Networking Working Group Paul Congdon INTERNET-DRAFT Mauricio Sanchez Hewlett-Packard Company A. Lior 3 July 2007 Bridgewater Systems F. Adrangi Intel Bernard Aboba Microsoft RADIUS Attributes for Filtering and Redirection By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on January 3, 2008. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust 2007. All rights reserved. Abstract This document defines the NAS-Traffic-Rule and Acct-NAS-Traffic- Rule attributes within Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) that is based on and extends on the filtering capability defined by Diameter's NAS-Filter-Rule Attribute Value Pair (AVP) described in RFC 4005, and the IPFilterRule syntax defined in RFC 3588. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standard [Page 1] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 Table of Contents 1. Introduction........................................... 3 1.1. Terminology...................................... 3 1.2. Requirements Language............................ 4 1.3. Capability Advertisement ........................ 4 1.4. Attribute Interpretation......................... 5 2. RADIUS Authentication.................................. 5 2.5. NAS-Traffic-Rule.................................. 5 3. RADIUS Accounting...................................... 16 3.1. Acct-NAS-Traffic-Rule............................. 16 4. Table of Attributes.................................... 17 5. Diameter Considerations................................ 17 6. IANA Considerations.................................... 18 7. Security Considerations................................ 18 8. References............................................. 19 8.1 Normative References................................... 19 8.2 Informative References................................. 20 Appendix A - Traffic Redirection.............................. 22 Appendix B - NAS-Traffic-Rule Examples........................ 27 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................... 28 AUTHORS' ADDRESSES............................................ 28 Intellectual Property Statement............................... 29 Disclaimer of Validity........................................ 30 Full Copyright Statement ..................................... 30 Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 2] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 1. Introduction Within the confines of RADIUS authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) environments, there is a requirement for standardized RADIUS attributes to limit user access using filters and/or redirection. This document describes filtering and redirection attributes that may prove useful in IEEE 802.1X [IEEE8021X] environments, which provides "network port authentication" for IEEE 802 [IEEE802] media (including Ethernet [IEEE8023] and 802.11 [IEEE80211], [IEEE80211i] wireless LANS), and a variety of other situations. While various filtering attributes already exist for RADIUS, such as the [RFC2865] Filter-ID or [RFC4849] NAS-Filter-Rule attributes, they have drawbacks or lack functionality. The Filter-ID attribute requires the NAS to be pre-populated with the desired filters. This may be difficult to deploy in roaming scenarios where the home operator may not know what filters have been pre-populated by the local visited operator. The NAS-Filer- Rule attribute only offers the same functionality as the Diameter [RFC4005] NAS-Filter-Rule AVP, which is limited to layer 3 filtering. The filtering attributes specified in this document enable description of layer 2 and layer 3 filters as well as redirection, and therefore extend the filter language described in [RFC3588]. Layer 2 filters are useful in filtering Protocol Data Unit (PDU) traffic, such as IEEE 802.1D's [IEEE8021D] Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU), for which layer 3 filters have no effect. The attributes defined in this document may be used with RADIUS dynamic authorization [RFC3576]. User traffic redirection is supported with or without tunneling. Tunneling support is provided using the tunnel attributes defined in [RFC2868]. 1.1. Terminology In this document when we refer to blocking of IP traffic we mean filtering of IP traffic. Additionally, this document uses the following terms: Authenticator An authenticator is an entity that requires authentication from the supplicant. The authenticator may be connected to the supplicant at the other end of a point-to-point LAN segment or 802.11 wireless link. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 3] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 Authentication server An authentication server is an entity that provides an authentication service to an authenticator. This service verifies from the credentials provided by the supplicant, the claim of identity made by the supplicant. Redirection Refers to an action taken by the NAS to redirect the user's traffic to an alternate location. Supplicant A supplicant is an entity that is being authenticated by an authenticator. The supplicant may be connected to the authenticator at one end of a point-to-point LAN segment or 802.11 wireless link. Terminal A terminal is an endpoint, such as an 802.1X supplicant, attached to the NAS port. 1.2. Requirements Language In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements of the specification. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. An implementation is not compliant if it fails to satisfy one or more of the must or must not requirements for the protocols it implements. An implementation that satisfies all the must, must not, should and should not requirements for its protocols is said to be "unconditionally compliant"; one that satisfies all the must and must not requirements but not all the should or should not requirements for its protocols is said to be "conditionally compliant". 1.3. Capability Advertisement RADIUS does not currently define a method by which a NAS can advertise its capabilities and in many instances, it would be desirable for the home network to know what capabilities are supported by the NAS to ensure proper operational behavior. The attributes defined in this document are intended to be used to enforce policy by the NAS. If a NAS does not recognize these attributes it will most likely ignore them and the desired policy will not be enforced. A method for the NAS advertising the capability to support these attributes would help the RADIUS Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 4] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 server understand if the intended policies can be enforced. As a result, the attributes in this document, in particular NAS- Traffic-Rule(TBD), can benefit from capability advertisement, if available. 1.4 Attribute Interpretation If a NAS conforming to this specification receives an Access- Accept packet containing an attribute defined in this document which it cannot apply, it MUST act as though it had received an Access-Reject. Similarly, [RFC3576] requires that a NAS receiving a CoA-Request containing an unsupported attribute reply with a CoA-NAK. It is RECOMMENDED that an Error-Cause attribute with value set to "Unsupported Attribute" (401) be included in the packet. As noted in [RFC3576], authorization changes are atomic so that this situation does not result in session termination and the pre- existing configuration remains unchanged. As a result, no accounting packets should be generated. 2. RADIUS Authentication This specification introduces one new RADIUS authentication attribute. 2.5. NAS-Traffic-Rule Description The NAS-Traffic-Rule attribute is derived from the Diameter IPFilterRule syntax and enables provisioning of base encapsulation (Layer 2) rules, Internet Protocol (Layer 3-4) rules, and HTTP (Layer 5+) rules on the NAS by the RADIUS server. Compared to Diameter's IPFilterRule syntax, NAS- Traffic-Rule is a superset in functionality, but is largely based on the same syntax foundations. Note: This document defines version 1 (v1) of the syntax for the traffic rule attribute. The facility exists to extend the syntax by using a new version number as noted in the ABNF description. Future syntax revisions of this attribute may use an incremented version number (e.g. v2). For each rule and depending on the rule type, the NAS can be instructed to take a single action as follows: Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 5] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 Rule Type Allowable rule action ------------------- --------------------- Base Encapsulation filter, tunnel Internet Protocol filter, tunnel HTTP filter, redirect When specifying a base encapsulation rule, NAS-Traffic-Rule processes packets based on the following information that is associated with it: Direction (in and/or out) Base encapsulation type Source and destination MAC address (possibly masked) For a base encapsulation rule, the filter action entails having the NAS permit (i.e. forward) or deny (i.e. block) a user's traffic. The tunnel action entails having the NAS forward user traffic to or from a named tunnel that has been established per [RFC2868]. When specifying an Internet Protocol rule, NAS-Traffic-Rule processes packets based on the following information that is associated with it: Direction (in and/or out) Source and destination IP address (possibly masked) Protocol Source and destination port (lists or ranges) TCP flags IP fragment flag IP options ICMP types For an Internet Protocol rule, the filter action entails having the NAS permit (i.e. forward) or deny (i.e. block) a user's traffic. The tunnel action entails having the NAS forward user traffic to or from a named tunnel that has been established per [RFC2868]. When specifying an HTTP rule, NAS-Traffic-Rule processes packets based on the following information that is associated with it: HTTP URL Source and destination IP address (possibly masked) For an HTTP rule, the filter action entails having the NAS permit (i.e. forward) or deny (i.e. block) a user's [RFC2616] Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 6] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 request message. For a deny action, the NAS MAY respond to the request message with a code 403 (Forbidden) response in accordance with [RFC2616]. For a redirect action the NAS SHOULD respond to the user's request with a code 302 (Found) response in accordance with [RFC2616]. For the HTTP redirection action, it is also possible to have redirection automatically removed by including a redir-cnt count parameter along with the rule. The rule will be removed from the active rule set when the rule matches redir-cnt number of times. Upon removal from the active rule set, traffic is no longer evaluated against this rule. It should be noted that an HTTP filter or redirect rule is only useful with plain-text HTTP and not [RFC2818] HTTPS. Redirection or filtering of HTTPS is outside the scope of this document. As per the requirements of RFC 2865, Section 2.3, if multiple NAS-Traffic-Rule attributes are contained within an Access- Accept or CoA-Request packet, they MUST be maintained in order. The attributes MUST be consecutive attributes in the packet. RADIUS proxies MUST NOT reorder NAS-Traffic-Rule attributes. The RADIUS server can return multiple NAS-Traffic-Rule attributes in an Access-Accept or CoA-Request packet. Where more than one NAS-Traffic-Rule attribute is included, it is assumed that the attributes are to be concatenated to form a single filter list. As noted in [RFC2865] Section 2.3, "the forwarding server MUST NOT change the order of any attributes of the same type", so that RADIUS proxies will no reorder NAS- Traffic-Rule attributes. Rules are evaluated in order, with the first matched rule terminating the evaluation. Each packet is evaluated once. If no rule matches, then packet is dropped (implicit deny all). When an HTTP redirect rule matches, the NAS shall reply to the HTTP request with an HTTP redirect in accordance with [RFC2616] redirecting traffic to specific URL. Filter-ID (11), NAS-Filter-Rule [RFC4849] and NAS-Traffic-Rule attributes define how filters are to be applied in the NAS. These attributes are not intended to be used concurrently and SHOULD NOT appear in the same RADIUS message. Only one type of filtering attribute must be processed. If a Filter-ID (11) is present, then the NAS-Traffic-Rule MUST be ignored, if present. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 7] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 A NAS-Traffic-Rule attribute may contain a partial rule, one rule, or more than one rule. Rules may be contained across attribute boundaries, so implementations cannot assume that individual traffic rules begin or end on attribute boundaries. The NAS-Traffic-Rule attribute is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type (TBD) | Length | Text +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Text (cont.) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type TBD Length >= 3 Text The text conforms to the following ABNF [RFC4234] formatted syntax specification: ; Start of ABNF description of NAS-Traffic-Rule rule = "v1" " " (flush-rule / permit-all-rule / l2-filter-rule / l2-tunnel-rule / ip-filter-rule / ip-tunnel-rule / http-filter-rule / http-redir-rule) rule-delim ; Flush Rule flush-rule = "flush" ; Permit all rule permit-all-rule = "permit inout any from any to any" [" " log-rule] ; Base encapsulation filter rule l2-filter-rule = ("permit" / "deny") " " ("in" / "out" / "inout") " " l2-filter-body [" " log-rule] Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 8] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 l2-filter-body = (l2-proto " from " l2-address " to " l2-address) / l2-rmon-str l2-proto = "l2:ether2" [":0x" 1*4HEXDIG] l2-rmon-str = "l2:" 1*DIGIT *("." 1*DIGIT) l2-address = ["!"] (macaddr / (macaddr "/" macmask) / "any") macaddr = 2HEXDIG 5("-" 2HEXDIG) macmask = DIGIT ; 0-9 / %x31-33 DIGIT ; 10-39 / "4" %x30-38 ; 40-48 ;Base encapsulation tunnel rule l2-tunnel-rule = "tunnel " tunnel-id " " ("in" / "out" / "inout") " " l2-filter-body [" " log-rule] ;IP Filter Rule ip-filter-rule = ("permit" / "deny") " " ("in" / "out" / "inout") " " ("ip" / ip-proto) filter-body [" " ip-option] [" " log-rule] ip-proto = d8 ip-address = ["!"] (ipv4-address ["/" ipv4mask] / ipv6-address ["/" ipv6mask] / "any" / "assigned") ipv4-address = d8 "." d8 "." d8 "." d8 ipv4mask = DIGIT ; 0-9 / %x31-32 DIGIT ; 10-29 / "3" %x30-32 ; 30-32 ipv6-address = 1*4HEXDIG 7(":" 1*4HEXDIG) ipv6mask = DIGIT ; 0-9 / %x31-39 DIGIT ; 10-99 / "1" %x30-31 DIGIT ; 100-119 / "1" %x32 %x30-38 ; 120-128 layer4-ports = layer4-port *("," layer4-port) layer4-port = d16 / d16 "-" d16 ip-option = "frag" / ["ipoptions " ["!"] ipopt *("," ["!"] ipopt)] ["tcpoptions " ["!"] tcpopt *("," ["!"] tcpopt)] ["established"] ["setup"] ["tcpflags " ["!"] tcpflag *("," ["!"] tcpflag)] ["icmptypes " icmptype *("," icmptype)] ipopt = "ssrr" / "lsrr" / "rr" / "ts" tcpopt = "mss" / "window" / "sack" / "ts" / "cc" tcpflag = "fin" / "syn" / "rst" / "psh" / "ack" / "urg" Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 9] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 icmptype = d8 / d8 "-" d8 / "echo reply" / "destination unreachable" / "source quench" / "redirect" / "echo request" / "router advertisement" / "router solicit" / "time-to-live exceeded" / "IP header bad" / "timestamp request" / "timestamp reply" / "information request" / "information reply" / "address mask request" / "address mask reply" ;IP Tunnel Rule ip-tunnel-rule = "tunnel " tunnel-id " " ("in" / "out" / "inout") " " ("ip" / ip-proto) filter-body [" " ip-option] [" " log-rule] ;HTTP Filter Rule http-filter-rule= ("permit" / "deny") org-url " " ("in" / "out" / "inout") filter-body [" " log-rule] ;HTTP Redirect Rule http-redir-rule= "redirect " [redir-cnt " "] redir-url filter-body [" " org-url] [" " log-rule] redir-cnt = 1*DIGIT org-url = http-URL ;Note: Syntax for http-URL defined in ;[RFC2616], section 3.2.2 redir-url = http-URL ;Common filter-body = " from " ip-address [" " layer4-ports] " to " ip-address [" " layer4-ports] tunnel-id = DQUOTE 1*(TEXTDATA / ("%" 2HEXDIG)) DQUOTE log-rule = "cnt" ;Primitives LF = %x0A ; linefeed DIGIT = %x30-39 ; 0-9 DQUOTE = %x22 ; " (Double Quote) HEXDIG = DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F" rule-delim = LF d8 = DIGIT ; 0-9 / %x31-39 DIGIT ; 10-99 Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 10] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 / "1" 2DIGIT ; 100-199 / "2" %x30-34 DIGIT ; 200-249 / "25" %x30-35 ; 250-255 d16 = DIGIT ; 0-9 / %x31-35 1*4DIGIT ; 10-59999 / "6" "4" 3DIGIT ; 60000-64999 / "6" "5" %x30-34 2DIGIT ; 65000-65499 / "6" "5" "5" %x30-32 1DIGIT ; 65500-65529 / "6" "5" "5" "3" %x30-36 ; 65530-65536 TEXTDATA = %x20-21 / %x23-24 / %x26-7E ; End of ABNF description of NAS-Traffic-Rule Descriptions of notable fields and keywords follow: "v1" Required in every rule to mark rule as being of 'v1' version of syntax. Future updates to the rule syntax will be differentiated through increments to this field (i.e. 'v2', 'v3', etc.). "permit" Allow packets that match the rule. "deny" Drop packets that match the rule. "redirect" Redirect packets that match the rule. "tunnel" Tunnel packets that match the rule. "flush" A flush rule removes all previously assigned filter rules. When flush is specified, it can be followed by other NAS-Traffic-Rule attributes. This allows for an atomic change of authorization with a single RADIUS message. "permit inout any from any to any" Special rule that matches against all traffic. This allows the implicit deny at the end of a filter list to be overridden. "in" Is from the terminal. "out" Is to the terminal. "inout" Is from and to the terminal. ipv4-address An IPv4 number in dotted-quad form. Only this exact IP number will match the rule. ipv6-address An IPv6 number in canonical IPv6 form. Only this exact IP number will match the rule. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 11] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 ipv4-address/ipv4mask An IP number with a mask width of the form 192.0.2.0/24. In this case, all IP numbers from 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 will match. The bit width MUST be valid for the IP version and the IP number MUST NOT have bits set beyond the mask. For a match to occur, the same IP version MUST be present in the packet that was used in describing the IP address. To test for a particular IP version, the bits part can be set to zero. "any" Keyword for 0.0.0.0/0 or the IPv6 equivalent. "assigned" Keyword for the address or set of addresses assigned to the terminal. For IPv4, a typical first rule is often "deny in ip !assigned" The sense of the match can be inverted by preceding an address with the not modifier (!), causing all other addresses to be matched instead. This does not affect the selection of port numbers. layer4-port With the TCP, UDP and SCTP protocols, this field specifies ports to match. If not specified, the rule will match against all ports. Note: The '-' notation specifies a range of ports (including boundaries). Fragmented packets that have a non-zero offset (i.e., not the first fragment) will never match a rule that has one or more port specifications. See the "frag" keyword for details on matching fragmented packets. log-rule Increments rule hit counter by one every time a packet matches on rule. Counters start with a zero value at session start and are reset back to a zero value every time a successful authorization change occurs due to a CoA message being received by the NAS. For base encapsulation rules: "l2:" Prefix to designate a rule as a base encapsulation rule. "l2:ether2" Keyword means any Ethernet-II (DIX Ethernet) will match. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 12] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 ether2:val Used to specify an Ethernet-II type by hexadecimal number, whereby "val" is replaced by desired number. Example: "l2:ether2:0x800" for IP ethertype (0x0800). l2-rmon-str Used to specify base encapsulation per the octet string format defined in [RFC2895], section 4.2. Example: "l2:0.0.0.2.0.0.0.240" for Netbios over LLC. macaddr For base encapsulation filter rules of "l2:ether2" type, the Ethernet MAC address with octet values separated by a "-". Example: "00-10-A4-23-19-C0". macaddr/mask An Ethernet number as above with a mask width of the form "00-10-A4-23-00-00/32". In this case, all MAC addresses from 00-10-A4-23-00-00 to 00-10-A4- 23-FF-FF will match. The MAC address MUST NOT have bits set beyond the mask. The keyword "any" is 00-00-00-00-00-00/0. The sense of the match can be inverted by preceding an address with the not modifier (!), causing all other addresses to be matched instead. Note: macaddr nor macaddr/mask argument is not used for "l2:rmon" type rules. For IP rules: "ip" Keyword means any IP protocol will match. ip-proto An IP protocol specified by number. "frag" Match if the packet is a fragment and this is not the first fragment of the datagram. frag may not be used in conjunction with either tcpflags or TCP/UDP port specifications. "ipoptions" Match if the IP header contains the comma separated list of options specified in spec. The supported IP options are: ssrr (strict source route), lsrr (loose source route), rr (record packet route) and ts(timestamp). The absence of a particular option may be denoted with a '!'. "tcpoptions" Match if the TCP header contains the comma separated list of options specified in spec. The supported TCP options are: Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 13] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 mss (maximum segment size), window (tcp window advertisement), sack (selective ack), ts (rfc1323 timestamp) and cc (rfc1644 t/tcp connection count). The absence of a particular option may be denoted with a '!'. "established" TCP packets only. Match packets that have the RST or ACK bits set. "setup" TCP packets only. Match packets that have the SYN bit set but no ACK bit. "tcpflags" TCP packets only. Match if the TCP header contains the comma separated list of flags specified in spec. The supported TCP flags are: fin, syn, rst, psh, ack and urg. The absence of a particular flag may be denoted with a '!'. A rule that contains a tcpflags specification can never match a fragmented packet that has a non-zero offset. See the "frag" option for details on matching fragmented packets. "icmptypes" ICMP packets only. Match if the ICMP type is in the list types. The list may be specified as any combination of ranges or individual types separated by commas. Both the numeric values and the symbolic values listed below can be used. The supported ICMP types are: echo reply (0), destination unreachable (3), source quench (4), redirect (5), echo request(8), router advertisement (9), router solicitation (10), time- to-live exceeded (11), IP header bad (12), timestamp request (13), timestamp reply (14), information request (15), information reply (16), address mask request (17) and address mask reply (18). For HTTP redirection rules: redir-cnt Specifies the number of HTTP redirect rule matches that should transpire before removing this rule from the active rule set. Upon removal from the active rule set, traffic is no longer evaluated against this rule. redir-url An HTTP URL. When the 'redirect' rule matches (src/dst and/or org_URL ), HTTP requests are Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 14] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 redirected to redir_URL address in accordance with [RFC2616] redirection traffic to specific URL. org-url An HTTP URL. Specifies the HTTP URL against which user HTTP requests will be evaluated. If user HTTP request matches org_URL, then redirection action is taken. For base encapsulation and IP tunnel rules: tunnel_id A tunnel id. When the 'tunnel' rule matches, traffic is redirected over the tunnel with the specified tunnel_id. Traffic can only be redirected to or from named tunnels that have been established per [RFC2868] and named using the Tunnel- Assignment-ID attribute described therein. The tunnel id MUST be encapsulated in double quotes and follow the labeling convention defined by the TEXTDATA. Example: A tunnel with the name of tunnel "ppp%1" would be specified as "%22ppp%251%22" A NAS that is unable to interpret or apply a deny rule MUST terminate the session. A NAS MAY apply deny rules of its own before the supplied rules, for example to protect the access device owner's infrastructure. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 15] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 3. RADIUS Accounting This specification introduces one new RADIUS accounting attribute. 3.1. Acct-NAS-Traffic-Rule Description Acct-NAS-Traffic-Rule enables a RADIUS client to include NAS- Traffic-Rule[TBD] rule match counters as part of the accounting message. The Acct-NAS-Traffic-Rule attribute is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Counter (64-bits) +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Counter (cont.) +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Counter (cont.) | Text (NAS-Traffic-Rule) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type TBD Length >=11 Counter The Counter field is eight octets in length and contains the 64-bit hit count for the rule specified in the Text field. Text The Text field is greater than one octet in length and is used to specify the rule for which a hit count is associated with. The Text field MUST conform to the syntax rules specified for the Text field of the NAS-Traffic-Rule[TBD] attribute. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 16] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 4. Table of Attributes The following table provides a guide to which attributes may be found in which kinds of packets, and in what quantity. Access- Access- Access- Access- CoA- Request Accept Reject Challenge Req # Attribute 0 0+ 0 0 0+ TBD NAS-Traffic-Rule Actng- Actng- Request Response # Attribute 0-1 0 TBD Acct-NAS-Traffic-Rule The following table defines the meaning of the above table entries. 0 This attribute MUST NOT be present in packet. 0+ Zero or more instances of this attribute MAY be present in the packet. 0-1 Zero or one instance of this attribute MAY be present in the packet. 5. Diameter Considerations When used in Diameter, the attributes defined in this specification can be used as Diameter attribute-value pair (AVPs) from the Code space 1-255 (RADIUS attribute compatibility space). No additional Diameter Code values are therefore allocated. The data types and flag rules for the attributes are as follows: +---------------------+ | AVP Flag rules | |----+-----+----+-----|----+ | | |SHLD| MUST| | Attribute Name Value Type |MUST| MAY | NOT| NOT |Encr| ---------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----| NAS-Traffic-Rule OctetString| M | P | | V | Y | Acct-NAS-Traffic-Rule OctetString| M | P | | V | Y | ---------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----| The attributes in this specification have no special translation requirements for Diameter to RADIUS or RADIUS To Diameter gateways; they are copied as is, except for changes relating to headers, alignment, and padding. See also [RFC3588] Section 4.1 and [RFC4005] Section 9. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 17] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 What this specification says about the applicability of the attributes for RADIUS Access-Request packets applies in Diameter to AA-Request [RFC4005] or Diameter-EAP-Request [RFC4072]. What is said about Access-Challenge applies in Diameter to AA-Answer [RFC4005] or Diameter-EAP-Answer [RFC4072] with Result-Code AVP set to DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH. What is said about Access-Accept applies in Diameter to AA-Answer or Diameter-EAP-Answer messages that indicate success. Similarly, what is said about RADIUS Access-Reject packets applies in Diameter to AA-Answer or Diameter-EAP-Answer messages that indicate failure. What is said about COA-Request applies in Diameter to Re-Auth- Request [RFC4005]. What is said about Accounting-Request applies to Diameter Accounting-Request [RFC4005] as well. 6. IANA Considerations This specification does not create any new registries. This document uses the RADIUS [RFC2865] namespace, see . Allocation of two updates for the section "RADIUS Attribute Types" is requested. The RADIUS attributes for which values are requested are: TBD - NAS-Traffic-Rule TBD - Acct-NAS-Traffic-Rule 7. Security Considerations Since this document describes the use of RADIUS for purposes of authentication, authorization, and accounting in [IEEE8021X] enabled networks, it is vulnerable to all of the threats that are present in other RADIUS applications. For a discussion of these threats, see [RFC2607], [RFC3162], [RFC3579], and [RFC3580]. This document specifies new attributes that can be included in existing RADIUS messages. These messages are protected using existing security mechanisms; see [RFC2865] and [RFC3576] for a more detailed description and related security considerations. The security mechanisms in [RFC2865] and [RFC3576] are primarily concerned with an outside attacker who modifies messages in transit, inserts new messages, or deletes messages. They do not Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 18] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 prevent an authorized RADIUS server or proxy from inserting or deleting attributes with a malicious purpose in messages it sends. An attacker who compromises an authorized RADIUS server or proxy can use the attributes defined in this document to influence the behavior of the NAS in ways that previously may not have been possible. For example, inserting suitable redirection rules to the NAS-Traffic-Rule attribute may allow the attacker to eavesdrop or modify packets sent by a legitimate client. In general, the NAS cannot know whether the attribute values it receives from an authenticated and authorized server are well- intentioned or malicious, and thus it is not possible to completely protect against attacks by compromised nodes. In some cases, the extent of the possible attacks can be limited by performing more fine-grained authorization checks at the NAS. For instance, a NAS could be configured not to accept any redirection rules if it is known they are not used in this environment. 8. References 8.1. Normative references [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March, 1997. [RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach P., Berners-Lee T., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999. [RFC2865] Rigney, C., Rubens, A., Simpson, W. and S. Willens, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June 2000. [RFC2895] Bierman, A., Bucci, C., Iddon, R., "Remote Network Monitoring MIB Protocol Identifier Reference", RFC 2895, August 2000 [RFC3588] Calhoun, P., Loughney, J., Guttman, E., Zorn, G., Arkko, J., "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 3588, September 2003. [RFC4005] Calhoun, P., Zorn, G., Spence, D., Mitton, D., "Diameter Network Access Server Application", RFC 4005, August 2005. [IEEE802] IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture, ANSI/IEEE Std 802, 1990. [IEEE8021X] Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 19] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Port based Network Access Control, IEEE Std 802.1X-2004, August 2004. 8.2. Informative references [RFC2607] Aboba, B., Vollbrecht, J., "Proxy Chaining and Policy Implementation in Roaming", RFC 2607, June 1999. [RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC2818, May 2000. [RFC2868] Zorn, G., Leifer, D., Rubens, A., Shriver, J., Holdrege, M. and I. Goyret, "RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2868, June 2000. [RFC3162] Aboba, B., Zorn, G. and D. Mitton, "RADIUS and IPv6", RFC 3162, August 2001. [RFC3576] Chiba, M., Dommety, G., Eklund, M., Mitton, D. and B. Aboba,"Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 3576, July 2003. [RFC3579] Aboba, B. and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS Support for Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3579, September 2003. [RFC3580] Congdon, P., Aboba, B., Smith, A., Zorn, G., Roese, J., "IEEE 802.1X Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Usage Guidelines", RFC3580, September 2003. [RFC4072] Eronen, P., Hiller, T., Zorn G., "Diameter Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Application", RFC4072, August 2005. [RFC4234] Croker, E., Overell, P., "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005. [RFC4849] Congdon, P., Aboba B., and Mauricio S., "Filter Rule Attribute", RFC4849, April 2007. [IEEE8023] ISO/IEC 8802-3 Information technology - Telecommunications And information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Common specifications - Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications, (also ANSI/IEEE Std 802.3- 1996), 1996. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 20] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 [IEEE80211] Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, IEEE Std. 802.11-1999, 1999. [IEEE80211i] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Supplement to Standard for Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems - LAN/MAN Specific Requirements - Part 11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Specification for Enhanced Security", June 2004. [IEEE8021D] IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges, IEEE St. 802.1D-2004, June 2004. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 21] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 Appendix A - Traffic Redirection There are several ways to redirect the user's traffic. Which method will be used depends on the capabilities available at the NAS and Service Provider's preference. This Appendix describes various methods to redirect user traffic by using the new attributes outlined in this document in conjunction with existing attributes, which are: 1) Tunneling; and 2) HTTP Redirection; For each method we describe how redirection is done at service initiation and mid-session. We also describe how redirection is removed when it is no longer desired. A.1 Tunneling User traffic can be redirected by tunneling the user's traffic to an alternate location. Tunneling will typically redirect all of the user's traffic for the Service. When tunneling is used to redirect all the traffic, then filtering may not be necessary. A.1.1 Service Initiation Redirect using tunnels at service initiation requires that the RADIUS server send the appropriate [RFC2868] tunnel attributes and NAS-Traffic-Rule attributes to the NAS. The [RFC2868] tunnel attributes describe the tunnel endpoint and the type of tunnel to construct. The 'tunnel ' option for the NAS-Traffic- Rule allows the specification of a traffic rule for which to redirect traffic to a named tunnel. A.1.2 Mid-session Tunnel Redirection Redirection of traffic using tunnels mid-session involves sending the tunnel attributes as per [RFC2868] to the NAS using Change-of- Authorization (CoA) message. The operation is described in [RFC3576]. Careful attention should be paid to the security issues in [RFC3576]. Note that if the session is already tunneled (eg. Mobile-IP) then the CoA message with a new tunnel specification can be sent to the NAS or alternatively the redirection can occur at the tunnel endpoint (the Home Agent) using any one of these methods. A.1.3 Tunnel Redirection Removal Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 22] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 If the normal mode for the session was to tunnel the session and redirection was sent to the NAS, the RADIUS Server can send the original tunnel attributes to the NAS in a CoA message. The NAS will tear down the tunnel and establish a connection back to the original tunnel endpoint. However, if the normal mode for the session is not to use tunneling then there is a problem because RADIUS does not have a mechanism whereby it can de-tunnel. Receiving a CoA message without tunnel attributes would not have an effect on an existing tunnel. In order to de-tunnel the session, the RADIUS server has to send the NAS a CoA message with Service-Type(6) set to "Authorize-Only" causing the NAS to perform a re-Authorization. In response to the re-Authorization, the RADIUS server will send an Access-Accept packet without the tunneling information. Upon receiving the corresponding Access-Accept packet the NAS MUST apply the new authorization attributes. If these do not contain tunnel attributes, then the NAS MUST tear down the tunnel. A.1.4 Tunnel Redirection Examples The following examples illustrate how traffic flows when subjected to a NAS-Traffic-Rule using tunnel redirection. In these scenarios, the following notation is used to represent traffic flows: ------> Flow in one direction <-----> Flow in two directions ======> Flow in a tunnel in one direction <=====> Flow in a tunnel in two directions A RADIUS server that wishes all IP traffic to flow between the client and a selected redirection destination will issue an Access-Accept that contains the specification for the tunnel using the attributes defined by RFC 2868 and a NAS-Traffic-Rule attribute using the tunnel action and arguments. An example NAS-Traffic-Rule will look like: tunnel "t1" in ip from assigned to any This will cause all traffic that flows from the client to any destination to be tunneled over the named tunnel "t1" to the tunnel endpoint (TEP). Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 23] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 +-------+ +------+ +------+ +------+ | | | | |Tunnel| | | |client +<---------->+ NAS +<==t1===>+ End +<----->+ Dest | | | | | |Point | | | +-------+ +------+ +------+ +------+ The direction argument takes the values of "in", "out" or "inout" and is important because it controls how information is routed. The following diagram demonstrates how traffic is routed. In all these diagrams time is increasing as we proceed down the page. When rule direction is "in": client NAS TEP DESTINATION | | | | |---------->|===t1===>|--------->| | | | | |<----------|<-------------------| (flows directly to NAS) | | | | The inbound traffic from the client matches the specified filter rule and the IP packet is placed in the tunnel to the TEP. The TEP forwards the packet to the Destination using the destination IP address in the packet header. Note that the source address of the packet is the address assigned at the NAS. Therefore if the destination were to reply to the packet it would use the NAS source address and the packet would flow directly to the NAS and to the client bypassing the TEP. The Home network would use this capability if it was only interested in metering or seeing the inbound traffic from the client. However, if the home network wanted to see the traffic in both directions it could deploy a NAT function at the TEP. Here is the flow when the TEP is acting like a NAT: client NAS TEP/NAT DESTINATION | | | | |---------->|===t1===>|--------->| | | | | |<----------|<==t1====|<---------| The client establishes a connection to the Destination, but the TEP acting as NAT, changes the source address of the IP packet (as NATs do) to that of the TEP/NAT. Now any replies from the Destination are sent to the TEP/NAT. The TEP/NAT then forwards these packets to the client through the NAS. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 24] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 When the TEP is acting as a NAT, using the direction argument "in" is important. The direction argument set to "out" will have no effect on traffic coming from the tunnel since all traffic to the client should come from the TEP/NAT inside the tunnel. The direction argument set to "inout" will have the same effect as if it were set to "in". The TEP/NAT forwards all traffic for the client into the tunnel to the NAS. The NAS always forwards any egressing traffic from the tunnel to the client. It does not apply any redirection rules on traffic egressing a tunnel. The NAS does not care whether the TEP is transparent or is acting as a NAT. A.2 HTTP Redirection Another method of redirection is at the application layer, specifically the HTTP layer. An HTTP aware NAS redirects traffic by issuing an HTTP Redirect response causing the user's browser to navigate to an alternate Web Portal. The call flow associated with performing redirection at the HTTP layer is very similar with the call flow associated with redirection done at the IP layer. The same NAS-Traffic-Rule(TBD) attribute described above is used to convey the redirection rules to use for HTTP redirection. HTTP redirection rules within the NAS-Traffic-Rule attribute supports the encoding of a redirection URL to apply when a rule is matched. A.2.1 Service Initiation As with previous call flows, the RADIUS server MAY send multiple HTTP redirect or filtering rules within a NAS-Traffic-Rule(TBD) attribute to the NAS in the Access-Accept message. A.2.2 Mid-session HTTP Redirection If HTTP redirection is required to be applied to a service that has already been started then the RADIUS server can push the redirection rules, and optionally the filter rules, to the NAS within a NAS-Traffic-Rule(TBD) attribute using a CoA-Request message. The NAS will then commence to apply the redirection rules and/or the filter rules. Alternatively, the RADIUS server can request that the NAS re- authorize the session using the procedures defined in [RFC3576]. The RADIUS server responds with an Access-Accept message (with Service-Type(6) set to "Authorize Only" that will contain the Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 25] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 redirection and optionally filtering rules within a NAS-Traffic- Rule(TBD) attribute. A.2.3 HTTP Redirection Removal HTTP Redirection rules can be automatically removed mid-session from the NAS using the redir-cnt parameter or explicitly removed from the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server can explicitly turn HTTP redirection off mid-session in two ways. It can push new redirection rules within a NAS-Traffic-Rule(TBD) attribute using a CoA-Request message or it can send the NAS a CoA-Request message requesting it to re-authorize. When using CoA-Request message to return the redirection and filtering back to "normal," there needs to be either a filter rule (or filter-id) or redirection rule that corresponds to the "normal" state. If normally the session did not have any filter and or redirection rules applied, the RADIUS server can send a NAS-Traffic-Rule(TBD) with the action of "flush" in the CoA- Request message. This action will cause all the filter rules and redirection rules previously assigned to the session to be removed. A.3 Accounting Every time a session is redirected and every time the redirection is reverted back a new session is created and the old one is terminated. Therefore the NAS MUST generate and Accounting- Request(Stop) for the old session and an Accounting-Request(Start) for the new session. A.4 Example Scenarios The following two examples illustrate the user's experience when being redirected. For the first example assume an [IEEE8021X] environment, whereby a user connects to the enterprise LAN and initiates an authentication handshake. As part of the overall authentication process, it is also possible to pass endpoint state such as patch level, virus signature status, etc., all of which can be verified by a back-end server for policy compliancy and alter the authentication and authorization decision. In instances that an end-host is not in compliancy, the NAS may be instructed to limit network access in some fashion (i.e. quarantine) and limit network access to remediation services and a web-based information site. A user may sense degraded network performance and open a web session, which the NAS would redirect to the web-based information site for compliancy status, remediation actions, etc. Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 26] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 For the second example assume an ISP environment, whereby a prepaid user is roaming the net in their hotel room over WiFi and is to be Hot-lined because their account has no more funds. The user's Service Provider instructs the NAS to block all traffic, and redirect any port 80 traffic to the Service Provider's Prepaid Portal. Upon detecting that there is no service, the user launches his browser and regardless of which web site is being accessed the browser traffic will arrive at the Prepaid Portal which will then return a page back to the subscriber indicating that he needs to replenish his account. Appendix B - NAS-Traffic-Rule Filter Examples This appendix presents a variety of filter examples utilizing the NAS-Traffic-Rule syntax. Example #1: Permit all user traffic, regardless of type. v1 permit inout any from any to any Example #2: Permit only L2 traffic coming from and going to a user's Ethernet MAC address. Block all other traffic. Assume user's MAC address is 00-10-A4-23-19-C0. v1 permit in l2:ether2 from 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 to any v1 permit out l2:ether2 from any to 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 Example #3: Tunnel all L2 traffic coming from and going to a user. Assume tunnel name is: tunnel "1234". v1 permit tunnel "tunnel \"1234\"" inout l2:ether2 from any to any Example #4: Permit only L3 traffic coming and going to from a user's IP address. Block all other traffic. Assume user's IP address is 192.0.2.128. v1 permit in ip from 192.0.2.128 to any v1 permit out ip from any to 192.0.2.128 Example #5: Permit only L3 traffic coming and going to the user's assigned IP address. Block all other traffic. v1 permit in ip from assigned to any v1 permit out ip from any to assigned Example #6: Allow user to generate ARP requests to anyone, DNS requests to any DNS server, and HTTP (port 80) requests to any Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 27] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 HTTP server. Assume user's MAC address is 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 and IP address is 192.0.2.128. v1 permit in l2:ether:0x0806 from 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 to any v1 permit out l2:ether:0x0806 from any to 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 v1 permit in 17 from 192.0.2.168 to any 53 v1 permit out 17 from any 53 to 192.0.2.168 v1 permit in 6 from 192.0.2.168 to any 80 v1 permit out 6 from any 80 to 192.0.2.168 Example #7: Allow user to generate ARP requests, DNS requests, and HTTP (port 80) requests, any of which are redirected to http://www.goo.org. Assume user's MAC address is 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 and IP address is 192.0.2.128. v1 permit in l2:ether:0x0806 from 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 to any v1 permit out l2:ether:0x0806 from any to 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 v1 permit in 17 from 192.0.2.168 to any 53 v1 permit out 17 from any 53 to 192.0.2.168 v1 redirect http://www.goo.org in from 192.0.2.168 to any 80 Example #8: Allow user to generate ARP requests, DNS requests, and HTTP (port 80) requests, of which only requests to http://www.goo.org are redirected to http://www.goo.org. Assume user's MAC address is 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 and IP address is 192.0.2.128 v1 permit in l2:ether:0x0806 from 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 to any v1 permit out l2:ether:0x0806 from any to 00-10-A4-23-19-C0 v1 permit in 17 from 192.0.2.168 to any 53 v1 permit out 17 from any 53 to 192.0.2.168 v1 redirect http://www.goo.org in from 192.0.2.168 to any 80 http://www.goo.org Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge Joseph Salowey of Cisco, David Nelson of Enterasys, Chuck Black of Hewlett Packard, and Ashwin Palekar of Microsoft. Authors' Addresses Paul Congdon Hewlett Packard Company HP ProCurve Networking 8000 Foothills Blvd, M/S 5662 Roseville, CA 95747 EMail: paul.congdon@hp.com Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 28] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 Phone: +1 916 785 5753 Fax: +1 916 785 8478 Mauricio Sanchez Hewlett Packard Company HP ProCurve Networking 8000 Foothills Blvd, M/S 5559 Roseville, CA 95747 EMail: mauricio.sanchez@hp.com Phone: +1 916 785 1910 Fax: +1 916 785 1815 Avi Lior Bridgewater Systems Corporation 303 Terry Fox Drive Suite 100 Ottawa, Ontario K2K 3J1 Canada Phone: (613) 591-6655 EMail: avi@bridgewatersystems.com URI: TCP://.bridgewatersystems.com/ Farid Adrangi Intel Corporation 2111 North East 25th Hillsboro, Oregon 97124 United States Phone: (503) 712-1791 EMail: farid.adrangi@intel.com Bernard Aboba Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 EMail: bernarda@microsoft.com Phone: +1 425 706 6605 Fax: +1 425 936 7329 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 29] INTERNET-DRAFT Attr. for Filtering and Redirection 4 March 2007 under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Disclaimer of Validity This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. Open issues Open issues relating to this specification are tracked on the following web site: http://www.drizzle.com/~aboba/RADEXT/ Congdon, et al. Proposed Standards [Page 30]