Internet Engineering Task Force A. Charny Internet-Draft J. Zhang Intended status: Informational Cisco Systems Expires: March 18, 2011 G. Karagiannis U. Twente M. Menth University of Wuerzburg T. Taylor, Ed. Huawei Technologies September 14, 2010 PCN Boundary Node Behaviour for the Single Marking (SM) Mode of Operation draft-ietf-pcn-sm-edge-behaviour-04 Abstract Pre-congestion notification (PCN) is a means for protecting the quality of service for inelastic traffic admitted to a Diffserv domain. The overall PCN architecture is described in RFC 5559. This memo is one of a series describing possible boundary node behaviours for a PCN-domain. The behaviour described here is that for a form of measurement-based load control using two PCN marking states, not- marked, and excess-traffic-marked. This behaviour is known informally as the Single Marking (SM) PCN edge behaviour. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on March 18, 2011. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 1] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Assumed Core Network Behaviour for SM . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Node Behaviours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2. Behaviour of the PCN-Egress-Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.1. Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.2. Reporting the PCN Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2.3. Optional Report Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.3. Behaviour at the Decision Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.3.1. Flow Admission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.3.2. Flow Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3.3. Decision Point Action For Missing PCN-Boundary-Node Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4. Behaviour of the Ingress Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.5. Summary of Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. Identifying Ingress and Egress Nodes For PCN Traffic . . . . 12 5. Specification of Diffserv Per-Domain Behaviour . . . . . . . . 12 5.1. Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.2. Technical Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.3. Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.4. Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.5. Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.6. Example Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.7. Environmental Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 2] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 1. Introduction The objective of Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) is to protect the quality of service (QoS) of inelastic flows within a Diffserv domain, in a simple, scalable, and robust fashion. Two mechanisms are used: admission control, to decide whether to admit or block a new flow request, and (in abnormal circumstances) flow termination to decide whether to terminate some of the existing flows. To achieve this, the overall rate of PCN-traffic is metered on every link in the PCN- domain, and PCN-packets are appropriately marked when certain configured rates are exceeded. These configured rates are below the rate of the link thus providing notification to PCN-boundary-nodes about overloads before any congestion occurs (hence the "pre" part of "pre-congestion notification"). The level of marking allows decisions to be made about whether to admit or terminate individual flows. For more details see [RFC5559]. PCN-boundary-node behaviours specify a detailed set of algorithms and procedures used to implement the PCN mechanisms. Since the algorithms depend on specific metering and marking behaviour at the interior nodes, it is also necessary to specify the assumptions made about PCN-interior-node behaviour. Finally, because PCN uses DSCP values to carry its markings, a specification of PCN-boundary-node behaviour must include the per domain behaviour (PDB) template specified in [RFC3086], filled out with the appropriate content. The present document accomplishes these tasks for the Single Marking (SM) mode of operation. 1.1. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119]. In addition to the terms defined in [RFC5559], this document uses the following terms: Decision Point The node that makes the decision about which flows to admit and to terminate. In a given network deployment, this may be the PCN- ingress-node or a centralized control node. Regardless of the location of the Decision Point, the PCN-ingress-node is the point where the decisions are enforced. NM-rate The rate of not-marked PCN-traffic received at a PCN-egress-node for a given ingress-egress-aggregate in octets per second. For further details see Section 3.2.1. Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 3] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 ETM-rate The rate of excess-traffic-marked PCN traffic received at a PCN- egress-node for a given ingress-egress-aggregate in octets per second. For further details see Section 3.2.1. PCN-sent-rate The rate of PCN-traffic received at a PCN-ingress-node and destined for a given ingress-egress-aggregate in octets per second. For further details see Section 3.4. Congestion level estimate (CLE) A value derived from the measurement of PCN-packets received at a PCN-egress-node for a given ingress-egress-aggregate, representing the ratio of excess-traffic-marked to total PCN traffic (measured in octets) over a short period. The CLE is used to derive the PCN-admission-state (Section 3.3.1) and also by the report suppression procedure (Section 3.2.3) if report suppression is activated. PCN-admission-state The state ("admit" or "block") derived by the Decision Point for a given ingress-egress-aggregate based on PCN packet marking statistics. The Decision Point decides to admit or block new flows offered to the aggregate based on the current value of the PCN-admission-state. For further details see Section 3.3.1. Sustainable aggregate rate (SAR) The estimated maximum rate of PCN-traffic that can be admitted to a given ingress-egress-aggregate at a given moment without risking degradation of quality of service for the admitted flows. The intention is that if the PCN-sent-rate of every ingress-egress- aggregate passing through a given link is limited to its sustainable aggregate rate, the total rate of PCN-traffic flowing through the link will be limited to the PCN-supportable-rate for that link. An estimate of the sustainable aggregate rate for a given ingress-egress-aggregate is derived as part of the flow termination procedure, and is used to determine how much PCN- traffic must be terminated. For further details see Section 3.3.2. CLE-reporting-threshold A configurable value against which the CLE is compared as part of the report suppression procedure. For further details, see Section 3.2.3. Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 4] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 CLE-limit A configurable value against which the CLE is compared in order to derive the PCN-admission-state for a given ingress-egress- aggregate. For further details see Section 3.3.1. T-meas An interval, the value of which is configurable, defining the measurement period at the PCN-egress-node during which statistics relating to PCN-traffic marking are collected. At the end of the interval the values NM-rate and ETM-rate as defined above are calculated and a report is sent to the Decision Point, subject to the operation of the report suppression feature. For further details see Section 3.2. T-maxsuppress An interval, the value of which is configurable, after which the PCN-egress-node must send a report to the Decision Point for a given ingress-egress-aggregate regardless of the most recent values of the CLE. This is used as a keep-alive mechanism for signalling between the PCN-egress-node and the Decision Point when report suppression is activated. For further details, see Section 3.2.3. T-fail An interval, the value of which is configurable, after which the Decision Point concludes that communication from a given PCN- egress-node has failed if it has received no reports from the PCN- egress-node during that interval. For further details see Section 3.3.3. 2. Assumed Core Network Behaviour for SM This section describes the assumed behaviour for nodes of the PCN- domain when acting in their role as PCN-interior-nodes. The SM mode of operation assumes that: o PCN-interior-nodes perform excess-traffic-marking of packets according to the rules specified in [RFC5670]. o excess-traffic-marking of packets uses the PCN-Marked (PM) codepoint defined in [RFC5696]; o on each link the reference rate for the excess-traffic-meter is configured with a PCN-excess-rate to be equal to the PCN- admissible-rate for the link; Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 5] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 o no link PCN-threshold-rate is configured, and PCN interior nodes perform no threshold-metering. 3. Node Behaviours 3.1. Overview This section describes the behaviour of the PCN-ingress-node, PCN- egress-node and the Decision Point (which may be collocated with the PCN-ingress-node). The PCN-egress-node collects and reports the rates of not-marked and excess-traffic-marked PCN-traffic to the Decision Point. For a detailed description, see Section 3.2. The PCN-ingress-node enforces flow admission and termination decisions. It also reports the rate of PCN-traffic sent to a given ingress-egress-aggregate when requested by the Decision Point. For details, see Section 3.4. Finally, the Decision Point makes flow admission decisions and selects flows to terminate based on the information provided by the PCN-ingress-node and PCN-egress-node for a given ingress-egress- aggregate. For details, see Section 3.3. 3.2. Behaviour of the PCN-Egress-Node 3.2.1. Data Collection The PCN-egress-node MUST meter received PCN-traffic in order to derive periodically the following rates for each ingress-egress- aggregate passing through it: o NM-rate: octets per second of PCN-traffic in PCN-packets that are not PCN-Marked; o ETM-rate: octets per second of PCN traffic in PCN-Marked packets. It is RECOMMENDED that the measurement interval, T-meas, between successive calculations of these quantities be in the range of 100 to 500 ms to provide a reasonable tradeoff between signalling demands on the network and the time taken to react to impending congestion. The PCN-traffic SHOULD be metered continuously and the intervals themselves SHOULD be of equal length, to minimize the statistical variance introduced by the measurement process itself. The starting and ending times of the measurement intervals for different ingress- Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 6] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 egress-aggregates MAY be the same or MAY be different. 3.2.2. Reporting the PCN Data If the report suppression option described in the next sub-section is not activated, the PCN-egress-node MUST report the latest values of NM-rate and ETM-rate to the Decision Point each time that it calculates them. 3.2.3. Optional Report Suppression Report suppression MUST be provided as a configurable option, along with two configurable parameters, the CLE-reporting-threshold and the maximum report suppression interval T-maxsuppress. The default value of the CLE-reporting-threshold is zero. T-maxsuppress is discussed further at the end of this sub-section, but functions as a keep-alive mechanism for signalling between the PCN-egress-node and the Decision Point. If the report suppression option is enabled, the PCN-egress-node MUST apply the following procedure to decide whether to send a report to the Decision Point, rather than sending a report automatically at the end of each measurement interval. 1. As well as the quantities NM-rate and ETM-rate, the PCN-egress- node MUST calculate the congestion level estimate (CLE) for each measurement interval. The CLE is equal to the ratio: ETM-rate / (NM-rate + ETM-rate) if any PCN-traffic was observed, or zero otherwise. 2. If the calculated CLE for the latest measurement interval or for the immediately previous interval is greater than the CLE- reporting-threshold, then the PCN-egress-node MUST send a report to the Decision Point. The contents of the report are described below. 3. If an interval T-maxsuppress has elapsed since the last report was sent to the Decision Point, then the PCN-egress-node MUST send a report to the Decision Point regardless of the CLE value. 4. If neither of the preceding conditions holds, the PCN-egress-node MUST NOT send a report for the latest measurement interval. Each report sent to the Decision Point when report suppression has been activated MUST contain the values of NM-rate, ETM-rate, and CLE that were calculated for the most recent measurement interval. Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 7] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 The above procedure ensures that at least one report is sent per interval (T-maxsuppress + T-meas). This provides some protection against loss of egress reports and also demonstrates to the Decision Point that both the PCN-egress-node and the communication path between the two nodes are in operation. However, depending on the transport used for reporting, the operator may choose to set T-maxsuppress to an effectively infinite value. For example, the transport may include its own keep-alive signalling at a frequency such that PCN keep-alive is redundant. 3.3. Behaviour at the Decision Point Operators may choose to use PCN procedures just for flow admission, or just for flow termination, or for both. The Decision Point MUST implement both mechanisms, but configurable options MUST be provided to activate or deactivate PCN-based flow admission and flow termination independently of each other at a given Decision Point. If PCN-based flow termination is enabled but PCN-based flow admission is not, flow termination operates as specified in this document. Logically, some other system of flow admission control must be in operation, but the description of such a system is out of scope of this document and depends on local arrangements. 3.3.1. Flow Admission The Decision Point determines the PCN-admission-state for a given ingress-egress-aggregate each time it receives a report from the egress node. It makes this determination on the basis of the congestion level estimate (CLE). If the CLE is provided in the egress node report, the Decision Point SHOULD use the reported value. If the CLE was not provided in the report, the Decision Point MUST calculate it based on the other values provided in the report, using the formula: CLE = ETM-rate / (NM-rate + ETM-rate) if any PCN-traffic was observed, or CLE = 0 if all the rates are zero. The Decision Point MUST compare the reported or calculated CLE to a configurable value, the CLE-limit. If the CLE is less than the CLE- limit, the PCN-admission-state for that aggregate MUST be set to "admit"; otherwise it MUST be set to "block". It is RECOMMENDED that the CLE-limit for SM be set fairly low, in the order of 0.05. The CLE-limit MAY vary for different flows based on policy. Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 8] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 If the PCN-admission-state for a given ingress-egress-aggregate is "admit", the Decision Point SHOULD allow new flows to be admitted to that aggregate. If the PCN-admission-state for a given ingress- egress-aggregate is "block", the Decision Point SHOULD NOT allow new flows to be admitted to that aggregate. These actions MAY be modified by policy in specific cases, but such policy intervention risks defeating the purpose of using PCN. 3.3.2. Flow Termination When the report from the egress node that the PCN-admission-state computed on the basis of the CLE is "block" for the given ingress- egress-aggregate, the Decision Point MUST request the PCN-ingress- node to provide an estimate of the rate (PCN-sent-rate) at which the PCN-ingress-node is receiving PCN-traffic that is destined for the given ingress-egress-aggregate. If the Decision Point is collocated with the PCN-ingress-node, the request and response are internal operations. The Decision Point MUST then wait, for both the requested rate from the PCN-ingress-node and the next report from the PCN-egress-node for the ingress-egress-aggregate concerned. If this next egress node report also includes a non-zero value for the ETM-Rate, the Decision Point MUST determine an amount of flow to terminate in the following steps: 1. The sustainable aggregate rate (SAR) for the given ingress- egress-aggregate is estimated by the product: SAR = U * NM-Rate for the latest reported interval, where U is a configurable factor less than one which is the same for all ingress-egress- aggregates. 2. The amount of traffic that must be terminated is the difference: PCN-sent-rate - SAR, where PCN-sent-rate is the value provided by the ingress node. If the difference calculated in the second step is positive, the Decision Point SHOULD select PCN-flows to terminate, until it determines that the PCN-traffic admission rate will no longer be greater than the estimated sustainable aggregate rate. If the Decision Point knows the bandwidth required by individual flows (e.g., from resource signalling used to establish the flows), it MAY Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 9] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 choose to complete its selection of flows to terminate in a single round of decisions. Alternatively, the Decision Point MAY spread flow termination over multiple rounds to avoid over-termination. If this is done, it is RECOMMENDED that enough time elapse between successive rounds of termination to allow the effects of previous rounds to be reflected in the measurements upon which the termination decisions are based (see [IEEE-Satoh] and sections 4.2 and 4.3 of [Menth08-sub-9]). 3.3.3. Decision Point Action For Missing PCN-Boundary-Node Reports If the Decision Point fails to receive any report from a given PCN- egress-node for a configurable interval T-fail, it SHOULD raise an alarm to management. A Decision Point collocated with a PCN-ingress- node SHOULD cease to admit flows to the ingress-egress-aggregate passing from the PCN-ingress-node to the given PCN-egress-node, until it again receives a report from that node. A centralized Decision Point MAY cease to admit PCN-flows to all ingress-egress-aggregates destined to the PCN-egress-node concerned, until it again receives a report from that node. If a centralized Decision Point fails to receive a reply within a reasonable period of time to a request for a PCN-sent-rate value sent to a given PCN-ingress-node, it SHOULD raise an alarm to management. 3.4. Behaviour of the Ingress Node The PCN-ingress-node MUST provide the estimated current rate of PCN- traffic received at that node and destined for a given ingress- egress-aggregate in octets per second (the PCN-sent-rate) when the Decision Point requests it. The way this rate estimate is derived is a matter of implementation. For example, the rate that the PCN-ingress-node supplies MAY be based on a quick sample taken at the time the information is required. It is RECOMMENDED that such a sample be based on observation of at least 30 PCN packets to achieve reasonable statistical reliability. 3.5. Summary of Timers Table 1 summarizes the timers implied by the preceding procedures. The three limits T-meas, T-maxsuppress, and T-fail apply to the three timers t-meas, t-maxsuppress, and t-fail respectively. t-meas and t-maxsuppress are reset upon expiry. T-fail is reset by management action or by receipt of a report from the PCN-egress-node concerned. Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 10] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 +-------------+---------+-------------+--------------+--------------+ | Timer | Locatio | Incidence | Limit | Action on | | | n | | | Expiry | +-------------+---------+-------------+--------------+--------------+ | t-meas | Egress | One per | T-meas | Calculate | | | node | node | | and possibly | | | | | | report | | | | | | NM-rate, | | | | | | ETM-rate and | | | | | | conditionall | | | | | | yCLE for eac | | | | | | hIEA. | | - | - | - | - | - | | t-maxsuppre | Egress | One per IEA | T-maxsuppres | Send a | | ss | node | if report | s | report for | | | | suppression | | that IEA at | | | | is enabled. | | the next | | | | | | expiry of | | | | | | t-meas. | | - | - | - | - | - | | t-fail | Decisio | One per | T-fail | Assume | | | npoint | egress node | | failure and | | | | | | cease to | | | | | | admit flows | | | | | | passing | | | | | | through that | | | | | | egress node. | +-------------+---------+-------------+--------------+--------------+ IEA = ingress-egress-aggregate Table 1: Timers Used For the SM Boundary Node Behaviour The value of T-meas SHOULD be configurable, and is RECOMMENDED to be of the order of 100 to 500 ms. t-maxsuppress is active only when report suppression is enabled. The value of T-maxsuppress SHOULD be configurable. The appropriate value depends on the transport used to carry the egress node reports. For unreliable transport, T-maxsuppress is RECOMMENDED to be of the order of one second. The value of T-fail MUST be configurable. When unreliable transport is used, the value of T-fail is RECOMMENDED to be of the order of 3 * T-maxsuppress if report suppression is activated, and of the order of 3 * T-meas if report suppression is not activated. When reliable transport is used, the operator may choose to provide similar values for T-fail or may choose to disable report timing by setting an Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 11] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 effectively infinite value for T-fail. 4. Identifying Ingress and Egress Nodes For PCN Traffic The operation of PCN depends on the ability of the PCN-ingress-node to identify the ingress-egress-aggregate to which each new PCN-flow belongs and the ability of the egress node to identify the ingress- egress-aggregate to which each received PCN-packet belongs. If the Decision Point is collocated with the PCN-ingress-node, the PCN- egress-node also needs to associate each ingress-egress-aggregate with the address of the PCN-ingress-node to which it must send its reports. The means by which this is done depends on the packet routing technology in use in the network.The procedure to provide the required information is out of the scope of this document. 5. Specification of Diffserv Per-Domain Behaviour This section provides the specification required by [RFC3086] for a per-domain behaviour. 5.1. Applicability This section draws heavily upon points made in the PCN architecture document, [RFC5559]. The PCN SM boundary node behaviour specified in this document is applicable to inelastic traffic (particularly video and voice) where quality of service for admitted flows is protected primarily by admission control at the ingress to the domain. In exceptional circumstances (e.g., due to network failures) already-admitted flows may be terminated to protect the quality of service of the remainder. The SM boundary node behaviour is more likely to terminate too many flows under such circumstances than some alternative PCN boundary node behaviours. Single-Marking requires no extension to the baseline PCN encoding described in [RFC5696], thus reducing the work expected to be performed in the data path of the high-speed routing equipment, and saving valuable real estate in the packet header. 5.2. Technical Specification The technical specification of the PCN SM per domain behaviour is provided by the contents of [RFC5559], [RFC5696], [RFC5670], and the Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 12] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 present document. 5.3. Attributes The purpose of this per-domain behaviour is to achieve low loss and jitter for the target class of traffic. The design requirement for PCN was that recovery from overloads by flow termination should happen within 1-3 seconds. PCN probably does better than this. 5.4. Parameters In the list that follows, note that most PCN-ingress-nodes are also PCN-egress-nodes, and vice versa. Furthermore, the PCN-ingress-nodes may be collocated with Decision Points. Parameters at the PCN-ingress-node: ---------------------------------- o Filters for distinguishing PCN from non-PCN inbound traffic. o The marking to be applied to PCN-traffic. o Reference rates on each inward link for the PCN-excess-rate; see Section 2. o The information needed to distinguish PCN-traffic belonging to a given ingress-egress-aggregate. Parameters at the PCN-egress-node: --------------------------------- o The measurement interval T-meas. o Whether report suppression is enabled and, if so, the values of the CLE-reporting-threshold and T-maxsuppress. o The information needed to distinguish PCN-traffic belonging to a given ingress-egress-aggregate. o The marking rules for re-marking PCN traffic leaving the PCN domain. Parameters at each interior node: -------------------------------- o A reference rate on each link for the PCN-excess-rate; see Section 2. Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 13] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 o The markings to be applied to PCN-traffic, including the identification of PCN-packets and the encoding to indicate excess- traffic-marking. Parameters at the Decision Point: -------------------------------- o Activation/deactivation of PCN-based flow admission. o Activation/deactivation of PCN-based flow termination. o The value of CLE-limit. o The fraction U used to derive the supportable aggregate rate from the NM-rate; o The maximum interval Tfail between reports from a given egress node, for detecting failure of communications with that node. o The information needed to map between each ingress-egress- aggregate and the corresponding PCN-ingress-node and PCN-egress- node. 5.5. Assumptions Assumed that a specific portion of link capacity has been reserved for PCN-traffic. 5.6. Example Uses The PCN SM behaviour may be used to carry real-time traffic, particularly voice and video. 5.7. Environmental Concerns The PCN SM per-domain behaviour may interfere with the use of end-to- end ECN due to reuse of ECN bits for PCN marking. See Appendix B of [RFC5696] for details. 5.8. Security Considerations Please see the security considerations in Section 6 as well as those in [RFC2474] and [RFC2475]. 6. Security Considerations [RFC5559] provides a general description of the security Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 14] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 considerations for PCN. This memo introduces no new considerations. 7. IANA Considerations This memo includes no request to IANA. 8. Acknowledgements The authors thank Ruediger Geib for his useful comments. The acknowledgements in the CL boundary node behaviour draft really apply here, too. 9. References 9.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2474] Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474, December 1998. [RFC2475] Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z., and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Services", RFC 2475, December 1998. [RFC5559] Eardley, P., "Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) Architecture", RFC 5559, June 2009. [RFC5670] Eardley, P., "Metering and Marking Behaviour of PCN- Nodes", RFC 5670, November 2009. [RFC5696] Moncaster, T., Briscoe, B., and M. Menth, "Baseline Encoding and Transport of Pre-Congestion Information", RFC 5696, November 2009. 9.2. Informative References [IEEE-Satoh] Satoh, D. and H. Ueno, ""Cause and Countermeasure of Overtermination for PCN-Based Flow Termination", Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC '10), pp. 155-161, Riccione, Italy", Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 15] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 June 2010. [Menth08-sub-9] Menth, M. and F. Lehrieder, "PCN-Based Measured Rate Termination", July 2009, . [RFC3086] Nichols, K. and B. Carpenter, "Definition of Differentiated Services Per Domain Behaviors and Rules for their Specification", RFC 3086, April 2001. Authors' Addresses Anna Charny Cisco Systems 300 Apollo Drive Chelmsford, MA 01824 USA Email: acharny@cisco.com Xinyan (Joy) Zhang Cisco Systems 300 Apollo Drive Chelmsford, MA 01824 USA Georgios Karagiannis U. Twente Phone: Email: karagian@cs.utwente.nl Michael Menth University of Wuerzburg Am Hubland Wuerzburg D-97074 Germany Phone: +49-931-888-6644 Email: menth@informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 16] Internet-Draft PCN SM Boundary Node Behaviour September 2010 Tom Taylor (editor) Huawei Technologies 1852 Lorraine Ave Ottawa, Ontario K1H 6Z8 Canada Phone: +1 613 680 2675 Email: tom111.taylor@bell.net Charny, et al. Expires March 18, 2011 [Page 17]