartment Valid During a Registration . . . . . . . . . 11 8.5. Lack of a Compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9. Recommendations for Network Administrators . . . . . . . . . . 12 10. Private Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 11. Backwards Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 14. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 15. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 16.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 16.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 20 Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 1. Introduction SigComp [RFC3320] is a solution for compressing messages generated by application protocols. Although its primary driver is to compress SIP [RFC3261] messages, the solution itself has been intentionally designed to be application agnostic so that it can be applied to any application protocol; this is denoted as ANY/SigComp. Consequently, many application dependent specifics are left out of the base standard. It is intended that a separate specification is used to describe those specifics when SigComp is applied to a particular application protocol. This document binds SigComp and SIP; this is denoted as SIP/SigComp. Any SigComp implementation that is used for the compression of SIP messages must conform to this document, as well as to [RFC3320]. Additionally, it must support the SIP/SDP static dictionary as specified in [RFC3485] and the mechanism for discovering SigComp support at the SIP layer as specified in [RFC3486]. 2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119]. 3. Minimum Values of SigComp Parameters for SIP/SigComp In order to support a wide range of capabilities among endpoints implementing SigComp, SigComp defines a few parameters to describe SigComp behavior (see section 3.3 of [RFC3320]). For each parameter, [RFC3320] specifies a minimum value that any SigComp endpoint MUST support for ANY/SigComp. Those minimum values were determined with the consideration of all imaginable devices in which SigComp may be implemented. Scalability was also considered as a key factor. However, some of the minimum values specified in [RFC3320] are too small to allow good performance for SIP message compression. Therefore, they are increased for SIP/SigComp as specified in the following sections. For completeness, those parameters that are the same for SIP/SigComp as they are for ANY/SigComp are also listed. Note: the new minimum values are specific to SIP/SigComp. They do not apply to any other application protocols. Note: a SigComp endpoint MAY offer additional resources if available; these resources can be advertised to remote endpoints as described in Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 section 9.4.9 of [RFC3320]. 3.1. decompression_memory_size (DMS) for SIP/SigComp Minimum value for ANY/SigComp: 2048 bytes, as specified in section 3.3.1 of [RFC3320]. Minimum value for SIP/SigComp: 8192 bytes. Reason: a DMS of 2048 bytes is too small for SIP message compression as it seriously limits the compression ratio and even makes compression impossible for certain messages. For example, the condition set by [RFC3320] for SigComp over UDP means: C + 2*B + R + 2*S + 128 < DMS (each term is described below). On the other hand, 8KB additional memory should not cause any problem for an endpoint that already implements SIP, SigComp, and applications that use SIP as DMS is memory only temporarily needed during decompression of a SigComp message (the memory can be reclaimed when the message has been decompressed). C size of compressed application message, depending on R B size of bytecode. Note: two copies -- one as part of the SigComp message and one in UDVM (Universal Decompressor Virtual Machine) memory. R size of ring buffer in UDVM memory S any additional state uploaded other than that created from the content of the ring buffer at the end of decompression (similar to B, two copies of S are needed) 128 the smallest address in UDVM memory to copy bytecode to 3.2. state_memory_size (SMS) for SIP/SigComp Minimum value for ANY/SigComp: 0 (zero) bytes, as specified in section 3.3.1 of [RFC3320]. Minimum value for SIP/SigComp: 2048 bytes. Reason: a non-zero SMS allows an endpoint to upload a state in the first SIP message sent to a remote endpoint without the uncertainty of whether or not it can be created in the remote endpoint. A non- zero SMS obviously requires the SIP/SigComp implementation to keep state. Based on the observation that there is little gain from stateless SigComp compression, the assumption is that purely stateless SIP implementations are unlikely to provide a SigComp function. Stateful implementations should have little problem to keep 2K additional state for each compartment (see Section 8). Note: SMS is a parameter that applies to each individual compartment. Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 An endpoint MAY offer different SMS values for different compartments as long as the SMS value is not less than 2048 bytes. 3.3. cycles_per_bit (CPB) for SIP/SigComp Minimum value for ANY/SigComp: 16, as specified in section 3.3.1 of [RFC3320]. Minimum value for SIP/SigComp: 16 (same as above) 3.4. SigComp_version (SV) for SIP/SigComp For ANY/SigComp: 0x01, as specified in section 3.3.2 of [RFC3320]. For SIP/SigComp: >= 0x02 (at least SigComp + NACK) 3.5. locally available state (LAS) for SIP/SigComp Minimum LAS for ANY/SigComp: none, see section 3.3.3 of [RFC3320]. Minimum LAS for SIP/SigComp: the SIP/SDP static dictionary as defined in [RFC3485]. 4. Delimiting SIP Messages and SigComp Messages on the Same Port In order to limit the number of ports required by a SigComp-aware endpoint, it is possible to allow both SigComp messages and 'vanilla' SIP messages (i.e. uncompressed SIP messages with no SigComp header) to arrive on the same port. For a message-based transport such as UDP or SCTP, this can be done per message. The receiving endpoint checks the first octet of the UDP/SCTP payload to determine whether the message has been compressed using SigComp. If the MSBs (Most Significant Bits) of the octet are "11111" then the message is considered to be a SigComp message and is parsed as per [RFC3320]. If the MSBs of the octet take any other value, then the message is assumed to be an uncompressed SIP message, and is passed directly to the application with no further effect on the SigComp layer. For a stream-based transport such as TCP, the distinction is per connection. The receiving endpoint checks the first octet of the TCP data stream to determine whether the stream has been compressed using SigComp. If the MSBs of the octet are "11111" then the stream is considered to contain SigComp messages and is parsed as per [RFC3320]. If the MSBs of the octet take any other value, then the stream is assumed to contain uncompressed SIP messages, and is passed Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 directly to the application with no further effect on the SigComp layer. Note that SigComp message delimiters MUST NOT be used if the stream contains uncompressed SIP messages. Applications MUST NOT mix SIP messages and SigComp messages on a single TCP connection. If the TCP connection is used to carry SigComp messages then all messages sent over the connection MUST have a SigComp header and be delimited by the use of 0xFFFF as described in [RFC3320]. [I-D.ietf-rohc-sigcomp-impl-guide] shows how to send uncompressed messages in a SigComp structured TCP connection using a "well-known shim header". Should it for any reason not be desirable to set up more than one TCP connection to a SIP implementation, but the flexibility to send both compressed and uncompressed SIP messages be required, the compressor can set up a SigComp structured connection and send any uncompressed SIP messages using the well-known shim header. 5. Continuous Mode over TCP Continuous Mode is a special feature of SigComp, which is designed to improve the overall compression ratio for long-lived connections. Its use requires pre-agreement between the SigComp compressor and decompressor. Continuous mode is not used with SIP/SigComp. Reason: continuous mode requires the transport itself to provide a certain level of protection against denial of service attacks. TCP alone is not considered to provide enough protection. 6. Too Large SIP Messages SigComp does not support the compression of messages larger than 64k. Therefore, if a SIP application sending compressed SIP messages to another SIP application over a transport connection (e.g., a TCP connection) needs to send a SIP message larger than 64k, the SIP application SHOULD establish a new transport connection and send the (uncompressed) SIP message over the new connection. 7. SIP Retransmissions SIP retransmissions need to be compressed again before being sent. That is, SIP applications MUST NOT retransmit already-compressed information. Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 The reason for this behavior is that it is impossible to know whether the failure causing the retransmission occurred to the message being retransmitted or to the response to that message. If the loss occurred to the response, any state changes effected by the first instance of the retransmitted message would already have taken place. If these state changes removed a state that the previously- transmitted message relied upon, then retransmission of the same compressed message would lead to a decompression failure. 8. Compartment and State Management for SIP/SigComp An application exchanging compressed traffic with a remote application has a compartment that contains state information needed to compress outgoing messages and to decompress incoming messages. To increase the compression efficiency, the application must assign distinct compartments to distinct remote applications. 8.1. Remote Application Identification SIP/SigComp applications identify remote applications by their SIP/ SigComp identifiers. Each SIP/SigComp application MUST have a SIP/ SigComp identifier URN (Uniform Resource Name) that uniquely identifies the application. Usage of a URN provides a persistent and unique name for the SIP/SigComp identifier. It also provides an easy way to guarantee uniqueness. This URN MUST be persistent as long as the application stores compartment state related to other SIP/SigComp applications. A SIP/Sigcomp application SHOULD use a UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier) URN as its SIP/SigComp identifier. The UUID URN [RFC4122] allows for non-centralized computation of a URN based on time, unique names (such as a MAC address), or a random number generator. If a URN scheme other than UUID is used, the URN MUST be selected such that the application can be certain that no other SIP/ SigComp application would choose the same URN value. Note that the definition of SIP/SigComp identifier is similar to the definition of instance identifier in [I-D.ietf-sip-outbound]. One difference is that instance identifiers are only required to be unique within their AoR (Address of Record) while SIP/SigComp identifiers are required to be globally unique. Even if instance identifiers are only required to be unique within their AoR, devices may choose to generate globally unique instance identifiers. A device with a globally unique instance identifier SHOULD use its instance identifier as its SIP/SigComp identifier. Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 Using the same value for an entity's instance and SIP/SigComp identifiers improves the compression ratio of header fields that carry both identifiers (e.g., a Contact header field in a REGISTER request). Server farms that share SIP/SigComp state across servers MUST use the same SIP/SigComp identifier for all their servers. SIP/SigComp identifiers are carried in the 'sigcomp-id' SIP URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) or Via header field parameter. The 'sigcomp-id' SIP URI parameter is a 'uri-parameter', as defined by the SIP ABNF (Augmented Backus-Naur Form, Section 25.1 of [RFC3261]). The following is its ABNF [RFC4234]: uri-sip-sigcomp-id = "sigcomp-id=" 1*paramchar The SIP URI 'sigcomp-id' parameter MUST contain a URN [RFC2141]. The Via 'sigcomp-id' parameter is a 'via-extension', as defined by the SIP ABNF (Section 25.1 of [RFC3261]). The following is its ABNF [RFC4234]: via-sip-sigcomp-id = "sigcomp-id" EQUAL LDQUOT *( qdtext / quoted-pair ) RDQUOT The Via 'sigcomp-id' parameter MUST contain a URN [RFC2141]. The following is an example of a Via header field with a 'sigcomp-id' parameter: Via: SIP/2.0/UDP server1.example.com:5060 ;branch=z9hG4bK87a7 ;comp=sigcomp ;sigcomp-id="urn:uuid:0C67446E-F1A1-11D9-94D3-000A95A0E128" Note that some characters that are allowed to appear in a Via header field parameter, such as ':' (colon), are not allowed to appear in a SIP URI parameter. Those characters need to be escaped when they appear in a SIP URI parameter. The need to escape characters in parameters could be avoided by defining Contact, Route, Record-Route, Path, and Service-Route header field 'sigcomp-id' parameters instead of the 'sigcomp-id' SIP URI parameter. For example, instance identifiers typically appear in '+sip.instance' Contact header field parameters, and not in SIP URI parameters. We have chosen to define 'sigcomp-id' as a SIP URI parameter to be consistent with the use of the already-in- use 'comp=sigcomp' parameter, which is a SIP URI parameter as Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 well. The following is an example of a 'sigcomp-id' SIP URI parameter: sigcomp-id=urn%3auuid%3a0C67446E-F1A1-11D9-94D3-000A95A0E128 SIP messages are matched with remote application identifiers as follows. Outgoing requests: the remote application identifier is the SIP/ SigComp identifier of the URI to which the request is sent. If the URI does not contain a SIP/SigComp identifier, the remote application identifier is the IP address plus port of the datagram carrying the request for connection-less transport protocols, and the transport connection (e.g., a TCP connection) carrying the request for connection-oriented transport protocols (this is to support legacy SIP/SigComp applications). Incoming responses: the remote application identifier is the same as the one of the previously-sent request that initiated the transaction the response belongs to. Incoming requests: the remote application identifier is the SIP/ SigComp identifier of the top-most Via entry. If the Via header field does not contain a SIP/SigComp identifier, the remote application identifier is the source IP address plus port of the datagram carrying the request for connection-less transport protocols, and the transport connection (e.g., a TCP connection) carrying the request for connection-oriented transport protocols (this is to support legacy SIP/SigComp applications). Outgoing responses: the remote application identifier is the same as the previously-received request that initiated the transaction the response belongs to. Note that, due to standard SIP Via header field processing, this identifier will be present in the top-most Via entry in such responses (as long as it was present in the top- most Via entry of the previously-received request). A SIP/SigComp application placing its URI with the 'comp=sigcomp' parameter in a header field MUST add a 'sigcomp-id' parameter with its SIP/SigComp identifier to that URI. A SIP/SigComp application generating its own Via entry containing the 'comp=sigcomp' parameter MUST add a 'sigcomp-id' parameter with its SIP/SigComp identifier to that Via entry. A given remote application identifier is mapped to a particular SigComp compartment ID following the rules given in Section 8.3 and Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 Section 8.4. 8.2. Identifier Comparison Rules Equality comparisons between SIP/SigComp identifiers are performed using the rules for URN equality that are specific to the scheme in the URN. If the element performing the comparisons does not understand the URN scheme, it performs the comparisons using the lexical equality rules defined in RFC 2141 [RFC2141]. Lexical equality may result in two URNs being considered unequal when they are actually equal. In this specific usage of URNs, the only element which provides the URN is the SIP/SigComp application identified by that URN. As a result, the SIP/SigComp application SHOULD provide lexically equivalent URNs in each registration it generates. This is likely to be normal behavior in any case; applications are not likely to modify the value of their SIP/SigComp identifiers so that they remain functionally equivalent yet lexigraphically different from previous identifiers. 8.3. Compartment Opening and Closure SIP applications need to know when to open a new compartment and when to close it. The lifetime of SIP/SigComp compartments is linked to registration state. Compartments are opened at SIP registration time and are typically closed when the registration expires or is canceled. Previous revisions of this document also defined compartments valid during a SIP transaction or a SIP dialog. It was decided to eliminate those types of compartments because the complexity they introduced was higher than the benefits they brought in most deployment scenarios. Usually, any states created during the lifetime of a compartment will be "logically" deleted when the compartment is closed. As described in section 6.2 of [RFC3320], a logical deletion can become a physical deletion only when no compartment continues to exist that created the (same) state. A SigComp endpoint may offer to keep a state created upon request from a SigComp peer endpoint beyond the default lifetime of a compartment (i.e., beyond the duration of its associated registration). This may be used to improve compression efficiency of subsequent SIP messages generated by the same remote application at the SigComp peer endpoint. To indicate that such state will continue to be available, the SigComp endpoint can inform its peer SigComp endpoint by announcing the (partial) state ID in the returned SigComp parameters at the end of the registration, dialog, or transaction Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 that was supposed to limit the lifetime of the SigComp state. That signals the state will be maintained. The mandatory support for the SigComp Negative Acknowledgement (NACK) Mechanism [RFC4077] in SIP/ SigComp ensures that it is possible to recover from synchronization errors regarding comparment lifetimes. As an operational concern, bugs in the compartment management implementation are likely to lead to sporadic, hard to diagnose failures. Decompressors may therefore want to cache old state and, if still available, allow access while logging diagnostic information. Both compressors and decompressors use the SigComp Negative Acknowledgement (NACK) Mechanism [RFC4077] to recover from situations where such old state may no longer be available. 8.4. Compartment Valid During a Registration A REGISTER transaction causes an application to open a new compartment to be valid for the duration of the registration established by the REGISTER transaction. A SIP application that needs to send a compressed SIP REGISTER (i.e., a user agent generating a REGISTER or a proxy server relaying one to its next hop) SHOULD open a compartment for the request's remote application identifier. A SIP application that receives a compressed SIP REGISTER (i.e., the registrar or a proxy relaying the REGISTER to its next-hop) SHOULD open a compartment for the request's remote application identifier. These compartments MAY be closed if the REGISTER request is responded with a non-2xx final response, or when the registration expires or is canceled. However, applications MAY also choose to keep these compartments open for a longer period of time, as discussed previously. For a given successful registration, applications SHOULD NOT close their associated compartments until the registration is over. A SIP network can be configured so that regular SIP traffic to and from a user agent traverses a different set of proxies than the initial REGISTER transaction. The path the REGISTER transaction follows is typically determined by configuration data. The path subsequent requests traverse is determined by the Path [RFC3327] and the Service-Route [RFC3308] header fields in the REGISTER transaction and by the Record-Route and the Route header fields in dialog-creating transactions. Previous revisions of this document supported the use of different paths for different types of traffic. However, for simplicity reasons, this document now assumes that networks using compression are configured so that subsequent requests follow the same path as the initial REGISTER Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 transaction. Section 9 provides network administrators with recommendations so that they configure they networks properly. If following the previous rules, a SIP application is supposed to open a compartment for a remote application identifier for which it already has a compartment, the SIP application MUST use the already existing compartment. That is, the SIP application MUST NOT open a new compartment. 8.5. Lack of a Compartment The use of stateless compression (i.e., compression without a compartment) is not typically worthwhile and may even result in message expansion. Therefore, if a SIP application does not have a compartment for a message it needs to send, it SHOULD NOT compress it even in the presence of the comp=sigcomp parameter. Note that RFC 3486 [RFC3486] states the following: "If the next-hop URI contains the parameter comp=sigcomp, the client SHOULD compress the request using SigComp" Experience since RFC 3486 [RFC3486] was written has shown that stateless compression is not worthwhile. That is why now it is not recommended to use it any longer. 9. Recommendations for Network Administrators Network administrators can configure their networks so that the compression efficiency achieved is increased. The following recommendations help network administrators perform their task. For a given user agent, the route sets for incoming requests (created by a Path header field) and for outgoing requests (created by a Service-Route header field) are typically the same. However, registrars can, if they wish, insert proxies in the latter route that do not appear in the former route and vice versa. It is RECOMMENDED that registrars are configured so that proxies performing SigComp compression appear in both routes. The routes described previously apply to requests sent outside a dialog. Requests inside a dialog follow a route constructed using Record-Route header fields. It is RECOMMENDED that the proxies performing SigComp that are in the route for requests outside a dialog are configured to place themselves (by inserting themselves in the Record-Route header fields) in the routes used for requests inside dialogs. Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 When a user agent's registration expires, proxy servers performing compression may close their associated SIP/SigComp compartment. If the user agent is involved in a dialog that was established before the registration expired, subsequent requests within the dialog may not be compressed any longer. In order to avoid this situation, it is RECOMMENDED that user agents are registered as long as they are involved in a dialog. 10. Private Agreements SIP/SigComp implementations that are subject to private agreements MAY deviate from this specification, if the private agreements unambiguously specify so. Plausible candidates for such deviations include: o Minimum values (Section 3). o Use of continuous mode (Section 5). o Compartment definition (Section 8). 11. Backwards Compatibility SigComp has a number of parameters that can be configured per endpoint. This document specifies a profile for SigComp when used for SIP compression that further constrains the range that some of these parameters may take. Examples of this are Decompressor Memory Size, State Memory Size, and SigComp Version (support for NACK). Additionally, this document specifies how SIP/SigComp applications should perform compartment mapping. When this document was written, there already were a few existing SIP/SigComp deployments. The rules in this document have been designed to maximize interoperability with those legacy SIP/SigComp implementations. Nevertheless, implementers should be aware that legacy SIP/SigComp implementations may not conform to this specification. Examples of problems with legacy applications would be smaller DMS than mandated in this document, lack of NACK support, or a different comparment mapping. 12. Example Figure 1 shows an example message flow where the user agent and the outbound proxy exchange compressed SIP traffic. Compressed messages are marked with a (c). Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 User Agent Outbound Proxy Registrar |(1) REGISTER (c) | | |---------------->| | | |(2) REGISTER | | |---------------->| | |(3) 200 OK | | |<----------------| |(4) 200 OK (c) | | |<----------------| | |(5) INVITE (c) | | |---------------->| | | |(6) INVITE | | |------------------------------> | |(7) 200 OK | | |<------------------------------ |(8) 200 OK (c) | | |<----------------| | |(9) ACK (c) | | |---------------->| | | |(10) ACK | | |------------------------------> |(11) BYE (c) | | |---------------->| | | |(12) BYE | | |------------------------------> | |(13) 200 OK | | |<------------------------------ |(14) 200 OK (c) | | |<----------------| | Figure 1: Example message flow The user agent in Figure 1 is initialy configured (e.g., using the SIP configuration framework [I-D.ietf-sipping-config-framework]) with the URI of its outbound proxy. That URI contains the outbound's proxy SIP/SigComp identifier, referred to as 'Outbound-id', in a 'sigcomp-id' parameter. When the user agent sends an initial REGISTER request (1) to the outbound proxy's URI, the user agent opens a new compartment for 'Outbound-id'. This compartment will be valid, at least, for the duration of the registration. On receiving this REGISTER request (1), the outbound proxy opens a new compartment for the SIP/SigComp identifier that appears in the 'sigcomp-id' parameter of the top-most Via entry. This identifier, which is the user agent's SIP/SigComp identifier, is referred to as Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 'UA-id'. The compartment opened by the outbound proxy will be valid, at least, for the duration of the registration. The outbound proxy adds Path header field with its own URI, which contains the 'Outbound-id' SIP/SigComp identifier, to the REGISTER request and relays it to the registrar (2). When the registrar receives the REGISTER request (2), it constructs the route future incoming requests (to the user agent) will follow using the Contact and the Path header fields. Future incoming requests will traverse the outbound proxy before reaching the user agent. The registrar also constructs the route future outgoing requests (from the user agent) and places it in a Service-Route header field in a 200 (OK) response (3). Future outgoing requests will always traverse the outbound proxy. The registrar has ensured that the outbound proxy performing compression handles both incoming and outgoing requests. When the outbound proxy receives a 200 (OK) response (3), it inspects the top-most Via entry. This entry's SIP/SigComp identifier 'UA-id' matches that of the compartment created before. Therefore, the outbound proxy uses that compartment to compress it and relay it to the user agent. On receiving the 200 (OK) response (4), the user agent stores the Service-Route header field in order to use it to send future outgoing requests. The Service-Route header field contains the outbound proxy's URI, which contains the 'Outbound-id' SIP/SigComp identifier. At a later point, the user agent needs to send an INVITE request (5). According to the Service-Route header field received previously, the user agent sends the INVITE request (5) to the outbound proxy's URI. Since this URI's SIP/SigComp identifier 'Outbound-id' matches that of the compartment created before, this compartment is used to compress the INVITE request. On receiving the INVITE request (5), the outbound proxy Record Routes and relays the INVITE request (6) forward. The outbound proxy Record Routes to ensure that all SIP messages related to this new dialog are routed through the outbound proxy. Finally the dialog is terminated by a BYE transaction (11) that also traverses the outbound proxy. 13. Security Considerations Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 The same security considerations as described in [RFC3320] apply to this document. Note that keeping SigComp states longer than the duration of a SIP dialog should not pose new security risks for two reasons: a) the state has been allowed to be created in the first place; and b) this is on voluntary basis and a SigComp endpoint can choose not to offer it. 14. IANA Considerations The IANA is requested to register the 'sigcomp-id' Via header field parameter, which is defined in Section 8.1, under the Header Field Parameters and Parameter Values subregistry within the SIP Parameters registry: Predefined Header Field Parameter Name Values Reference ---------------------------- --------------- --------- --------- Via sigcomp-id No [RFCxxxx] The IANA is requested to register the 'sigcomp-id' SIP URI parameter, which is defined in Section 8.1, under the SIP/SIPS URI Parameters subregistry within the SIP Parameters registry: Parameter Name Predefined Values Reference -------------- ----------------- --------- sigcomp-id No [RFCxxxx] Note to the RFC Editor: please, substitute RFCxxxx with the RFC number this document will get. 15. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following people for their comments and suggestions: Jan Christoffersson, Joerg Ott, Mark West, Pekka Pessi, Robert Sugar, Jonathan Rosenberg, and Robert Sparks. Abigail Surtees and Adam Roach performed thorough reviews of this document. 16. References Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 16.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2141] Moats, R., "URN Syntax", RFC 2141, May 1997. [RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002. [RFC3308] Calhoun, P., Luo, W., McPherson, D., and K. Peirce, "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) Differentiated Services Extension", RFC 3308, November 2002. [RFC3320] Price, R., Bormann, C., Christoffersson, J., Hannu, H., Liu, Z., and J. Rosenberg, "Signaling Compression (SigComp)", RFC 3320, January 2003. [RFC3327] Willis, D. and B. Hoeneisen, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension Header Field for Registering Non-Adjacent Contacts", RFC 3327, December 2002. [RFC3485] Garcia-Martin, M., Bormann, C., Ott, J., Price, R., and A. Roach, "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP) Static Dictionary for Signaling Compression (SigComp)", RFC 3485, February 2003. [RFC3486] Camarillo, G., "Compressing the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3486, February 2003. [RFC4077] Roach, A., "A Negative Acknowledgement Mechanism for Signaling Compression", RFC 4077, May 2005. [RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, July 2005. [RFC4234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005. [I-D.ietf-sip-outbound] Jennings, C. and R. Mahy, "Managing Client Initiated Connections in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", draft-ietf-sip-outbound-04 (work in progress), June 2006. [I-D.ietf-rohc-sigcomp-impl-guide] Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 Surtees, A., "Implementer's Guide for SigComp", draft-ietf-rohc-sigcomp-impl-guide-06 (work in progress), March 2006. 16.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-sipping-config-framework] Petrie, D., "A Framework for Session Initiation Protocol User Agent Profile Delivery", draft-ietf-sipping-config-framework-08 (work in progress), March 2006. Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 Authors' Addresses Carsten Bormann Universitaet Bremen TZI Postfach 330440 Bremen D-28334 Germany Phone: +49 421 218 7024 Fax: +49 421 218 7000 Email: cabo@tzi.org Zhigang Liu Nokia Research Center 6000 Connection Drive Irving, TX 75039 USA Phone: +1 972 894-5935 Email: zhigang.c.liu@nokia.com Richard Price Cogent Defence and Security Networks Queensway Meadows Industrial Estate Meadows Road Newport, Gwent NP19 4SS Phone: +44 (0)1794 833681 Email: richard.price@cogent-dsn.com URI: http://www.cogent-dsn.com Gonzalo Camarillo Ericsson Hirsalantie 11 Jorvas 02420 Finland Email: Gonzalo.Camarillo@ericsson.com Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 19] Internet-Draft Applying SigComp to SIP November 2006 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. 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Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Bormann, et al. Expires May 30, 2007 [Page 20]