MILE Working Group M. Suzuki Internet-Draft NICT Intended status: Informational P. Kampanakis Expires: April 21, 2016 Cisco Systems October 19, 2015 IODEF Usage Guidance draft-ietf-mile-iodef-guidance-04 Abstract The Incident Object Description Exchange Format [RFC5070] defines a data representation that provides a framework for sharing information commonly exchanged by Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) about computer security incidents. Since the IODEF model includes a wealth of available options that can be used to describe a security incident or issue, it can be challenging for implementers to develop tools that can Leverage IODEF for incident sharing. This document provides guidelines for IODEF implementers. It will also address how common security indicators can be represented in IODEF and use-cases of how IODEF is being used so far.The goal of this document is to make IODEF's adoption by vendors easier and encourage faster and wider adoption of the model by Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) around the world. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on April 21, 2016. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 1] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Implementation Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1. Recommended classes to implement . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. Decide what IODEF will be used for . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. IODEF considerations and how to address them . . . . . . . . 4 4.1. Unnecessary Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.2. External References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.3. Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.4. Predicate logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.5. Predicate Logic for watchlist of indicators . . . . . . . 6 4.6. Indicator identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.7. Restrictions in IODEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Current uses of IODEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.1. Inter-vendor and Service Provider Exercise . . . . . . . 9 5.2. Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.3. Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7. Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Appendix A. Inter-vendor and Service Provider Exercise Examples 15 A.1. Malware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 A.2. Malware Delivery URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 A.3. DDoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 A.4. Spear-Phishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1. Introduction The Incident Object Description Exchange Format in [RFC5070] defines a data representation that provides a framework for sharing information commonly exchanged by Computer Security Incident Response Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 2] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 Teams (CSIRTs) about computer security incidents. The IODEF data model consists of multiple classes and data types that are used in the IODEF XML schema. The IODEF schema was designed to be able to describe all the possible fields that would be needed in a security incident exchange. Thus, IODEF contains plenty data constructs that could potentially make it harder for IODEF implementers to decide which are the most important ones. Additionally, in the IODEF schema, there exist multiple fields and classes which do not necessarily need to be used in every possible data exchange. Moreover, there are fields that are useful only in data exchanges of non-traditional security events. This document tries to address the issues above. It will also address how common security indicators can be represented in IODEF. It will point out the most important IODEF classes for an implementer and describe other ones that are not as important. Also, it addresses some common challenges for IODEF implementers and how they should be addressed. The end goal of this document is to make IODEF's adoption by vendors easier and encourage faster and wider adoption of the model by Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) around the world. Section 3 discusses the recommended classes and how an IODEF implementer should chose the classes to implement. Section 4 presents common considerations and implementer will come across and how to address them. Section 5 goes over some basic security concepts and how they can be expressed in IODEF. 2. Terminology The terminology used in this document follows the one defined in [RFC5070] and [RFC7203]. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 3. Implementation Strategy It is important for IODEF implementers to be able to distinguish how the IODEF classes will be used for incident information exchanges. It is critical for an implementer to follow a strategy according to which he will chose to implement various IODEF classes. It is also important to know what the most common classes that will be used to describe common security incident or indicators. Thus, this section will describe the most important classes and factors an IODEF implementer should take into consideration before designing the implementation or tool. Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 3] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 3.1. Recommended classes to implement This section explains the mandatory to implement IODEF classes that are required more than once and also are useful. The mandatory top level class is the IODEF-Document class. One or more Incident class that represents the incident information need to be arranged under the IODEF-Document class. IncidentID, ReportTime, Assessment, and Contact under Incident class are mandatory classes. EventData, Record, Assessment, ReportTime, DetectTime, StartTime, ReportTime Description, Discovery [TODO: More to be added...] 3.2. Decide what IODEF will be used for This section describes that there is no need to implement all fields of IODEF, the ones that are necessary for your use-cases. The implementer should look into the schema and decide classes to implement (or not) Also it explains that other external schemata might be needed to describe incidents or indicators, based on SCI draft extensions. [TODO: More to be added...] 4. IODEF considerations and how to address them 4.1. Unnecessary Fields This section talks about fields that do not always play in important role like Assessment, Impact [TODO: More to be added...] 4.2. External References The IODEF format has the Reference class that refers to external information such as a vulnerability, Intrusion Detection System (IDS) alert, malware sample, advisory, or attack technique. However, due to insufficiency of the capability of the Reference class itself to describe external enumeration specifications, the Enumeretion Reference Format needs to be used with. The Enumeration Reference Format[RFC7495] specifies a format to include enumeration values from external data representations into IODEF, and manages references to external representations using IANA registry. [TODO: More to be added...] Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 4] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 4.3. Extensions The IODEF data model ([RFC5070]) is extensible. Many class attributes and their values can be extended using using the "ext-*" prefix. Additional classed can also be defined by using the AdditionalData and RecordItem classes. An extension to the AdditionalData class for reporting Phishing emails is defined in [RFC5901]. Additionally, IODEF can import existing schemata by using an extension framework defined in [RFC7203]. The framework enables IODEF users to embed XML data inside an IODEF document using external schemata or structures defined by external specifications. Examples include CVE, CVRF and OVAL. Thus, [RFC7203] enhances the IODEF capabilities without further extending the data model. IODEF implementers should consider using their own IODEF extensions only for data that cannot be described using existing standards or importing them in and IODEF document using [RFC7203] is not a suitable option. 4.4. Predicate logic IODEF [I-D.ietf-mile-rfc5070-bis] allows for nesting of incident information. For example, a EventData Class could include multiple Flows or Records. In turn, a Flow could consist of many Nodes and a Record of many RecordData classes. To ensure consistency, IODEF presumes certain predicate logic. An EventData class that contains multiple EventData classes depicts an Event that consists of smaller events. For the parent event to take place, all the children EventData events SHOULD take place. An EventData class with multiple Flows means that all the information defined in the flows need to exist for the event described to take place. For Records, the Records in an event just add more context to the event, they do not all need to be present for the event to take place. A Record in an EventData class with three RecordData in it, means that either of these RecordData classes needs to be present for the event described to take place. In [RFC5070], if a Flow Class contained two System classes that have "source" and "target" as the category attributes, both Systems SHOULD be present in order for the Flow to be true and thus marked as an event. There SHOULD NOT be more than one "source" or "watchlist- source" and one "target" or "watchlist-target" Systems per Flow. Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 5] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 In Node class, Node information grouped together under a System class depicts different representations of the same System. For example, if a System consists of different Nodes with an IPv4 address, a domain-name and an IPv6 address, they all represent the same system. Of course, different representations could also be grouped under the same Node class. [I-D.ietf-mile-rfc5070-bis] defined the HashData Class that describes a file's hash information as also described in [RFC5901]. Similar to the Node, if a HashData class consists of many digital signatures, the signatures represent alternative hash algorithms for the same signature. For example, if the HashData type is file-hash, then the signatures represent MD5, SHA1, SHA2 etc hashes. For grouped Key classes the logic changes. Multiple Key classes in a WindowsRegistryKeysModified class represent necessary Windows Registry Keys that constitute an indicator. All SHOULD be present in order for the indicator to be present. Multiple WindowsRegistryKeysModified classes grouped under the same RecordData class represent alternatives for the same indicator. For example, if a RecordData class included two WindowsRegistryKeysModified classes, if either of the classes was true the RecordData class would be true. 4.5. Predicate Logic for watchlist of indicators Multiple indicators occasionally need to be combined in an IODEF document. For example, a botnet might have multiple command and control servers. A consistent predicate logic for indicators SHOULD be followed in order to present such relationships in IODEF. [I-D.ietf-mile-rfc5070-bis] defines two new category attributes in the System Class that can enhance the IODEF predicate logic functionality. These are watchlist-source and watchlist-target and they serve for watchlist indicator groupings. A watchlist of Systems means that the information is ORed with the information in the Flow section. In other words, if a Flow Class consists of multiple Systems with watchlist-source or watchlist-target attributes the Systems of the same watchlist type are ORed in the Flow Class. Multiple Flows in the EventData Class follow AND logic. There SHOULD NOT be more than one "watchlist-source" and one "watchlist-target" Systems per Flow. In the following example the EventData class will evaluates as a Flow of one System with source address being (10.10.10.104 OR 10.10.10.106) AND target address 10.1.1.1 Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 6] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 10.10.10.104 10.10.10.106 10.1.1.1 Similarly, the HashData Class includes a type attribute that introduces watchlist groupings (i.e. PKI_email_ds_watchlist, PGP_email_ds_watchlist, file_hash_watchlist, email_hash_watchlist). Two HashData classes that contain a watchlist type attribute follow OR logic in a RecordData class. In the following example the RecordData class consists of either of the two files with two different hashes. Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 7] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 dummy.txt 141accec23e7e5157de60853cb1e01bc38042d 08f9086040815300b7fe75c184 dummy2.txt 141accec23e7e5157de60853cb1e01bc38042d 08f9086040815300b7fe75c184 Similarly, [I-D.ietf-mile-rfc5070-bis] introduces the WindowsRegistryKeyModified Class which consists of Key Classes. Key has an optional type attribute which has watchlist as an option in order to include the ability to group Keys. Multiple Keys of the same watchlist of indicators SHOULD be grouped in the same WindowsRegistryKeysModified Class. These Keys follow OR logic. 4.6. Indicator identifiers [I-D.ietf-mile-rfc5070-bis] defines attrbutes indicator-set-id and indicator-uid. These are data elements that are commonly used as indicators. They are used in mutliple IODEF classes. Their purpose is to be able to define indicator relationships and reference respectively. The indicator-uid is used as a unique indicator identifier. Practitioners MAY use them to establish that a class represents an indicator that is different than other IODEF contextual information. On the other hand, an IODEF report could contain multiple indicators that are part of the same or different indicator group. For example, an IP source address, a target address, that consitute a Flow and a Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 8] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 RecordData class respectively could be representing indicators of a virous and the traffic it generates. In such a situation, the indicator-set-id for all the classes (Address, RecordData) MUST be the same. Unrelated indicators MUST contain different indicator-set- id attributes or no indicator-set-id attributes. Similarly, 4.7. Restrictions in IODEF This section describes how Restriction can pose challenges [TODO: More to be added...] 5. Current uses of IODEF IODEF is currently used by various organizations in order to represent security incidents and share incident and threat information between security operations organizations. 5.1. Inter-vendor and Service Provider Exercise Various vendors organized and executed an exercise where multiple threat indicators were exchanged using IODEF. The transport protocol used was RID. The threat information shared included incidents like DDoS attacks. Malware and Spear-Phishing. As this was a proof-of- concept (PoC) exercise only example information (no real threats) were shared as part of the exchanges. ____________ ____________ | Vendor X | | Vendor Y | | RID Agent |_______-------------________| RID Agent | |___________| | Internet | |___________| ------------- ---- RID Report message ---> -- carrying IODEF example -> --------- over TLS --------> <----- RID Ack message ----- <--- in case of failure ---- PoC peering topology The figure above shows how RID interactions took place during the PoC. Participating organizations were running RID Agent software on- premises. The RID Agents formed peering relationships with other participating organizations. When Entity X had a new incident to Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 9] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 exchange it would package it in IODEF and send it to Entity Y over TLS in a RID Report message. In case there was an issue with the message, Entity Y would send an RID Acknowledgement message back to Entity X which included an application level message to describe the issue. Interoperability between RID agents and the standards, [RFC6545] and [RFC6546], was also proven in this exercise. Appendix A includes some of the incident IODEF example information that was exchanged by the organizations' RID Agents as part of this proof-of-concept. The first use-case included sharing of Malware Data Related to an Incident between CSIRTs. After Entity X detected an incident, she would put data about malware found during the incident in a backend system. Entity X then decided to share the incident information with Entity Y about the malware discovered. This could be a human decision or part of an automated process. Below are the steps followed for the malware information exchange that was taking place: (1) Entity X has a sharing agreement with Entity Y, and has already been configured with the IP address of Entity Y's RID Agent (2) Entity X's RID Agent connects to Entity Y's RID Agent, and mutual authentication occurs using PKI certificates. (3) Entity X pushes out a RID Report message which contains information about N pieces of discovered malware. IODEF is used in RID to discribe the (a) Hash of malware files (b) Registry settings changed by the malware (c) C&C Information for the malware (4) Entity Y receives RID Report message, sends RID Acknowledgement message (5) Entity Y stores the data in a format that makes it possible for the back end to know which source the data came from. Another use-case was sharing Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) as presented below information: Entity X, a Critical Infrastructure and Key Resource (CIKR) company detects that their internet connection is saturated with an abnormal amount of traffic. Further investigation determines that this is an actual DDoS attack. Entity X's computer incident response team (CIRT) contacts their ISP and shares Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 10] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 information with them about the attack traffic characteristics. In addition, Entity X has an information sharing relationship with Entity Y. It shares information with Entity Y on characteristics of the attack to watch for. Entitty X's ISP is being overwhelmed by the amount of traffic, so it shares attack signatures and IP addresses of the most prolific hosts with its adjacent ISPs. Below are the steps followed for a DDoS information exchange: (1) Entity X has a sharing agreement with Entity Y, and has already been configured with the IP address of Entity Y's RID Agent (2) Entity X's RID Agent connects to Entity Y's RID Agent, and mutual authentication occurs using PKI certificates. (3) Entity X pushes out a RID Report message which contains information about the DDoS attack. IODEF is used in RID to discribe the (a) Start and Detect dates and times (b) IP Addresses of nodes sending DDoS Traffic (c) Sharing and Use Restrictions (d) Traffic characteristics (protocols and ports) (e) HTTP User-Agents used (f) IP Addresses of C&C for a botnet (4) Entity Y receives RID Report message, sends RID Acknowledgement message (5) Entity Y stores the data in a format that makes it possible for the back end to know which source the data came from. One more use-case was sharing spear-phishing email information as explained in the following scenario: The board members of several defense contractors receive an email inviting them to attend a conference in San Francisco. The board members are asked to provide their personally identifiable information such as their home address, phone number, corporate email, etc in an attached document which came with the email. The board members were also asked to click on a URL which would allow them to reach the sign up page for the conference. One of the recipients believes the email to be a phishing attempt and forwards the email to their corporate CSIRT for analysis. The CSIRT Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 11] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 identifies the email as an attempted spear phishing incident and distributes the indicators to their sharing partners. Below are the steps followed for a spear-phishing information exchange between CSIRTs that was part of this PoC. (1) Entity X has a sharing agreement with Entity Y, and has already been configured with the IP address of Entity Y's RID Agent (2) Entity X's RID Agent connects to Entity Y's RID Agent, and mutual authentication occurs using PKI certificates. (3) Entity X pushes out a RID Report message which contains information about the spear-phishing email. IODEF is used in RID to discribe the (a) Attachment details (file Name, hash, size, malware family (b) Target description (IP, domain, NSLookup) (c) Email information (From, Subject, header information, date/ time, digital signature) (d) Confidence Score (4) Entity Y receives RID Report message, sends RID Acknowledgement message (5) Entity Y stores the data in a format that makes it possible for the back end to know which source the data came from. 5.2. Implementations [ TODO: Mention and quickly describe [I-D.ietf-mile-implementreport] ... ] 5.3. Other IODEF is also used in various projects and products to consume and share security information. Various vendor incident reporting products have the ability to consume and export in IODEF format [implementations]. Perl and Python modules (XML::IODEF, Iodef::Pb, iodeflib) exist in order to parse IODEF documents and their extensions. Additionally, some worldwide CERT organizations are already able to use receive incident information in IODEF. Future use-cases of IODEF could be: Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 12] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 (1) ISP notifying a national CERT or organization when it identifies and acts upon an incident and CERTs notifying ISPs when they are aware of incidents. (2) Suspected phishing emails could be shared amongst organizations and national agencies. Automation could validate web content that the suspicious emails are pointing to. Identified malicious content linked in a phishing email could then be shared using IODEF. Phishing campaigns could thus be subverted much faster by automating information sharing using IODEF. (3) When finding a certificate that should be revoked, a thrid-party would forward an automated IODEF message to the CA with the full context of the certificate and the CA could act accordingly after checking its validity. Alternatively, in the event of a compromise of the private key of a certificate, a third-party could alert the certificate owner about the compromise using IODEF. 6. Security Considerations 7. Updates version -04 updates: (1) Expanded on the Extensions section using Take's suggestion. (2) Moved Future use-cases under the Other section. (3) CIF and APWG were consolidated in one "Implementation" section (4) Added abstract of RFC7495 to the "External References" section (5) Added Kathleen's example of malware delivery URL to "Appendix" (6) Added a little description to "Recommended classes to implement" section version -03 updates: (1) Added "Updates" section. (2) Added details about the flow of information exchanges in "Inter- vendor and Service Provider Exercise" section. Also updated the usecases with more background information. (3) Added future use-cases in the "Collective Intelligence Framework" section Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 13] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 (4) Updated Perl and Python references with the actual module names. Added IODEF implementation reference "implementations". (5) Added Predicate logic section (6) Updated Logic of watchlist of indicators section to simplify the logic and include examples. (7) Renamed Externally defined indicators section to Indicator reference and elaborated on the use of indicator-uid and indicator-set-uid attribute use. version -02 updates: (1) Updated the "Logic for watchlist of indications" section to clarify the logic based on community feedback. (2) Added "Inter-vendor and Service Provider Exercise" section. (3) Added Appendix to include actual use-case IODEF examples. 8. Acknowledgements 9. Security Considerations 10. References 10.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/ RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC5070] Danyliw, R., Meijer, J., and Y. Demchenko, "The Incident Object Description Exchange Format", RFC 5070, DOI 10.17487/RFC5070, December 2007, . [RFC5901] Cain, P. and D. Jevans, "Extensions to the IODEF-Document Class for Reporting Phishing", RFC 5901, DOI 10.17487/ RFC5901, July 2010, . [RFC6545] Moriarty, K., "Real-time Inter-network Defense (RID)", RFC 6545, DOI 10.17487/RFC6545, April 2012, . Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 14] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 [RFC6546] Trammell, B., "Transport of Real-time Inter-network Defense (RID) Messages over HTTP/TLS", RFC 6546, DOI 10.17487/RFC6546, April 2012, . [RFC7203] Takahashi, T., Landfield, K., and Y. Kadobayashi, "An Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF) Extension for Structured Cybersecurity Information", RFC 7203, DOI 10.17487/RFC7203, April 2014, . [RFC7495] Montville, A. and D. Black, "Enumeration Reference Format for the Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF)", RFC 7495, DOI 10.17487/RFC7495, March 2015, . 10.2. Informative References [APWG] "APWG", . [CIF] "CIF", . [I-D.ietf-mile-implementreport] Inacio, C. and d. daisu-mi@nc.u-tokyo.ac.jp, "MILE Implementation Report", draft-ietf-mile-implementreport-06 (work in progress), October 2015. [I-D.ietf-mile-rfc5070-bis] Danyliw, R. and P. Stoecker, "The Incident Object Description Exchange Format v2", draft-ietf-mile- rfc5070-bis-15 (work in progress), October 2015. [implementations] "Implementations on IODEF", . Appendix A. Inter-vendor and Service Provider Exercise Examples Below some of the incident IODEF example information that was exchanged by the vendors as part of this proof-of-concept Inter- vendor and Service Provider Exercise. A.1. Malware In this test, malware information was exchanged using RID and IODEF. The information included file hashes, registry setting changes and the C&C servers the malware uses. Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 15] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 189234 2013-03-07T16:14:56.757+05:30 Malware and related indicators identified Malware with Command and Control Server and System Changes EXAMPLE CSIRT emccirt@emc.com Zeus http://www.threatexpert.com/report.aspx? md5=e2710ceb088dacdcb03678db250742b7 192.168.2.200 http://zeus.556677889900.com/log-bin/ lunch_install.php?aff_id=1&amp; lunch_id=1&amp;maddr=&amp; action=install Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 16] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 MHg2NzUxQTI1MzQ4M0E2N0Q4NkUwRjg0NzYwRj YxRjEwQkJDQzJFREZG MHgyRTg4ODA5ODBENjI0NDdFOTc5MEFGQTg5NTE zRjBBNA== HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\ CurrentVersion\Run\tamg ?\?\?%System%\wins\mc.exe\?\?? HKLM\Software\Microsoft\ Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\dqo "\"\"%Windir%\Resources\ Themes\Luna\km.exe\?\?" Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 17] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 Cridex http://www.threatexpert.com/report.aspx? md5=c3c528c939f9b176c883ae0ce5df0001 10.10.199.100 8080 MHg3MjYzRkUwRDNBMDk1RDU5QzhFMEM4OTVBOUM 1ODVFMzQzRTcxNDFD MHg0M0NEODUwRkNEQURFNDMzMEE1 QkVBNkYxNkVFOTcxQw== MHg0M0NEODUwRkNEQURFNDMzMEE 1QkVBNkYxNkVFOTcxQw== Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 18] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 MHg3MjYzRkUwRDNBMDk1RDU5QzhFME M4OTVBOUM1ODVFMzQzRTcxNDFD HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\ CurrentVersion\Run\KB00121600.exe \?\?%AppData%\KB00121600.exe\?\? http://foo.com:12345/evil/cc.php evil.com 1.2.3.4 5.6.7.8 2001:dead:beef:: Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 19] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 141accec23e7e5157de60853cb1e01bc3804 2d08f9086040815300b7fe75c184 HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\ Services\.Net CLR HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\ Services\.Net CLR\Parameters \"\"%AppData%\KB00121600.exe\"\" HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\ .Net CLR\Parameters\ServiceDll C:\bad.exe HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\ Services\.Net CLR\Parameters\Bar Baz Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 20] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 A.2. Malware Delivery URL [TODO: fix indicator_uid attribute to Indicator class] This example indicates malware and related URL for file delivery. 189801 2012-12-05T12:20:00+00:00 Malware and related indicators Malware with C&C example.com CSIRT contact@csirt.example.com 192.168.2.200 http://zeus.556677889900.example.com/log-bin/lunch_install.php?aff_id=1&lunch_id=1&maddr=&action=install A.3. DDoS The DDoS test exchanged information that described a DDoS including protocols and ports, bad IP addresses and HTTP User-Agent fields. Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 21] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 The IODEF version used for the data representation was based on [I-D.ietf-mile-rfc5070-bis] 189701 2013-02-05T00:34:45+00:00 2013-02-05T01:15:45+00:00 2013-02-05T01:34:45+00:00 DDoS Traffic Seen DDoS Traffic 90 Dummy Test contact@dummytest.com Dummy Test sharing with ISP1 Low Orbit Ion Cannon User Agent http://blog.spiderlabs.com/2011/01/loic-ddos- analysis-and-detection.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Orbit_Ion_Cannon Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 22] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 10.10.10.104 10.10.10.106 172.16.66.0/24 2001:db8:dead:beef:: 1337 10.1.1.1 80 Information provided in FLow class instance is from Inspection of traffic from network tap A.4. Spear-Phishing The Spear-Phishing test exchanged information that described a Spear- Phishing email including DNS records and addresses about the sender, malicious attached file information and email data. The IODEF Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 23] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 version used for the data representation was based on [I-D.ietf-mile-rfc5070-bis]. 189601 2013-01-04T08:01:34+00:00 2013-01-04T08:31:27+00:00 2013-01-04T08:06:12+00:00 2013-01-04T09:15:45+00:00 Zeus Spear Phishing E-mail with Malware Attachment Malware with Command and Control Server and System Changes example.com CSIRT contact@csirt.example.com Targeting Defense Contractors, specifically board members attending Dummy Con Zeus http://www.zeusevil.com 10.10.10.166 Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 24] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 225 EXAMPLE-AS - University of Example" 172.16..0.0/16 mail1.evildave.com 172.16.55.6 225 EXAMPLE-AS - University of Example evildaveexample.com 2013-01-04T09:10:24+00:00 evildaveexample.com MX prefernce = 10, mail exchanger = mail1.evildave.com mail1.evildaveexample.com internet address = 172.16.55.6 zuesevil.com. IN TXT \"v=spf1 a mx -all\" emaildave@evildaveexample.com Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 25] Internet-Draft IODEF Guidance October 2015 Join us at Dummy Con StormRider 4.0 192.168.54.2 Dummy Con Sign Up Sheet.txt 152 141accec23e7e5157de60853cb1e01bc38042d 08f9086040815300b7fe75c184 FakeCA EvilDaveExample 352bddec13e4e5257ee63854cb1f05de48043d09f9 076070845307b7ce76c185 Authors' Addresses Mio Suzuki NICT 4-2-1, Nukui-Kitamachi Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795 JP Email: mio@nict.go.jp Panos Kampanakis Cisco Systems 170 West Tasman Dr. San Jose, CA 95134 US Email: pkampana@cisco.com Suzuki & Kampanakis Expires April 21, 2016 [Page 27]