Network Working Group P. Nikander Internet-Draft J. Arkko Expires: August 21, 2005 Ericsson Research Nomadic Lab T. Henderson The Boeing Company February 20, 2005 End-Host Mobility and Multi-Homing with the Host Identity Protocol draft-ietf-hip-mm-01 Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is subject to all provisions of section 3 of RFC 3667. By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she become aware will be disclosed, in accordance with RFC 3668. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on August 21, 2005. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). Abstract This document defines a "locator" parameter for the Host Identity Protocol and specifies an end-host mobility mechanism. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 1] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. LOCATOR parameter format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1 Traffic Type and Preferred Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.2 Locator Type and Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.3 UPDATE packet with included LOCATOR . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Overview of HIP basic mobility and multi-homing functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.1 Informing the peer about multiple or changed locator(s) . 10 5.2 Address verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.3 Preferred locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.4 Locator data structure and status . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. Protocol overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.1 Mobility with single SA pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.2 Host multihoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6.3 Site multi-homing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.4 Dual host multi-homing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.5 Combined mobility and multi-homing . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.6 Using LOCATORs across addressing realms . . . . . . . . . 20 6.7 Network renumbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.8 Initiating the protocol in R1 or I2 . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7. Processing rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7.1 Sending LOCATORs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7.2 Handling received LOCATORs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.3 Verifying address reachability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7.4 Changing the preferred locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8. Policy considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 12.1 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 12.2 Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 A. Changes from previous versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 A.1 From nikander-hip-mm-00 to nikander-hip-mm-01 . . . . . . 32 A.2 From nikander-hip-mm-01 to nikander-hip-mm-02 . . . . . . 32 A.3 From -02 to draft-ietf-hip-mm-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 A.4 From draft-ietf-hip-mm-00 to -01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 34 Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 2] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 1. Introduction and Scope The Host Identity Protocol [1] (HIP) defines a mechanism that decouples the transport layer (TCP, UDP, etc) from the internetworking layer (IPv4 and IPv6). When a host uses HIP, the overlying protocol sublayers (e.g., transport layer sockets and ESP Security Associations) are not bound to IP addresses but instead to Host Identifiers. However, the hosts must also know at least one IP address where their peers are reachable. Initially these IP addresses are the ones used during the HIP base exchange. This document defines a generalization of an address called a "locator". A locator specifies a point-of-attachment to the network but may also include additional end-to-end tunneling or per-host demultiplexing context that affects how packets are handled below the logical HIP sublayer. This generalization is useful because IP addresses alone may not be sufficient to describe how packets should be handled below HIP. For example, in a host multihoming context, certain IP addresses may need to be associated with certain ESP SPIs, to avoid violation of the ESP anti-replay window [2]. Addresses may also be affiliated with transport ports in certain tunneling scenarios. Or locators may merely be traditional network addresses. Using the locator concept, this document specifies extensions to HIP to allow a mobile host to directly inform a correspondent host, with whom the host has an active HIP association, of a locator change. The extensions consist of a new LOCATOR parameter for use in HIP messages, packet processing procedures for using HIP messages to securely notify the peer of a locator change, and additional procedures such as an address check mechanism. When using ESP, since the SAs are not bound to IP addresses, the host is able to receive packets that are protected using a HIP created ESP SA from any address. Thus, a host can change its IP address and continue to send packets to its peers. However, unless the host is sufficiently trusted by its peers, the peers are not able to reply before they can reliably and securely update the set of addresses that they associate with the sending host. Furthermore, mobility may change the path characteristics in such a manner that reordering occurs and packets fall outside the ESP anti-replay window. A related operational configuration is host multihoming, in which a host has multiple locators simultaneously rather than sequentially as in the case of mobility. By using the locator parameter defined herein, a host can inform its peers of additional (multiple) locators at which it can be reached, and can declare a particular locator as a "preferred" locator. Although this document defines a mechanism for multihoming, it does not define associated policies such as which Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 3] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 locators to choose when more than one pair is available, the operation of simultaneous mobility and multihoming, and the implications of multihoming on transport protocols and ESP anti-replay windows. Additional definition of HIP-based multihoming is expected to be part of a future document. Due to the danger of flooding attacks (see [3]), the peers must always check the reachability of the host at a new IP address, unless a sufficient level of trust exists between the hosts. The reachability check is implemented by the challenger sending some piece of unguessable information to the new address, and waiting for some acknowledgment from the responder that indicates reception of the information at the new address. This may include exchange of a nonce, or generation of a new SPI and observing data arriving on the new SPI. There are a number of situations where the simple end-to-end readdressing functionality is not sufficient. These include the initial reachability of a mobile host, location privacy, end-host and site multi-homing with legacy hosts, and NAT traversal. In these situations there is a need for some helper functionality in the network. Such functionality is out of scope of this document. Finally, making underlying IP mobility transparent to the transport layer has implications on the proper response of transport congestion control, path MTU selection, and QoS. Transport-layer mobility triggers, and the proper transport response to a HIP mobility or multi-homing address change, are outside the scope of this document. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 4] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 2. Conventions used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [4]. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 5] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 3. Terminology Locator. A name that controls how the packet is routed through the network and demultiplexed by the end host. It may include a concatenation of traditional network addresses such as an IPv6 address and end-to-end identifiers such as an ESP SPI. It may also include transport port numbers or IPv6 Flow Labels as demultiplexing context, or it may simply be a network address. Address. A name that denotes a point-of-attachment to the network. The two most common examples are an IPv4 address and an IPv6 address. The set of possible addresses is a subset of the set of possible locators. Preferred locator. A locator on which a host prefers to receive data. With respect to a given peer, a host always has one active preferred locator, unless there are no active locators. By default, the locators used in the HIP base exchange are the preferred locators. New preferred locator. A new preferred locator sent by a host to its peers. The reachability of the new preferred locator often needs to be verified before it can be put into use. Consequently, there may simultaneously be an active preferred locator, being used, and a new preferred locator, the reachability of which is being verified. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 6] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 4. LOCATOR parameter format The LOCATOR parameter is a critical parameter as defined by [1]. The LOCATOR parameter is also abbreviated as "LOC" in the figures herein. It consists of the standard HIP parameter Type and Length fields, plus one or more locator sub-parameters. Each Locator sub-parameter contains a Traffic Type, Locator Type, Locator Length, Preferred Locator bit, Locator Lifetime, and a Locator encoding. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Traffic Type | Locator Type | Locator Length | Reserved |P| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Locator Lifetime | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Locator | | | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ . . . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Traffic Type | Locator Type | Locator Length | Reserved |P| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Locator Lifetime | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Locator | | | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type: 3 Length: Length in octets, excluding Type and Length fields, and excluding padding. Traffic Type: Defines whether the locator pertains to HIP signaling, user data, or both. Locator Type: Defines the semantics of the Locator field. Locator Length: Defines the length of the Locator field, in units of 4-byte words (Locators up to a maximum of 4*255 bytes are supported). Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 7] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 Reserved: Zero when sent, ignored when received. P: Preferred locator. Set to one if the locator is preferred for that Traffic Type; otherwise set to zero. Locator Lifetime: Locator lifetime, in seconds. Locator: The locator whose semantics and encoding are indicated by the Locator Type field. All Locator sub-fields are integral multiples of four bytes in length. The Locator Lifetime indicates how long the following locator is expected to be valid. The lifetime is expressed in seconds. Each locator MUST have a non-zero lifetime. The address is expected to become deprecated when the specified number of seconds has passed since the reception of the message. A deprecated address SHOULD NOT be used as an destination address if an alternate (non-deprecated) is available and has sufficient scope. 4.1 Traffic Type and Preferred Locator The following Traffic Type values are defined: 0: Both signaling (HIP control packets) and user data. 1: Signaling packets only. 2: Data packets only. The "P" bit, when set, has scope over the corresponding Traffic Type that precedes it. That is, if a "P" bit is set for Traffic Type "2", for example, that means that the locator is preferred for data packets. If there is a conflict (for example, if P bit is set for both "0" and "2"), the more specific Traffic Type rule applies. By default, the IP addresses used in the base exchange are preferred locators for both signaling and user data, unless a new preferred locator supersedes them. If no locators are indicated as preferred for a given Traffic Type, the implementation may use an arbitrary locator from the set of active locators. 4.2 Locator Type and Locator The following Locator Type values are defined, along with the associated semantics of the Locator field: 0: An IPv6 address or an IPv4-in-IPv6 format IPv4 address [5] (128 bits long). 1: The concatenation of an ESP SPI (first 32 bits) followed by an IPv6 address or an IPv4-in-IPv6 format IPv4 address (an additional 128 bits). Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 8] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 4.3 UPDATE packet with included LOCATOR A number of combinations of parameters in an UPDATE packet are possible (e.g., see Section 6). Any UPDATE packet that includes a LOCATOR parameter SHOULD include both an HMAC and a HIP_SIGNATURE parameter.> Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 9] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 5. Overview of HIP basic mobility and multi-homing functionality HIP mobility and multi-homing is fundamentally based on the HIP architecture [3], where the transport and internetworking layers are decoupled from each other by an interposed host identity protocol layer. In the HIP architecture, the transport layer sockets are bound to the Host Identifiers (through HIT or LSI in the case of legacy APIs), and the Host Identifiers are translated to the actual IP address. The HIP base protocol specification [1] is expected to be commonly used with the ESP Transport Format [6] to establish a pair of Security Associations (SA). The ESP SAs are then used to carry the actual payload data between the two hosts, by wrapping TCP, UDP, and other upper layer packets into transport mode ESP payloads. The IP header uses the actual IP addresses in the network. Although HIP may also be specified in the future to operate with an alternative to ESP providing the per-packet HIP context, the remainder of this document assumes that HIP is being used in conjunction with ESP. Future documents may extend this document to include other behaviors when ESP is not used. The base specification does not contain any mechanisms for changing the IP addresses that were used during the base HIP exchange. Hence, in order to remain connected, any systems that implement only the base specification and nothing else must retain the ability to receive packets at their primary IP address; that is, those systems cannot change the IP address on which they are using to receive packets without causing loss of connectivity until a base exchange is performed from the new address. 5.1 Informing the peer about multiple or changed locator(s) This document specifies a new HIP protocol parameter, the LOCATOR parameter (see Section 4), that allows the hosts to exchange information about their locator(s), and any changes in their locator(s). The logical structure created with LOCATOR parameters has three levels: hosts, Security Associations (SAs) indexed by Security Parameter Indices (SPIs), and addresses. The relation between these entities for an association negotiated as defined in the base specification [1] and ESP transform [6] is illustrated in Figure 2. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 10] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 -<- SPI1a -- -- SPI2a ->- host1 < > addr1a <---> addr2a < > host2 ->- SPI2a -- -- SPI1a -<- Figure 2: Relation between hosts, SPIs, and addresses (base specification) In Figure 2, host1 and host2 negotiate two unidirectional SAs, and each host selects the SPI value for its inbound SA. The addresses addr1a and addr2a are the source addresses that each host uses in the base HIP exchange. These are the "preferred" (and only) addresses conveyed to the peer for each SA; even though packets sent to any of the hosts' interfaces can arrive on an inbound SPI, when a host sends packets to the peer on an outbound SPI, it knows of a single destination address associated with that outbound SPI (for host1, it sends a packet on SPI2a to addr2a to reach host2), unless other mechanisms exist to learn of new addresses. In general, the bindings that exist in an implementation corresponding to this draft can be depicted as shown in Figure 3. In this figure, a host can have multiple inbound SPIs (and, not shown, multiple outbound SPIs) between itself and another host. Furthermore, each SPI may have multiple addresses associated with it. These addresses bound to an SPI are not used as SA selectors. Rather, the addresses are those addresses that are provided to the peer host, as hints for which addresses to use to reach the host on that SPI. The LOCATOR parameter allows for IP addresses and SPIs to be combined to form generalized locators. The LOCATOR parameter is used to change the set of addresses that a peer associates with a particular SPI. address11 / SPI1 - address12 / / address21 host -- SPI2 < \ address22 \ SPI3 - address31 \ address32 Figure 3: Relation between hosts, SPIs, and addresses (general case) A host may establish any number of security associations (or SPIs) with a peer. The main purpose of having multiple SPIs is to group the addresses into collections that are likely to experience fate Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 11] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 sharing. For example, if the host needs to change its addresses on SPI2, it is likely that both address21 and address22 will simultaneously become obsolete. In a typical case, such SPIs may correspond with physical interfaces; see below. Note, however, that especially in the case of site multi-homing, one of the addresses may become unreachable while the other one still works. In the typical case, however, this does not require the host to inform its peers about the situation, since even the non-working address still logically exists. A basic property of HIP SAs is that the inbound IP address is not used as a selector for the SA. Therefore, in Figure 3, it may seem unnecessary for address31, for example, to be associated only with SPI3-- in practice, a packet may arrive to SPI1 via destination address address31 as well. However, the use of different source and destination addresses typically leads to different paths, with different latencies in the network, and if packets were to arrive via an arbitrary destination IP address (or path) for a given SPI, the reordering due to different latencies may cause some packets to fall outside of the ESP anti-replay window. For this reason, HIP provides a mechanism to affiliate destination addresses with inbound SPIs, if there is a concern that anti-replay windows might be violated otherwise. In this sense, we can say that a given inbound SPI has an "affinity" for certain inbound IP addresses, and this affinity is communicated to the peer host. Each physical interface SHOULD have a separate SA, unless the ESP anti-replay window is loose. Moreover, even if the destination addresses used for a particular SPI are held constant, the use of different source interfaces may also cause packets to fall outside of the ESP anti-replay window, since the path traversed is often affected by the source address or interface used. A host has no way to influence the source interface on which a peer uses to send its packets on a given SPI. Hosts SHOULD consistently use the same source interface when sending to a particular destination IP address and SPI. For this reason, a host may find it useful to change its SPI or at least reset its ESP anti-replay window when the peer host readdresses. An address may appear on more than one SPI. This creates no ambiguity since the receiver will ignore the IP addresses as SA selectors anyway. A single LOCATOR parameter contains data only about one SPI. To simultaneously signal changes on several SPIs, it is necessary to send several LOCATOR parameters. The packet structure supports this. If the LOCATOR parameter is sent in an UPDATE packet, then the receiver will respond with an UPDATE acknowledgment. If the LOCATOR Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 12] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 parameter is sent in a NOTIFY, I2, or R2 packet, then the recipient may consider the LOCATOR as informational, and act only when it needs to activate a new address. The use of LOCATOR in a NOTIFY message may not be compatible with middleboxes. 5.2 Address verification When a HIP host receives a set of locators from another HIP host in a LOCATOR, it does not necessarily know whether the other host is actually reachable at the claimed addresses. In fact, a malicious peer host may be intentionally giving bogus addresses in order to cause a packet flood towards the given addresses [9]. Thus, before the HIP host can actually use a new address, it must first check that the peer is reachable at the new address. A second benefit of performing an address check is to allow any possible middleboxes in the network along the new path to obtain the peer host's inbound SPI. A simple technique to verify addresses is to send an UPDATE to the host at the new address. The UPDATE packet SHOULD include a nonce, unguessable by anyone not on the path to the new address, that forces the host to reply in a manner that confirms reception of the nonce. One direct way to perform this is to include an ECHO_REQUEST parameter with some piece of unguessable information such as a random number. If the host is sending a NES parameter, the ECHO_REQUEST MAY contain the new SPI, for example. If the peer host is rekeying by sending an UPDATE with NES to the new address, the arrival of data on the new SPI can also be used to verify the address. If middlebox traversal is possible along the path, and the peer host is not rekeying, the peer host SHOULD include a SPI parameter as part of its UPDATE, with the SPI corresponding to its active inbound SPI. It is not specified how a host knows whether or not middleboxes might lie on its path, so a conservative assumption may be to always include the SPI parameter. In certain networking scenarios, hosts may be trusted enough to bypass performing address verification. In such a case, the host MAY bypass the address verification step and put the addresses into immediate service. Note that this may not be compatible with middlebox traversal. 5.3 Preferred locator When a host has multiple locators, the peer host must decide upon which to use for outbound packets. It may be that a host would prefer to receive data on a particular inbound interface. HIP allows Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 13] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 a particular locator to be designated as a preferred locator, and communicated to the peer (see Section 4). In general, when multiple locators are used for a session, there is the question of using multiple locators for failover only or for load-balancing. Due to the implications of load-balancing on the transport layer that still need to be worked out, this draft assumes that multiple locators are used primarily for failover. An implementation may use ICMP interactions, reachability checks, or other means to detect the failure of a locator. 5.4 Locator data structure and status In a typical implementation, each outgoing locator is represented as a piece of state that contains the following data: the actual bit pattern representing the locator, lifetime (seconds), status (UNVERIFIED, ACTIVE, DEPRECATED). The status is used to track the reachability of the address embedded within the LOCATOR parameter: UNVERIFIED indicates that the reachability of the address has not been verified yet, ACTIVE indicates that the reachability of the address has been verified and the address has not been deprecated, DEPRECATED indicates that the locator lifetime has expired The following state changes are allowed: UNVERIFIED to ACTIVE The reachability procedure completes successfully. UNVERIFIED to DEPRECATED The locator lifetime expires while it is UNVERIFIED. ACTIVE to DEPRECATED The locator lifetime expires while it is ACTIVE. ACTIVE to UNVERIFIED There has been no traffic on the address for some time, and the local policy mandates that the address reachability must be verified again before starting to use it again. DEPRECATED to UNVERIFIED The host receives a new lifetime for the locator. If a host is verifying reachability with another host, a DEPRECATED address MUST NOT be changed to ACTIVE without first verifying its reachability. If reachability is not being verified, then the UNVERIFIED state is a transient state that transitions immediately to ACTIVE. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 14] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 6. Protocol overview In this section we briefly introduce a number of usage scenarios where the HIP mobility and multi-homing facility is useful. These scenarios assume that HIP is being used with the ESP Transform, although other scenarios may be defined in the future. To understand these usage scenarios, the reader should be at least minimally familiar with the HIP protocol specification [1]. However, for the (relatively) uninitiated reader it is most important to keep in mind that in HIP the actual payload traffic is protected with ESP, and that the ESP SPI acts as an index to the right host-to-host context. Each of the scenarios below assumes that the HIP base exchange has completed, and the hosts each have a single outbound SA to the peer host. Associated with this outbound SA is a single destination address of the peer host-- the source address used by the peer during the base exchange. The readdressing protocol is an asymmetric protocol where one host, called the mobile host, informs another host, called the peer host, about changes of IP addresses on affected SPIs. The readdressing exchange is designed to be piggybacked on a number of existing HIP exchanges. The main packets on which the LOCATOR parameters are expected to be carried on are UPDATE packets. However, some implementations may want to experiment with sending LOCATOR parameters also on other packets, such as R1, I2, and NOTIFY. 6.1 Mobility with single SA pair A mobile host must sometimes change an IP address bound to an interface. The change of an IP address might be needed due to a change in the advertised IPv6 prefixes on the link, a reconnected PPP link, a new DHCP lease, or an actual movement to another subnet. In order to maintain its communication context, the host must inform its peers about the new IP address. This first example considers the case in which the mobile host has only one interface, IP address, and a single pair of SAs (one inbound, one outbound). 1. The mobile host is disconnected from the peer host for a brief period of time while it switches from one IP address to another. Upon obtaining a new IP address, the mobile host sends a LOCATOR parameter to the peer host in an UPDATE message. The LOCATOR indicates the new IP address and the SPI associated with the new IP address by using a Locator Type of "1", the locator lifetime, and whether the new locator is a preferred locator. The mobile host may optionally send a NES to create a new inbound SA, in which case it transitions to state REKEYING. In this case, the Locator contains the new SPI to use. Otherwise, the existing SPI Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 15] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 is identified in the Locator parameter, and the host waits for its UPDATE to be acknowledged. 2. Depending on whether the mobile host initiated a rekey, and on whether the peer host itself wants to rekey or verify the mobile host's new address, a number of responses are possible. Figure 4 illustrates an exchange for which neither side initiates a rekeying, but for which the peer host performs an address check. If the peer host chooses not to perform an address check, the UPDATE that it sends will only acknowledge the mobile host's update but will not solicit a response from the mobile host. If the mobile host is rekeying, the peer will also rekey, as shown in Figure 5. If the mobile host did not decide to rekey but the peer desires to do so, then it initiates a rekey as illustrated in Figure 6. The UPDATE messages sent from the peer back to the mobile are sent to the newly advertised address. 3. If the peer host is verifying the new address, the address is marked as UNVERIFIED in the interim. Once it has successfully received a reply to its UPDATE challenge, or optionally, data on the new SA, it marks the new address as ACTIVE and removes the old address. Mobile Host Peer Host UPDATE(LOC, SEQ) -----------------------------------> UPDATE(SPI, SEQ, ACK, ECHO_REQUEST) <----------------------------------- UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE) -----------------------------------> Figure 4: Readdress without rekeying, but with address check Mobile Host Peer Host UPDATE(LOC, NES, SEQ, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN]) -----------------------------------> UPDATE(NES, SEQ, ACK, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN,] ECHO_REQUEST) <----------------------------------- UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE) -----------------------------------> Figure 5: Readdress with mobile-initiated rekey Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 16] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 Mobile Host Peer Host UPDATE(LOC, SEQ) -----------------------------------> UPDATE(NES, SEQ, ACK, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN], ECHO_REQUEST) <----------------------------------- UPDATE(NES, SEQ, ACK, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN,] ECHO_RESPONSE) -----------------------------------> UPDATE(ACK) <----------------------------------- Figure 6: Readdress with peer-initiated rekey Hosts that use link-local addresses as source addresses in their HIP handshakes may not be reachable by a mobile peer. Such hosts SHOULD provide a globally routable address either in the initial handshake or via the LOCATOR parameter. 6.2 Host multihoming A (mobile or stationary) host may sometimes have more than one interface. The host may notify the peer host of the additional interface(s) by using the LOCATOR parameter. To avoid problems with the ESP anti-replay window, a host SHOULD use a different SA for each interface used to receive packets from the peer host. When more than one locator is provided to the peer host, the host SHOULD indicate which locator is preferred. By default, the addresses used in the base exchange are preferred until indicated otherwise. Although the protocol may allow for configurations in which there is an asymmetric number of SAs between the hosts (e.g., one host has two interfaces and two inbound SAs, while the peer has one interface and one inbound SA), it is RECOMMENDED that inbound and outbound SAs be created pairwise between hosts. When a NES arrives to rekey a particular outbound SA, the corresponding inbound SA should be also rekeyed at that time. Although asymmetric SA configurations might be experimented with, their usage may constrain interoperability at this time. However, it is recommended that implementations attempt to support peers that prefer to use non-paired SAs. It is expected that this section and behavior will be modified in future revisions of this protocol, once the issue and its implications are better understood. To add both an additional interface and SA, the host sends a LOCATOR with a NES. The host uses the same (new) SPI value in the LOCATOR and both the "Old SPI" and "New SPI" values in the NES-- this Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 17] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 indicates to the peer that the SPI is not replacing an existing SPI. The multihomed host transitions to state REKEYING, waiting for a NES from the peer and an ACK of its own UPDATE. As in the mobility case, the peer host can perform an address check while it is rekeying. Figure 7 illustrates the basic packet exchange. Multi-homed Host Peer Host UPDATE(LOC, NES, SEQ, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN]) -----------------------------------> UPDATE(NES, SEQ, ACK, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN,] ECHO_REQUEST) <----------------------------------- UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE) -----------------------------------> Figure 7: Basic multihoming scenario For the case in which multiple locators are advertised in a LOCATOR, the peer does not need to send ACK for the UPDATE(LOCATOR) in every subsequent message used for the address check procedure of the multiple locators. Therefore, a sample packet exchange might look as shown in Figure 8. Multi-homed Host Peer Host UPDATE(LOC(addr_1,addr_2), SEQ) -----------------------------------> UPDATE(ACK) <----------------------------------- sent to addr_1:UPDATE(SPI, SEQ, ECHO_REQUEST) <----------------------------------- UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE) -----------------------------------> sent to addr_2:UPDATE(SPI, SEQ, ECHO_REQUEST) <----------------------------------- UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE) -----------------------------------> Figure 8: LOCATOR with multiple addresses When processing inbound LOCATORs that establish new security associations, a host uses the destination address of the UPDATE containing LOCATOR as the local address to which the LOC plus NES is targeted. Hosts may send LOCATOR with the same IP address to different peer addresses-- this has the effect of creating multiple inbound SAs implicitly affiliated with different source addresses. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 18] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 When rekeying in a multihoming situation in which there is an asymmetric number of SAs between two hosts, a respondent to the NES/ UPDATE procedure may have some ambiguity as to which inbound SA it should update in response to the peer's UPDATE. In such a case, the host SHOULD choose an SA corresponding to the inbound interface on which the UPDATE was received. 6.3 Site multi-homing A host may have an interface that has multiple globally reachable IP addresses. Such a situation may be a result of the site having multiple upper Internet Service Providers, or just because the site provides all hosts with both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. It is desirable that the host can stay reachable with all or any subset of the currently available globally routable addresses, independent on how they are provided. This case is handled the same as if there were different IP addresses, described above in Section 6.2. Note that a single interface may experience site multi-homing while the host itself may have multiple interfaces. Note that a host may be multi-homed and mobile simultaneously, and that a multi-homed host may want to protect the location of some of its interfaces while revealing the real IP address of some others. This document does not presently specify additional site multihoming extensions to HIP to further align it with the requirements of the multi6 working group. 6.4 Dual host multi-homing Consider the case in which both hosts would like to add an additional address after the base exchange completes. In Figure 9, consider that host1 wants to add address addr1b. It would send a LOCATOR to host2 located at addr2a, and a new set of SPIs would be added between hosts 1 and 2 (call them SPI1b and SPI2b). Next, consider host2 deciding to add addr2b to the relationship. host2 now has a choice of which of host1's addresses to initiate LOCATOR to. It may choose to initiate a LOCATOR to addr1a, addr1b, or both. If it chooses to send to both, then a full mesh (four SA pairs) of SAs would exist between the two hosts. This is the most general case; it may be often the case that hosts primarily establish new SAs only with the peer's preferred locator. The readdressing protocol is flexible enough to accommodate this choice. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 19] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 -<- SPI1a -- -- SPI2a ->- host1 < > addr1a <---> addr2a < > host2 ->- SPI2a -- -- SPI1a -<- addr1b <---> addr2b Figure 9: Dual multihoming case in which each host uses LOCATOR to add a second address 6.5 Combined mobility and multi-homing It looks likely that in the future many mobile hosts will be simultaneously mobile and multi-homed, i.e., have multiple mobile interfaces. Furthermore, if the interfaces use different access technologies, it is fairly likely that one of the interfaces may appear stable (retain its current IP address) while some other(s) may experience mobility (undergo IP address change). The use of LOCATOR plus NES should be flexible enough to handle most such scenarios, although more complicated scenarios have not been studied so far. 6.6 Using LOCATORs across addressing realms It is possible for HIP associations to migrate to a state in which both parties are only using locators in different addressing realms. For example, the two hosts may initiate the HIP association when both are using IPv6 locators, then one host may loose its IPv6 connectivity and obtain an IPv4 address. In such a case, some type of mechanism for interworking between the different realms must be employed; such techniques are outside the scope of the present text. If no mechanism exists, then the UPDATE message carrying the new LOCATOR will likely not be acknowledged anyway, and the HIP state may time out. 6.7 Network renumbering It is expected that IPv6 networks will be renumbered much more often than most IPv4 networks are. From an end-host point of view, network renumbering is similar to mobility. 6.8 Initiating the protocol in R1 or I2 A Responder host MAY include one or more LOCATOR parameters in the R1 packet that it sends to the Initiator. These parameters MUST be protected by the R1 signature. If the R1 packet contains LOCATOR parameters, the Initiator SHOULD send the I2 packet to the new Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 20] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 preferred locator. The I1 destination address and the new preferred locator may be identical. Initiator Responder R1 with LOCATOR <----------------------------------- record additional addresses change responder address I2 with new SPI in SPI parameter -----------------------------------> (process normally) R2 <----------------------------------- (process normally) Figure 10: LOCATOR inclusion in R1 An Initiator MAY include one or more LOCATOR parameters in the I2 packet, independent on whether there was LOCATOR parameter(s) in the R1 or not. These parameters MUST be protected by the I2 signature. Even if the I2 packet contains LOCATOR parameters, the Responder MUST still send the R2 packet to the source address of the I2. The new preferred locator SHOULD be identical to the I2 source address. Initiator Responder I2 with LOCATOR -----------------------------------> (process normally) record additional addresses R2 with new SPI in SPI parameter <----------------------------------- (process normally) data on new SA ------------------------------------> (process normally) Figure 11: LOCATOR inclusion in I2 Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 21] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 7. Processing rules 7.1 Sending LOCATORs The decision of when to send LOCATORs is basically a local policy issue. However, it is RECOMMENDED that a host sends a LOCATOR whenever it recognizes a change of its IP addresses, and assumes that the change is going to last at least for a few seconds. Rapidly sending conflicting LOCATORs SHOULD be avoided. When a host decides to inform its peers about changes in its IP addresses, it has to decide how to group the various addresses, and whether to include any addresses on multiple SPIs. Since each SPI is associated with a different Security Association, the grouping policy may be based on ESP anti-replay protection considerations. In the typical case, simply basing the grouping on actual kernel level physical and logical interfaces is often the best policy. Virtual interfaces, such as IPsec tunnel interfaces or Mobile IP home addresses SHOULD NOT be announced. Note that the purpose of announcing IP addresses in a LOCATOR is to provide connectivity between the communicating hosts. In most cases, tunnels (and therefore virtual interfaces) provide sub-optimal connectivity. Furthermore, it should be possible to replace most tunnels with HIP based "non-tunneling", therefore making most virtual interfaces fairly unnecessary in the future. On the other hand, there are clearly situations where tunnels are used for diagnostic and/or testing purposes. In such and other similar cases announcing the IP addresses of virtual interfaces may be appropriate. Once the host has decided on the groups and assignment of addresses to the SPIs, it creates a LOCATOR parameter for each group. If there are multiple LOCATOR parameters, the parameters MUST be ordered so that the new preferred locator is in the first LOCATOR parameter. Only one locator (the first one, if at all) may be indicated as preferred for each distinct Traffic Type in the LOCATOR parameter. If addresses are being added to an existing SPI, the LOCATOR parameter includes the full set of valid addresses for that SPI, each using a Locator Type of "1" and each with the same value for SPI. Any locators previously ACTIVE on that SPI that are not included in the LOCATOR will be set to DEPRECATED by the receiver. If a mobile host decides to change the SPI upon a readdress, it sends a LOCATOR with the SPI field within the LOCATOR set to the new SPI, and also a NES parameter with the Old SPI field set to the previous SPI and the New SPI field set to the new SPI. If multiple LOCATOR and NES parameters are included, the NES MUST be ordered such that Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 22] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 they appear in the same order as the set of corresponding LOCATORs. The decision as to whether to rekey and send a new Diffie-Hellman parameter while performing readdressing is a local policy decision. If new addresses and new SPIs are being created, the LOCATOR parameter's SPI field contains the new SPI, and the NES parameter's Old SPI field and New SPI fields are both set to the new SPI, indicating that this is a new and not a replacement SPI. If there are multiple LOCATOR parameters leading to a packet size that exceeds the MTU, the host SHOULD send multiple packets, each smaller than the MTU. In the case of R1 and I2, the additional packets should be UPDATE packets that are sent after the base exchange has been completed. 7.2 Handling received LOCATORs A host SHOULD be prepared to receive LOCATOR parameters in any HIP packets, excluding I1. When a host receives a LOCATOR parameter, it first performs the following operations: 1. For each locator listed in the LOCATOR parameter, check that the address therein is a legal unicast or anycast address. That is, the address MUST NOT be a broadcast or multicast address. Note that some implementations MAY accept addresses that indicate the local host, since it may be allowed that the host runs HIP with itself. 2. For each address listed in the LOCATOR parameter, check if the address is already bound to the SPI. If the address is already bound, its lifetime is updated. If the status of the address is DEPRECATED, the status is changed to UNVERIFIED. If the address is not already bound, the address is added, and its status is set to UNVERIFIED. Mark all addresses on the SPI that were NOT listed in the LOCATOR parameter as DEPRECATED. As a result, the SPI now contains any addresses listed in the LOCATOR parameter either as UNVERIFIED or ACTIVE, and any old addresses not listed in the LOCATOR parameter as DEPRECATED. 3. If the LOCATOR is paired with a NES parameter, the NES parameter is processed. If the LOCATOR is replacing the address on an existing SPI, the SPI itself may be changed-- in this case, the host proceeds according to HIP rekeying procedures. This case is indicated by the NES parameter including an existing SPI in the Old SPI field and a new SPI in the New SPI field, and the SPI field in the LOCATOR matching the New SPI in the NES. If instead the LOCATOR corresponds to a new SPI, the NES will include the same SPI in both its Old SPI and New SPI fields. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 23] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 4. Mark all locators at the address group that were NOT listed in the LOCATOR parameter as DEPRECATED. Once the host has updated the SPI, if the LOCATOR parameter contains a new preferred locator, the host SHOULD initiate a change of the preferred locator. This usually requires that the host first verifies reachability of the associated address, and only then changes the preferred locator. See Section 7.4. 7.3 Verifying address reachability A host MAY want to verify the reachability of any UNVERIFIED address at any time. It typically does so by sending a nonce to the new address. For example, if the host is changing its SPI and is sending a NES to the peer, the new SPI value SHOULD be random and the value MAY be copied into an ECHO_REQUEST sent in the rekeying UPDATE. If the host is not rekeying, it MAY still use the ECHO_REQUEST parameter in an UPDATE message sent to the new address. A host MAY also use other message exchanges as confirmation of the address reachability. Note that in the case of receiving a LOCATOR on an R1 and replying with an I2, receiving the corresponding R2 is sufficient for marking the Responder's primary address active. In some cases, it may be sufficient to use the arrival of data on a newly advertised SA as implicit address reachability verification, instead of waiting for the confirmation via a HIP packet (e.g., Figure 12). In this case, a host advertising a new SPI as part of its address reachability check SHOULD be prepared to receive traffic on the new SA. Marking the address active as a part of receiving data on the SA is an idempotent operation, and does not cause any harm. Mobile host Peer host prepare incoming SA new SPI in R2, or UPDATE <----------------------------------- switch to new outgoing SA data on new SA -----------------------------------> mark address ACTIVE Figure 12: Address activation via use of new SA 7.4 Changing the preferred locator A host MAY want to change the preferred outgoing locator for Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 24] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 different reasons, e.g., because traffic information or ICMP error messages indicate that the currently used preferred address may have become unreachable. Another reason is receiving a LOCATOR parameter that has the P-bit set. To change the preferred locator, the host initiates the following procedure: 1. If the new preferred locator has ACTIVE status, the preferred locator is changed and the procedure succeeds. 2. If the new preferred locator has UNVERIFIED status, the host starts to verify its reachability. Once the verification has succeeded, the preferred locator change is completed, unless a new change has been initiated in the meantime. 3. If the peer host has not indicated a preference for any address, then the host picks one of the peer's ACTIVE addresses randomly or according to policy. This case may arise if, for example, ICMP error messages arrive that deprecate the preferred locator, but the peer has not yet indicated a new preferred locator. 4. If the new preferred locator has DEPRECATED status and there is at least one non-deprecated address, the host selects one of the non-deprecated addresses as a new preferred locator and continues. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 25] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 8. Policy considerations XXX: This section needs to be written. The host may change the status of unused ACTIVE addresses into UNVERIFIED after a locally configured period of inactivity. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 26] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 9. Security Considerations Text contribution expected from Greg Perkins Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 27] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 10. IANA Considerations Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 28] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 11. Acknowledgments Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 29] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 12. References 12.1 Normative references [1] Moskowitz, R., "Host Identity Protocol", draft-ietf-hip-base-01 (work in progress), October 2004. [2] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998. [3] Moskowitz, R., "Host Identity Protocol Architecture", draft-ietf-hip-arch-02 (work in progress), January 2005. [4] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [5] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", RFC 2373, July 1998. [6] Jokela, P., "Host Identity Protocol", draft-ietf-hip-esp-00 (work in progress), February 2005. 12.2 Informative references [7] Bellovin, S., "EIDs, IPsec, and HostNAT", IETF 41th, March 1998. [8] Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC Text on Security Considerations", draft-iab-sec-cons-00 (work in progress), August 2002. [9] Nikander, P., "Mobile IP version 6 Route Optimization Security Design Background", draft-nikander-mobileip-v6-ro-sec-02 (work in progress), December 2003. Authors' Addresses Pekka Nikander Ericsson Research Nomadic Lab JORVAS FIN-02420 FINLAND Phone: +358 9 299 1 EMail: pekka.nikander@nomadiclab.com Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 30] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 Jari Arkko Ericsson Research Nomadic Lab JORVAS FIN-02420 FINLAND Phone: +358 9 299 1 EMail: jari.arkko@nomadiclab.com Tom Henderson The Boeing Company P.O. Box 3707 Seattle, WA USA EMail: thomas.r.henderson@boeing.com Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 31] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 Appendix A. Changes from previous versions A.1 From nikander-hip-mm-00 to nikander-hip-mm-01 The actual protocol has been largely revised, based on the new symmetric New SPI (NES) design adopted in the base protocol draft version -08. There are no more separate REA, AC or ACR packets, but their functionality has been folded into the NES packet. At the same time, it has become possible to send REA parameters in R1 and I2. The Forwarding Agent functionality was removed, since it looks like that it will be moved to the proposed HIP Research Group. Hence, there will be two other documents related to that, a simple Rendezvous server document (WG item) and a Forwarding Agent document (RG item). A.2 From nikander-hip-mm-01 to nikander-hip-mm-02 Alignment with base-00 draft (use of UPDATE and NOTIFY packets). The "logical interface" concept was dropped, and the SA/SPI was identified as the protocol component to which a HIP association binds addresses to. The RR was (again) made recommended, not mandatory, able to be administratively overridden. A.3 From -02 to draft-ietf-hip-mm-00 REA parameter type value is now "3" (was TBD before). Recommend that in multihoming situations, that inbound/outbound SAs are paired to avoid ambiguity when rekeying them. Clarified that multihoming scenario for now was intended for failover instead of load-balancing, due to transport layer issues. Clarified that if HIP negotiates base exchange using link local addresses, that a host SHOULD provide its peer with a globally reachable address. Clarified whether REAs sent for existing SPIs update the full set of addresses associated with that SPI, or only perform an incremental (additive) update. REAs for an existing SPI should list all current addresses for that SPI, and any addresses previously in use on the SPI but not in the new REA parameter should be DEPRECATED. Clarified that address verification pertains to *outgoing* addresses. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 32] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 When discussing inclusion of REA in I2, the draft stated "The Responder MUST make sure that the puzzle solution is valid BOTH for the initial IP destination address used for I1 and for the new preferred address." However, this statement conflicted with Appendix D of the base specification, so it has been removed for now. A.4 From draft-ietf-hip-mm-00 to -01 Introduction section reorganized. Some of the scope of the document relating to multihoming was reduced. Removed empty appendix "Implementation experiences" Renamed REA parameter to LOCATOR and aligned to the discussion on redefining this parameter that occurred on the RG mailing list. Aligned with decoupling of ESP from base spec. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 33] Internet-Draft HIP Mobility and Multi-Homing February 2005 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Disclaimer of Validity This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Nikander, et al. Expires August 21, 2005 [Page 34]