Internet Draft Denis Pinkas, Bull draft-ietf-pkix-dpv-dpd-req-03.txt Russ Housley, RSA Laboratories Target Category: INFORMATIONAL April 2002 Expires in six months Delegated Path Validation and Delegated Path Discovery Protocol Requirements (DPV&DPD-REQ) Status of this memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Abstract This document specifies the requirements for Delegated Path Validation (DPV) and Delegated Path Discovery (DPD) for Public Key Certificates. It also specifies the requirements for DPV and DPD policy management. 1. Introduction This document specifies the requirements for Delegated Path Validation (DPV) and Delegated Path Discovery (DPD) for Public Key Certificates, using two main request/response pairs. Delegated processing provides two primary services: DPV and DPD. Some clients require a server to perform certification path validation and have no need for data acquisition, while some other clients require only path discovery in support of local path validation. The DPV request/response pair, can be used to fully delegate path validation processing to an DPV server, according to a set of rules, called a validation policy. The DPD request/response pair can be used to obtain from a DPD server all the information needed (e.g., the end-entity certificate, the CA certificates, full CRLs, delta-CRLs, OCSP responses) to locally validate a certificate. The DPD server uses a set of rules, called a path discovery policy, to determine which information to return. Pinkas, Housley [Page 1] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 A third request/response pair allows clients to obtain references for the policies supported by a DPV or DPD server. 1.1. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document (in uppercase, as shown) are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. Rationale and benefits for DPV (Delegated Path Validation) DPV allows a server to perform a real time certificate validation for a validation time T, where T may be the current time or a time in the recent past. In order to validate a certificate, a chain of multiple certificates, called a certification path, may be needed, comprising a certificate of the public key owner (the end entity) signed by one CA, and zero or more additional certificates of CAs signed by other CAs. Offloading path validation to a server may be required by a client that lacks the processing, and/or communication capabilities to perform path construction and then local path validation. In constrained execution environments, such as telephones and PDAs, memory and processing limitations may preclude local implementation of complete, PKIX-compliant certification path validation [PKIX-1]. In applications where minimum latency is critical, delegating validation to a trusted server can offer significant advantages. The time required to send the target certificate to the validation server, receive the response, and authenticate the response, can be considerably less than the time required for the client to perform certification path discovery and validation. Even if a certification path were readily available to the client, the processing time associated with signature verification for each certificate in the path might (especially when validating very long paths or using a limited processor) be greater than the delay associated with use of a validation server. Another motivation for offloading path validation is that it allows validation against validation policies defined by the management in a consistent fashion across an enterprise. Clients that are able to do their own path validation may rely on a trusted server to do path validation if centralized management of validation policies is needed, or the clients rely on a trusted server to maintain centralized records of such activities. When a client uses this service, it inherently trusts the server as much as it would its own path validation software (if it contained such software). Clients can direct the server to perform path validation in accordance with a particular validation policy. Pinkas, Housley [Page 2] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 3. Rationale and benefits for DPD (Delegated Path Discovery) DPD is valuable for clients that do much of the PKI processing themselves and simply want a server to collect information for them. The server is trusted to return the most current information that is available to it (which may not be the most current information that has been issued). The client will ultimately perform certification path validation. A client that performs path validation for itself may get benefit in several ways from using a server to acquire certificates, CRLs, and OCSP responses to aid in the validation process. In this context, the client is relying on the server to interact with repositories to acquire the data that the client would otherwise have to acquire using LDAP [LDAP], HTTP [HTTP], FTP [FTP] or another repository access protocol. Since these data items are digitally signed, the client need not trust the server any more than the client would trust the repositories. There are several benefits to this approach; for example, a single query to a server can replace multiple repository queries, and caching by the server can reduce latency. Another benefit to the client system is that it need not incorporate a diverse set of software to interact with various forms of repositories, perhaps via different protocols, nor to perform the graph processing necessary to discover certification paths, separate from making the queries to acquire path validation data. 4. Delegated Path Validation Protocol Requirements The Delegated Path Validation (DPV) protocol allows a server to validate one or more public key certificates according to a validation policy. If the DPV server does not support the client requested validation policy, then the DPV server MUST return an error. If the DPV request does not specify a validation policy, the server response MUST indicate the one that was used. Policy definitions can be quite long and complex, and some policies may allow for the setting of a few parameters (e.g. root self-signed certificates). The protocol MUST allow the client to include these policy dependant parameters in the DPV request. It is expected that most clients will simply reference a validation policy for a given application or accept the DPV serverĘs default validation policy. The client can request that the server determine the certificate validity at a time other than the current time. The DPV server MUST obtain revocation status information for the validation time in the client request. In order to obtain the revocation status information of any certificate from the certification path, the DPV server might use, in accordance with the validation policy, different sources of revocation Pinkas, Housley [Page 3] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 information, e.g. a combination of OCSP responses, CRLs, or delta-CRLs. If the revocation status information for the requested validation time is unavailable, then the DPV server MUST return a status indicating that the certificate is invalid. The certificate to be validated MUST either be directly provided in the request or unambiguously referenced, such as the CA distinguished name, certificate serial number, and the hash of the certificate, like ESSCertID as defined in [ESS] or OtherSigningCertificate as defined in [ES-F]. The DPV client MUST be able to provide to the validation server, associated with each certificate to be validated, "useful certificates", as well as "useful revocation information". Revocation information includes OCSP responses, CRLs, and delta-CRLs. As an example, an S/MIME message might include such information, and the client can simply copy that information into the DPV request. The DPV server MUST have the full certificate. If not provided in the request, the server MUST use the unambiguous reference provided in the request to obtain it. The DPV server MUST include either the full certificate or an unambiguous reference to the certificate (in case of a CA key compromise) in the DPV response. The DPV response MUST indicate one of the following two status alternatives: 1) the certificate is valid according to the validation policy. 2) the certificate is not valid according to the validation policy. When the certificate is not valid according to the validation policy, then the reason MUST also be indicated. Invalidity reasons include: a) the DPV server cannot determine the validity of the certificate because a certification path cannot be constructed. b) the DPV server successfully constructed a certification path, but it was not valid according to the validation algorithm in [PKIX-1]. c) the certificate is not yet valid at this time. If another request could made later on, the certificate could possibly be determined as valid. This condition may occur before a certificate validity period has begun or while a certificate is suspended. In order to prevent replay attacks, the DPV client MUST be able to include a nonce in the DPV request. When the nonce is present in the request, then the DPV server MUST include the same nonce in the response. The DPV request MUST allow the client to request that the response include the certification path and revocation status information used by the DPV server to process the request. When requested, the DPV Pinkas, Housley [Page 4] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 server MUST include the certification path and revocation status information in the response when the certificate is valid according to the validation policy. However, the server MAY omit the certification path and revocation status information when the certificate is invalid. The DPV response MUST be bound to the DPV request. This can be accomplished by repeating the important components from the request in the response or by including a one-way hash of the request in the response. For the client to be confident that the certificate validation was handled by the expected DPV server, the DPV response MUST be authenticated. For the client to be able prove to a third party that trusts the same DPV server that the certificate validation was handled correctly, the DPV response MUST be digitally signed. The DPV server MAY require client authentication, therefore, the DPV request MUST be able to be authenticated. 5. Delegated Path Discovery Protocol Requirements The Delegated Path Discovery (DPD) protocol allows the client to use a single request to collect at one time from a single server the data elements available at the current time that might be collected using different protocols (e.g. LDAP, HTTP, FTP, OCSP) or by querying multiple servers, to locally validate a public key certificate according to a single path discovery policy. The returned information can be used to locally validate one or more certificates for the current time. Clients MUST be able to specify whether they want, in addition to the certification path, the revocation information associated with the path, for the end-entity certificate, for the CA certificates, or for both. If the DPD server does not support the client requested path discovery policy, the DPD server MUST return an error. Some forms of path discovery policy can be simple. In that case it is acceptable to pass the parameters from the path discovery policy with each individual request. For example, the client might provide a set of trust anchors and separate revocation status conditions for the end-entity certificate and for the other certificates. The DPD request MUST allow more elaborated path discovery policies to be referenced. It is expected that most of the time clients will only be aware of the referenced path discovery policy for a given application. The DPD server response includes zero, one, or several certification paths. Each path consists of a sequence of certificates, starting with the certificate to be validated and ending with one issued by a trust anchor. The trust anchor self-signed certificate, if issued, is not included. In addition, if requested, the revocation information associated with each certificate in the path MUST also be returned. Pinkas, Housley [Page 5] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 The DPD client needs to be able to limit the number of paths returned. Therefore the client MUST be able to indicate the maximum number of certification paths to be returned (provided that they can be found). If the client does not specify a maximum number, then the DPD server MUST return a single certification path. The paths that are returned may need to match some additional local criteria known only to the client. For example, the client might require the presence of a particular certificate extension. If that number cannot be reached by the server, an indication SHOULD be returned by the DPD server showing that an additional query will not return more paths. If the paths that are returned do not match the clientĘs local criteria, then the number of number of certification paths to be returned can be extended by increasing this value. Previously found paths will likely be returned, but the client can easily discard them. This avoids requirements for state information at the server, but does not prevent a server from maintaining a cache of previous responses. Avoiding the maintenance of state information for previous requests minimizes potential denial of service attacks or other problems associated with server crashes. Path discovery MUST be performed according to the path discovery policy. The DPD response MUST indicate one of four status alternatives: 1) one or more certification paths was found according to the path discovery policy, with all of the requested revocation information present. 2) one or more certification paths was found according to the path discovery policy, with a subset of the requested revocation information present. 3) one or more certification paths was found according to the path discovery policy, with none of the requested revocation information present. 4) no certification path was found according to the path discovery policy. The information that is returned consists of one or more certification paths and, if requested, its associated revocation status information for each element from the path. For the client to be confident that the response originates from the expected DPD server, the server MAY provide an authenticated response. For example, the server might sign the response. Pinkas, Housley [Page 6] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 The DPD server MAY require client authentication, therefore, the DPD request MUST be able to be authenticated. 6. Requirements common both to DPV and DPD The client MUST be able to obtain references for the default policy or for all of the policies supported by the server by using an additional request/response pair. The response can include references to previously defined policies or to a priori known policies. 7. Validation Policy A validation policy is a set of rules against which the validation of the certificate is performed. A validation policy MAY include several trust anchors. A trust anchor is defined as one public key, a CA name, and a validity time interval; a trust anchor optionally includes additional constrains. The use of a self-signed certificate is one way to specify the public key to be used, the CA name, and the validity period of the public key. Additional constrains for each trust anchor MAY be defined. These constraints might include a set of certification policy constraints or a set of naming constraints. These constrains MAY also be included in self-signed certificates. Additional conditions that apply to the certificates in the path MAY also be specified in the validation policy. For example, specific values could be provided for the inputs to the certification path validation algorithm in [PKIX-1], such as user-initial-policy-set, initial-policy-mapping-inhibit, initial-explicit-policy, or initial-any-policy-inhibit. Additional conditions that apply to the end-entity certificate MAY also be specified in the validation policy. For example, a specific name form, like an e-mail address either in the rfc822 subject alternative name or in the emailAddress naming attribute in the subject name, might be required. In order to succeed, one valid certification path (none of the certificates in the path are expired or revoked) MUST be found between an end-entity certificate and a trust anchor and all constraints that apply to the certification path MUST be verified. 7.1. Components for a validation policy A validation policy is build from three components: 1. Certification path requirements, 2. Revocation requirements, 3. End-entity certificate specific requirements. Note: [ES-P] defines ASN.1 data elements that may be useful while defining the components of a validation policy. Pinkas, Housley [Page 7] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 7.2. Certificate path requirements The path requirements identify a sequence of trust anchors used to start certification path processing and initial conditions for certification path validation as defined in [PKIX-1]. 7.3. Revocation Requirements Revocation information might be obtained through CRLs, delta-CRLs or OCSP responses. Certificate revocation requirements are specified in terms of checks required on the end-entity certificate and CA certificates. Revocation requirements for the end-entity certificate may not be the same as the requirements for the CA certificates. For example, an OCSP response may be needed for the end-entity certificate while CRLs may be sufficient for the CA certificates. The validation policy MUST specify the source of revocation information: - full CRLs (or full Authority Revocation Lists) have to be collected, - OCSP responses, using [OCSP], have to be collected, - delta-CRLs and the relevant associated full CRLs (or full Authority Revocation Lists) are to be collected. - any available revocation information has to be collected. - no revocation information has to be collected. 7.4. End-entity certificate specific requirements The validation policy might require the end-entity certificate to contain specific extensions with specific types or values (it does not matter whether they are critical or non-critical). For example, the validation policy might require an end-entity certificate that contains an electronic mail address (either in the rfc822 subject alt name or in the emailAddress naming attribute in the subject name). 8. Path Discovery Policy A path discovery policy is a set of rules against which the discovery of a certification path is performed. A path discovery policy is a subset of a validation policy. A path discovery policy MAY either be a reference to a validation policy or contain only some major elements from a validation policy, such as the trust anchors. Since the DPD client is "PKI aware", it can locally apply additional selection criteria to the certification paths returned by the server. Thus, a simpler policy can be defined and used for path discovery. Pinkas, Housley [Page 8] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 8.1. Components for a Path Discovery Policy The path discovery policy includes certification path requirements, revocation requirements, and end-entity certificate specific requirements. These requirements are specified in sections 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4, respectively. 9. Security considerations A DPV client must trust a DPV server to provide the correct answer. However, this does not mean that all DPV clients will trust the same DPV servers. While a positive answer might be sufficient for one DPV client, that same positive answer will not necessarily convince another DPV client. Other clients may trust their own DPV servers, or they might perform certification path validation themselves. DPV clients operating under an organizational policy must ensure that each of the DPV servers they trust is operating under that organizational policy. When no policy reference is present in the DPV request, the DPV client should verify that the policy selected by the DPV server is appropriate. The revocation status information is obtained for the validation time. In case of a digital signature, it is not necessarily identical to the time when the private key was used. The validation time should be adjusted by the DPV client to compensate for: 1) time for the end-entity to realize that its private key has been or could possibly be compromised, 2) time for the end-entity to report the key compromise, 3) time for the revocation authority to process the revocation request from the end-entity, or 4) time for the revocation authority to update and distribute the revocation status information. 10. Acknowledgments These requirements have been refined after some valuable inputs from Ambarish Malpani, Tim Polk, and Paul Hoffman. 11. References [PKIX-1] Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure. Certificate and CRL Profile. RFC 2459 R. Housley, W. Ford, W. Polk, D. Solo. or its successor as soon as it can be referenced. Pinkas, Housley [Page 9] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 [OCSP] X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure. Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP. RFC 2560 M. Myers, R. Ankney, A. Malpani, S. Galperin, C. Adams. [ES-F] Electronic Signature Formats for long term electronic signatures RFC 3126. D. Pinkas, J. Ross, N. Pope. September 2001. [ES-P] Electronic Signature Policies. RFC 3125. D. Pinkas, J. Ross, N. Pope. September 2001. [CMS] Cryptographic Message Syntax. RFC 2630. R. Housley June 1999. or its successor as soon as it can be referenced. [ESS] Enhanced Security Services for S/MIME. RFC 2634. P. Hoffman. RFC 2634, June 1999. [ISO-X509] ISO/IEC 9594-8/ITU-T Recommendation X.509, "Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnection: The Directory: Authentication Framework," 1997 edition. [FTP] Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure. Operational Protocols: FTP and HTTP. RFC 2585. R. Housley, P. Hoffman. May 1999. [HTTP] Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure. Operational Protocols: FTP and HTTP. RFC 2585. R. Housley, P. Hoffman. May 1999. [LDAP] Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Operational Protocols LDAPv2. RFC 2559. S. Boeyen, T. Howes, P. Richard. April 1999. Pinkas, Housley [Page 10] Internet Draft DPV&DPD-REQ April 2002 12. Authors' addresses Denis Pinkas Bull. 68, Route de Versailles 78434 Louveciennes CEDEX FRANCE Denis.Pinkas@bull.net Russell Housley RSA Laboratories 918 Spring Knoll Drive Herndon, VA 20170 USA rhousley@rsasecurity.com Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Pinkas, Housley [Page 11]